Revision as of 01:38, 18 September 2018 editLaszlo Panaflex (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users12,225 edits →Early life and background: ce← Previous edit | Latest revision as of 15:37, 20 December 2024 edit undoSG5536B (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers2,723 edits Reverted 1 pending edit by Dukefan41412 to revision 1264038160 by ITBF: As stated below the short description, please leave the dates in DMY (Date, Month, Year) format.Tags: Manual revert Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit | ||
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{{Short description|Spiritual leader of Tibet since 1940}} | |||
{{For|the Dalai Lama as an institution or lineage|Dalai Lama}} | |||
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{{EngvarB|date=July 2023}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}} | |||
{{Infobox |
{{Infobox royalty | ||
| name = |
| name = Tenzing Gyatso | ||
| title = 14th |
| title = 14th Dalai Lama | ||
| image = |
| image = Tenzin Gyatso - Trento 2013 01.JPG | ||
| religion = ] | | religion = ], ] school | ||
| |
| reign = 22 February 1940 – present | ||
| |
| caption = The Dalai Lama in 2012 | ||
| alt = Tenzin Gyatso speaking | |||
| successor = | |||
| succession = 14th ] | |||
| native_name = {{bo-textonly|བསྟན་འཛིན་རྒྱ་མཚོ།}} | |||
| predecessor = ] | |||
| wylie = bstan 'dzin rgya mtsho | |||
| reg-type = | |||
| pronoun = {{IPA-bo|tɛ̃ ́tsĩ càtsʰo|}} | |||
| |
| regent = {{plainlist| | ||
*] (1934–1941) | |||
| THDL = Tenzin Gyatso | |||
*] (1941–1950) | |||
| father = Choekyong Tsering | |||
}} | |||
| mother = Diki Tsering | |||
| succession1 = Head of the Tibetan Administration for Tibetans-in-exile | |||
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1935|7|6|df=y}} | |||
| reign-type1 = In office | |||
| birth_place = ], ], ], ] | |||
| reign1 = 14 June 1991{{snd}}2011 | |||
| residence = ] | |||
| succession2 = ] of Tibet<ref>{{cite constitution |article=29 |clause= |section=2 |polity=Tibet |date=1963}}</ref>{{Dubious |reason=both the claim and the date range |1=political position |date=November 2023}} | |||
| death_date = | |||
| reign-type2 = In office | |||
| death_place = | |||
| reign2 = 10 March 1963 – 13 June 1991 | |||
| signature = Dalai Lama's Signature.svg | |||
| succession3 = Director of the Preparatory Committee for the ] | |||
| reign-type3 = In office | |||
| reign3 = 1956–1959 | |||
| predecessor3 = ''Office established'' | |||
| successor3 = ] (acting) | |||
| succession4 = ] | |||
| reign-type4 = In office | |||
| reign4 = 27 September 1954 – 3 January 1965{{efn|Exile to India in March 1959}} | |||
| father = Choekyong Tsering | |||
| mother = ] | |||
| birth_name = Lhamo Thondup | |||
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1935|7|6|df=y}} | |||
| birth_place = <!-- Please do not change without gaining consensus via a discussion at this article's talk page-->], Amdo | |||
| death_date = | |||
| death_place = | |||
| signature = Dalai Lama's Signature.svg | |||
}} | }} | ||
{{Tibetan Buddhism}} | {{Tibetan Buddhism}} | ||
{{contains Tibetan text}} | |||
The '''14th Dalai Lama'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ɑː|l|aɪ|_|ˈ|l|ɑː|m|ə}} |
The '''14th Dalai Lama'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|us|ˈ|d|ɑː|l|aɪ|_|ˈ|l|ɑː|m|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|uk|ˈ|d|æ|l|aɪ|_|ˈ|l|ɑː|m|ə}}}} (born 6 July 1935; full spiritual name: '''Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso''', shortened as '''Tenzin Gyatso''';{{efn|{{bo|t=བསྟན་འཛིན་རྒྱ་མཚོ|w=bsTan-'dzin rgya-mtsho}}}} {{né|'''Lhamo Thondup'''}}){{efn|{{bo |t = ལྷ་མོ་དོན་འགྲུབ། |w = Lha-mo Don-'grub |l = ˈl̥a̰ˌmo ˈtʰø̃ˌɖup |z = Lhamo Tönzhub}}; {{zh|s = 拉莫顿珠 |t = 拉莫頓珠 |p = Lāmò Dùnzhū }}}} is the incumbent ], the highest spiritual leader and head of ]. Before 1959, he served as both the resident spiritual and temporal leader of Tibet, and subsequently established and led the ] represented by the ] in ], India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chronology of Events |url=https://www.dalailama.com/the-dalai-lama/events-and-awards/chronology-of-events |website=dalailama.com |publisher=Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama |access-date=24 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=26 January 2015 |title=His Holiness the Dalai Lama Speaks to Tibetan Students in Delhi |url=https://www.dalailama.com/news/2015/his-holiness-the-dalai-lama-speaks-to-tibetan-students-in-delhi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417193136/https://www.dalailama.com/news/2015/his-holiness-the-dalai-lama-speaks-to-tibetan-students-in-delhi |archive-date=17 April 2021 |access-date=28 March 2021 |publisher=Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama}}</ref> The adherents of Tibetan Buddhism consider the Dalai Lama a living ], specifically an emanation of ] (in Sanskrit) or ] (in Tibetan), the Bodhisattva of Compassion, a belief central to the Tibetan Buddhist tradition and the institution of the Dalai Lama. The Dalai Lama, whose name means ''Ocean of Wisdom'', is known to Tibetans as '''Gyalwa Rinpoche''', ''The Precious Jewel-like Buddha-Master'', ''Kundun'', ''The Presence'', and ''Yizhin Norbu'', ''The Wish-Fulfilling Gem''. His devotees, as well as much of the Western world, often call him '''''His Holiness the Dalai Lama''''', the ] employed on his website. He is also the leader and a monk of the ] school, the newest school of Tibetan Buddhism, formally headed by the ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Van Schaik |first=Sam |url=https://archive.org/details/tibethistory00scha |title=Tibet: A History |publisher=] |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-300-15404-7 |page= |url-access=limited}}</ref> | ||
The 14th Dalai Lama was born to a farming family in ] (Hongya Village), in the traditional Tibetan region of ], at the time a Chinese frontier district.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gould |first=Basil |date=1957 |title=The Jewel in the Lotus |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.210179 |publisher=Chatto & Windus |page=211 |isbn=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Brief Biography |url = https://www.dalailama.com/the-dalai-lama/biography-and-daily-life/brief-biography |website = DalaiLama.com |access-date = 13 June 2020 |archive-date = 16 April 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210416155923/https://www.dalailama.com/the-dalai-lama/biography-and-daily-life/brief-biography |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = A Brief Biography of His Holiness the Dalai Lama |url = https://fpmt.org/teachers/hhdl/biography/ |website=fmpt.org |access-date=14 June 2020 |archive-date=30 June 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200630055806/https://fpmt.org/teachers/hhdl/biography/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Dalai Lama |first1=Tenzin Gyatso |title=89th Birthday Message |url=https://www.dalailama.com/videos/89th-birthday-message |website=dalailama.com/ |publisher=Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama |access-date=6 July 2024}}</ref> He was selected as the ] of the 13th Dalai Lama in 1937, and ] in 1939.<ref name="dlce">{{cite web |title = Chronology of Events |url = http://www.dalailama.com/biography/chronology-of-events |website = The 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet |publisher = Office of the Dalai Lama |access-date = 29 April 2015 |archive-date = 1 April 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170401120625/http://dalailama.com/biography/chronology-of-events |url-status = live }}</ref> As with the recognition process for his predecessor, a ] selection process was waived and approved by the Central Government of the ].{{sfn|Goldstein|1991|p=328–}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livingbuddha.us.com/view-d59c6c9eba6e4beb842b893f40fdec75.html|publisher=Museum of Tibetan Culture of China Tibetology Research Center|title=Report to Wu Zhongxin from the Regent Reting Rinpoche Regarding the Process of Searching and Recognizing the Thirteenth Dalai lama's Reincarnated Soul Boy as well as the Request for an Exemption to Drawing Lots|website=The Reincarnation of Living Buddhas|date=1940|access-date=12 October 2019|archive-date=31 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331204451/http://www.livingbuddha.us.com/view-d59c6c9eba6e4beb842b893f40fdec75.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Goldstein1991">{{cite book |first = Melvyn C. |last = Goldstein |title = A History of Modern Tibet, 1913–1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Upwq0I-wm7YC&pg=PA328 |date = 18 June 1991 |publisher = University of California Press |isbn = 978-0-520-91176-5 |pages = 328ff |access-date = 12 October 2019 |archive-date = 23 July 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190723165025/https://books.google.com/books?id=Upwq0I-wm7YC |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="yuan">{{cite web|date=1940|title=Executive Yuan's Report to the National Government Regarding the Request to Approve Lhamo Thondup to Succeed the Fourteenth Dalai lama and to Appropriate Expenditure for His Enthronement|url=http://www.livingbuddha.us.com/view-a4a452dadc42426184aa073f08dd26fb.html|website=The Reincarnation of Living Buddhas|publisher=Museum of Tibetan Culture of China Tibetology Research Center|access-date=9 October 2023|archive-date=30 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930211113/http://www.livingbuddha.us.com/view-a4a452dadc42426184aa073f08dd26fb.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> His enthronement ceremony was held in ] on 22 February 1940.<ref name="dlce" /> At the time of his selection, a form of Tibetan government called ] administered the traditional Tibetan regions of ], ] and Amdo.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=van Pragg |first1=Walt |last2=C. Van |first2=Michael |title=The Legal Status of Tibet |journal=Cultural Survival Quarterly Magazine |date=1 March 1988 |issue=12–1 |url=https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/legal-status-tibet |access-date=19 June 2021 |archive-date=19 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919150302/https://www.culturalsurvival.org/ourpublications/csq/article/the-legal-status-tibet |url-status=live }}</ref> As ] and ], Ganden Phodrang invested the Dalai Lama with temporal duties on 17 November 1950 (at 15 years of age) until his exile in 1959.<ref>Buswell, Robert E.; Lopez, Donald S., Jr. (2013). '' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612144307/http://www.daophatngaynay.com/vn/files/file-nen/Princeton_Dictionary_of_Buddhism_890707662.pdf |date=12 June 2018 }}'' Princeton: ]. {{ISBN|9781400848058}}. Entries on "Dalai Lama" and "Dga' ldan pho brang".</ref><ref name="ddef1">{{cite web |title = Definition of Dalai Lama in English |url = http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Dalai-Lama |publisher = Oxford Dictionaries |access-date = 2 May 2015 |quote = The spiritual head of Tibetan Buddhism and, until the establishment of Chinese communist rule, the spiritual and temporal ruler of Tibet |archive-date = 7 July 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160707033456/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/dalai-lama |url-status = dead }}</ref> | |||
The 14th Dalai Lama was born in ], ], ], ] and was selected as the ] of the ] in 1937 and formally recognized as the 14th Dalai Lama at a public declaration near the town of Bumchen in 1939.<ref name="dlce">{{cite web |title = Chronology of Events |url = http://www.dalailama.com/biography/chronology-of-events|website=The 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet |publisher = Office of the Dalai Lama |accessdate = 29 April 2015}}</ref> His enthronement ceremony as the Dalai Lama was held in Lhasa on 22 February 1940, and he eventually assumed full temporal (political) duties on 17 November 1950, at the age of 15, after the ].<ref name="dlce" /> The Gelug school's government administered an area roughly corresponding to the ] just as the nascent PRC wished to assert control over it. | |||
During the ], the Dalai Lama escaped to India, where he continues to live. On 29 April 1959, the Dalai Lama established the independent Tibetan government in exile in the north Indian hill station of ], which then moved in May 1960 to ], where he resides. He retired as political head in 2011 to make way for a ] government, the ].<ref>{{cite web |last1=the 14th Dalai Lama |first1=Tenzin Gyatso |title=Message of His Holiness the Dalai Lama to the Fourteenth Assembly of the Tibetan People's Deputies |url=https://www.dalailama.com/the-dalai-lama/biography-and-daily-life/retirement/message-to-14th-assembly |website=dalailama.com |publisher=Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama |access-date=6 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Life in exile |url = https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dalai-Lama-14th/Life-in-exile |website = britannica.com |publisher = ] |access-date = 2 April 2021 |archive-date = 11 April 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210411130418/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dalai-Lama-14th/Life-in-exile |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Yardley |first1=Jim |last2=Wong |first2=Edward |title=Dalai Lama Gives Up Political Role |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/11/world/asia/11tibet.html |access-date=2 April 2021 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=10 March 2011 |archive-date=31 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331113615/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/11/world/asia/11tibet.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = About Central Tibetan Administration |url = https://tibet.net/about-cta/ |website = tibet.net |date = 18 June 2011 |publisher = ] |access-date = 2 April 2021 |archive-date = 14 March 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210314193115/https://tibet.net/about-cta/ |url-status = live }}</ref> The Dalai Lama advocates for the welfare of Tibetans and since the early 1970s has called for the ] with China to peacefully resolve the issue of Tibet.<ref>{{cite web |title=His Holiness's Middle Way Approach For Resolving the Issue of Tibet |url=https://www.dalailama.com/messages/tibet/middle-way-approach |website=dalailama.com |publisher=Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama |access-date=24 August 2024}}</ref> This policy, adopted democratically by the Central Tibetan Administration and the Tibetan people through long discussions, seeks to find a middle ground, "a practical approach and mutually beneficial to both Tibetans and Chinese, in which Tibetans can preserve their culture and religion and uphold their identity," and China's assertion of sovereignty over Tibet, aiming to address the interests of both parties through dialogue and communication and for Tibet to remain a part of China.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wong |first1=Edward |title=Tibetans Reaffirm a Conciliatory Approach to China |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/23/world/asia/23tibet.html |access-date=24 August 2024 |work=New York Times |date=22 November 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Middle Way' approach for Tibet not just about politics: Dalai Lama |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/approach-04132022161253.html |access-date=24 August 2024 |publisher=Radio Free Asia |date=14 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-09 |title=Will Tibetans' 'middle way' approach to China ties keep peace in the region? |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/people/article/3205819/will-tibetans-middle-way-china-approach-preserve-peace-himalayan-region |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> | |||
During the ], the Dalai Lama fled to ], where he currently lives as a ]. The 14th Dalai Lama received the ] in 1989. '']'' named him one of the "Children of Mahatma Gandhi" and his spiritual heir to ].<ref name="TimeTCOG">{{cite news|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,993026,00.html|title=The Children of Gandhi|date=31 December 1999|work=Time|format=excerpt|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005013134/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C993026%2C00.html|archivedate=5 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He has traveled the world and has spoken about the welfare of Tibetans, ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ], along with various topics of ] and ] Buddhist teachings. | |||
The Dalai Lama travels worldwide to give Tibetan ] and ] Buddhism teachings, and his ] teachings and initiations are international events. He also attends conferences on a wide range of subjects, including the relationship between religion and science, meets with other world leaders, religious leaders, philosophers, and scientists, online and in-person. His work includes focus on the ], economics, ], ], ], ], ], ], ],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Koch |first1=Christof |date=1 July 2013 |title=Neuroscientists and the Dalai Lama Swap Insights on Meditation |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/neuroscientists-dalai-lama-swap-insights-meditation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505223543/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/neuroscientists-dalai-lama-swap-insights-meditation/ |archive-date=5 May 2021 |access-date=5 May 2021 |work=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Foley |first1=Ryan J. |title=Scientist, Dalai Lama Share Research Effort |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/37157160/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/scientist-dalai-lama-share-research-effort/ |access-date=5 May 2021 |agency=Associated Press |publisher=NBC News |date=14 May 2010 |archive-date=11 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011235656/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/37157160/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/scientist-dalai-lama-share-research-effort/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ] and ]. The Dalai Lama was awarded the ] in 1989. ] named the Dalai Lama ]'s spiritual heir to nonviolence.<ref name="TimeTCOG">{{cite news|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,993026,00.html|title=The Children of Gandhi|date=31 December 1999|magazine=Time|format=excerpt|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005013134/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C993026%2C00.html|archive-date=5 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Congressional Gold Medal Recipients |url=https://history.house.gov/Institution/Gold-Medal/Gold-Medal-Recipients/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312093629/https://history.house.gov/Institution/Gold-Medal/Gold-Medal-Recipients/ |archive-date=12 March 2021 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=history.house.gov |publisher=]}}</ref> The 12th General Assembly of the Asian Buddhist Conference for Peace in New Delhi unanimously recognized the Dalai Lama's contributions to global peace, his lifelong efforts in uniting Buddhist communities worldwide, and bestowed upon him the title of “Universal Supreme Leader of the Buddhist World.” They also designated 6 July, his birthday, as the ''Universal Day of Compassion''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dolma |first1=Yangchen |title=His Holiness the Dalai Lama's birthday to be celebrated as the "Universal Day of Compassion" |url=https://www.thetibetpost.com/news/19-international/7737-his-holiness-the-dalai-lamas-birthday-to-be-celebrated-as-the-universal-day-of-compassion |access-date=6 July 2024 |publisher=Tibet Post International - |date=23 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=12th Asian Buddhist Conference for Peace Declares His Holiness the Dalai Lama "Universal Supreme Leader of the Buddhist World" |url=https://tibet.net/12th-asian-buddhist-conference-for-peace-declares-his-holiness-the-dalai-lama-universal-supreme-leader-of-the-buddhist-world/ |access-date=6 July 2024 |publisher=Central Tibetan Administration |date=23 January 2024}}</ref> | |||
== Early life and background == | == Early life and background == | ||
Lhamo Thondup<ref>{{cite book |title = The Noodle Maker of Kalimpong: The Untold Story of My Struggle for Tibet |last1 = Thondup |first1 = Gyalo |last2 = Thurston |first2= Anne F. |publisher = ] Publishers India Private Limited |year = 2015 |isbn = 978-81-8400-387-1 |location = ] |page = 20 |quote =Lama Thubten named my new brother Lhamo Thondup.}}</ref> was born on 6 July 1935 to a farming and horse trading family in the small hamlet of Taktser,{{Efn|At the time of Tenzin Gyatso's birth, Taktser was a town located in the Chinese province of ] and was controlled by ], a warlord allied with ] and appointed as governor of Qinghai Province by the ].<ref name="Laird" /><ref>Li, T.T. ''Historical Status of Tibet'', ], p. 179.</ref><ref>Bell, Charles, "''Portrait of the Dalai Lama''", p. 399.</ref><ref>Goldstein, Melvyn C. Goldstein, ''A history of modern Tibet'', pp. 315–317.</ref>}} or Chija Tagtser,<ref>''A 60-Point Commentary on the Chinese Government Publication: A Collection of Historical Archives of Tibet'', DIIR Publications, Dharamsala, November 2008: "Chija Tagtser born holy precious child Lhamo Dhondup ... the holy reincarnate child in Chija Tagtser."</ref>{{efn|{{zh |s = 红崖村 |p = Hóngyá Cūn |l = Redcliff Village }}}} at the edge of the traditional Tibetan region of ] in ].<ref name="Laird">Thomas Laird, '' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328121334/https://books.google.com/books?id=As_4aQjGaUEC |date=28 March 2024 }}'', ]: New York, 2006.</ref> | |||
He was one of seven siblings to survive childhood and one of the three supposed reincarnated Rinpoches in the same family. His eldest sister ], was 16 years his senior and was midwife to his mother at his birth.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The 14th Dalai Lama|last=Stewart|first=Whitney|date=2000|publisher=Lerner Publications Co|isbn=0-8225-9691-1|location=Minneapolis|oclc=44627126}}</ref> She would accompany him into exile and found ].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kundun : une biographie du Dalaï-Lama et de sa famille|last=Craig|first=Mary|date=1998|publisher=Presses du Châtelet|others=Bstan-ʼdzin-rgya-mtsho, Dalai Lama XIV, 1935–, Vidonne, François|isbn=2-911217-33-0|location=|oclc=40821251}}</ref> His eldest brother, ], had been recognised at the age of three by the ] as the reincarnation of the high ], the 6th ].<ref>{{cite web|last=Gittings|first=John|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/sep/08/tibet|title=Obituary:Thubten Jigme Norbu|work=]|date=7 September 2008|access-date=13 October 2021|archive-date=10 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810130435/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/sep/08/tibet|url-status=live}}</ref> His fifth brother, ], had been recognised as the 16th Ngari Rinpoche.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} His sister, ], spent most of her adult life on the Tibetan Children's Villages project.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} The Dalai Lama has said that his first language was "a broken ] language which was (a ]) the ]," a form of ], and his family speak neither ] nor ].<ref>Thomas Laird, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301214917/https://books.google.com/books?id=NH5vuMA7LYcC |date=1 March 2020 }}, p. 262 (2007) "At that time in my village", he said, "we spoke a broken Chinese. As a child, I spoke Chinese first, but it was a broken Xining language which was (a dialect of) the Chinese language." "So your first language", I responded, "was a broken Chinese regional dialect, which we might call Xining Chinese. It was not Tibetan. You learned Tibetan when you came to Lhasa." "Yes", he answered, "that is correct{{nbsp}}..."</ref><ref>{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ub8aAQAAMAAJ |title = The economist, Volume 390, Issues 8618–8624 |year = 2009 |publisher = Economist Newspaper Ltd. |page = 144 |access-date = 14 August 2015 |archive-date = 3 January 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200103010505/https://books.google.com/books?id=ub8aAQAAMAAJ |url-status = live }}</ref><ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306053755/http://www.economist.com/node/13184937 |date=6 March 2016 }}, ''The Economist'', 26 February 2009: "When the Dalai Lama was born, the region, regarded by Tibetans as part of Amdo, a province of their historic homeland, was under the control of a Muslim warlord, Ma Bufang. The Dalai Lama and his family didn't learn Tibetan until they moved to Lhasa in 1939."</ref> | |||
] | ] | ||
After the demise of the 13th Dalai Lama, in 1935, the Ordinance of Lama Temple Management{{efn|{{lang-zh|管理喇嘛寺廟條例}}}}<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=管理喇嘛寺廟條例 |trans-title=Regulations on the Management of Lama Temples |wslink=管理喇嘛寺廟條例 |date= 1935 |language=zh |wslanguage=zh}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=D0100005 |script-title=zh:廢 管理喇嘛寺廟條例 |date=11 June 1992 |website=Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China |trans-title=Abolish the Regulations on Management of Lama Temples |access-date=10 August 2021 |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810070222/https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=D0100005 |url-status=live }}</ref> was published by the Central Government. In 1936, the Method of Reincarnation of Lamas{{efn|{{lang-zh|喇嘛轉世辦法}}}}<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=喇嘛轉世辦法 |trans-title=Lama reincarnation method |wslink=喇嘛轉世辦法 |date= 1936|language=zh |wslanguage=zh}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=D0100011 |script-title=zh:廢 喇嘛轉世辦法 |trans-title=Abolish the method of reincarnation |date=20 February 1993 |website=Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China |access-date=10 August 2021 |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810070220/https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=D0100011 |url-status=live }}</ref> was published by the ] of the Central Government. Article 3 states that death of lamas, including the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama, should be reported to the commission, soul boys should be located and checked by the commission, and a lot-drawing ceremony with the Golden Urn system should be held. Article 6 states that local governments should invite officials from the Central Government to take care of the ] ceremony. Article 7 states that soul boys should not be sought from current lama families. This article echoes what the ] described in ] to eliminate greedy families with multiple reincarnated rinpoches, lamas.<ref>去转生一族之私</ref> Based on custom and regulation, the regent was actively involved in the search for the reincarnation of the Dalai Lama. | |||
Following reported signs and visions, three search teams were sent out to the north-east, the east, and the south-east to locate the new ] when the boy who was to become the 14th Dalai Lama was about two years old.<ref name=bell397>Bell 1946, p. 397.</ref> ], British delegate to Lhasa in 1936, related his account of the north-eastern team to Sir ], former British resident in Lhasa and friend of the 13th Dalai Lama. Amongst other omens, the head of the embalmed body of the ], at first facing south-east, had turned to face the north-east, indicating, it was interpreted, the direction in which his successor would be found. The ], ], shortly afterwards had a ] at the sacred lake of ] which he interpreted as Amdo being the region to search. This vision was also interpreted to refer to a large monastery with a gilded roof and turquoise tiles, and a twisting path from it to a hill to the east, opposite which stood a small house with distinctive eaves. The team, led by Kewtsang ], went first to meet the ], who had been stuck in ], in northern Kham.<ref name=bell397 /> The Panchen Lama had been investigating births of unusual children in the area ever since the death of the 13th Dalai Lama.<ref name="Laird 2006, p. 265">Laird 2006, p. 265.</ref> He gave Kewtsang the names of three boys whom he had discovered and identified as candidates. Within a year the Panchen Lama had died. Two of his three candidates were crossed off the list but the third, a "fearless" child, the most promising, was from Taktser village, which, as in the vision, was on a hill, at the end of a trail leading to Taktser from the great ] with its gilded, turquoise roof. There they found a house, as interpreted from the vision—the house where Lhamo Dhondup lived.<ref name=bell397 /><ref name="Laird 2006, p. 265" /> | |||
Following reported signs and visions, three search teams were sent out to the north-east, the east, and the south-east to locate the new ] when the boy who was to become the 14th Dalai Lama was about two years old.<ref name=bell397>Bell 1946, p. 397.</ref> ], British delegate to Lhasa in 1936, related his account of the north-eastern team to Sir ], former British resident in Lhasa and friend of the 13th Dalai Lama. Among other omens, the head of the embalmed body of the ], at first facing south-east, had turned to face the north-east, indicating, it was interpreted, the direction in which his successor would be found. The ], ], shortly afterwards had a ] at the ] of ] which he interpreted as Amdo being the region to search. This vision was also interpreted to refer to a large monastery with a gilded roof and turquoise tiles, and a twisting path from there to a hill to the east, opposite which stood a small house with distinctive eaves. The team, led by Kewtsang ], went first to meet the ], who had been stuck in ], in northern Kham.<ref name=bell397 /> | |||
According to the 14th Dalai Lama, at the time the village of ] stood right on the "real border" between the region of ] and China.<ref>Laird 2006, pp. 262–263.</ref> When the team visited, posing as pilgrims, its leader, a Sera Lama, pretended to be the servant and sat separately in the kitchen. He held an old ] that had belonged to the 13th Dalai Lama, and the boy Lhamo Dhondup, aged two, approached and asked for it. The monk said "if you know who I am, you can have it." The child said "Sera Lama, Sera Lama" and spoke with him in a Lhasa accent, in a dialect the boy's mother could not understand. The next time the party returned to the house, they revealed their real purpose and asked permission to subject the boy to certain tests. One test consisted of showing him various pairs of objects, one of which had belonged to the ] and one which had not. In every case, he chose the Dalai Lama's own objects and rejected the others.<ref>Laird 2006, pp. 265–266.</ref> Thus, it was the Panchen Lama who first discovered and identified the 14th Dalai Lama. | |||
The Panchen Lama had been investigating births of unusual children in the area ever since the death of the 13th Dalai Lama.<ref name="Laird 2006, p. 265">Laird 2006, p. 265.</ref> He gave Kewtsang the names of three boys whom he had discovered and identified as candidates. Within a year the Panchen Lama had died. Two of his three candidates were crossed off the list but the third, a "fearless" child, the most promising, was from Taktser village, which, as in the vision, was on a hill, at the end of a trail leading to Taktser from the great ] with its gilded, turquoise roof. There they found a house, as interpreted from the vision—the house where Lhamo Dhondup lived.<ref name=bell397 /><ref name="Laird 2006, p. 265" /> | |||
The 14th Dalai Lama claims that at the time, the village of ] stood right on the "real border" between the region of ] and China.<ref>Laird 2006, pp. 262–263.</ref> According to the search lore, when the team visited, posing as pilgrims, its leader, a Sera Lama, pretended to be the servant and sat separately in the kitchen. He held an old ] that had belonged to the 13th Dalai Lama, and the boy Lhamo Dhondup, aged two, approached and asked for it. The monk said "if you know who I am, you can have it." The child said "Sera Lama, Sera Lama" and spoke with him in a Lhasa accent, in a dialect the boy's mother could not understand. The next time the party returned to the house, they revealed their real purpose and asked permission to subject the boy to certain tests. One test consisted of showing him various pairs of objects, one of which had belonged to the 13th Dalai Lama and one which had not. In every case, he chose the Dalai Lama's own objects and rejected the others.<ref>Laird 2006, pp. 265–266.</ref> | |||
], ]]] | ], ]]] | ||
From 1936 the Hui ']' Muslim warlord ] ruled ] as its governor under the nominal authority of the |
From 1936 the Hui ']' Muslim warlord ] ruled ] as its governor under the nominal authority of the Republic of China central government.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=drGGEsi1fFEC&q=ma+bufang+paintings&pg=PA36|title=Beyond the Great Wall: urban form and transformation on the Chinese frontiers|author=Piper Rae Gaubatz|year=1996|publisher=]|page=36|isbn=0-8047-2399-0|access-date=28 June 2010|archive-date=8 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208213215/https://books.google.com/books?id=drGGEsi1fFEC&q=ma+bufang+paintings&pg=PA36|url-status=live}}</ref> According to an interview with the 14th Dalai Lama, in the 1930s, Ma Bufang had ] in the name of ]'s weak government and incorporated it into the Chinese province of ].<ref>Laird 2006, p. 262.</ref> Before going to Taktser, Kewtsang had gone to Ma Bufang to pay his respects.<ref name="Laird 2006, p. 265" /> When Ma Bufang heard a candidate had been found in Taktser, he had the family brought to him in Xining.<ref>Mullin 2001, p. 459.</ref> He first demanded proof that the boy was the Dalai Lama, but the Lhasa government, though informed by Kewtsang that this was the one, told Kewtsang to say he had to go to Lhasa for further tests with other candidates. They knew that if he was declared to be the Dalai Lama, the Chinese government would insist on sending a large army escort with him, which would then stay in Lhasa and refuse to budge.<ref name=bell398>Bell 1946, p. 398.</ref> | ||
Ma Bufang, together with ], then refused to allow him to depart unless he was declared to be the Dalai Lama, but withdrew this demand in return for 100,000 Chinese dollars ransom in silver to be shared among them, to let them go to Lhasa.<ref name=bell398 /><ref>Richardson 1984, p. 152.</ref> Kewtsang managed to raise this, but the family was only allowed to move from Xining to Kumbum when a further demand was made for another 330,000 dollars ransom: 100,000 each for government officials, the commander-in-chief, and the Kumbum Monastery; 20,000 for the escort; and only 10,000 for Ma Bufang himself, he said.<ref>Bell 1946, pp. 398–399.</ref> | |||
Two years of diplomatic wrangling followed before it was accepted by Lhasa that the ransom had to be paid to avoid the Chinese getting involved and escorting him to Lhasa with a large army.<ref>Richardson 1984, pp. 152–153.</ref> Meanwhile, the boy was kept at Kumbum where two of his brothers were already studying as monks and recognised incarnate lamas.<ref name=laird267>Laird 2006, p. 267.</ref> The payment of 300,000 silver dollars was then advanced by Muslim traders en route to Mecca in a large caravan via Lhasa. They paid Ma Bufang on behalf of the Tibetan government against promissory notes to be redeemed, with interest, in Lhasa.<ref name=laird267 /><ref name=rich153>Richardson 1984, p. 153.</ref> The 20,000-dollar fee for an escort was dropped, since the Muslim merchants invited them to join their caravan for protection; Ma Bufang sent 20 of his soldiers with them and was paid from both sides since the Chinese government granted him another 50,000 dollars for the expenses of the journey. Furthermore, the Indian government helped the Tibetans raise the ransom funds by affording them import concessions.<ref name=rich153 /> | Two years of diplomatic wrangling followed before it was accepted by Lhasa that the ransom had to be paid to avoid the Chinese getting involved and escorting him to Lhasa with a large army.<ref>Richardson 1984, pp. 152–153.</ref> Meanwhile, the boy was kept at Kumbum where two of his brothers were already studying as monks and recognised incarnate lamas.<ref name=laird267>Laird 2006, p. 267.</ref> The payment of 300,000 silver dollars was then advanced by Muslim traders en route to Mecca in a large caravan via Lhasa. They paid Ma Bufang on behalf of the Tibetan government against promissory notes to be redeemed, with interest, in Lhasa.<ref name=laird267 /><ref name=rich153>Richardson 1984, p. 153.</ref> The 20,000-dollar fee for an escort was dropped, since the Muslim merchants invited them to join their caravan for protection; Ma Bufang sent 20 of his soldiers with them and was paid from both sides since the Chinese government granted him another 50,000 dollars for the expenses of the journey. Furthermore, the Indian government helped the Tibetans raise the ransom funds by affording them import concessions.<ref name=rich153 /> | ||
On 22 September 1938, representatives of Tibet Office in Beijing informed ] that 3 candidates were found and ceremony of ] would be held in Tibet.<ref>{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} 1938年9月22日,西藏驻京办事处代表阿旺桑丹、格登恪典、图丹桑结等电告蒙藏委员会报告寻获灵儿,并将其送西藏掣签认定,电称:"达赖佛转世事,经民众代表寻访结果,西藏内部寻得灵异幼童2名,西宁塔尔寺方面寻得灵异幼童1名。依照西藏宗教仪式,所寻选之幼童应聚集西藏,降驾掣签,认定真正达赖之转世,既多灵异后,复经庄严之金本巴瓶内典礼拈之。现典礼期将近,关于西宁塔尔寺地方所寻选者,请中央政府俯允该主持人员,迅将寻选幼童送至西藏,参加典礼并恳发给执照,以利行程。" On 22 September 1938, representatives of Tibet Office in Beijing informed Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission via telegraph which says "as for the reincarnation of the Dalai Lama, as a result of a search by representatives of the people, two supernatural children were found in Tibet, and one supernatural child was found in Xining. According to Tibetan religious ceremonies, the selected young children should gather in Tibet, Golden Urn ceremony should be held, and determine that the true reincarnation of the Dalai Lama. The ceremony is approaching. Regarding the candidates for the Taer Monastery in Xining, the central government is requested to host, and promptly send the selected children to Tibet, participate in the ceremony and issue approval to facilitate the itinerary."</ref> | |||
Released from Kumbum, on 21 July 1939 the party travelled across Tibet in an epic journey to Lhasa in the large Muslim caravan with Lhamo Thondup, now 4 years old, riding with his brother Lobsang in a special palanquin carried by two mules, two years after being discovered. As soon as they were out of Ma Bufang's area, he was officially declared to be the 14th Dalai Lama by the Central Government of Tibet, and after ten weeks of travel he arrived in Lhasa on 8 October 1939.<ref>Laird 2006, pp. 268–269.</ref> The ordination (]) and giving of the monastic name of Tenzin Gyatso were handled by ]. There was very limited Chinese involvement at this time.<ref name="Banyan">{{cite web|url=https://www.economist.com/news/china/21646795-even-china-accepts-only-dalai-lama-can-legitimise-its-rule-tibet-golden-urn|title=The Golden Urn: Even China Accepts That Only the Dalai Lama Can Legitimise Its Rule in Tibet|last=Banyan|website=The Economist|date=19 March 2015|accessdate=29 September 2017}}</ref> | |||
In October 1938, the Method of Using ] for the 14th Dalai Lama was drafted by ].<ref>https://www.sohu.com/a/461098896_523177 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001024741/https://www.sohu.com/a/461098896_523177 |date=1 October 2022 }} 蒙藏委员会于1938年10月拟定了《十四世达赖喇嘛转世掣签征认办法》The Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission drafted the "Method of Using Golden Urn for the 14th Dalai Lama" in October 1938.</ref> | |||
On 12 December 1938, regent ] informed ] that three candidates were found and ceremony of ] would be held.<ref>{{citation |script-title=zh:1938年12月12日热振摄政致蒙藏委员会电报称“达赖大师转世之化身三灵儿,已蒙转电青海省政府督促纪仓佛速将西宁所选灵儿送来拉萨,良深感慰。所有中央派员参加办法一则,业经与司伦、噶厦商议,三灵儿迎到后,举行掣签典礼之际,为昭大信,悦遐迩计,中央当派员参加。” |trans-title=For the three candidates of reincarnation of the Dalai Lama, request has been sent to the Qinghai Provincial Government to urge to send candidate of Xining to Lhasa, which is deeply gratified. All members of the Central Committee, along with Kashag, when three candidates arrived, lottery ceremony would be held, the Central (Government) should dispatch officials to participate. }}</ref> | |||
Released from Kumbum, on 21 July 1939 the party travelled across Tibet on a journey to Lhasa in the large Muslim caravan with Lhamo Dhondup, now four years old, riding with his brother Lobsang in a special palanquin carried by two mules, two years after being discovered. As soon as they were out of Ma Bufang's area, he was officially declared to be the 14th Dalai Lama by the ], and after ten weeks of travel he arrived in Lhasa on 8 October 1939.<ref>Laird 2006, pp. 268–269.</ref> The ordination (]) and giving of the monastic name of Tenzin Gyatso were arranged by ] and according to the Dalai Lama "I received my ordination from ] in the Jokhang in Lhasa."<ref>{{cite news |title=Avalokiteshvara Empowerment - Second Day |url=https://www.dalailama.com/news/2022/avalokiteshvara-empowerment-second-day |access-date=9 June 2022 |publisher=Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama |date=2 June 2022 |archive-date=2 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602162848/https://www.dalailama.com/news/2022/avalokiteshvara-empowerment-second-day |url-status=live }}</ref> There was very limited Chinese involvement at this time.<ref name="Banyan">{{cite news |date=19 March 2015 |title=The Golden Urn: Even China Accepts That Only the Dalai Lama Can Legitimise Its Rule in Tibet |url=https://www.economist.com/news/china/21646795-even-china-accepts-only-dalai-lama-can-legitimise-its-rule-tibet-golden-urn |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930035821/https://www.economist.com/news/china/21646795-even-china-accepts-only-dalai-lama-can-legitimise-its-rule-tibet-golden-urn |archive-date=30 September 2017 |access-date=29 September 2017 |newspaper=]}}</ref> The family of the 14th Dalai Lama was elevated to the highest stratum of the Tibetan aristocracy and acquired land and ] holdings, as with the families of previous Dalai Lamas.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Melvyn C. Goldstein |editor1-last=Tuttle |editor1-first=Gray |editor2-last=Schaeffer |editor2-first=Kurtis R. |title=The Tibetan History Reader |date=2013 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-231-14468-1 |page=482 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=REweJ02Xel8C |access-date=17 February 2022 |chapter=The Circulation of Estates in Tibet: Reincarnation, Land, and Politics |quote=The corporations of the regents were not the only ones to acquire numerous estates and serfs. So too did the families of the Dalai Lamas. The (natal) family of the Dalai Lama was "ennobled" and became a part of the highest stratum of the Tibetan aristocracy. Each such family received estates sufficient to match, on an economic scale, their newly found social status...Certainly acquired huge land and serf holdings. |archive-date=23 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023050422/https://books.google.com/books?id=REweJ02Xel8C |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
In 1959, at the age of 23, he took his final examination at Lhasa's ] Temple during the annual ].{{Efn|It has been noted that two of the examining debate partners of the 14th Dalai Lama were ] of ] (Jey College), who debated with him on the topic of the ] ({{bo |w = bden pa gnyis, }}) and ].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.kurukulla.org/program/choden_articles/debating.html |title = Debating with the Dalai Lama |access-date = 24 January 2019 |archive-date = 12 October 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201012090001/http://www.kurukulla.org/program/choden_articles/debating.html |url-status = live }}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vreeland |first1=Khen Rinpoche Nicholas |title=Rinpoche has Departed, A prayer for a Swift Return composed by His Holiness the Dalai Lama |url=https://nicholasvreeland.com/blog/2022/6/1/rinpoche-has-departed |website=nicholasvreeland.com |date=June 2022 |publisher=Office of His Holiness the Dalia Lama |access-date=9 June 2022 |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601150803/https://nicholasvreeland.com/blog/2022/6/1/rinpoche-has-departed |url-status=live }}</ref> He passed with honours and was awarded the ], the highest-level '']'' degree, roughly equivalent to a doctorate in ].<ref name="bbcprofile">{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1347735.stm |title = Profile: The Dalai Lama |work = BBC News |date = 25 February 2009 |access-date = 31 December 2009 |archive-date = 23 April 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090423190123/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1347735.stm |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="bio">{{cite book |last = Cronin Marcello |first = Patricia |title = The Dalai Lama: A Biography |publisher = Greenwood Press |year = 2003 |url = https://archive.org/details/dalailamabiograp00patr |url-access = registration |isbn = 978-0-313-32207-5 |access-date = 5 December 2010 }}</ref> | |||
] normally refer to him as Yishin Norbu (''Wish-Fulfilling Gem''), Kyabgon (''Saviour''), or just Kundun (''Presence''). His devotees, as well as much of the Western world, often call him ''His Holiness the Dalai Lama'', the ] employed on the Dalai Lama's website. According to the Dalai Lama, he had a succession of tutors in Tibet including ], Tathag Rinpoche, ] and lastly ], who became junior tutor when he was nineteen.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lama|first1=Dalai |title = Freedom in Exile: The Autobiography of the Dalai Lama. |date = 1990 |publisher = HarperCollins|location=New York, NY |ISBN = 0-06-039116-2 |page = 18|edition=1st}}</ref> At the age of 11 he met the ] mountaineer ], who became his ] and tutor about the world outside ]. The two remained friends until Harrer's death in 2006.<ref>{{cite video |people=Peter Graves (host) |date = 2005-04-26 |title = Dalai Lama: Soul of Tibet |publisher = ]|time=08:00}}</ref> | |||
According to the Dalai Lama, he had a succession of tutors in Tibet including ], Tathag Rinpoche, ] and lastly ], who became junior tutor when he was 19<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lama|first1=Dalai |title = Freedom in Exile: The Autobiography of the Dalai Lama. |url=https://archive.org/details/freedominexileau00bsta|url-access=registration|date = 1990 |publisher = HarperCollins|location=New York, NY |isbn = 0-06-039116-2 |page = |edition=1st}}</ref> At the age of 11 he met the ] mountaineer ], who became his ] and tutor about the world outside ]. The two remained friends until Harrer's death in 2006.<ref>{{cite video |people = Peter Graves (host) |date = 26 April 2005 |title = Dalai Lama: Soul of Tibet |publisher = ]|time=08:00}}</ref> | |||
In 1959, at the age of 23, he took his final examination at ]'s ] Temple during the annual ] or Prayer Festival. He passed with honours and was awarded the ], the highest-level '']'' degree, roughly equivalent to a doctorate in ].<ref name="bbcprofile">{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1347735.stm |title = Profile: The Dalai Lama|work=BBC News |date = 25 February 2009 |accessdate = 31 December 2009}}</ref><ref name="bio">{{cite book |last = Marcello |first = Patricia Cronin |title = The Dalai Lama: A Biography |publisher = Greenwood Press |year = 2003 |url = https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0313322074&id=wLzA8YKI-coC&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html |ISBN = 978-0-313-32207-5 |accessdate = 5 December 2010}}</ref> | |||
== Life as the Dalai Lama == | == Life as the Dalai Lama == | ||
], today a ] ], 2019]] | |||
{{See also|Dalai Lama}} | |||
] Palace, today a ] ], pictured in 2006]] | |||
Historically the Dalai Lamas or their ]s held political and religious leadership over ] from ] with varying degrees of influence depending on the regions of Tibet and periods of history. This began with the ]'s rule in 1642 and lasted until the 1950s (except for 1705–1750), during which period the Dalai Lamas headed the Tibetan government or ]. Until 1912 however, when the |
Historically the Dalai Lamas or their ]s held political and religious leadership over ] from ] with varying degrees of influence depending on the regions of Tibet and periods of history. This began with the ]'s rule in 1642 and lasted until the 1950s (except for 1705–1750), during which period the Dalai Lamas headed the Tibetan government or ]. Until 1912 however, when the 13th Dalai Lama declared the complete independence of ], their rule was generally subject to ] of firstly Mongol kings (1642–1720) and then the ]-led ] (1720–1912).<ref>{{cite book|author1=Smith, Warren W. Jr.|title=Tibetan Nation: A History of Tibetan Nationalism and Sino-Tibetan Relations|date=1997|publisher=HarperCollins|location=New Delhi|isbn=0-8133-3155-2|pages=107–149}}</ref> | ||
During the Dalai Lama's recognition process, the cultural Anthropologist ] writes that "everything the Tibetans did during the selection process was designed to prevent China from playing any role".<ref name="Goldstein1991" /><ref name="Powers">{{cite book |last1=Powers |first1=John |title=The Buddha Party: How the People's Republic of China Works to Define and Control Tibetan Buddhism}}</ref> | |||
China claims that the ] government ratified the 14th Dalai Lama and that a Kuomintang representative, General ], presided over the ceremony. The British Representative ] was also at the ceremony and bore witness to the falsity of the Chinese claim to have presided over it. He criticised the Chinese account as follows: | |||
{{quote|The report was issued in the Chinese Press that Mr Wu had escorted the Dalai Lama to his throne and announced his installation, that the Dalai Lama had returned thanks, and prostrated himself in token of his gratitude. Every one of these Chinese claims was false. Mr Wu was merely a passive spectator. He did no more than present a ceremonial scarf, as was done by the others, including the British Representative. But the Chinese have the ear of the world, and can later refer to their press records and present an account of historical events that is wholly untrue. Tibet has no newspapers, either in English or Tibetan, and has therefore no means of exposing these falsehoods.<ref>Bell 1946, p. 400.</ref>}} | |||
Afterwards in 1939, at the age of four, the Dalai Lama was taken in a procession of lamas to Lhasa. Former British officials stationed in ] and Tibet recalled that envoys from Britain and China were present at the Dalai Lama's enthronement in February 1940. According to ], the Chinese representative Wu Chunghsin was reportedly unhappy about the position he had during the ceremony. Afterward an article appeared in the Chinese press falsely claiming that Wu personally announced the installation of the Dalai Lama, who supposedly prostrated himself to Wu in gratitude.<ref>Gould, B.J., The Jewel In The Lotus London: Chatto and Windus, 1957</ref><ref>Bell 1946, p. 400.</ref>] advance in 1950]]After his enthronement, the Dalai Lama's childhood was then spent between the Potala Palace and ], his summer residence, both of which are now ]. | |||
Tibetan scholar Nyima Gyaincain wrote that based on Tibetan tradition, there was no such thing as presiding over an event, but two things are clear, first, the word "主持 (preside or organize)" was used in many places in communication documents. The meaning of the word was different than what we understand today. Second, ] spent a lot of time and energy on the event, his effect of presiding over or organizing the event was very obvious.<ref name="王家伟尼玛坚赞1997_preside">{{cite book|author1=王家伟|author2=尼玛坚赞|title=中国西藏的历史地位|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eWCa0NSILSsC&pg=PA133|year=1997|publisher=五洲传播出版社|isbn=978-7-80113-303-8|pages=133–}}</ref> However, according to Goldstein: | |||
{{quote|everything the Tibetans did during the selection process was designed to prevent China from playing any role.<ref name="Powers">{{cite book|last1=Powers|first1=John|title=The Buddha Party: How the People's Republic of China Works to Define and Control Tibetan Buddhism}}</ref>}} | |||
Chiang Kai Shek ordered Ma Bufang to put his Muslim soldiers on alert for an invasion of Tibet in 1942.<ref name="Lin">{{cite |
Chiang Kai Shek ordered Ma Bufang to put his Muslim soldiers on alert for an invasion of Tibet in 1942.<ref name="Lin">{{cite journal |title = War or Stratagem? Reassessing China's Military Advance towards Tibet, 1942–1943 |journal = The China Quarterly |volume = 186 |pages = 446–462 |last=Lin|first=Hsiao-ting |doi = 10.1017/S0305741006000233 |year = 2006 |s2cid = 154376402 | issn=0305-7410}}</ref> Ma Bufang complied, and moved several thousand troops to the border with Tibet.<ref>{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4_BxAAAAMAAJ&q=ma+bufang+ |title = China in the anti-Japanese War, 1937–1945: politics, culture and society |author1 = David P. Barrett |author2 = Lawrence N. Shyu |year = 2001 |publisher = Peter Lang |isbn = 978-0-8204-4556-4 |page = <!-- 98, -->240 |access-date = 28 June 2010 |archive-date = 24 June 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210624211228/https://books.google.com/books?id=4_BxAAAAMAAJ&q=ma+bufang+ |url-status = live }}</ref> Chiang also threatened the Tibetans with aerial bombardment if they worked with the Japanese. Ma Bufang attacked the Tibetan Buddhist Tsang monastery in 1941.<ref>{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=m1RuAAAAMAAJ|title = Inner Asia, Volume 4, Issues 1–2|author = University of Cambridge. Mongolia & Inner Asia Studies Unit|year = 2002|publisher = The White Horse Press for the Mongolia and Inner Asia Studies Unit at the University of Cambridge|page = 204|access-date = 28 June 2010|archive-date = 27 April 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160427132150/https://books.google.com/books?id=m1RuAAAAMAAJ|url-status = live}}</ref> He also constantly attacked the ].<ref>{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xGvECiS-uEgC&pg=PA35 |title = Labrang: a Tibetan Buddhist monastery at the crossroads of four civilizations |author = Paul Kocot Nietupski |year = 1999 |publisher = Snow Lion Publications |page = 35 |isbn = 978-1-55939-090-3 |access-date = 14 August 2015 |archive-date = 5 February 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170205084013/https://books.google.com/books?id=xGvECiS-uEgC&pg=PA35 |url-status = live }}</ref> | ||
In October 1950 the army of the ] marched to the edge of the Dalai Lama's territory and sent a delegation after defeating a legion of the Tibetan army in ]-controlled ]. On 17 November 1950, at the age of 15, the 14th Dalai Lama |
In October 1950 the army of the ] marched to the edge of the Dalai Lama's territory and sent a delegation after defeating a legion of the Tibetan army in ]-controlled ]. On 17 November 1950, at the age of 15, the 14th Dalai Lama assumed full temporal (political) power as ruler of Tibet.<ref name="dlce" /> | ||
=== Cooperation and conflicts with the People's Republic of China === | === Cooperation and conflicts with the People's Republic of China === | ||
] (left), Mao and Dalai Lama (right) at ] on 11 September 1954, four days before they attended the ]]] | |||
] and ] meeting with Dalai Lama and ] to celebrate ], 1955]] | |||
] (left). 1954–1955.]] | |||
The Dalai Lama's formal rule as head of the government in Tibet was brief although he was enthroned as spiritual leader on 22 February 1940. When Chinese cadres entered Tibet in 1950, with a crisis looming, the Dalai Lama was asked to assume the role of head of state at the age of 15, which he did on 17 November 1950. Customarily the Dalai Lama would typically assume control at about the age of 20.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lopez |first1=Donald S. |title=14th Dalai Lama, Tibetan Buddhist monk |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dalai-Lama-14th |website=britannica.com |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=10 June 2022 |archive-date=11 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011004521/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dalai-Lama-14th |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
] with ], 1954]] | |||
] and ] meeting with Dalai Lama and ] to celebrate Tibetan New Year, 1955]] | |||
He sent a delegation to Beijing, which ratified the ] without his authorisation in 1951.<ref>Goldstein, Melvyn C., ''A History of Modern Tibet, 1913–1951'', University of California Press, 1989, pp. 812–813.</ref> The Dalai Lama believes the draft agreement was written by China. Tibetan representatives were not allowed to suggest any alterations and China did not allow the Tibetan representatives to communicate with the Tibetan government in Lhasa. The Tibetan delegation was not authorised by Lhasa to sign, but ultimately submitted to pressure from the Chinese to sign anyway, using seals specifically made for the purpose.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Powers |first1=John |title=History as Propaganda: Tibetan Exiles versus the People's Republic of China |date=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-517426-7 |page=113 |doi=10.1093/0195174267.001.0001 |url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/0195174267.001.0001/acprof-9780195174267 |access-date=10 June 2022 |archive-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610025745/https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/0195174267.001.0001/acprof-9780195174267 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Seventeen Point Agreement recognised Chinese sovereignty over Tibet, but China allowed the Dalai Lama to continue to rule Tibet internally, and it allowed the ] to persist.<ref>{{cite book |author1=] |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RmZhAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA194 |title=Governing China's Multiethnic Frontiers |date=2004 |publisher=] |isbn=0-295-98390-6 |editor1-last=Rossabi |editor1-first=Morris |location=Seattle |pages=193–194 |language=en |chapter=Tibet and China in the Twentieth Century |quote=Tibet, it said, had the right to exercise regional autonomy under leadership of the central PRC government. This meant that the CCP allowed the feudal system, with its serflike peasantry, to persist, and it allowed the Dalai Lama's government to continue to rule Tibet internally in accordance with its own language and traditional laws. |access-date=17 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240512063244/https://books.google.ca/books?id=RmZhAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA193&redir_esc=y%23v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=12 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
Panchen Lama and Dalai Lama had many conflicts in Tibetan history. Dalai Lama's formal rule was brief. He sent a delegation to Beijing, which, without his authorization,<ref name="bio" /> ratified the ].<ref>Gyatso, Tenzin, Dalai Lama XIV, interview, 25 July 1981.</ref><ref>Goldstein, Melvyn C., ''A History of Modern Tibet, 1913–1951'', University of California Press, 1989, pp. 812–813.</ref> He worked with the Chinese government: in September 1954, together with the ] he went to the Chinese capital to meet ] and attend the first session of the ] as a delegate, primarily discussing ].<ref>Goldstein, M.C., ''A History of Modern Tibet, Volume 2 – The Calm before the Storm: 1951–1955'', p. 493.</ref><ref>'''', ], '']'', 30 August 2005.</ref> On 27 September 1954, the Dalai Lama was selected as a ] of the ] of the ],<ref>Goldstein, M.C., ''A History of Modern Tibet, Volume 2 – The Calm before the Storm: 1951–1955'', p. 496.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://voyage.typepad.com/china/2007/01/chairman_mao_lo.html |title=Chairman Mao: Long Live Dalai Lama! |publisher=Voyage.typepad.com |date=21 January 2007 |accessdate=2 May 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505143746/http://voyage.typepad.com/china/2007/01/chairman_mao_lo.html |archivedate=5 May 2010 |df= }}</ref> a post he officially held until 1964.<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90883/6284184.html |title = Official: Dalai Lama's U.S. award not to affect Tibet's stability |date = 2007-10-16 |accessdate = 28 August 2010 |publisher = ]|work=]}}</ref> | |||
Scholar ] wrote of the serfdom controversy: "So even if it were agreed that serfdom and feudalism existed in Tibet, this would be little different other than in technicalities from conditions in any other 'premodern' peasant society, including most of China at that time. The power of the Chinese argument therefore lies in its implication that serfdom, and with it feudalism, is inseparable from extreme abuse. Evidence to support this linkage has not been found by scholars other than those close to Chinese governmental circles. Goldstein, for example, notes that although the system was based on serfdom, it was not necessarily feudal, and he refutes any automatic link with extreme abuse."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barnett |first1=Robert |author-link=Robert Barnett (scholar) |url=https://info-buddhism.com/Human-Rights-in-Tibet-before-1959_Robert_Barnett.html |title=Authenticating Tibet: Answers to China's 100 Questions |date=2008 |publisher=] |isbn=9780520249288 |location=Berkeley, CA |pages=81–84 |language=en |access-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708014121/https://info-buddhism.com/Human-Rights-in-Tibet-before-1959_Robert_Barnett.html |archive-date=8 July 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
The 19-year-old Dalai Lama toured China for almost a year from 1954 to 1955, meeting many of the revolutionary leaders and the top echelon of the Chinese communist leadership who created modern China. He learned Chinese and socialist ideals, as explained by his Chinese hosts, on a tour of China showcasing the benefits of socialism and the effective governance provided to turn the large, impoverished nation into a modern and egalitarian society, which impressed him.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Samphel |first1=Thubten |title=The Dalai Lama's China Experience and Its Impact |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-dalai-lamas-china-experience-and-its-impact_b_7068928 |access-date=10 June 2022 |publisher=Huffington Post |date=15 April 2015 |archive-date=31 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131131319/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-dalai-lamas-china-experience-and-its-impact_b_7068928 |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 1954, he went to the Chinese capital to meet ] with the ] and attend the first session of the ] as a delegate, primarily discussing ].<ref>Goldstein, M.C., ''A History of Modern Tibet, Volume 2 – The Calm before the Storm: 1951–1955'', p. 493.</ref><ref>'' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013180003/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-08/30/content_3422747.htm|date=13 October 2007}}'', ], ''China View'', 30 August 2005.</ref> On 27 September 1954, the Dalai Lama was selected as a ] of the ] of the National People's Congress,<ref>Goldstein, M.C., ''A History of Modern Tibet, Volume 2 – The Calm before the Storm: 1951–1955'', p. 496.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://voyage.typepad.com/china/2007/01/chairman_mao_lo.html |title=Chairman Mao: Long Live Dalai Lama! |publisher=Voyage.typepad.com |date=21 January 2007 |access-date=2 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505143746/http://voyage.typepad.com/china/2007/01/chairman_mao_lo.html |archive-date=5 May 2010 }}</ref> a post he officially held until 1964.<ref>](一九六四年十二月十七日国务院全体会议第一五一次会议通过): "西藏自治区筹备委员会主任委员达赖喇嘛·丹增嘉措,一九五九年发动叛国的反革命武装叛乱。在逃往国外以后,组织流亡伪政府,公布伪宪法,支持印度反动派对我国的侵略,并积极组织和训练逃亡国外的残匪骚扰祖国边境。这一切都证明他早已自绝于祖国和人民,是一个死心塌地为帝国主义和外国反动派作走狗的叛国分子。国务院根据西藏地方人民的要求,决定撤销达赖喇嘛·丹增嘉措的西藏自治区筹备委员会主任委员和委员的职务。" | |||
On 17 December 1964, the 151st meeting of the plenary session of the State Council approved: The Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso, chairman of the Tibet Autonomous Region Preparatory Committee, launched a treasonous counter-revolutionary armed rebellion in 1959. After fleeing abroad, he organized a pseudo-government in exile, promulgated a pseudo-constitution, supported the Indian reactionaries' aggression against our country, and actively organized and trained bandits who fled abroad to harass the motherland's borders. All this proves that he has terminated himself from the motherland and the people, and he is a traitor who is desperately running for the imperialism and foreign reactionaries. The State Council decided to remove the Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso's duties as chairman and member of the Tibet Autonomous Region Preparatory Committee in accordance with the request of the local people in Tibet.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url = http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90883/6284184.html |title = Official: Dalai Lama's U.S. award not to affect Tibet's stability |date = 16 October 2007 |access-date = 28 August 2010 |publisher = ] |work = ] |archive-date = 30 November 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111130105921/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90883/6284184.html |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
{{blockquote|Mao Zedong who, "according to the Tibetan leader, treated him as a 'father would treat a son,'" "also showed Tibet’s political leader and its foremost spiritual master its ambivalence to Tibetan Buddhism. The Dalai Lama recounts this episode in his autobiography, ''My Land and My People'', | |||
'A few days later I had a message from Mao Tse-tung to say that he was coming to see me in an hour’s time. When he arrived he said he had merely come to call. Then something made him say that Buddhism was quite a good religion, and Lord Buddha, although he was a prince, had given a good deal of thought to the question of improving the conditions of the people. He also observed that the Goddess Tara was a kind-hearted woman. After a very few minutes, he left. I was quite bewildered by these remarks and did not know what to make of them.' | |||
The comments Mao made during their last meeting shocked the Dalai Lama beyond belief. 'My final interview with this remarkable man was toward the end of my visit to China. I was at a meeting of the Standing Committee of the National Assembly when I received a message asking me to go to see him at this house. By then, I had been able to complete a tour of the Chinese provinces, and I was able to tell him truthfully that I had been greatly impressed and interested by all the development projects I had seen. Then he started to give me a long lecture about the true form of democracy, and advised me how to become a leader of the people and how to take heed of their suggestions. And then he edged closer to me on his chair and whispered: | |||
'I understand you very well. But of course, religion is poison. It has two great defects: It undermines the race, and secondly it retards the progress of the country. Tibet and Mongolia have both been poisoned by it.'"<ref>{{cite web |last1=Samphel |first1=Thubten |title=The Dalai Lama's China Experience and Its Impact |url=https://tibet.net/the-dalai-lamas-china-experience-and-its-impact/ |website=tibet.net |date=16 April 2015 |publisher=Huffington Post |access-date=17 August 2022 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306151637/https://tibet.net/the-dalai-lamas-china-experience-and-its-impact/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In his autobiography, ''Freedom In Exile'', the Dalai Lama recalls: "How could he have thought I was not religious to the core of my being?'"<ref>{{cite news |last1=Douglas |first1=Ed |title=The Dalai Lama: The lost horizons |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/1999/may/08/books.guardianreview9 |access-date=10 June 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=7 May 1999 |archive-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610025745/https://www.theguardian.com/books/1999/may/08/books.guardianreview9 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} | |||
In 1956, on a trip to India to celebrate the ], the Dalai Lama asked the ], ], if he would allow him ] should he choose to stay. Nehru discouraged this as a provocation against peace, and reminded him of the Indian Government's ] stance agreed upon with its ].<ref name="bio" /> | In 1956, on a trip to India to celebrate the ], the Dalai Lama asked the ], ], if he would allow him ] should he choose to stay. Nehru discouraged this as a provocation against peace, and reminded him of the Indian Government's ] stance agreed upon with its ].<ref name="bio" /> | ||
Long called a "splittist" and "traitor" by China,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Burns |first1=John F. |title=Dalai Lama Finds China's Threats A Subject for Humor and Anxiety |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/06/world/dalai-lama-finds-china-s-threats-a-subject-for-humor-and-anxiety.html |access-date=22 October 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=6 March 1996 |archive-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022173733/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/06/world/dalai-lama-finds-china-s-threats-a-subject-for-humor-and-anxiety.html |url-status=live }}</ref> the Dalai Lama has attempted formal talks over Tibet's status in China.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Baker |first1=Peter |last2=Pomfret |first2=John |title=Dalai Lama Delays Plan for Formal Talks With China |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/china/stories/dalai111198.htm |access-date=22 October 2019 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=11 November 1998 |archive-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022221801/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/china/stories/dalai111198.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, after the United States passed a law requiring the US to deny visas to Chinese officials in charge of implementing policies that restrict foreign access to Tibet, the US Ambassador to China "encouraged the Chinese government to engage in substantive dialogue with the Dalai Lama or his representatives, without preconditions, to seek a settlement that resolves differences".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Martina |first1=Michael |title=U.S. ambassador urges China to talk to the Dalai Lama |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-usa-tibet/us-ambassador-urges-china-to-talk-to-the-dalai-lama-idUSKCN1SW01C |access-date=28 January 2020 |publisher=Reuters |date=25 May 2019 |archive-date=28 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128150753/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-usa-tibet/us-ambassador-urges-china-to-talk-to-the-dalai-lama-idUSKCN1SW01C |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
=== Exile to India === | |||
The Chinese Foreign Ministry has warned the US and other countries to "shun" the Dalai Lama during visits and often uses trade negotiations and human rights talks as an incentive to do so.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Blanchard |first1=Ben |title=China says no excuses for foreign officials meeting Dalai Lama |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-congress-tibet/china-says-no-excuses-for-foreign-officials-meeting-dalai-lama-idUSKBN1CQ057 |access-date=22 October 2019 |work=Reuters |date=21 October 2017 |archive-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022173732/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-congress-tibet/china-says-no-excuses-for-foreign-officials-meeting-dalai-lama-idUSKBN1CQ057 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Miglani |first1=Sanjeev |title=Dalai Lama faces cold shoulder as India looks to improve China ties |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-china/dalai-lama-faces-cold-shoulder-as-india-looks-to-improve-china-ties-idUSKBN1H51O7 |access-date=22 October 2019 |publisher=Reuters |date=29 March 2018 |archive-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022173733/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-china/dalai-lama-faces-cold-shoulder-as-india-looks-to-improve-china-ties-idUSKBN1H51O7 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Stobdan |first1=Phunchok |title=Dalai Lama is at the centre of a new great game in Himalayas between India, China & Tibet |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/dalai-lama-at-centre-of-new-great-game-himalaya-india-china-tibet/308985/ |access-date=22 October 2019 |agency=Printline Media |publisher=The Print |date=22 October 2019 |archive-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022140428/https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/dalai-lama-at-centre-of-new-great-game-himalaya-india-china-tibet/308985/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramzy |first1=Austin |title=Obama and Dalai Lama Meet Over China's Objection |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/16/world/asia/obama-dalai-lama-meeting.html |access-date=22 October 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=15 June 2016 |archive-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022233610/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/16/world/asia/obama-dalai-lama-meeting.html |url-status=live }}</ref> China sporadically bans images of the Dalai Lama and arrests citizens for owning photos of him in Tibet.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wee |first1=Sui-Lee |title=China's ban on displaying Dalai Lama pictures is lifted |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/chinas-ban-on-displaying-dalai-lama-pictures-is-lifted-8677489.html |access-date=22 October 2019 |publisher=Reuters |date=27 June 2013 |archive-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022175235/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/chinas-ban-on-displaying-dalai-lama-pictures-is-lifted-8677489.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tenzin |first1=Kunsang |date=29 July 2019 |title=Tibetans Beaten, Detained in Kardze Over Dalai Lama Photos |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/photos-07292019165028.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017200451/https://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/photos-07292019165028.html |archive-date=17 October 2019 |access-date=22 October 2019 |work=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=3 February 2016 |title="Severe punishments" for Dalai Lama photos |url=https://freetibet.org/news-media/na/severe-punishments-dalai-lama-photos |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022173744/https://freetibet.org/news-media/na/severe-punishments-dalai-lama-photos |archive-date=22 October 2019 |access-date=22 October 2019 |work=Free Tibet |location=United Kingdom}}</ref> ] government job candidates must strongly denounce the Dalai Lama, as announced on the Tibet Autonomous Region government's online education platform, <blockquote>"Support the (Communist) Party's leadership, resolutely implement the Party's line, line of approach, policies, and the guiding ideology of Tibet work in the new era; align ideologically, politically, and in action with the Party Central Committee; oppose any splittist tendencies; expose and criticize the Dalai Lama; safeguard the unity of the motherland and ethnic unity and take a firm stand on political issues, taking a clear and distinct stand".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Patranobis |first1=Sutirtho |date=19 October 2019 |title=Tibetan graduates need to 'expose and criticise Dalai Lama' for Chinese government jobs |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/tibetan-graduates-need-to-expose-and-criticise-dalai-lama-for-chinese-govt-jobs/story-3DiVaJxfScyPUyibtvIcrK.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020235102/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/tibetan-graduates-need-to-expose-and-criticise-dalai-lama-for-chinese-govt-jobs/story-3DiVaJxfScyPUyibtvIcrK.html |archive-date=20 October 2019 |access-date=22 October 2019 |work=]}}</ref></blockquote> | |||
] | |||
The Dalai Lama is a target of Chinese state sponsored hacking. Security experts claim "targeting Tibetan activists is a strong indicator of official Chinese government involvement" since economic information is the primary goal of private Chinese hackers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Perlroth |first1=Nicole |title=Case Based in China Puts a Face on Persistent Hacking |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/30/technology/hacking-in-asia-is-linked-to-chinese-ex-graduate-student.html |access-date=23 October 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=29 March 2012 |archive-date=23 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023055645/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/30/technology/hacking-in-asia-is-linked-to-chinese-ex-graduate-student.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2009 the personal office of the Dalai Lama asked researchers at the ] at the ] to check its computers for malicious software. This led to uncovering ], a large-scale cyber spying operation which infiltrated at least 1,295 computers in 103 countries, including embassies, foreign ministries, other government offices, and organisations affiliated with the Dalai Lama in India, Brussels, London and New York, and believed to be focusing on the governments of South and Southeast Asia.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Markoff |first1=John |title=Vast Spy System Loots Computers in 103 Countries |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/technology/29spy.html |access-date=22 October 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=28 March 2009 |archive-date=1 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401224950/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/technology/29spy.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Markoff |first1=John |title=Tracking Cyberspies Through the Web Wilderness |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/12/science/12cyber.html |access-date=22 October 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=11 May 2009 |archive-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022234433/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/12/science/12cyber.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7970471.stm|title=Major cyber spy network uncovered|work=BBC News|date=29 March 2009|access-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315213515/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7970471.stm|archive-date=15 March 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
At the outset of the ], fearing for his life, the Dalai Lama and his retinue fled Tibet with the help of the CIA's ],<ref>The CIA's Secret War in Tibet, Kenneth Conboy, James Morrison, The University Press of Kansas, 2002.</ref> crossing into India on 30 March 1959, reaching ] in ] on 18 April.<ref>Richardson (1984), p. 210.</ref> Some time later he set up the ] in ], India,<ref>"Witness: Reporting on the Dalai Lama's escape to India." Peter Jackson. ''Reuters''. 27 February 2009.</ref> which is often referred to as "'']''". After the founding of the government in exile he re-established the approximately 80,000 Tibetan refugees who followed him into exile in agricultural settlements.<ref name="bbcprofile" /> He created a Tibetan educational system in order to teach the Tibetan children the ], ], ], and ]. The ] was established<ref name="bbcprofile" /> in 1959 and the ]<ref name="bbcprofile" /> became the primary university for Tibetans in India in 1967. He supported the refounding of 200 monasteries and nunneries in an attempt to preserve Tibetan Buddhist teachings and the Tibetan way of life. | |||
A second cyberspy network, ], was discovered by the same researchers in 2010. Stolen documents included a year's worth of the Dalai Lama's personal email, and classified government material relating to India, West Africa, the Russian Federation, the Middle East, and NATO. "Sophisticated" hackers were linked to universities in China, Beijing again denied involvement.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Branigan |first1=Tania |title=Cyber-spies based in China target Indian government and Dalai Lama |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2010/apr/06/cyber-spies-china-target-india |access-date=23 October 2019 |work=The Guardian |date=6 April 2010 |archive-date=23 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023055646/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2010/apr/06/cyber-spies-china-target-india |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Markoff |first1=John |last2=Barboza |first2=David |title=Researchers Trace Data Theft to Intruders in China |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/06/science/06cyber.html?pagewanted=all |access-date=23 October 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=5 April 2010 |archive-date=23 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023055654/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/06/science/06cyber.html?pagewanted=all |url-status=live }}</ref> Chinese hackers posing as ], ] and other organisation's reporters targeted the private office of the Dalai Lama, ] members, and Tibetan nongovernmental organisations, among others, in 2019.<ref name="The New York Times">{{cite news |last1=Perlroth |first1=Nicole |last2=Conger |first2=Kate |last3=Mozur |first3=Paul |title=China Sharpens Hacking to Hound Its Minorities, Far and Wide |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/22/technology/china-hackers-ethnic-minorities.html |access-date=22 October 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=25 October 2019 |archive-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022091003/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/22/technology/china-hackers-ethnic-minorities.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
The Dalai Lama appealed to the ] on the rights of Tibetans. This appeal resulted in three resolutions adopted by the ] in 1959, 1961, and 1965,<ref name="bbcprofile" /> all before the People's Republic ].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1971/12295509436546-1/ |title=Events of 1971 |work=Year in Review |year=1971 |publisher=United Press International |accessdate=28 August 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5gYCuqxqS?url=http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1971/12295509436546-1/ |archivedate=5 May 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> The resolutions called on China to respect the human rights of ].<ref name="bbcprofile" /> In 1963, he promulgated a democratic constitution which is based upon the ], creating an elected ] and an ] to champion his cause. In 1970, he opened the ] in Dharamshala which houses over 80,000 manuscripts and important knowledge resources related to Tibetan history, politics and culture. It is considered one of the most important institutions for ] in the world.<ref name="LTWA">{{cite web |url = http://www.tibet.com/ltwa.html |title = Library of Tibetan Works and Archives|year=1997 |publisher = ] |accessdate = 23 September 2008 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080421150024/http://www.tibet.com/ltwa.html |archivedate=21 April 2008 |deadurl=yes}}</ref> | |||
=== Exile to India === | |||
In 2016, there were demands from Indian politicians of different political parties and citizens to confer His Holiness The Dalai Lama the prestigious ], the highest civilian honour of India which has only been awarded to a Non-Indian citizen twice in its history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bharat-Ratna-demanded-for-Dalai-Lama/articleshow/55877372.cms|title=Bharat Ratna demanded for Dalai Lama – Times of India|publisher=}}</ref> | |||
]. The empty vestment placed on the throne symbolises his absence.]] | |||
] journalist ] in 1959]] | |||
] granted him visa on the condition he would not attack PRC while in Japan.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dalai Lama opens exhibit of Tibetan art at Ueno|url=https://www.stripes.com/news/dalai-lama-opens-exhibit-of-tibetan-art-at-ueno-1.18977|work=]|date=28 September 1967|access-date=11 May 2021|archive-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511134035/https://www.stripes.com/news/dalai-lama-opens-exhibit-of-tibetan-art-at-ueno-1.18977|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
]] | |||
At the outset of the ], fearing for his life, the Dalai Lama and his retinue ] with the help of the ]'s ],<ref>The CIA's Secret War in Tibet, Kenneth Conboy, James Morrison, The University Press of Kansas, 2002.</ref> crossing into India on 30 March 1959, reaching ] in ] on 18 April.<ref>Richardson (1984), p. 210.</ref> Some time later he set up the ] in ], India,<ref>"Witness: Reporting on the Dalai Lama's escape to India." Peter Jackson. ''Reuters''. 27 February 2009. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720072727/http://www.reuters.com/article/reutersEdge/idUSTRE51Q4OB20090227 |date=20 July 2009 }}</ref> which is often referred to as "'']''". After the founding of the government in exile he re-established the approximately 80,000 Tibetan refugees who followed him into exile in agricultural settlements.<ref name="bbcprofile" /> | |||
=== International advocacy === | |||
He created a Tibetan educational system in order to teach the Tibetan children the ], ], ], and ]. The ] was established<ref name="bbcprofile" /> in 1959 and the ]<ref name="bbcprofile" /> became the primary university for Tibetans in India in 1967. He supported the refounding of 200 monasteries and nunneries in an attempt to preserve Tibetan Buddhist teachings and the Tibetan way of life. | |||
]}}]] | |||
The Dalai Lama appealed to the ] on the rights of Tibetans. This appeal resulted in three resolutions adopted by the ] in 1959, 1961, and 1965,<ref name="bbcprofile" /> all before the People's Republic ].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1971/12295509436546-1/ |title=Events of 1971 |work=Year in Review |year=1971 |publisher=United Press International |access-date=28 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503142809/http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1971/12295509436546-1/ |archive-date=3 May 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The resolutions called on China to respect the human rights of ].<ref name="bbcprofile" /> In 1963, he promulgated a democratic constitution which is based upon the ], creating an elected ] and an ] to champion his cause. In 1970, he opened the ] in Dharamshala which houses over 80,000 manuscripts and important knowledge resources related to Tibetan history, politics and culture. It is considered one of the most important institutions for ] in the world.<ref name="LTWA">{{cite web |url = http://www.tibet.com/ltwa.html |title = Library of Tibetan Works and Archives|year=1997 |publisher = ] |access-date = 23 September 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080421150024/http://www.tibet.com/ltwa.html |archive-date=21 April 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
At the ] in 1987 in ], the Dalai Lama gave a speech outlining his ideas for the future status of Tibet. The plan called for Tibet to become a democratic "zone of peace" without ], and with support for ].{{Citation needed|date=March 2017}} The plan would come to be known as the "Strasbourg proposal", because the Dalai Lama expanded on the plan at ] on 15 June 1988. There, he proposed the creation of a self-governing Tibet "in association with the People's Republic of China." This would have been pursued by negotiations with the PRC government, but the plan was rejected by the Tibetan Government-in-Exile in 1991. {{Citation needed|date=March 2017}} The Dalai Lama has indicated that he wishes to return to Tibet only if the People's Republic of China agrees not to make any precondition for his return.<ref> with '']'', 5 September 2003</ref> In the 1970s, the then-] ] set China's sole return requirement to the Dalai Lama as that he "must as a Chinese citizen... that is, patriotism".<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-03/01/content_10921943_3.htm |title = Origin of the title of "Dalai Lama" and its related background |date = 2009-03-01 |accessdate = 28 August 2010 |first=Jiang|last=Yuxia |publisher = ]}}</ref> | |||
In 2016, there were demands from Indian citizens and politicians of different political parties to confer the Dalai Lama the prestigious ], the highest civilian honour of India, which has only been awarded to a non-Indian citizen twice in its history.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bharat-Ratna-demanded-for-Dalai-Lama/articleshow/55877372.cms|title=Bharat Ratna demanded for Dalai Lama|work=The Times of India|date=8 December 2016 |access-date=4 January 2017|archive-date=9 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109083901/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bharat-ratna-demanded-for-dalai-lama/articleshow/55877372.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
The Dalai Lama celebrated his seventieth birthday on 6 July 2005. About 10,000 Tibetan refugees, monks and foreign tourists gathered outside his home. ] of the ] alleged positive relations with Buddhists. However, later that year, the Russian state prevented the Dalai Lama from fulfilling an invitation to the traditionally Buddhist republic of ].<ref>Fagan, Geraldine. "Russia: How Many Missionaries Now Denied Visas'." Forum 18 News Service. Vol. 7. 2005.</ref> Then President of the Republic of China (Taiwan), ], attended an evening celebrating the Dalai Lama's birthday at the ] in Taipei.<ref>{{cite news|title=China keeps up attacks on Dalai Lama |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/04/01/taiwan.dalailama.05/ |work=CNN |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061218161849/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/04/01/taiwan.dalailama.05/ |archivedate=18 December 2006 }}</ref> In October 2008 in Japan, the Dalai Lama addressed the ] that had erupted and that the Chinese government accused him of fomenting. He responded that he had "lost faith" in efforts to negotiate with the Chinese government, and that it was "up to the Tibetan people" to decide what to do.<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia-pacific/2008/11/200811382944579283.html |title = Dalai Lama admits Tibet failure |publisher = ] |date = 2008-11-03 |accessdate = 28 August 2010}}</ref> | |||
In 2021, it was revealed that the Dalai Lama's inner circle were listed in the ] as having been targeted with ] on their phones. Analysis strongly indicates potential targets were selected by the Indian government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2021/jul/22/dalai-lama-inner-circle-listed-pegasus-project-data|title=Dalai Lama's inner circle listed in Pegasus project data|website=]|date=22 July 2021|access-date=3 September 2021|archive-date=4 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904190127/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2021/jul/22/dalai-lama-inner-circle-listed-pegasus-project-data|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/dalai-lamas-inner-circle-listed-in-pegasus-project-data/|title=Dalai Lama's inner circle listed in Pegasus project data|access-date=25 November 2021|archive-date=25 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125174233/https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/dalai-lamas-inner-circle-listed-in-pegasus-project-data/|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
30 ] protested against the Dalai Lama during his visit to Taiwan after ] and denounced it as politically motivated.<ref>{{cite news |author= AFP |date= 31 August 2009 |title= Protesters accuse Dalai Lama of staging 'political show' in Taiwan |url= http://news.asiaone.com/News/Latest+News/Asia/Story/A1Story20090831-164580.html |newspaper= asiaone news |location= |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= Wang |first= Amber |date= 31 August 2009 |title= Dalai Lama visits Taiwan typhoon victims |url= http://www.smh.com.au//breaking-news-world/dalai-lama-visits-taiwan-typhoon-victims-20090831-f4p7.html |newspaper= The Sydney Morning Herald |location= |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author = Staff Writers |date= 31 August 2009 |title= Dalai Lama visits Taiwan typhoon victims amid Chinese anger |url= http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Dalai_Lama_visits_Taiwan_typhoon_victims_amid_Chinese_anger_999.html |newspaper= Terra Daily |location= Kaohsiung, Taiwan (AFP) |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125168355194471405|title=Dalai Lama Visits Taiwan|date=2 September 2009|publisher=|via=www.wsj.com}}</ref> | |||
=== International advocacy === | |||
The Dalai Lama is an advocate for a world free of nuclear weapons, and currently serves on the Advisory Council of the ]. | |||
] (designed by the 13th Dalai Lama) shares the stage with Gyatso in April 2010 in ], Switzerland.|alt=]] | |||
At the ] in 1987 in ], the Dalai Lama gave a speech outlining his ideas for the future status of Tibet. The plan called for Tibet to become a democratic "zone of peace" without ], and with support for ].{{Citation needed|date=March 2017}} The plan would come to be known as the "Strasbourg proposal," because the Dalai Lama expanded on the plan at ] on 15 June 1988. There, he proposed the creation of a self-governing Tibet "in association with the People's Republic of China." This would have been pursued by negotiations with the PRC government, but the plan was rejected by the Tibetan Government-in-Exile in 1991.<ref>From Article 31 of Charter of the Tibetans-in-exile 1991: "The Council of Regency shall exercise executive powers and authority in the following circumstances: (1)(a) of His Holiness the Dalai Lama has not assumed or retained the powers of the head of the Tibetan Administration and the executive functions therein;"</ref> The Dalai Lama has indicated that he wishes to return to Tibet only if the People's Republic of China agrees not to make any precondition for his return.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211081911/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/sep/05/china.lukeharding |date=11 February 2021 }} with '']'', 5 September 2003</ref> In the 1970s, the ] ] set China's sole return requirement to the Dalai Lama as that he "must as a Chinese citizen ... that is, patriotism".<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-03/01/content_10921943_3.htm |title = Origin of the title of "Dalai Lama" and its related background |date = 1 March 2009 |access-date = 28 August 2010 |first = Jiang |last = Yuxia |publisher = ] |archive-date = 27 September 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110927193359/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-03/01/content_10921943_3.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref> | |||
The Dalai Lama has voiced his support for the ], an organisation which campaigns for democratic reformation of the United Nations, and the creation of a more accountable international political system.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://en.unpacampaign.org/supporters/overview/?mapcountry=allnob&mapgroup=nob|title=Overview|date=|work=Campaign for a UN Parliamentary Assembly|access-date=2017-09-21|language=en-US}}</ref> | |||
The Dalai Lama celebrated his 70th birthday on 6 July 2005. About 10,000 Tibetan refugees, monks and foreign tourists gathered outside his home. ] of the ] alleged positive relations with Buddhists. However, later that year, the Russian state prevented the Dalai Lama from fulfilling an invitation to the traditionally Buddhist republic of ].<ref>Fagan, Geraldine. "Russia: How Many Missionaries Now Denied Visas'." Forum 18 News Service. Vol. 7. 2005.</ref> The President of the Republic of China (Taiwan), ], attended an evening celebrating the Dalai Lama's birthday at the ] in Taipei.<ref>{{cite news|title=China keeps up attacks on Dalai Lama |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/04/01/taiwan.dalailama.05/ |work=CNN |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061218161849/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/04/01/taiwan.dalailama.05/ |archive-date=18 December 2006 }}</ref> In October 2008 in Japan, the Dalai Lama addressed the ] that had erupted and that the Chinese government accused him of fomenting. He responded that he had "lost faith" in efforts to negotiate with the Chinese government, and that it was "up to the Tibetan people" to decide what to do.<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia-pacific/2008/11/200811382944579283.html |title = Dalai Lama admits Tibet failure |publisher = ] |date = 3 November 2008 |access-date = 28 August 2010 |archive-date = 11 March 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090311172035/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia-pacific/2008/11/200811382944579283.html |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
=== Teaching activities, public talks === | |||
During his visit to Taiwan after ] 30 Taiwanese indigenous peoples protested against the Dalai Lama and denounced it as politically motivated.<ref>{{cite news |author= AFP |date= 31 August 2009 |title= Protesters accuse Dalai Lama of staging 'political show' in Taiwan |url= http://news.asiaone.com/News/Latest+News/Asia/Story/A1Story20090831-164580.html |newspaper= asiaone news |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200902/http://news.asiaone.com/News/Latest+News/Asia/Story/A1Story20090831-164580.html |archive-date= 4 March 2016 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= Wang |first= Amber |date= 31 August 2009 |title= Dalai Lama visits Taiwan typhoon victims |url= https://www.smh.com.au//breaking-news-world/dalai-lama-visits-taiwan-typhoon-victims-20090831-f4p7.html |newspaper= The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date= 20 February 2020 |archive-date= 19 October 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171019214943/http://www.smh.com.au//breaking-news-world/dalai-lama-visits-taiwan-typhoon-victims-20090831-f4p7.html |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author= Staff Writers |date= 31 August 2009 |title= Dalai Lama visits Taiwan typhoon victims amid Chinese anger |url= http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Dalai_Lama_visits_Taiwan_typhoon_victims_amid_Chinese_anger_999.html |newspaper= Terra Daily |location= Kaohsiung, Taiwan (AFP) |access-date= 8 November 2015 |archive-date= 11 February 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210211195725/https://www.terradaily.com/reports/Dalai_Lama_visits_Taiwan_typhoon_victims_amid_Chinese_anger_999.html |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125168355194471405|title=Dalai Lama Visits Taiwan|date=2 September 2009|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=4 August 2017|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308194922/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125168355194471405|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
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The Dalai Lama is an advocate for a world free of nuclear weapons, and serves on the Advisory Council of the ]. | |||
Giving ] for non-Buddhist audiences and interviews and teaching Buddhism to large public audiences all over the world, as well as to private groups at his residence in India, appears to be the Dalai Lama's main activity.<ref name="Schedule">{{cite web |title = Schedule |url = http://www.dalailama.com/teachings/schedule |publisher = Office of the Dalai Lama |accessdate = 19 May 2015}}</ref> Despite becoming 80 years old in 2015 he maintains a busy international lectures and teaching schedule.<ref name="Schedule" /> His ] and ] are usually ] live in multiple languages, via an inviting organisation's ], or on the Dalai Lama's own website. Scores of his past teaching videos can be viewed there, as well as ], ], ], ] and ]s.<ref>{{cite web |title = Browse webcasts – Teachings |url = http://dalailama.com/webcasts/category/1 |publisher = Office of the Dalai Lama |accessdate = 19 May 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131209033538/http://www.dalailama.com/webcasts/category/1 |archive-date = 9 December 2013 |dead-url = yes |df = dmy-all }}</ref> | |||
The Dalai Lama has voiced his support for the ], an organisation which campaigns for democratic reformation of the United Nations, and the creation of a more accountable international political system.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://en.unpacampaign.org/supporters/overview/?mapcountry=allnob&mapgroup=nob|title=Overview|work=Campaign for a UN Parliamentary Assembly|access-date=21 September 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=19 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019195947/http://en.unpacampaign.org/supporters/overview/?mapcountry=allnob&mapgroup=nob|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
The Dalai Lama's best known teaching subject is the ] which, as of 2014, he had conferred a total of 33 times,<ref>{{cite web |author1=Kshipra Simon |title=His Holiness Dalai Lama leading the 33rd Kalachakra World Peace Prayer in Ladakh. |url=http://www.demotix.com/news/5330591/33rd-kalachakra-ladakh#media-5330334 |publisher=Demotix |location=New Delhi, India |format=Photojournalism |date=21 July 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703140659/http://www.demotix.com/news/5330591/33rd-kalachakra-ladakh#media-5330334 |archivedate=3 July 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> most often in India's upper Himalayan regions but also in western venues like ] in ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].<ref name="Office of Dalai Lama">{{cite web |title = Kalachakra Initiations by His Holiness the Dalai Lama |url = http://dalailama.com/teachings/kalachakra-initiations |publisher = Office of Dalai Lama |accessdate = 19 May 2015 |quote = List of}}</ref> The ] (Wheel of Time) is one of the most complex teachings of Buddhism, sometimes taking two weeks to confer, and he often confers it on very large audiences, up to 200,000 students and disciples at a time.<ref name="Office of Dalai Lama" /><ref>{{cite web|author1=Antonia Blumberg |title = Dalai Lama Delivers Kalachakra Buddhist Teaching To Thousands of Devotees |url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/07/dalai-lama-kalachakra_n_5564616.html |publisher = Huffington Post |date = 7 July 2014 |quote = Roughly 150,000 devotees reportedly converged for the event}}</ref> | |||
=== Teaching activities, public talks === | |||
The Dalai Lama is the ],<ref name=books>{{cite web|author1=The Dalai Lama |title = Books (on Buddhism) by the Dalai Lama |url = http://www.dalailama.com/biography/books/ |publisher = Various |accessdate = 3 May 2015}}</ref> many of them on general Buddhist subjects but also including books on particular topics like ],<ref>{{cite web|title=Dzogchen: The Heart Essence of the Great Perfection |url=http://www.shambhala.com/snowlion_articles/dzogchen-the-heart-essence-of-the-great-perfection/ |publisher=Shambala Publications |accessdate=3 May 2015 }}</ref> a Nyingma practice. | |||
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Despite becoming 80 years old in 2015, he maintains a busy international lecture and teaching schedule.<ref name="Schedule">{{cite web |title = Schedule |url = http://www.dalailama.com/teachings/schedule |publisher = Office of the Dalai Lama |access-date = 19 May 2015 |archive-date = 22 May 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150522055813/http://www.dalailama.com/teachings/schedule |url-status = live }}</ref> His ] and ] are usually ] live in multiple languages, via an inviting organisation's ], or on the Dalai Lama's own website. Scores of his past teaching videos can be viewed there, as well as ], ], ], ] and ]s.<ref>{{cite web |title = Browse webcasts – Teachings |url = http://dalailama.com/webcasts/category/1 |publisher = Office of the Dalai Lama |access-date = 19 May 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131209033538/http://www.dalailama.com/webcasts/category/1 |archive-date = 9 December 2013 |url-status = dead }}</ref> | |||
The Dalai Lama's best known teaching subject is the ] which, as of 2014, he had conferred a total of 33 times,<ref>{{cite web |author1=Kshipra Simon |title=His Holiness Dalai Lama leading the 33rd Kalachakra World Peace Prayer in Ladakh. |url=http://www.demotix.com/news/5330591/33rd-kalachakra-ladakh#media-5330334 |publisher=Demotix |location=New Delhi, India |format=Photojournalism |date=21 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703140659/http://www.demotix.com/news/5330591/33rd-kalachakra-ladakh#media-5330334 |archive-date=3 July 2015 }}</ref> most often in India's upper Himalayan regions but also in the ].<ref name="Office of Dalai Lama">{{cite web |title = Kalachakra Initiations by His Holiness the Dalai Lama |url = http://dalailama.com/teachings/kalachakra-initiations |publisher = Office of Dalai Lama |access-date = 19 May 2015 |quote = List of |archive-date = 14 December 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091214213557/http://www.dalailama.com/teachings/kalachakra-initiations |url-status = live }}</ref> The ] (Wheel of Time) is one of the most complex teachings of Buddhism, sometimes taking two weeks to confer, and he often confers it on very large audiences, up to 200,000 students and disciples at a time.<ref name="Office of Dalai Lama" /><ref>{{cite web |author1 = Antonia Blumberg |title = Dalai Lama Delivers Kalachakra Buddhist Teaching To Thousands of Devotees |url = https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/07/dalai-lama-kalachakra_n_5564616.html |work = HuffPost |date = 7 July 2014 |quote = Roughly 150,000 devotees reportedly converged for the event |access-date = 20 February 2020 |archive-date = 19 October 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215242/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/07/dalai-lama-kalachakra_n_5564616.html |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
In Dalai Lama's essay, "The Ethic of Compassion" (1999), he expresses his belief that if we only reserve compassion for those that we love, we are ignoring the responsibility of sharing these characteristics of respect and empathy with those we do not have relationships with, which cannot allow us to "cultivate love." He elaborates upon this idea by writing that although it takes time to develop a higher level of compassion, eventually we will recognize that the quality of empathy will become a part of life and promote our quality as humans and inner strength.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dalai Lama XIV|title="The Ethic of Compassion."|date=1999|publisher=Riverhead Books|pages=123–31}}</ref> | |||
The Dalai Lama is the ],<ref name=books>{{cite web |author1 = The Dalai Lama |title = Books (on Buddhism) by the Dalai Lama |url = http://www.dalailama.com/biography/books/ |publisher = Various |access-date = 3 May 2015 |archive-date = 12 May 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150512011836/http://www.dalailama.com/biography/books |url-status = live }}</ref> many of them on general Buddhist subjects but also including books on particular topics like ],<ref>{{cite web |title=Dzogchen: The Heart Essence of the Great Perfection |url=http://www.shambhala.com/snowlion_articles/dzogchen-the-heart-essence-of-the-great-perfection/ |publisher=Shambala Publications |access-date=3 May 2015 |archive-date=19 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019220405/https://www.shambhala.com/snowlion_articles/dzogchen-the-heart-essence-of-the-great-perfection/ |url-status=live }}</ref> a Nyingma practice. | |||
He frequently accepts requests from students to visit various countries worldwide in order to give teachings to large Buddhist audiences, teachings that are usually based on classical Buddhist texts and commentaries,<ref name=DLSch>{{cite web |title = Schedule |url = http://www.dalailama.com/teachings/schedule |publisher = Office of Dalai Lama |accessdate = 3 May 2015|location=World-wide}}</ref> and most often those written by the 17 pandits or great masters of the ] tradition, such as Nagarjuna,<ref>{{cite web|title=His Holiness the Dalai Lama in Brisbane |url=http://www.karuna.org.au/announcements/his-holiness-the-dalai-lama-in-brisbane |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110134531/http://www.karuna.org.au/announcements/his-holiness-the-dalai-lama-in-brisbane |dead-url=yes |archive-date=10 January 2015 |date=5 January 2015 |quote=The Dalai Lama's Brisbane teaching will be based on the classic text, Nagarjuna's 'Precious Garland' }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Donald S Lopez Jr. |title = Nagarjuna |url = http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/401601/Nagarjuna |publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica |date = 24 April 2014}}</ref> Kamalashila,<ref>{{cite web|author1=Jamyang Dorjee Chakrishar |title=When Indian Pandit Kamalashila defeated China's Hashang in Tibet |url=http://www.sherpaworld.com/show.php?at=1&sn=6805 |publisher=Sherpa World |accessdate=3 May 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521052014/http://www.sherpaworld.com/show.php?at=1&sn=6805 |archivedate=21 May 2015 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Dalai Lama teaching Kamalashila text in Australia, 2008 |url = http://www.dalailamainaustralia.org/pages/?PageID=210 |publisher = Dalai Lama in Australia |date = 11 June 2008 |quote = by reference to Kamalashila's text, His Holiness the Dalai Lama will demonstrate how the nature of awareness, developed through meditative practices can be transformed into the direct perceptual wisdom necessary to achieve enlightenment itself}}</ref> Shantideva,<ref>{{cite web |title = Compassion in Emptiness: Dalai Lama Teaches Shantideva |url = http://www.oscilloscope.net/films/film/51/Compassion-in-Emptiness |publisher = Oscilloscope |format = DVD set |date = 7 May 2011 |quote = In 2010, His Holiness traveled to New York City to teach A Commentary on Bodhicitta by Nagarjuna and A Guide to the Bodhisattva's Way of Life by Shantideva.}}</ref> Atisha,<ref name="Atis">{{cite web|author1=Phuntsok Yangchen |title = Disciples from over 60 countries attend the Dalai Lama's teachings |url = http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=32210 |publisher = Phayul.com |date = 1 October 2012 |quote = The Dalai Lama today began his four-day teachings on Atisha's 'Lamp for the Path to Enlightenment'}}</ref> Ayradeva<ref name="Arya">{{cite web |title = The Dalai Lama's Boston teachings |url = http://www.shambhala.com/blog/shambhala/the-dalai-lamas-teaching-on-stages-of-meditation |publisher = Shambala Publications |date = 17 October 2012 |quote = Texts mentioned by His Holiness in his talk ... Aryadeva's 400 Stanzas of the Middle Way |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150521130539/http://www.shambhala.com/blog/shambhala/the-dalai-lamas-teaching-on-stages-of-meditation |archivedate = 21 May 2015 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> and so on. | |||
In his essay "The Ethic of Compassion" (1999), the Dalai Lama expresses his belief that if we only reserve compassion for those that we love, we are ignoring the responsibility of sharing these characteristics of respect and empathy with those we do not have relationships with, which cannot allow us to "cultivate love." He elaborates upon this idea by writing that although it takes time to develop a higher level of compassion, eventually we will recognise that the quality of empathy will become a part of life and promote our quality as humans and inner strength.<ref>{{cite book|author=Dalai Lama XIV|title=The Ethic of Compassion|date=1999|publisher=Riverhead Books|pages=123–31}}</ref> | |||
The Dalai Lama refers to himself as a follower of these Nalanda masters,<ref>{{cite web|author1=James Blumenthal, PhD |title = The Seventeen Pandits of Nalanda Monastery |url = http://fpmt.org/mandala/archives/mandala-for-2012/july/the-seventeen-pandits-of-nalanda-monastery/ |publisher = FPMT |accessdate = 19 May 2015|ref=Mandala Magazine|format=Online Magazine |date = July 2012 |quote = he Dalai Lama frequently refers to himself as a follower of the lineage of the seventeen Nalanda masters today}}</ref> in fact he often asserts that 'Tibetan Buddhism' is based on the Buddhist tradition of Nalanda monastery in ancient India,<ref>{{cite web|title=About the Seventeen Paṇḍitas of Nālandā |url=http://www.bodhimarga.org/meditation-teachings/the-nalanda-tradition/ |archive-url=https://archive.is/20160424082907/http://www.bodhimarga.org/meditation-teachings/the-nalanda-tradition/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=24 April 2016 |publisher=Bodhimarga |accessdate=19 May 2015 |quote=they came to shape the very meaning of Buddhist philosophy and religious practice, both in India and Tibet }}</ref> since the texts written by those 17 Nalanda pandits or masters, to whom he has composed a poem of invocation,<ref>{{cite web|author1=Dalai Lama |title = An invocation of the seventeen great sagely adepts of glorious Nalanda |url = http://thubtenchodron.org/2001/12/nalanda-prayer/ |publisher = Bhikshuni Thubten Chodron|format=Poetry |date = 15 December 2001}}</ref> were brought to Tibet and translated into Tibetan when Buddhism was first established there and have remained central to the teachings of Tibetan Buddhism ever since.<ref>{{cite news|author1=HT Correspondent |title = Tibetan language must to keep Nalanda tradition alive: Dalai Lama |url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/himachalpradesh/tibetan-language-must-to-keep-nalanda-tradition-alive-dalai-lama/article1-1323860.aspx |publisher = Hindustan Times |date = 7 March 2015|location=Dharamsala |quote = The unique quality of Tibetan Buddhism is that it is based on ancient India's Nalanda Buddhist tradition}}</ref> | |||
He frequently accepts requests from students to visit various countries worldwide in order to give teachings to large Buddhist audiences, teachings that are usually based on classical Buddhist texts and commentaries,<ref name=DLSch>{{cite web |title = Schedule |url = http://www.dalailama.com/teachings/schedule |publisher = Office of Dalai Lama |access-date = 3 May 2015 |location = World-wide |archive-date = 22 May 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150522055813/http://www.dalailama.com/teachings/schedule |url-status = live }}</ref> and most often those written by the 17 pandits or great masters of the ] tradition, such as Nagarjuna,<ref>{{cite web|title=His Holiness the Dalai Lama in Brisbane |url=http://www.karuna.org.au/announcements/his-holiness-the-dalai-lama-in-brisbane |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110134531/http://www.karuna.org.au/announcements/his-holiness-the-dalai-lama-in-brisbane |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 January 2015 |date=5 January 2015 |quote=The Dalai Lama's Brisbane teaching will be based on the classic text, Nagarjuna's 'Precious Garland' }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1 = Donald S Lopez Jr. |title = Nagarjuna |url = http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/401601/Nagarjuna |publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica |date = 24 April 2014 |access-date = 3 May 2015 |archive-date = 16 March 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140316140605/http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/401601/Nagarjuna |url-status = live }}</ref> Kamalashila,<ref>{{cite web|author1=Jamyang Dorjee Chakrishar |title=When Indian Pandit Kamalashila defeated China's Hashang in Tibet |url=http://www.sherpaworld.com/show.php?at=1&sn=6805 |publisher=Sherpa World |access-date=3 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521052014/http://www.sherpaworld.com/show.php?at=1&sn=6805 |archive-date=21 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Dalai Lama teaching Kamalashila text in Australia, 2008 |url = http://www.dalailamainaustralia.org/pages/?PageID=210 |publisher = Dalai Lama in Australia |date = 11 June 2008 |quote = by reference to Kamalashila's text, His Holiness the Dalai Lama will demonstrate how the nature of awareness, developed through meditative practices can be transformed into the direct perceptual wisdom necessary to achieve enlightenment itself |access-date = 3 May 2015 |archive-date = 4 April 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160404054502/http://dalailamainaustralia.org/pages/?pageid=210 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Shantideva,<ref>{{cite web |title = Compassion in Emptiness: Dalai Lama Teaches Shantideva |url = http://www.oscilloscope.net/films/film/51/Compassion-in-Emptiness |publisher = Oscilloscope |format = DVD set |date = 7 May 2011 |quote = In 2010, His Holiness traveled to New York City to teach A Commentary on Bodhicitta by Nagarjuna and A Guide to the Bodhisattva's Way of Life by Shantideva. |access-date = 3 May 2015 |archive-date = 26 February 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210226044123/http://www.oscilloscope.net/films/film/51/Compassion-in-Emptiness |url-status = live }}</ref> Atisha,<ref name="Atis">{{cite web |author1 = Phuntsok Yangchen |title = Disciples from over 60 countries attend the Dalai Lama's teachings |url = http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=32210 |publisher = Phayul.com |date = 1 October 2012 |quote = The Dalai Lama today began his four-day teachings on Atisha's 'Lamp for the Path to Enlightenment' |access-date = 3 May 2015 |archive-date = 20 May 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150520175445/http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=32210 |url-status = live }}</ref> Aryadeva<ref name="Arya">{{cite web |title = The Dalai Lama's Boston teachings |url = http://www.shambhala.com/blog/shambhala/the-dalai-lamas-teaching-on-stages-of-meditation |publisher = Shambala Publications |date = 17 October 2012 |quote = Texts mentioned by His Holiness in his talk ... Aryadeva's 400 Stanzas of the Middle Way |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150521130539/http://www.shambhala.com/blog/shambhala/the-dalai-lamas-teaching-on-stages-of-meditation |archive-date = 21 May 2015 }}</ref> and so on. | |||
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The Dalai Lama refers to himself as a follower of these Nalanda masters,<ref>{{cite web |author1 = James Blumenthal, PhD |title = The Seventeen Pandits of Nalanda Monastery |url = http://fpmt.org/mandala/archives/mandala-for-2012/july/the-seventeen-pandits-of-nalanda-monastery/ |publisher = FPMT |access-date = 19 May 2015 |ref = Mandala Magazine |format = Online Magazine |date = July 2012 |quote = he Dalai Lama frequently refers to himself as a follower of the lineage of the seventeen Nalanda masters today |archive-date = 7 April 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150407073629/http://fpmt.org/mandala/archives/mandala-for-2012/july/the-seventeen-pandits-of-nalanda-monastery/ |url-status = live }}</ref> in fact he often asserts that 'Tibetan Buddhism' is based on the Buddhist tradition of Nalanda monastery in ancient India,<ref>{{cite web|title=About the Seventeen Paṇḍitas of Nālandā |url=http://www.bodhimarga.org/meditation-teachings/the-nalanda-tradition/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160424082907/http://www.bodhimarga.org/meditation-teachings/the-nalanda-tradition/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 April 2016 |publisher=Bodhimarga |access-date=19 May 2015 |quote=they came to shape the very meaning of Buddhist philosophy and religious practice, both in India and Tibet }}</ref> since the texts written by those 17 Nalanda pandits or masters, to whom he has composed a poem of invocation,<ref>{{cite web |author1=Dalai Lama |title=An invocation of the seventeen great sagely adepts of glorious Nalanda |url=http://thubtenchodron.org/2001/12/nalanda-prayer/ |publisher=Bhikshuni Thubten Chodron |format=Poetry |date=15 December 2001 |access-date=19 May 2015 |archive-date=8 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108112008/https://thubtenchodron.org/2001/12/nalanda-prayer/ |url-status=live }}</ref> were brought to Tibet and translated into Tibetan when Buddhism was first established there and have remained central to the teachings of Tibetan Buddhism ever since.<ref>{{cite news |author1= |date=7 March 2015 |title=Tibetan language must to keep Nalanda tradition alive: Dalai Lama |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/tibetan-language-must-to-keep-nalanda-tradition-alive-dalai-lama/article1-1323860.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421012015/http://www.hindustantimes.com/himachalpradesh/tibetan-language-must-to-keep-nalanda-tradition-alive-dalai-lama/article1-1323860.aspx |archive-date=21 April 2015 |access-date=19 May 2015 |work=Hindustan Times |location=Dharamsala |quote=The unique quality of Tibetan Buddhism is that it is based on ancient India's Nalanda Buddhist tradition}}</ref> | |||
As examples of other teachings, in London in 1984 he was invited to give teachings on the Twelve Links of Dependent Arising, and on ], which he gave at Camden Town Hall; in 1988 he was in London once more to give a series of lectures on Tibetan Buddhism in general, called 'A Survey of the Paths of Tibetan Buddhism'.<ref>{{cite web |title = A Survey of the Paths of Tibetan Buddhism |url = http://www.lamayeshe.com/index.php?sect=article&id=421 |publisher = Lama Yeshe Wisdom Archive | |
As examples of other teachings, in London in 1984 he was invited to give teachings on the Twelve Links of Dependent Arising, and on ], which he gave at Camden Town Hall; in 1988 he was in London once more to give a series of lectures on Tibetan Buddhism in general, called 'A Survey of the Paths of Tibetan Buddhism'.<ref>{{cite web |title = A Survey of the Paths of Tibetan Buddhism |date = 2 April 2015 |url = http://www.lamayeshe.com/index.php?sect=article&id=421 |publisher = Lama Yeshe Wisdom Archive |access-date = 18 May 2015 |archive-date = 29 March 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150329181659/http://lamayeshe.com/index.php?sect=article&id=421 |url-status = live }}</ref> Again in London in 1996 he taught the ], the basis and foundation of Buddhism accepted by all Buddhists, at the combined invitation of 27 different Buddhist organisations of all schools and traditions belonging to the Network of Buddhist Organisations UK.<ref>{{cite web |author1 = Tseten Samdup |title = His Holiness the Dalai Lama will visit the UK from July 15–22 1996 |url = http://www.tibet.ca/en/library/wtn/archive/old?y=1996&m=7&p=7_2 |publisher = World Tibet Network News |date = 7 July 1996 |quote = For the first time in the West, His Holiness the Dalai Lama will give two exclusive days of teaching on 17 and 18 July 1996 on the Four Noble Truths—the heart of the Buddha's teachings. This has been requested by The Network of Buddhist Organisations—a forum for dialogue and co-operation between Buddhist organisations in the UK. |access-date = 18 May 2015 |archive-date = 6 October 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151006015128/http://www.tibet.ca/en/library/wtn/archive/old?y=1996&m=7&p=7_2 |url-status = live }}</ref> | ||
In India, the Dalai Lama gives religious teachings and talks in Dharamsala<ref name="Atis" /> and numerous other locations including the monasteries in the Tibetan refugee settlements,<ref name="DLSch" /> in response to specific requests from Tibetan monastic institutions, Indian academic, religious and business associations, groups of students and individual/private/lay devotees.<ref>{{cite web |title = Teachings |url = http://www.dalailama.com/teachings |publisher = Office of Dalai Lama | |
In India, the Dalai Lama gives religious teachings and talks in Dharamsala<ref name="Atis" /> and numerous other locations including the monasteries in the Tibetan refugee settlements,<ref name="DLSch" /> in response to specific requests from Tibetan monastic institutions, Indian academic, religious and business associations, groups of students and individual/private/lay devotees.<ref>{{cite web |title = Teachings |url = http://www.dalailama.com/teachings |publisher = Office of Dalai Lama |access-date = 3 May 2015 |quote = His Holiness has also been giving teachings in India at the request of various Buddhist devotees from Taiwan and Korea |archive-date = 21 April 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150421232032/http://www.dalailama.com/teachings |url-status = live }}</ref> In India, no fees are charged to attend these teachings since costs are covered by requesting sponsors.<ref name="DLSch" /> When he travels abroad to give teachings there is usually a ticket fee calculated by the inviting organisation to cover the costs involved<ref name="DLSch" /> and any surplus is normally to be donated to recognised charities.<ref>{{cite web |title = ONLINE DONATION FACILITY IS AVAILABLE |url = http://www.dalailamainaustralia.org/schedule/detail.aspx?ArtistID=19 |publisher = Dalai Lama in Australia |access-date = 3 May 2015 |quote = Should there be any surplus funds from His Holiness' events, that surplus will be disbursed to charitable organizations under the advisement of His Holiness the Dalai Lama |archive-date = 20 May 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150520040742/http://www.dalailamainaustralia.org/schedule/detail.aspx?ArtistID=19 |url-status = live }}</ref> | ||
He has frequently visited and lectured at colleges and universities,<ref>{{cite web |author1 = Michael Caddell |title = His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to give public talk at Princeton University |url = https://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S41/02/76E28/index.xml?section=topstories |publisher = Princeton University |date = 9 September 2014 |access-date = 3 May 2015 |archive-date = 18 May 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518071333/https://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S41/02/76E28/index.xml?section=topstories |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Dalai Lama Visits Colgate |url = http://dalailama.com/news.242.htm |publisher = The Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama |access-date = 23 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506015358/http://www.dalailama.com/news.242.htm |archive-date=6 May 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www3.lehigh.edu/dalaiLama/index.html |title = Lehigh University: His Holiness the Dalai Lama |publisher = .lehigh.edu |access-date = 2 May 2010 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100528021841/http://www3.lehigh.edu/dalailama/index.html |archive-date = 28 May 2010 }}</ref> some of which have conferred ]s upon him.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.dalailama.umn.edu/ |title = The Dalai Lama |publisher = umn.edu |access-date = 9 May 2012 |archive-date = 14 December 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111214020110/http://dalailama.umn.edu/ |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://themacweekly.com/2014/03/his-holiness-the-14th-dalai-lama-visits-macalester-speaks-to-over-3500/ |title = His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama visits Macalester, speaks to over 3,500 |date = 7 March 2014 |publisher = The Mac Weekly |access-date = 9 March 2014 |archive-date = 14 July 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190714065914/https://themacweekly.com/2014/03/his-holiness-the-14th-dalai-lama-visits-macalester-speaks-to-over-3500/ |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
Dozens of videos of recorded webcasts of the Dalai Lama's public talks on general subjects for non-Buddhists like peace, happiness and compassion, modern ethics, the environment, economic and social issues, gender, the empowerment of women and so forth can be viewed in his office's archive.<ref>{{cite web |title = Public talks |url = http://dalailama.com/webcasts/category/4 |publisher = Office of the Dalai Lama | |
Dozens of videos of recorded webcasts of the Dalai Lama's public talks on general subjects for non-Buddhists like peace, happiness and compassion, modern ethics, the environment, economic and social issues, gender, the empowerment of women and so forth can be viewed in his office's archive.<ref>{{cite web |title = Public talks |url = http://dalailama.com/webcasts/category/4 |publisher = Office of the Dalai Lama |access-date = 19 May 2015 |format = Video |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131009074232/http://www.dalailama.com/webcasts/category/4 |archive-date = 9 October 2013 |url-status = dead }}</ref> | ||
=== Interfaith dialogue === | === Interfaith dialogue === | ||
The Dalai Lama met ] at the ] in 1973. He met ] in 1980, 1982, 1986, 1988, 1990, and 2003. In 1990, he met a delegation of Jewish teachers in Dharamshala for an extensive interfaith dialogue.<ref>Kamenetz, Rodger (1994) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213185339/https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0060645741 |date=13 December 2021 }} HarperCollins: 1994.</ref> He has since visited Israel three times, and in 2006 met the Chief Rabbi of Israel. In 2006, he met ] privately. He has met the ], Dr. ], and other leaders of the Anglican Church in London, ], who at the time was the ] of ], as well as senior ], ], ], ], and ] officials. | |||
In 1996 and 2002, he participated in the first two Gethsemani Encounters hosted by the ] at the ], where ], whom the Dalai Lama had met in the late 1960s, had lived.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Borelli |first1=John |title=In Memoriam: Bishop Joseph John Gerry, O.S.B. (1928-2023) |journal=Dilatato Corde |date=2023 |volume=XIII |issue=2 July - December |url=https://dimmid.org/index.asp?Type=B_BASIC&SEC=%7b7F171057-4EB9-487F-9E54-5DC835955930%7d |access-date=6 February 2024 |publisher=DIMMID |archive-date=3 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203141910/https://dimmid.org/index.asp?Type=B_BASIC&SEC=%7B7F171057-4EB9-487F-9E54-5DC835955930%7D |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Fischer |first1=Norman |title=On Conferences: The Second Gethsemani Encounter |url=https://tricycle.org/magazine/conferences-second-gethsemani-encounter/ |website=Tricycle: The Buddhist Review |publisher=Tricycle |access-date=6 February 2024 |language=en |date=Fall 2002 |archive-date=6 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206165448/https://tricycle.org/magazine/conferences-second-gethsemani-encounter/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He is also a member of the Board of World Religious Leaders as part of ]<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.elijah-interfaith.org/?id=729 |title = The Elijah Interfaith Institute – Buddhist Members of the Board of World Religious Leaders |publisher = Elijah-interfaith.org |date = 24 December 2006 |access-date = 17 July 2013 |archive-date = 19 October 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215252/http://www.elijah-interfaith.org/?id=729 |url-status = live }}</ref> and participated in the Third Meeting of the Board of World Religious Leaders in ], India, on 26 November 2007 to discuss the topic of Love and Forgiveness.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elijah-interfaith.org/programs/board-of-world-religious-leaders/third-meeting-of-the-bwrl.html |title=Third Meeting of the Board of World Religious Leaders |publisher=Elijah-interfaith.org |date=7 April 2013 |access-date=17 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227160915/https://www.elijah-interfaith.org/programs/board-of-world-religious-leaders/third-meeting-of-the-bwrl.html |archive-date=27 December 2013 }}</ref> In 2009, the Dalai Lama inaugurated an ] "World Religions-Dialogue and Symphony" conference at ]'s ] religions, according to ].<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/dalai-Lama-inaugurates-6day-world-religions-.../407503 |title = Dalai Lama inaugurates 6-day world religions meet at Mahua |work =The Indian Express|date = 7 January 2009 |access-date = 2 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author = Canada Tibet Committee |url = http://www.tibet.ca/en/newsroom/wtn/5137 |title = Dalai Lama to inaugurate inter-faith conference |publisher = Tibet.ca |access-date = 2 May 2010 |archive-date = 10 June 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110610102745/http://www.tibet.ca/en/newsroom/wtn/5137 |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
The Dalai Lama met ] at the ] in 1973. He met ] in 1980, 1982, 1986, 1988, 1990, and 2003. In 1990, he met a delegation of Jewish teachers in Dharamshala for an extensive interfaith dialogue.<ref>Kamenetz, Rodger (1994) Harper Collins: 1994.</ref> He has since visited Israel three times, and in 2006 met the Chief Rabbi of Israel. In 2006, he met ] privately. He has met the ], Dr. ], and other leaders of the Anglican Church in London, ], who at the time was the president of ] (Mormons), as well as senior ], ], ], ], and ] officials. | |||
The Dalai Lama is also currently a member of the Board of World Religious Leaders as part of ]<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.elijah-interfaith.org/?id=729 |title = The Elijah Interfaith Institute – Buddhist Members of the Board of World Religious Leaders |publisher = Elijah-interfaith.org |date = 2006-12-24 |accessdate = 17 July 2013}}</ref> and participated in the Third Meeting of the Board of World Religious Leaders in ], India, on 26 November 2007 to discuss the topic of Love and Forgiveness.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elijah-interfaith.org/programs/board-of-world-religious-leaders/third-meeting-of-the-bwrl.html |title=Third Meeting of the Board of World Religious Leaders |publisher=Elijah-interfaith.org |date=2013-04-07 |accessdate=17 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227160915/https://www.elijah-interfaith.org/programs/board-of-world-religious-leaders/third-meeting-of-the-bwrl.html |archivedate=27 December 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref> | |||
In 2010, the Dalai Lama, joined by a panel of scholars, launched the ],<ref>{{cite web |url = http://islambuddhism.com/ |title = Islam and Buddhism |publisher = Islambuddhism.com |date = 12 May 2010 |access-date = 17 July 2013 |archive-date = 12 April 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180412172131/http://www.islambuddhism.com/ |url-status = live }}</ref> in ] (USA),<ref>{{cite web |url = http://islambuddhism.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=22:dalai-lama-muslim-leaders-seek-peace-in-bloomington&catid=6:in-the-news&Itemid=4 |title = Dalai Lama, Muslim Leaders Seek Peace in Bloomington |publisher = Islambuddhism.com |date = 31 May 2010 |access-date = 17 July 2013 |archive-date = 12 December 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131212214713/http://islambuddhism.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=22:dalai-lama-muslim-leaders-seek-peace-in-bloomington&catid=6:in-the-news&Itemid=4 |url-status = live }}</ref> which was planned by himself and ] of ] during several years of personal conversations. The project is based on the book ''Common Ground between Islam and Buddhism''.<ref>{{cite book |title = Common Ground Between Islam and Buddhism |date = 2010 |publisher = Fons Vitae|location=Louisville, KY. |isbn =978-1-891785-62-7}}</ref> | |||
On 6 January 2009, the Dalai Lama inaugurated an ] "World Religions-Dialogue and Symphony" conference at ]'s ] religions", according to ].<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/dalai-Lama-inaugurates-6day-world-religions-.../407503 |title = Dalai Lama inaugurates 6-day world religions meet at Mahua |publisher = Indianexpress.com |date = 7 January 2009 |accessdate = 2 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author = Canada Tibet Committee |url = http://www.tibet.ca/en/newsroom/wtn/5137 |title = Dalai Lama to inaugurate inter-faith conference |publisher = Tibet.ca |accessdate = 2 May 2010}}</ref> | |||
In 2019, the Dalai Lama fully sponsored the first-ever 'Celebrating Diversity in the Muslim World' conference in New Delhi on behalf of the Muslims of ].<ref name=cdmw2019>{{Cite web|title=His Holiness the Dalai Lama ushers religious harmony amongst Muslim communities at 'Celebrating Diversity in the Muslim World' Conference|url=https://tibet.net/to-practise-one-religion-explicitly-is-to-practise-them-all-implicitly-at-the-internal-level-his-holiness-the-dalai-lama-at-celebrating-diversity-in-the-muslim-world-conference/|access-date=25 June 2021|work=Central Tibetan Administration|date=15 June 2019|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210625081009/https://tibet.net/to-practise-one-religion-explicitly-is-to-practise-them-all-implicitly-at-the-internal-level-his-holiness-the-dalai-lama-at-celebrating-diversity-in-the-muslim-world-conference/|language=en-US}}</ref> | |||
On 12 May 2010 the Dalai Lama, joined by a panel of select scholars, officially launched the ],<ref>{{cite web |url = http://islambuddhism.com/ |title = Islam and Buddhism |publisher = Islambuddhism.com |date = 2010-05-12 |accessdate = 17 July 2013}}</ref> in ] (USA),<ref>{{cite web |url = http://islambuddhism.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=22:dalai-lama-muslim-leaders-seek-peace-in-bloomington&catid=6:in-the-news&Itemid=4 |title = Dalai Lama, Muslim Leaders Seek Peace in Bloomington |publisher = Islambuddhism.com |date = 2010-05-31 |accessdate = 17 July 2013}}</ref> which was planned by himself and ] of ] during several years of personal conversations. The project is based on the book ''Common Ground between Islam and Buddhism''.<ref>{{cite book |title = Common Ground Between Islam and Buddhism |date = 2010 |publisher = Fons Vitae|location=Louisville, KY. |ISBN =978-1-891785-62-7}}</ref> | |||
=== Interest in science, and Mind and Life Institute === | === Interest in science, and Mind and Life Institute === | ||
] car. Lhasa, 1993]] | |||
] car. Lhasa, 1993]] | |||
The Dalai Lama's lifelong interest in science<ref name=nyt>{{cite news |author1 = Tenzin Gyatso |title = Our Faith in Science |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/12/opinion/12dalai.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1& |work = The New York Times |date = 12 November 2005 |quote = Science has always fascinated me |access-date = 5 February 2017 |archive-date = 31 March 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140331071556/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/12/opinion/12dalai.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1& |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1 = Melissa Rice |title = Carl Sagan and the Dalai Lama found deep connections in 1991–92 meetings, says Sagan's widow |url = http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/2007/10/meeting-two-minds-carl-sagan-and-dalai-lama |publisher = Cormell University, Cornell Chronicle |date = 3 October 2007 |quote = The Dalai Lama, who has had a lifelong interest in science |access-date = 6 May 2015 |archive-date = 16 May 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150516064128/http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/2007/10/meeting-two-minds-carl-sagan-and-dalai-lama |url-status = live }}</ref> and technology<ref name=Grnd>{{cite web |author1 = James Kingsland |title = Dalai Lama enlightens and enraptures contemplative scientists in Boston |url = https://www.theguardian.com/science/blog/2014/nov/03/dalai-lama-scientists-boston-international-symposium-contemplative-studies |work = The Guardian |location = Boston, USA |date = 3 November 2014 |quote = Asked how his interest in science originally developed he said he'd been fascinated by technology since childhood, recalling a clockwork toy British soldier with a gun that he played with for a few days before taking apart to see how it worked. He described how as a young man visiting China he was excited to be shown around hydroelectric dams and metal smelting works |access-date = 10 December 2016 |archive-date = 5 January 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210105142140/https://www.theguardian.com/science/blog/2014/nov/03/dalai-lama-scientists-boston-international-symposium-contemplative-studies |url-status = live }}</ref> dates from his childhood in Lhasa, Tibet, when he was fascinated by mechanical objects like clocks, watches, telescopes, film projectors, clockwork soldiers<ref name="Grnd" /> and motor cars,<ref name=itm>{{cite web |title=The Dalai Lama and Western Science |url = http://www.investigatingthemind.org/hhdl.science.html |publisher=Mind and Life Institute |access-date=6 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150219190156/http://investigatingthemind.org/hhdl.science.html |archive-date=19 February 2015 }}</ref> and loved to repair, disassemble and reassemble them.<ref name="nyt" /> Once, observing ] through a ] as a child, he realised it was a crater-pocked lump of rock and not a heavenly body emitting its own light as Tibetan ] had taught him.<ref name="nyt" /> He has also said that had he not been brought up as a monk he would probably have been an ].<ref>{{cite web |first = Bobbie L. |last = Kyle |title = 10 Things You Didn't Know About the Dalai Lama |url = https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2008/03/28/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-the-dalai-lama |publisher = The U.S. News & World Report |date = 28 March 2008 |quote = The Dalai Lama has an interest in machines, which he developed as a young boy. As a teenager he repaired a movie projector by himself, without its guide or any instructions. He has been known to say that he would have become an engineer if he hadn't been a monk |access-date = 22 August 2017 |archive-date = 6 January 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210106024738/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2008/03/28/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-the-dalai-lama |url-status = live }}</ref> On his first trip to the west in 1973 he asked to visit ]'s ] department in the UK and he sought out renowned scientists such as ], ] and ],<ref name=itm /> who taught him the basics of science. | |||
The Dalai Lama sees important common ground between ] in having the same approach to challenge dogma on the basis of ] that comes from ] and ] of ].<ref name=MITTR>{{cite web |author1 = Curt Newton |title = Meditation and the Brain |url = http://www.technologyreview.com/news/402450/meditation-and-the-brain/ |website = technologyreview.com |publisher = MIT Technology Review |date = 1 February 2004 |quote = The Dalai Lama notes that both traditions encourage challenging dogma based on observation and analysis, and a willingness to revise views based on empirical evidence. |access-date = 16 May 2015 |archive-date = 12 April 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150412070955/http://www.technologyreview.com/news/402450/meditation-and-the-brain/ |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
The Dalai Lama's lifelong interest in science<ref name=nyt>{{cite news|author1=Tenzin Gyatso |title = Our Faith in Science |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/12/opinion/12dalai.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1& |publisher = New York Times |date = 12 November 2005 |quote = Science has always fascinated me}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Melissa Rice |title = Carl Sagan and the Dalai Lama found deep connections in 1991–92 meetings, says Sagan's widow |url = http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/2007/10/meeting-two-minds-carl-sagan-and-dalai-lama |publisher = Cormell University, Cornell Chronicle |date = 3 October 2007 |quote = The Dalai Lama, who has had a lifelong interest in science}}</ref> and technology<ref name=Grnd>{{cite web|author1=James Kingsland |title = Dalai Lama enlightens and enraptures contemplative scientists in Boston |url = https://www.theguardian.com/science/blog/2014/nov/03/dalai-lama-scientists-boston-international-symposium-contemplative-studies |publisher = The Guardian|location=Boston, USA |date = 3 November 2014 |quote = Asked how his interest in science originally developed he said he'd been fascinated by technology since childhood, recalling a clockwork toy British soldier with a gun that he played with for a few days before taking apart to see how it worked. He described how as a young man visiting China he was excited to be shown around hydroelectric dams and metal smelting works}}</ref> dates from his childhood in Lhasa, Tibet, when he was fascinated by mechanical objects like clocks, watches, telescopes, film projectors, clockwork soldiers<ref name="Grnd" /> and motor cars,<ref name=itm>{{cite web|title=The Dalai Lama and Western Science |url=http://www.investigatingthemind.org/hhdl.science.html |publisher=Mind and Life Institute |accessdate=6 May 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219190156/http://investigatingthemind.org/hhdl.science.html |archivedate=19 February 2015 |df= }}</ref> and loved to repair, disassemble and reassemble them.<ref name="nyt" /> Once, observing ] through a ] as a child, he realised it was a crater-pocked lump of rock and not a heavenly body emitting its own light as Tibetan ] had taught him.<ref name="nyt" /> He has also said that had he not been brought up as a monk he would probably have been an ].<ref>{{cite web|author1=Bobbie L Kyle |title = 10 Things You Didn't Know About the Dalai Lama |url = https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2008/03/28/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-the-dalai-lama |publisher = The U.S. News & World Report |date = 28 March 2008 |quote = The Dalai Lama has an interest in machines, which he developed as a young boy. As a teenager he repaired a movie projector by himself, without its guide or any instructions. He has been known to say that he would have become an engineer if he hadn't been a monk}}</ref> On his first trip to the west in 1973 he asked to visit ]'s ] department in the UK and he sought out renowned scientists such as ], ] and ],<ref name=itm /> who taught him the basics of science. | |||
His growing wish to develop meaningful scientific dialogue to explore the ] interface led to invitations for him to attend relevant conferences on his visits to the west, including the ] Symposia on Consciousness in 1983 where he met and had discussions with the late Chilean neuroscientist ].<ref name=itm /> Also in 1983, the American ] and ] ],<ref>{{cite web |author1 = Vincent Horn |title = The Evolution of the Mind and Life Dialogues |url = http://www.buddhistgeeks.com/2009/05/bg-122-the-evolution-of-the-mind-and-life-dialogues/ |publisher = Buddhist Geeks |access-date = 9 May 2015 |ref = BD 122 |format = Podcast Interview, transcription |quote = This week, Adam Engle, the business mastermind behind the Mind and Life Institute, joins us to discuss both the evolution of the project as well as its larger impact |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150504061533/http://www.buddhistgeeks.com/2009/05/bg-122-the-evolution-of-the-mind-and-life-dialogues/ |archive-date = 4 May 2015 }}</ref> who had become aware of the Dalai Lama's deep interest in science, was already considering the idea of facilitating for him a serious dialogue with a selection of appropriate scientists.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Begley, Sharon |title = Train Your Mind, Change Your Brain |date = 2007 |publisher = Random House|location=New York |isbn =978-0-345-47989-1 |page = 19|edition=2008 Paperback|chapter=1}}</ref> In 1984 Engle formally offered to the Dalai Lama's office to organise a week-long, formal dialogue for him with a suitable team of scientists, provided that the Dalai Lama would wish to fully participate in such a dialogue. Within 48 hours the Dalai Lama confirmed to Engle that he was "truly interested in participating in something substantial about science" so Engle proceeded with launching the project.<ref name=TYM1 /> ], having heard about Engle's proposal, then called him to tell him of his earlier discussions with the Dalai Lama and to offer his scientific collaboration to the project.<ref name=TYM1>{{cite book|author1=Begley, Sharon |title = Train Your Mind, Change Your Brain |date = 2007 |publisher = Random House|location=New York |isbn =978-0-345-47989-1|pages=20–22|edition=2008 Paperback|chapter=1}}</ref> Engle accepted, and Varela assisted him to assemble his team of six specialist scientists for the first ] dialogue on the ],<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.mindandlife.org/mission/ |title = Mission |publisher = Mind and Life Institute |access-date = 6 May 2015 |quote = Mind and Life emerged in 1987 from a meeting of three visionaries: Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama – the spiritual leader of the Tibetan people and a global advocate for compassion; Adam Engle, a lawyer and entrepreneur; and Francisco Varela, a neuroscientist |archive-date = 21 August 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200821123151/https://www.mindandlife.org/mission/ |url-status = live }}</ref> which was eventually held with the Dalai Lama at his residence in Dharamsala in 1987.<ref name=itm /><ref name="TYM1" /> This five-day event was so successful that at the end the Dalai Lama told Engle he would very much like to repeat it again in the future.<ref name=BG122>{{cite web |author1 = Vincent Horn |title = The Evolution of the Mind and Life Dialogues |url = http://www.buddhistgeeks.com/2009/05/bg-122-the-evolution-of-the-mind-and-life-dialogues/ |publisher = Buddhist Geeks |access-date = 9 May 2015 |ref = BD 122 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150504061533/http://www.buddhistgeeks.com/2009/05/bg-122-the-evolution-of-the-mind-and-life-dialogues/ |archive-date = 4 May 2015 }}</ref> Engle then started work on arranging a second dialogue, this time with ] in California, and the discussions from the first event were edited and published as Mind and Life's first book, ''"Gentle Bridges: Conversations with the Dalai Lama on the Sciences of Mind".''<ref>{{cite web |title = Gentle Bridges: Conversations with the Dalai Lama on the Sciences of Mind |url = https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/104960.Gentle_Bridges |publisher = Shambala |access-date = 6 May 2015 |quote = a historic meeting that took place between several prominent Western scientists and the Dalai Lama |archive-date = 5 December 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151205213514/https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/104960.Gentle_Bridges |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
The Dalai Lama sees important common ground between ] in having the same approach to challenge dogma on the basis of ] that comes from ] and ] of ].<ref name=MITTR>{{cite web|author1=Curt Newton |title = Meditation and the Brain |url = http://www.technologyreview.com/news/402450/meditation-and-the-brain/|website=technologyreview.com |publisher = MIT Technology Review |date = 1 February 2004 |quote = The Dalai Lama notes that both traditions encourage challenging dogma based on observation and analysis, and a willingness to revise views based on empirical evidence.}}</ref> | |||
As ]'s remit expanded, Engle formalised the organisation as a non-profit foundation after the third dialogue, held in 1990, which initiated the undertaking of ] research programmes in the United States under scientific conditions.<ref name=BG122 /> Over the following decades, as of 2014 at least 28 dialogues between the Dalai Lama and panels of various world-renowned scientists have followed, held in various countries and covering diverse themes, from the nature of ] to ] and from ] to the ] of the brain.<ref>{{cite web |title = Past Dialogues |url = https://www.mindandlife.org/dialogues-dalai-lama/ |publisher = Mind and Life Institute |access-date = 6 May 2015 |archive-date = 18 May 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518072135/https://www.mindandlife.org/dialogues-dalai-lama/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> Sponsors and partners in these dialogues have included the ],<ref>{{cite web |title = The Dalai Lama Centre for Ethics and Transformative Values |url = http://thecenter.mit.edu/about/mission/ |publisher = Massachusetts Institute of Technology |access-date = 7 May 2015 |quote = The Center focuses on the development of interdisciplinary research and programs in varied fields of knowledge, from science and technology to education and international relations |archive-date = 18 May 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518095704/http://thecenter.mit.edu/about/mission/ |url-status = live }}</ref> ],<ref>{{cite web|title=The Science and Clinical Applications of Meditation |url=http://www.investigatingthemind.org/about.sponsors.html |publisher=Mind and Life XIII |date=2005 |quote=Johns Hopkins is one of the world's premier centers for scholarship, research and patient care |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220020049/http://investigatingthemind.org/about.sponsors.html |archive-date=20 February 2015 }}</ref> the ],<ref>{{cite web |title = His Holiness the Dalai Lama to Give Special Presentation at Mayo Clinic |url = http://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/his-holiness-the-dalai-lama-to-give-special-presentation-at-mayo-clinic/?_ga=1.228989404.1318053370.1426080660 |publisher = Mayo Clinic |date = 20 April 2012 |access-date = 7 May 2015 |archive-date = 4 March 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024909/http://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/his-holiness-the-dalai-lama-to-give-special-presentation-at-mayo-clinic/?_ga=1.228989404.1318053370.1426080660 |url-status = live }}</ref> and ].<ref>{{cite web |author1 = Tenzin Gyatso |title = Science at the Crossroads |url = http://www.dalailama.com/messages/buddhism/science-at-the-crossroads |publisher = Office of Dalai Lama |location = Washington DC |date = 12 November 2005 |quote = I am also grateful to the numerous eminent scientists with whom I have had the privilege of engaging in conversations through the auspices of the Mind and Life Institute which initiated the Mind and Life conferences that began in 1987 at my residence in Dharamsala, India. These dialogues have continued over the years and in fact the latest Mind and Life dialogue concluded here in Washington just this week. |access-date = 7 May 2015 |archive-date = 29 April 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150429161612/http://www.dalailama.com/messages/buddhism/science-at-the-crossroads |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
His growing wish to develop meaningful scientific dialogue to explore the ] interface led to invitations for him to attend relevant conferences on his visits to the west, including the ] Symposia on Consciousness in 1983 where he met and had discussions with the late Chilean neuroscientist ].<ref name=itm /> Also in 1983, the American ] and ] ],<ref>{{cite web |author1 = Vincent Horn |title = The Evolution of the Mind and Life Dialogues |url = http://www.buddhistgeeks.com/2009/05/bg-122-the-evolution-of-the-mind-and-life-dialogues/ |publisher = Buddhist Geeks |accessdate = 9 May 2015 |ref = BD 122 |format = Podcast Interview, transcription |quote = This week, Adam Engle, the business mastermind behind the Mind and Life Institute, joins us to discuss both the evolution of the project as well as its larger impact |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150504061533/http://www.buddhistgeeks.com/2009/05/bg-122-the-evolution-of-the-mind-and-life-dialogues/ |archivedate = 4 May 2015 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> who had become aware of the Dalai Lama's deep interest in science, was already considering the idea of facilitating for him a serious dialogue with a selection of appropriate scientists.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Begley, Sharon |title = Train Your Mind, Change Your Brain |date = 2007 |publisher = Random House|location=New York |ISBN =978-0-345-47989-1 |page = 19|edition=2008 Paperback|chapter=1}}</ref> In 1984 Engle formally offered to the Dalai Lama's office to organise a week-long, formal dialogue for him with a suitable team of scientists, provided that the Dalai Lama would wish to fully participate in such a dialogue.<ref name=TYM1>{{cite book|author1=Begley, Sharon |title = Train Your Mind, Change Your Brain |date = 2007 |publisher = Random House|location=New York |ISBN =978-0-345-47989-1|pages=20–22|edition=2008 Paperback|chapter=1}}</ref> Within 48 hours the Dalai Lama confirmed to Engle that he was "''truly interested in participating in something substantial about science''" so Engle proceeded with launching the project.<ref name=TYM1 /> ], having heard about Engle's proposal, then called him to tell him of his earlier discussions with the Dalai Lama and to offer his scientific collaboration to the project.<ref name="TYM1" /> Engle accepted, and Varela assisted him to assemble his team of six specialist scientists for the first ] dialogue on the ],<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.mindandlife.org/mission/ |title = Mission |publisher = Mind and Life Institute |accessdate = 6 May 2015 |quote = Mind and Life emerged in 1987 from a meeting of three visionaries: Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama — the spiritual leader of the Tibetan people and a global advocate for compassion; Adam Engle, a lawyer and entrepreneur; and Francisco Varela, a neuroscientist}}</ref> which was eventually held with the Dalai Lama at his residence in Dharamsala in 1987.<ref name=itm /><ref name="TYM1" /> This five-day event was so successful that at the end the Dalai Lama told Engle he would very much like to repeat it again in the future.<ref name=BG122>{{cite web |author1 = Vincent Horn |title = The Evolution of the Mind and Life Dialogues |url = http://www.buddhistgeeks.com/2009/05/bg-122-the-evolution-of-the-mind-and-life-dialogues/ |publisher = Buddhist Geeks |accessdate = 9 May 2015 |ref = BD 122 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150504061533/http://www.buddhistgeeks.com/2009/05/bg-122-the-evolution-of-the-mind-and-life-dialogues/ |archivedate = 4 May 2015 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> Engle then started work on arranging a second dialogue, this time with ] in California, and the discussions from the first event were edited and published as Mind and Life's first book, ''"Gentle Bridges: Conversations with the Dalai Lama on the Sciences of Mind".''<ref>{{cite web |title = Gentle Bridges: Conversations with the Dalai Lama on the Sciences of Mind |url = https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/104960.Gentle_Bridges |publisher = Shambala |accessdate = 6 May 2015 |quote = a historic meeting that took place between several prominent Western scientists and the Dalai Lama}}</ref> | |||
Apart from time spent teaching Buddhism and fulfilling responsibilities to his Tibetan followers, the Dalai Lama has probably spent, and continues to spend, more of his time and resources investigating the interface between ] through the ongoing series of ] dialogues and its spin-offs than on any other single activity.<ref name=Grnd /> As the institute's Cofounder and the Honorary chairman he has personally presided over and participated in all its dialogues, which continue to expand worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |title = Dialogues with the Dalai Lama |url = https://www.mindandlife.org/dialogues-dalai-lama/ |publisher = Mind and Life Institute |access-date = 6 May 2015 |quote = These Dialogues will expand as Mind and Life grows to include Europe, Asia, and beyond |archive-date = 18 May 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518072135/https://www.mindandlife.org/dialogues-dalai-lama/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> | |||
As ]'s remit expanded, Engle formalised the organisation as a non-profit foundation after the third dialogue, held in 1990, which initiated the undertaking of ] research programmes in the United States under scientific conditions.<ref name=BG122 /> Over the ensuing decades, as of 2014 at least 28 dialogues between the Dalai Lama and panels of various world-renowned scientists have followed, held in various countries and covering diverse themes, from the nature of ] to ] and from ] to the ] of the brain.<ref>{{cite web |title = Past Dialogues |url = https://www.mindandlife.org/dialogues-dalai-lama/ |publisher = Mind and Life Institute |accessdate = 6 May 2015}}</ref> Sponsors and partners in these dialogues have included the ],<ref>{{cite web |title = The Dalai Lama Centre for Ethics and Transformative Values |url = http://thecenter.mit.edu/about/mission/ |publisher = Massachusetts Institute of Technology |accessdate = 7 May 2015 |quote = The Center focuses on the development of interdisciplinary research and programs in varied fields of knowledge, from science and technology to education and international relations}}</ref> ],<ref>{{cite web|title=The Science and Clinical Applications of Meditation |url=http://www.investigatingthemind.org/about.sponsors.html |publisher=Mind and Life XIII |date=2005 |quote=Johns Hopkins is one of the world's premier centers for scholarship, research and patient care |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220020049/http://investigatingthemind.org/about.sponsors.html |archivedate=20 February 2015 |df= }}</ref> the ]<ref>{{cite web |title = His Holiness the Dalai Lama to Give Special Presentation at Mayo Clinic |url = http://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/his-holiness-the-dalai-lama-to-give-special-presentation-at-mayo-clinic/?_ga=1.228989404.1318053370.1426080660 |publisher = Mayo Clinic |date = 20 April 2012}}</ref> and ].<ref>{{cite web|author1=Tenzin Gyatso |title = Science at the Crossroads |url = http://www.dalailama.com/messages/buddhism/science-at-the-crossroads |publisher = Office of Dalai Lama|location=Washington DC |date = 12 November 2005 |quote = I am also grateful to the numerous eminent scientists with whom I have had the privilege of engaging in conversations through the auspices of the Mind and Life Institute which initiated the Mind and Life conferences that began in 1987 at my residence in Dharamsala, India. These dialogues have continued over the years and in fact the latest Mind and Life dialogue concluded here in Washington just this week.}}</ref> | |||
These activities have given rise to dozens of DVD sets of the dialogues and books he has authored on them such as ''Ethics for the New Millennium'' and ''The Universe in a Single Atom'', as well as scientific papers and university research programmes.<ref name=pdf>{{cite web |title = A 25 Years History of Accomplishment |url = https://www.dropbox.com/sh/gns1ff0ziu9ikx3/AAAH3rqan1jP_RyksNVOYl0Da/MLI%2025%20years%20of%20Accomplishment.pdf?dl=0 |publisher = Mind and Life Institute |access-date = 6 May 2015 |date = 2012 |archive-date = 13 December 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211213185342/https://www.dropbox.com/sh/gns1ff0ziu9ikx3/AAAH3rqan1jP_RyksNVOYl0Da/MLI%2025%20years%20of%20Accomplishment.pdf?dl=0 |url-status = live }}</ref> On the Tibetan and Buddhist side, science subjects have been added to the curriculum for Tibetan monastic educational institutions and scholarship.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Dalai Lama and Western Science |url=http://www.investigatingthemind.org/hhdl.science.html |publisher=Mind and Life Institute |access-date=6 May 2015 |quote=he has led a campaign to introduce basic science education in Tibetan Buddhist monastic colleges and academic centers, and has encouraged Tibetan scholars to engage with science as a way of revitalizing the Tibetan philosophical tradition |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219190156/http://investigatingthemind.org/hhdl.science.html |archive-date=19 February 2015 }}</ref> On the Western side, university and research programmes initiated by these dialogues and funded with millions of dollars in grants from the Dalai Lama Trust include the Emory-Tibet Partnership,<ref>{{cite web|title=Emory-Tibet Science Initiative receives $1 million grant from Dalai Lama Trust |url=https://tibet.emory.edu/news-and-media/news/2014/emory-tibet-science-initiative-receives-1-million-grant-from-dalai-lama-trust/index.html |publisher=Emory University |location=Georgia, USA |date=2014 |quote=For more than 30 years I have been engaged in an ongoing exchange with scientists, exploring what modern scientific knowledge and time-honored science of mind embodied by the Tibetan tradition can bring to each other's understanding of reality |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518083919/https://tibet.emory.edu/news-and-media/news/2014/emory-tibet-science-initiative-receives-1-million-grant-from-dalai-lama-trust/index.html |archive-date=18 May 2015 }}</ref> ]'s Centre for Compassion and Altruism Research and Education (CCARES)<ref>{{cite web |title = His Holiness the XIVth Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso Founding Patron, CCARE |url = http://ccare.stanford.edu/about/people/patron-committee/#150 |publisher = Stanford University School of Medicine |access-date = 7 May 2015 |location = Palo Alto, California |quote = He has been a strong supporter of the neurosciences for over two decades. His Holiness is a benefactor of CCARE having personally provided the largest sum he has ever given to scientific research |archive-date = 18 May 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518064949/http://ccare.stanford.edu/about/people/patron-committee/#150 |url-status = live }}</ref> and the Centre for Investigating Healthy Minds,<ref>{{cite web|title=Our History |url=http://www.investigatinghealthyminds.org/ |publisher=University of Wisconsin-Madison |access-date=7 May 2015 |location=Madison, Wisconsin, USA |quote=In 1992, the Dalai Lama personally challenged Dr. Davidson to investigate how well-being could be nurtured through the insights from neuroscience. His Holiness believes that "All humans have an innate desire to overcome suffering and find happiness." This launched a robust series of research studies and new discoveries have emerged about how the mind works and how well-being can be cultivated. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507230519/http://www.investigatinghealthyminds.org/ |archive-date=7 May 2015 }}</ref> amongst others. | |||
Apart from time spent teaching Buddhism and fulfilling responsibilities to his Tibetan followers, the Dalai Lama has probably spent, and continues to spend, more of his time and resources investigating the interface between ] through the ongoing series of ] dialogues and its spin-offs than on any other single activity.<ref name=Grnd /> As the Institute's Cofounder and the Honorary chairman he has personally presided over and participated in all its dialogues, which continue to expand worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |title = Dialogues with the Dalai Lama |url = https://www.mindandlife.org/dialogues-dalai-lama/ |publisher = Mind and Life Institute |accessdate = 6 May 2015 |quote = These Dialogues will expand as Mind and Life grows to include Europe, Asia, and beyond}}</ref> | |||
In 2019, Emory University's Center for Contemplative Sciences and Compassion-Based Ethics, in partnership with The Dalai Lama Trust and the Vana Foundation of India, launched an international SEE Learning (Social, Emotional and Ethical Learning) program in New Delhi, India, a school curriculum for all classes from kindergarten to Std XII that builds on psychologist ]'s work on emotional intelligence in the early 1990s. SEE learning focuses on developing critical thinking, ethical reasoning and compassion and stresses on commonalities rather than on the differences.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.emory.edu/stories/2019/04/upress_see_learning/campus.html|title=Emory University launches global Social, Emotional and Ethical Learning program|date=2 April 2019|website=news.emory.edu|language=en|access-date=12 June 2019|archive-date=8 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608221026/http://news.emory.edu/stories/2019/04/upress_see_learning/campus.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/know/emory-university-and-the-dalai-lama-trusts-see-learning-launch-is-curriculum-for-the-education-of-the-heart-and-mind/article26808514.ece|title=SEE learning and why we need compassionate classrooms|last=Mohan|first=Shriya|website=@businessline|date=12 April 2019 |language=en|access-date=12 June 2019|archive-date=18 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218112830/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/know/emory-university-and-the-dalai-lama-trusts-see-learning-launch-is-curriculum-for-the-education-of-the-heart-and-mind/article26808514.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://seelearning.emory.edu/|title=Home – SEE Learning|website=seelearning.emory.edu|access-date=12 June 2019|archive-date=30 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030202827/https://seelearning.emory.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/dalai-lama-to-launch-emory-universitys-see-learning-program-in-new-delhi/articleshow/68727865.cms|title=Dalai Lama to launch Emory University's SEE Learning program in New Delhi|last=Khando|first=Tenzin|date=4 April 2019|work=The Economic Times|access-date=12 June 2019|archive-date=27 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527115723/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/dalai-lama-to-launch-emory-universitys-see-learning-program-in-new-delhi/articleshow/68727865.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
These activities have given rise to dozens of DVD sets of the dialogues and books he has authored on them such as '''Ethics for the New Millennium''' and '''The Universe in a Single Atom''', as well as scientific papers and university research programmes.<ref name=pdf>{{cite web |title = A 25 Years History of Accomplishment |url = https://www.dropbox.com/sh/gns1ff0ziu9ikx3/AAAH3rqan1jP_RyksNVOYl0Da/MLI%2025%20years%20of%20Accomplishment.pdf?dl=0 |publisher = Mind and Life Institute |accessdate = 6 May 2015|format=PDF |date = 2012}}</ref> On the Tibetan and Buddhist side, science subjects have been added to the curriculum for Tibetan monastic educational institutions and scholarship.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Dalai Lama and Western Science |url=http://www.investigatingthemind.org/hhdl.science.html |publisher=Mind and Life Institute |accessdate=6 May 2015 |quote=he has led a campaign to introduce basic science education in Tibetan Buddhist monastic colleges and academic centers, and has encouraged Tibetan scholars to engage with science as a way of revitalizing the Tibetan philosophical tradition |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219190156/http://investigatingthemind.org/hhdl.science.html |archivedate=19 February 2015 |df= }}</ref> On the Western side, university and research programmes initiated by these dialogues and funded with millions of dollars in grants from the Dalai Lama Trust include the Emory-Tibet Partnership,<ref>{{cite web|title=Emory-Tibet Science Initiative receives $1 million grant from Dalai Lama Trust |url=https://tibet.emory.edu/news-and-media/news/2014/emory-tibet-science-initiative-receives-1-million-grant-from-dalai-lama-trust/index.html |publisher=Emory University |location=Georgia, USA |date=2014 |quote=For more than 30 years I have been engaged in an ongoing exchange with scientists, exploring what modern scientific knowledge and time-honored science of mind embodied by the Tibetan tradition can bring to each other's understanding of reality |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518083919/https://tibet.emory.edu/news-and-media/news/2014/emory-tibet-science-initiative-receives-1-million-grant-from-dalai-lama-trust/index.html |archivedate=18 May 2015 |df= }}</ref> ]'s Centre for Compassion and Altruism Research and Education (CCARES)<ref>{{cite web |title = His Holiness the XIVth Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso Founding Patron, CCARE |url = http://ccare.stanford.edu/about/people/patron-committee/#150 |publisher = Stanford University School of Medicine |accessdate = 7 May 2015|location=Palo Alto, California |quote = He has been a strong supporter of the neurosciences for over two decades. His Holiness is a benefactor of CCARE having personally provided the largest sum he has ever given to scientific research}}</ref> and the Centre for Investigating Healthy Minds,<ref>{{cite web|title=Our History |url=http://www.investigatinghealthyminds.org/ |publisher=University of Wisconsin-Madison |accessdate=7 May 2015 |location=Madison, Wisconsin, USA |quote=In 1992, the Dalai Lama personally challenged Dr. Davidson to investigate how well-being could be nurtured through the insights from neuroscience. His Holiness believes that "All humans have an innate desire to overcome suffering and find happiness." This launched a robust series of research studies and new discoveries have emerged about how the mind works and how well-being can be cultivated. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507230519/http://www.investigatinghealthyminds.org/ |archivedate=7 May 2015 |df= }}</ref> amongst others. | |||
In particular, the Mind and Life Education Humanities & Social Sciences initiatives have been instrumental in developing the emerging field of Contemplative Science, by researching, for example, the effects of contemplative practice on the human brain, behaviour and biology.<ref name="pdf" /> | In particular, the Mind and Life Education Humanities & Social Sciences initiatives have been instrumental in developing the emerging field of Contemplative Science, by researching, for example, the effects of contemplative practice on the human brain, behaviour and biology.<ref name="pdf" /> | ||
In his 2005 book ''The Universe in a Single Atom'' and elsewhere, and to mark his commitment to scientific truth and its ultimate ascendancy over religious belief, unusually for a major religious leader the Dalai Lama advises his Buddhist followers: "If scientific analysis were conclusively to demonstrate certain claims in Buddhism to be false, then we must accept the findings of science and abandon those claims."<ref>{{cite book| |
In his 2005 book ''The Universe in a Single Atom'' and elsewhere, and to mark his commitment to scientific truth and its ultimate ascendancy over religious belief, unusually for a major religious leader the Dalai Lama advises his Buddhist followers: "If scientific analysis were conclusively to demonstrate certain claims in Buddhism to be false, then we must accept the findings of science and abandon those claims."<ref>{{cite book|author=Dalai Lama |title = The Universe in a Single Atom |date = 2005 |publisher = Random House|location=New York |isbn =978-0-375-72845-7 |page = 3|edition=First Large Print}}</ref> He has also cited examples of archaic Buddhist ideas he has abandoned himself on this basis.<ref name="nyt" /><ref>{{cite web |author1 = James Kingsland |title = Dalai Lama enlightens and enraptures contemplative scientists in Boston |url = https://www.theguardian.com/science/blog/2014/nov/03/dalai-lama-scientists-boston-international-symposium-contemplative-studies |work = The Guardian |location = Boston, USA |date = 3 November 2014 |quote = He ... had long since abandoned Buddhist ideas about cosmology after reading about the findings of modern astronomers |access-date = 10 December 2016 |archive-date = 5 January 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210105142140/https://www.theguardian.com/science/blog/2014/nov/03/dalai-lama-scientists-boston-international-symposium-contemplative-studies |url-status = live }}</ref> | ||
These activities have even had an impact in the Chinese capital. In 2013 an 'academic dialogue' with a Chinese scientist, a Tibetan 'living Buddha' and a |
These activities have even had an impact in the Chinese capital. In 2013 an 'academic dialogue' with a Chinese scientist, a Tibetan 'living Buddha' and a professor of Religion took place in Beijing. Entitled "High-end dialogue: ancient Buddhism and modern science" it addressed the same considerations that interest the Dalai Lama, described as 'discussing about the similarities between Buddhism and modern science'.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Lethe Guo |title=High-end dialogue: ancient Buddhism and modern science |url=http://eng.tibet.cn/2010zj/zjhd/201312/t20131219_1960457.html |publisher=China Tibet Online |date=18 December 2013 |quote=crossover between Buddhism and science has become a hot topic in the academic and cultural circles over the recent decades |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005160313/http://eng.tibet.cn/2010zj/zjhd/201312/t20131219_1960457.html |archive-date=5 October 2015 }}</ref> | ||
=== Personal meditation practice === | === Personal meditation practice === | ||
The Dalai Lama uses various ] techniques, including analytic meditation.<ref>{{cite web|url= |
The Dalai Lama uses various ] techniques, including analytic meditation and ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tibet.net/dalai-lama-on-analytic-meditation-and-how-it-helps-cultivate-positivity/|title=Dalai Lama on Analytic Meditation And How It Helps Cultivate Positivity|date=February 2017|access-date=28 March 2020|archive-date=28 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328161317/https://tibet.net/dalai-lama-on-analytic-meditation-and-how-it-helps-cultivate-positivity/|url-status=live}}</ref> He has said that the aim of meditation is {{blockquote|"to maintain a very full state of alertness and mindfulness, and then try to see the natural state of your consciousness."<ref>{{cite web |url = https://hackspirit.com/dalai-lama-reveals-practice-meditation-properly/ |title = The Dalai Lama Reveals How to Practice Meditation Properly – Hack Spirit |date = 3 May 2017 |access-date = 8 May 2018 |archive-date = 15 April 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210415013407/https://hackspirit.com/dalai-lama-reveals-practice-meditation-properly/ |url-status = live }}</ref> "All human beings have an innate desire to overcome suffering, to find happiness. Training the mind to think differently, through meditation, is one important way to avoid suffering and be happy."<ref>{{cite web |title=The Dalai Lama and Scientists Unite to Study Meditation |url=https://centerhealthyminds.org/news/the-dalai-lama-and-scientists-unite-to-study-meditation |website=centerhealthyminds.org |publisher=Center for Healthy Minds University of Wisconsin–Madison |access-date=17 October 2022 |archive-date=17 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017013232/https://centerhealthyminds.org/news/the-dalai-lama-and-scientists-unite-to-study-meditation |url-status=live }}</ref>}} | ||
== Social stances == | == Social stances == | ||
=== Tibetan independence === | |||
Despite initially advocating for Tibetan independence from 1961 to 1974, the Dalai Lama no longer supports it. Instead he advocates for more meaningful autonomy for Tibetans within the People's Republic of China.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Dalai Lama Has Been the Face of Buddhism for 60 Years. China Wants to Change That|first=Charlie|last=Campbell|date=7 March 2019|url=https://time.com/longform/dalai-lama-60-year-exile/|access-date=17 September 2021|archive-date=17 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917223508/https://time.com/longform/dalai-lama-60-year-exile/|url-status=live}}</ref> This approach is known as the "Middle Way". In 2005, the 14th Dalai Lama emphasized that Tibet is a part of China, and Tibetan culture and Buddhism are part of Chinese culture. | |||
<ref>https://www.cecc.gov/publications/commission-analysis/dalai-lama-tibet-is-a-part-of-the-peoples-republic-of-china {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119134644/https://www.cecc.gov/publications/commission-analysis/dalai-lama-tibet-is-a-part-of-the-peoples-republic-of-china |date=19 January 2024 }} DALAI LAMA: "TIBET IS A PART OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA</ref> In a speech at ] in 2017, the Dalai Lama stated that Tibetans wanted to stay with China and they did not desire ]. He said that he believed that China after opening up, had changed 40 to 50 per cent of what it was earlier, and that Tibetans wanted to get more development from China.<ref>{{Cite web|last=PTI|date=23 November 2017|title=Tibet Wants to Stay With China, Seeks Development: Dalai Lama|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/dalai-lama-tibet-china-development|access-date=5 December 2021|website=TheQuint|language=en|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205021015/https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/dalai-lama-tibet-china-development|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2020, the Dalai Lama stated that he did not support Tibetan independence and hoped to visit China as a Nobel Prize winner. He said "I prefer the concept of a 'republic' in the People's Republic of China. In the concept of republic, ethnic minorities are like Tibetans, The Mongols, Manchus, and Xinjiang Uyghurs, we can live in harmony".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Xia |first1=Xiaohua | title= The Dalai Lama emphasizes that he does not support Tibetan independence and hopes to visit China as a Nobel Prize winner |url= https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/shaoshuminzu/hx1-10022020091411.html |access-date=2 October 2020|website= RFA |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201002230324/https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/shaoshuminzu/hx1-10022020091411.html | archive-date=2 October 2020}}</ref> | |||
<blockquote> The Tibetan people do not accept the present status of Tibet under the People's Republic of China. At the same time, they do not seek independence for Tibet, which is a historical fact. Treading a middle path in between these two lies the policy and means to achieve a genuine autonomy for all Tibetans living in the three traditional provinces of Tibet within the framework of the People's Republic of China. This is called the Middle-Way Approach, a non-partisan and moderate position that safeguards the vital interests of all concerned parties-for Tibetans: the protection and preservation of their culture, religion and national identity; for the Chinese: the security and territorial integrity of the motherland; and for neighbours and other third parties: peaceful borders and international relations.<ref>{{cite web |title=His Holiness's Middle Way Approach For Resolving the Issue of Tibet |url=https://www.dalailama.com/messages/tibet/middle-way-approach |website=dalailama.com |publisher=His Holiness the Dalai Lama of Tibet |access-date=11 June 2022 |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416172752/https://www.dalailama.com/messages/tibet/middle-way-approach |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>https://www.cecc.gov/publications/commission-analysis/dalai-lama-tibet-is-a-part-of-the-peoples-republic-of-china "This is the message I wish to deliver to China. I am not in favor of separation. Tibet is a part of the People's Republic of China. It is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China. Tibetan culture and Buddhism are part of Chinese culture. Many young Chinese like Tibetan culture as a tradition of China." The South China Morning Post published the interview, which took place in Bodh Gaya, the birthplace of Buddhism, on March 14, 2005.</ref></blockquote> | |||
=== Abortion === | === Abortion === | ||
The Dalai Lama has said that, from the perspective of the Buddhist precepts, ] is an act of killing.<ref>Gary Stivers , sunvalleyonline.com, 15 September 2005</ref> In 1993, he clarified a more nuanced position, stating, "... it depends on the circumstances. If the unborn child will be retarded or if the birth will create serious problems for the parent, these are cases where there can be an exception. I think abortion should be approved or disapproved according to each circumstance."<ref>{{cite news|author=Claudia Dreifus |work=The New York Times |date=28 November 1993 |url=http://www.tibet.ca/en/newsroom/wtn/archive/old?y=1993&m=12&p=5_1 |title=The New York Times Interview with the Dalai Lama |access-date=31 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525061331/http://www.tibet.ca/en/newsroom/wtn/archive/old?y=1993&m=12&p=5_1 |archive-date=25 May 2010 |url-status=live |author-link=Claudia Dreifus }}</ref> | |||
=== Death penalty === | |||
The Dalai Lama has shown a nuanced position on ]. He explained that, from the perspective of the Buddhist precepts, abortion is an act of killing.<ref>Gary Stivers , sunvalleyonline.com, 15 September 2005</ref> He has also clarified that in certain cases abortion could be considered ethically acceptable "if the unborn child will be retarded or if the birth will create serious problems for the parent", which could only be determined on a case-by-case basis.<ref>{{cite news|author=] |work=New York Times |date=28 November 1993 |url=http://www.tibet.ca/en/newsroom/wtn/archive/old?y=1993&m=12&p=5_1 |title=New York Times Interview with the Dalai Lama |accessdate=31 March 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5gQKhCcto?url=http://www.tibet.ca/en/newsroom/wtn/archive/old?y=1993&m=12&p=5_1 |archivedate=30 April 2009 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> | |||
The Dalai Lama has repeatedly expressed his opposition to the ], saying that it contradicts the Buddhist philosophy of non-violence and that it expresses anger, not compassion.<ref>{{cite web|title= Dalai Lama Says Delhi Gang Rapists Should Not Be Executed, Death Penalty Not The Answer|date= 24 January 2013|url= https://www.huffpost.com/entry/dalai-lama-delhi-gang-rapists-should-not-be-executed_n_2544785|access-date= 14 December 2021|archive-date= 14 December 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211214073836/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/dalai-lama-delhi-gang-rapists-should-not-be-executed_n_2544785|url-status= live}}</ref> During a 2005 visit to ], a country which ], the Dalai Lama called for the abolition of the death penalty and said in his address, "Criminals, people who commit crimes, usually society rejects these people. They are also part of society. Give them some form of punishment to say they were wrong, but show them they are part of society and can change. Show them compassion."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=44,1023,0,0,1,0|title=Buddhist Channel | Japan|website=www.buddhistchannel.tv|access-date=14 December 2021|archive-date=14 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214073836/https://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=44,1023,0,0,1,0|url-status=live}}</ref> The Dalai Lama has also praised ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/dalai-lama-praises-illinois-ban-on-death-penalty-talks-in-chicago/1888354/|title=Dalai Lama Praises Ban on Death Penalty|date=17 July 2011|access-date=14 December 2021|archive-date=14 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214073835/https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/dalai-lama-praises-illinois-ban-on-death-penalty-talks-in-chicago/1888354/|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
=== Democracy, nonviolence, religious harmony, and Tibet's relationship with India === | === Democracy, nonviolence, religious harmony, and Tibet's relationship with India === | ||
] | |||
The Dalai Lama says that he is active in spreading India's message of ] and religious harmony throughout the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2019 |title=World Needs India's Ancient Traditions of Non-violence and Compassion, Says Dalai Lama |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/world-needs-indias-ancient-traditions-of-non-violence-and-compassion-says-dalai-lama-2394929.html |website=] |language=en |access-date=21 June 2022 |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621022451/https://www.news18.com/news/india/world-needs-indias-ancient-traditions-of-non-violence-and-compassion-says-dalai-lama-2394929.html |url-status=live }}</ref> "I am the messenger of India's ancient thoughts the world over." He has said that democracy has deep roots in India. He says he considers India the master and Tibet its disciple, as great scholars went from India to Tibet to teach Buddhism. He has noted that millions of people lost their lives in violence and the economies of many countries were ruined due to conflicts in the 20th century. "Let the 21st century be a century of tolerance and dialogue."<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091118082440/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/im-messenger-of-indias-ancient-thoughts-dalai-lama/541448 |date=18 November 2009 }}, , {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003140427/http://content.usatoday.com/topics/quote/Religion+and+beliefs/Leaders,+Experts/Dalai+Lama/07vj4sKh2wbTR/06zWaNQ1qJ3u0/1 |date=3 October 2012 }}, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302160117/http://tibet.ca/en/newsroom/wtn/7998 |date=2 March 2012 }} "I'm messenger of India's ancient thoughts": Dalai Lama; 14 November 2009; Itanagar. Indian Express Newspaper; Hindustan Times Newspaper; PTI News; Dalai Lama Quotes Page – USATODAY.com; Official website; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328231256/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article439859.ece |date=28 March 2014 }}; By Shoumojit Banerjee; 27 May 2010; ''The Hindu'' newspaper</ref> | |||
The Dalai Lama has also critiqued proselytisation and certain types of conversion, believing the practices to be contrary to the fundamental ideas of religious harmony and spiritual practice.<ref>{{Cite web|author=The 14th Dalai Lama|date=30 June 2021|title=Teaching Requested by Asian Buddhists – Day…|url=https://www.dalailama.com/news/2020/teaching-requested-by-asian-buddhists-day-two|access-date=30 June 2021|website=The 14th Dalai Lama|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183024/https://www.dalailama.com/news/2020/teaching-requested-by-asian-buddhists-day-two|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=The 14th Dalai Lama|date=30 June 2021|title=The Office of His Holiness The Dalai Lama|url=https://www.dalailama.com/news/2019/first-day-of-teachings-for-asians/amp|access-date=30 June 2021|website=The 14th Dalai Lama|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181344/https://www.dalailama.com/news/2019/first-day-of-teachings-for-asians/amp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="www2.kenyon.edu">{{Cite web|title=The Dalai Lama Speaks Out Against Fashionable Buddhism in Europe|url=https://www2.kenyon.edu/Depts/Religion/Fac/Adler/Reln260/DalaiLama/DL01-1.htm|access-date=30 June 2021|website=www2.kenyon.edu|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181403/https://www2.kenyon.edu/Depts/Religion/Fac/Adler/Reln260/DalaiLama/DL01-1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="abcnews.go.com">{{Cite web|title=Dalai Lama Criticizes Proselytizing|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=81617&page=1|access-date=30 June 2021|website=ABC News|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182812/https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=81617&page=1|url-status=live}}</ref> He has stated that "It's very important that our religious traditions live in harmony with one another and I don't think proselytizing contributes to this. Just as fighting and killing in the name of religion are very sad, it's not appropriate to use religion as a ground or a means for defeating others."<ref>{{Cite web|author=The 14th Dalai Lama|date=30 June 2021|title=Teaching Requested by Asian Buddhists – Day Two|url=https://www.dalailama.com/news/2020/teaching-requested-by-asian-buddhists-day-two|access-date=30 June 2021|website=The 14th Dalai Lama|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183024/https://www.dalailama.com/news/2020/teaching-requested-by-asian-buddhists-day-two|url-status=live}}</ref> In particular, he has critiqued Christian approaches to conversion in Asia, stating that he has "come across situations where serving the people is a cover for proselytization."<ref>{{Cite web|author=The 14th Dalai Lama|date=30 June 2021|title=First Day of Teaching for Asians|url=https://www.dalailama.com/news/2019/first-day-of-teachings-for-asians/amp|access-date=30 June 2021|website=The 14th Dalai Lama|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181344/https://www.dalailama.com/news/2019/first-day-of-teachings-for-asians/amp|url-status=live}}</ref> The Dalai Lama has labelled such practices counter to the "message of Christ" and has emphasised that such individuals "practice conversion like a kind of war against peoples and cultures."<ref name="www2.kenyon.edu" /> In a statement with Hindu religious leaders, he expressed that he opposes "conversions by any religious tradition using various methods of enticement."<ref name="abcnews.go.com" /> | |||
] | |||
In 1993, the Dalai Lama attended the ] and made a speech titled "Human Rights and Universal Responsibility".<ref>{{cite web |last = Yeshe |first = Jamphel |title = Address by His Holiness The XIV Dalai Lama of Tibet To the United Nations World Conference on Human Rights |url = http://www.subliminal.org/tibet/responsibility.html |access-date = 10 October 2014 |archive-date = 3 April 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190403134010/http://www.subliminal.org/tibet/responsibility.html |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
The Dalai Lama says that he is active in spreading India's message of ] and religious harmony throughout the world. "I am the messenger of India's ancient thoughts the world over." He has said that democracy has deep roots in India. He says he considers India the master and Tibet its disciple, as great scholars went from India to Tibet to teach Buddhism. He has noted that millions of people lost their lives in violence and the economies of many countries were ruined due to conflicts in the 20th century. "Let the 21st century be a century of tolerance and dialogue."<ref>, , {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003140427/http://content.usatoday.com/topics/quote/Religion+and+beliefs/Leaders,+Experts/Dalai+Lama/07vj4sKh2wbTR/06zWaNQ1qJ3u0/1 |date=3 October 2012 }}, "I'm messenger of India's ancient thoughts": Dalai Lama; 14 November 2009; Itanagar. Indian Express Newspaper; Hindustan Times Newspaper; PTI News; Dalai Lama Quotes Page – USATODAY.com; Official website; ; By Shoumojit Banerjee; 27 May 2010; ''The Hindu'' newspaper</ref> | |||
In 2001, in response to a question from a ] schoolgirl, the Dalai Lama said that it is permissible to shoot someone in self-defense (if the person was "trying to kill you") and he emphasised that the shot should not be fatal.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bernton |first=Hal |date=15 May 2001 |title=Dalai Lama urges students to shape world |website=] |location=Portland |url=http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin/texis.cgi/web/vortex/display?slug=dalai15m0&date=20010515 |url-status=dead |access-date=19 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309075727/https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=20010515&slug=dalai15m0 |archive-date=9 March 2020}}</ref> | |||
In 1993, the Dalai Lama attended the ] and made a speech titled "Human Rights and Universal Responsibility".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Yeshe|first1=Jamphel |title = Address by His Holiness The XIV Dalai Lama of Tibet To the United Nations World Conference on Human Rights |url = http://www.subliminal.org/tibet/responsibility.html |accessdate = 10 October 2014}}</ref> | |||
In 2013, the Dalai Lama criticised Buddhist monks' ] in ] and rejected ], saying: "Buddha always teaches us about forgiveness, tolerance, compassion. If from one corner of your mind, some emotion makes you want to hit, or want to kill, then please remember Buddha's faith. ... All problems must be solved through dialogue, through talk. The use of violence is outdated, and never solves problems."<ref>{{cite news |last=Lila |first=Muhammad |title=International Dalai Lama Pleads for Myanmar Monks to End Violence Amid Damning Rights Report |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/dalai-lama-pleads-myanmar-monks-end-violence-amid/story?id=19013148 |access-date=19 June 2015 |work=] |date=22 April 2013 |location=] |archive-date=8 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508073833/https://abcnews.go.com/International/dalai-lama-pleads-myanmar-monks-end-violence-amid/story?id=19013148 |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2013, he said "Really, killing people in the name of religion is unthinkable, very sad."<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-dalailama-idUSBRE9460RC20130507 |title = Dalai Lama decries Buddhist attacks on Muslims in Myanmar |publisher = Reuters |date = 7 May 2013 |access-date = 12 October 2013 |archive-date = 9 May 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130509041004/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/05/07/us-usa-dalailama-idUSBRE9460RC20130507 |url-status = live }}</ref> In May 2015, the Dalai Lama called on Myanmar's ] winner ] to do more to help the ] in Myanmar, and said that he had urged Suu Kyi to address the Rohingyas' plight in two previous private meetings and had been rebuffed.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dalai Lama presses Aung San Suu Kyi over Rohingya migrants|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-32925805|publisher=BBC|date=28 May 2015|access-date=1 July 2018|archive-date=2 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602225608/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-32925805|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
In 2001, he answered the question of a girl in a ] school by saying that it is permissible to shoot someone with a gun in self-defense if that person was "trying to kill you," and he emphasized that the shot should not be fatal.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bernton|first=Hal |url = http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin/texis.cgi/web/vortex/display?slug=dalai15m0&date=20010515 |title = Dalai Lama urges students to shape the world |publisher = Archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com |date = 15 May 2001 |accessdate = 2 May 2010}}</ref> | |||
In 2017, after ] and ] laureate ] died of organ failure while in Chinese government custody, the Dalai Lama said he was "deeply saddened" and that he believed that Liu's "unceasing ] will bear fruit before long."<ref>" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026105315/https://www.dalailama.com/news/2017/message-from-his-holiness-the-dalai-lama |date=26 October 2019 }}. The 14th Dalai Lama. 18 July 2017.</ref> | |||
In April 2013, the Dalai Lama openly criticised Buddhist monks' ] in ] "Buddha always teaches us about forgiveness, tolerance, compassion. If from one corner of your mind, some emotion makes you want to hit, or want to kill, then please remember Buddha's faith. We are followers of Buddha." He said that "All problems must be solved through dialogue, through talk. The use of violence is outdated, and never solves problems."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lila|first1=Muhammad |title = International Dalai Lama Pleads for Myanmar Monks to End Violence Amid Damning Rights Report |url = http://abcnews.go.com/International/dalai-lama-pleads-myanmar-monks-end-violence-amid/story?id=19013148 |accessdate = 19 June 2015|work=] |date = 22 April 2013|location=]}}</ref> In May 2013, He said "Really, killing people in the name of religion is unthinkable, very sad."<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/05/07/us-usa-dalailama-idUSBRE9460RC20130507 |title = Dalai Lama decries Buddhist attacks on Muslims in Myanmar |publisher = Reuters |date = 7 May 2013 |accessdate = 12 October 2013}}</ref> In May 2015, the Dalai Lama publicly called on Myanmar's ] winner ] to do more to help the ] in Myanmar, claiming that he had previously urged her to address the plight of the Rohingya in private during two separate meetings and that she had resisted his urging.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dalai Lama presses Aung San Suu Kyi over Rohingya migrants|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-32925805 |publisher=BBC|date=28 May 2015}}</ref> | |||
The Dalai Lama has consistently praised India.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Slodkowski |first1=Antoni |last2=Lies |first2=Elaine |date=10 November 2021 |title=Dalai Lama: China's leaders 'don't understand variety of cultures' |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/dalai-lama-says-prefers-stay-india-since-taiwan-china-relations-delicate-2021-11-10/ |access-date=21 June 2022 |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621022450/https://www.reuters.com/world/china/dalai-lama-says-prefers-stay-india-since-taiwan-china-relations-delicate-2021-11-10/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=] |date=6 April 2017 |title=India best country to uphold religious harmony, tolerance: Dalai Lama |work=] |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/india-best-country-to-uphold-religious-harmony-tolerance-dalai-lama-117040601546_1.html |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621022450/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/india-best-country-to-uphold-religious-harmony-tolerance-dalai-lama-117040601546_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2018, he said Muslim countries like Bangladesh, Pakistan and Syria should learn about religion from India for peace in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2018 |title=Muslim nations must learn about religion from India: Dalai Lama |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/muslim-nations-must-learn-about-religion-from-india-dalai-lama-5478444/ |website=] |language=en |access-date=21 June 2022 |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621022450/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/muslim-nations-must-learn-about-religion-from-india-dalai-lama-5478444/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=] |date=4 December 2018 |title=Muslim Nations Must Learn About Religion From India: Dalai Lama |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/dalai-lama-india-pakistan-relations |website=] |language=en |access-date=21 June 2022 |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621022450/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/dalai-lama-india-pakistan-relations |url-status=live }}</ref> When asked in 2019 about attacks on the minority community in India including a recent one against a Muslim family in ], he said: "There are always a few mischievous people, but that does not mean it a symbol of that nation".<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2019 |title=Few Incidents of Attacks on Minorities Can't Become Symbolic of A Nation, Says Dalai Lama |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/few-incidents-of-attacks-on-minorities-cant-become-symbolic-of-a-nation-says-dalai-lama-2089547.html |website=] |language=en |access-date=21 June 2022 |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621022450/https://www.news18.com/news/india/few-incidents-of-attacks-on-minorities-cant-become-symbolic-of-a-nation-says-dalai-lama-2089547.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=] |date=5 April 2019 |title='Few Attacks on Minorities Cannot Symbolise a Nation': Dalai Lama |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/few-attacks-on-minorities-cannot-symbolise-a-nation-dalai-lama |website=] |language=en |access-date=21 June 2022 |archive-date=9 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109180856/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/few-attacks-on-minorities-cannot-symbolise-a-nation-dalai-lama |url-status=live }}</ref> He reiterated in December 2021 that he thought India was a role model for religious harmony in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2021 |title=What Dalai Lama Said On India's Role In World's Religious Harmony |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/dalai-lama-dalai-lama-news-what-dalai-lama-said-on-indias-role-in-religious-harmony-in-the-world-2659307 |website=] |access-date=21 June 2022 |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312233226/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/dalai-lama-dalai-lama-news-what-dalai-lama-said-on-indias-role-in-religious-harmony-in-the-world-2659307 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2021 |title=India role model for religious harmony in the world, says Dalai Lama |url=https://en.trend.az/world/other/3529518.html |website=] |language=en |access-date=21 June 2022 |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312233228/https://en.trend.az/world/other/3529518.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
In response to the death of ] ] laureate ], who died of organ failure while in government custody, the Dalai Lama issued the following statement on 14 July 2017, "I am deeply saddened to learn that fellow Nobel Laureate Liu Xiaobo has passed away while undergoing a lengthy prison sentence...It is my belief that Nobel Laureate Liu Xiaobo's unceasing efforts in the cause of freedom will bear fruit before long."<ref>". The 14th Dalai Lama. 18 July 2017.</ref> | |||
=== Diet and animal welfare === | === Diet and animal welfare === | ||
{{ |
{{blockquote|People think of animals as if they were vegetables, and that is not right. We have to change the way people think about animals. I encourage the Tibetan people and all people to move toward a vegetarian diet that doesn't cause suffering.|Dalai Lama<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.universalcompassion.org/ |title = Universal Compassion Movement |publisher = Universalcompassion.org |date = 25 November 2010 |access-date = 17 July 2013 |archive-date = 26 August 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130826175834/http://www.universalcompassion.org/ |url-status = live }}</ref>}} | ||
The Dalai Lama advocates compassion for animals and frequently urges people to try ] or at least reduce their consumption of meat. In Tibet, where historically meat was the most common food, most monks historically have been ]s, including the Dalai Lamas. The Fourteenth Dalai Lama was raised in a meat-eating family but converted to vegetarianism after arriving in India, where vegetables are much more easily available. He spent many years as a |
The Dalai Lama advocates compassion for animals and frequently urges people to try ] or at least reduce their consumption of meat. In Tibet, where historically meat was the most common food, most monks historically have been ]s, including the Dalai Lamas. The Fourteenth Dalai Lama was raised in a meat-eating family but converted to vegetarianism after arriving in India, where vegetables are much more easily available and vegetarianism is widespread.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Food Science, An Ecological Approach|last=Edelstein|first=Sari|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4496-0344-1}}</ref> He spent many years as a vegetarian, but after contracting ] in India and suffering from weakness, his doctors told him to return to eating meat which he now does twice a week.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kristof|first=Nicholas|title=Dalai Lama Gets Mischievous|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/16/opinion/nicholas-kristof-dalai-lama-gets-mischievous.html|work=]|date=16 July 2015|access-date=22 August 2019|archive-date=22 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822111340/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/16/opinion/nicholas-kristof-dalai-lama-gets-mischievous.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This attracted public attention when, during a visit to the White House, he was offered a vegetarian menu but declined by replying, as he is known to do on occasion when dining in the company of non-vegetarians, "I'm a Tibetan monk, not a vegetarian".<ref>{{cite book |last=Iyer |first=Pico |title=The Open Road: The Global Journey of the Fourteenth Dalai Lama |publisher=Knopf Publishing Group |date=2008 |page=203 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ExP5VoHTyzgC&pg=PP1 |isbn=978-1-4088-0692-0 |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204609/https://books.google.com/books?id=ExP5VoHTyzgC&pg=PP1 |url-status=live }}</ref> His own home kitchen, however, is completely vegetarian.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.shabkar.org/teachers/tibetanbuddhism/dalai_lama.htm |title = H.H. Dalai Lama |publisher = Shabkar.org |access-date = 17 July 2013 |archive-date = 5 January 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210105230628/http://www.shabkar.org/teachers/tibetanbuddhism/dalai_lama.htm |url-status = live }}</ref> | ||
In 2009, the English singer ] wrote a letter to the Dalai Lama inquiring why he was not a vegetarian. As McCartney later told '']'', "He wrote back very kindly, saying, 'my doctors tell me that I must eat meat'. And I wrote back again, saying, you know, I don't think that's right. I think now he's vegetarian most of the time. I think he's now being told, the more he meets doctors from the west, that he can get his protein somewhere else. It just doesn't seem right – the Dalai Lama, on the one hand, saying, 'Hey guys, don't harm sentient beings... Oh, and by the way, I'm having a steak.{{'"}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Ellen|first=Barbara|date=17 July 2010|title=Interview: Paul McCartney|work=The Guardian|location=London|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/jul/18/paul-mccartney-vegetarianism|url-status=live|access-date=22 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915150250/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/jul/18/paul-mccartney-vegetarianism|archive-date=15 September 2013}}</ref> | |||
=== Economics === | |||
The Dalai Lama has referred to himself as a ] and has articulated ].<ref name="angrymarxist">{{cite web |title = The (Justifiably) Angry Marxist: An interview with the Dalai Lama |url = http://www.tricycle.com/blog/justifiably-angry-marxist-interview-dalai-lama |publisher = ] |accessdate = 6 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="GuardMarx" /><ref>Catherine Phillips (15 January 2015). . ''Newsweek.'' Retrieved 16 January 2015.</ref> | |||
=== Economics and political stance === | |||
{{quote|I am not only a socialist but also a bit leftist, a communist. In terms of social economy theory, I am a Marxist. I think I am farther to the left than the Chinese leaders. They are capitalists.<ref name="angrymarxist" />}} | |||
The Dalai Lama has referred to himself as a ] and has articulated ].<ref name="angrymarxist">{{cite web |title = The (Justifiably) Angry Marxist: An interview with the Dalai Lama |date = 30 August 2013 |url = https://tricycle.org/trikedaily/justifiably-angry-marxist-interview-dalai-lama/ |publisher = ] |access-date = 7 October 2021 |archive-date = 25 January 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210125170907/https://tricycle.org/trikedaily/justifiably-angry-marxist-interview-dalai-lama/ |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="GuardMarx" /><ref>Catherine Phillips (15 January 2015). {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924053129/http://www.newsweek.com/i-am-marxist-says-dalai-lama-299598 |date=24 September 2015 }}. ''Newsweek''. Retrieved 16 January 2015.</ref> | |||
{{blockquote|I am not only a socialist but also a bit leftist, a communist. In terms of social economy theory, I am a Marxist. I think I am farther to the left than the Chinese leaders. They are capitalists.<ref name="angrymarxist" />}} | |||
He reports hearing of ] when he was very young, but only in the context of the destruction of ]. It was only when he went on his trip to ] that he learned about ] from his interpreter ].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.dalailama.com/news/post/1102-condolence-message-from-his-holiness-the-dalai-lama-at-the-passing-away-of-baba-phuntsog-wangyal |title = Condolence Message from His Holiness the Dalai Lama at the Passing Away of Baba Phuntsog Wangyal |author = Dalai Lama |authorlink = 14th Dalai Lama |date = 2014-03-30 |accessdate = 3 May 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140408001643/http://www.dalailama.com/news/post/1102-condolence-message-from-his-holiness-the-dalai-lama-at-the-passing-away-of-baba-phuntsog-wangyal |archive-date = 8 April 2014 |dead-url = yes |df = dmy-all }}</ref> At that time, he reports, "I was so attracted to Marxism, I even expressed my wish to become a ] member", citing his favorite concepts of ] and equal ]. He does not believe that China implemented "true Marxist policy",<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://www.time.com/time/asia/magazine/99/0927/lhasa.html |title = Long Trek to Exile For Tibet's Apostle |author = 14th Dalai Lama |date = 1999-09-27 |accessdate = 29 August 2010 |publisher = ]|volume=154|number=12}}</ref> and thinks the historical ]s such as the ] "were far more concerned with their narrow national interests than with the ]".<ref name="TibetMarx">{{cite web |url = http://hhdl.dharmakara.net/hhdlquotes1.html |title = Tibet and China, Marxism, Nonviolence |publisher = Hhdl.dharmakara.net |accessdate = 2 May 2010}}</ref> Moreover, he believes one flaw of historically "Marxist regimes" is that they place too much emphasis on destroying the ruling class, and not enough on compassion.<ref name="TibetMarx" /> Despite this, he finds Marxism superior to capitalism, believing the latter is only concerned with "how to make profits", whereas the former has "moral ethics".<ref>{{Cite news |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/tibet/7747371/Marxist-Dalai-Lama-criticises-capitalism.html |title = 'Marxist' Dalai Lama criticises capitalism |date = 2010-05-20 |accessdate = 28 August 2010 |publisher = ]|location=London}}</ref> Stating in 1993: | |||
He reports hearing of ] when he was very young, but only in the context of the destruction of the ]. It was only when he went on his trip to ] that he learned about ] from his interpreter ] of the ].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.dalailama.com/news/post/1102-condolence-message-from-his-holiness-the-dalai-lama-at-the-passing-away-of-baba-phuntsog-wangyal |title = Condolence Message from His Holiness the Dalai Lama at the Passing Away of Baba Phuntsog Wangyal |author = Dalai Lama |author-link = 14th Dalai Lama |date = 30 March 2014 |access-date = 3 May 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140408001643/http://www.dalailama.com/news/post/1102-condolence-message-from-his-holiness-the-dalai-lama-at-the-passing-away-of-baba-phuntsog-wangyal |archive-date = 8 April 2014 |url-status = dead }}</ref> At that time, he reports, "I was so attracted to Marxism, I even expressed my wish to become a ] member," citing his favourite concepts of ] and equal ]. He does not believe that China implemented "true Marxist policy,"<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://www.time.com/time/asia/magazine/99/0927/lhasa.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20010129054600/http://www.time.com/time/asia/magazine/99/0927/lhasa.html |url-status = dead |archive-date = 29 January 2001 |title = Long Trek to Exile For Tibet's Apostle |author = 14th Dalai Lama |date = 27 September 1999 |access-date = 29 August 2010 |publisher = ]|volume=154|number=12}}</ref> and thinks the historical ]s such as the ] "were far more concerned with their narrow national interests than with the ]".<ref name="TibetMarx">{{cite web |url = http://hhdl.dharmakara.net/hhdlquotes1.html |title = Tibet and China, Marxism, Nonviolence |publisher = Hhdl.dharmakara.net |access-date = 2 May 2010 |archive-date = 20 November 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181120051343/http://hhdl.dharmakara.net/hhdlquotes1.html |url-status = live }}</ref> Moreover, he believes one flaw of historically "Marxist regimes" is that they place too much emphasis on destroying the ruling class, and not enough on compassion.<ref name="TibetMarx" /> He finds Marxism superior to capitalism, believing the latter is only concerned with "how to make profits," whereas the former has "moral ethics".<ref>{{Cite news |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/tibet/7747371/Marxist-Dalai-Lama-criticises-capitalism.html |title = 'Marxist' Dalai Lama criticises capitalism |date = 20 May 2010 |access-date = 28 August 2010 |work = ] |location = London |archive-date = 27 January 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210127082945/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/tibet/7747371/Marxist-Dalai-Lama-criticises-capitalism.html |url-status = live }}</ref> Stating in 1993: | |||
{{quote|Of all the modern economic theories, the economic system of ] is founded on moral principles, while ] is concerned only with gain and profitability. Marxism is concerned with the distribution of wealth on an equal basis and the equitable utilisation of the ]. It is also concerned with the fate of the ]—that is, the majority—as well as with the fate of those who are underprivileged and in need, and Marxism cares about the victims of minority-imposed ]. For those reasons the system appeals to me, and it seems fair. I just recently read an article in a paper where His Holiness the Pope also pointed out some positive aspects of Marxism.<ref name="GuardMarx"> by Ed Halliwell, ''The Guardian'', June 20, 2011</ref><ref name="TibetMarx" />}} | |||
{{blockquote|Of all the modern economic theories, the economic system of ] is founded on moral principles, while ] is concerned only with gain and profitability. Marxism is concerned with the distribution of wealth on an equal basis and the equitable utilisation of the ]. It is also concerned with the fate of the ]—that is, the majority—as well as with the fate of those who are underprivileged and in need, and Marxism cares about the victims of minority-imposed ]. For those reasons the system appeals to me, and it seems fair. I just recently read an article in a paper where His Holiness the Pope also pointed out some positive aspects of Marxism.<ref name="GuardMarx"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319091647/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2011/jun/20/dalai-lama-marxist-buddhism |date=19 March 2021 }} by Ed Halliwell, ''The Guardian'', 20 June 2011</ref><ref name="TibetMarx" />}}On ], the Dalai Lama in October 2019 said: "There is a difference between Indian and Pakistani Prime Minister's speech at the UN. Indian prime prime minister talks about peace and you know what his Pakistan counterpart said. Getting China's political support is Pakistan's compulsion. But Pakistan also needs India. Pakistani leaders should calm down and think beyond emotions and should follow a realistic approach".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manjeet Sehgal |date=15 October 2019 |title=Tibetan spiritual leader Dalai Lama asks Pakistan PM Imran Khan to control emotions |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dalai-lama-pakistn-imran-khan-india-modi-china-chandigarh-1609626-2019-10-15 |website=] |language=en |access-date=21 June 2022 |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621022450/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dalai-lama-pakistn-imran-khan-india-modi-china-chandigarh-1609626-2019-10-15 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jagdeep Singh Deep |date=16 October 2019 |title=Chinese students should come to India to know how democracy works: Dalai Lama |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chinese-students-should-come-to-india-to-know-how-democracy-works-dalai-lama-6071299/ |access-date=21 June 2022 |website=] |language=en |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621022450/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chinese-students-should-come-to-india-to-know-how-democracy-works-dalai-lama-6071299/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
=== Environment === | === Environment === | ||
The Dalai Lama is outspoken in his concerns about ]s, frequently giving public talks on themes related to the environment. He has pointed out that many rivers in Asia ], and that the ] could affect the countries in which the rivers flow.<ref name="global">{{Cite news |url = https://www.smh.com.au/environment/think-global-before-local-dalai-lama-20091130-k17b.html |title = Think global before local: Dalai Lama |first = Joyce |last = Morgan |date = 1 December 2009 |access-date = 28 August 2010 |work = The Sydney Morning Herald |archive-date = 5 January 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210105185044/https://www.smh.com.au/environment/think-global-before-local-dalai-lama-20091130-k17b.html |url-status = live }}</ref> He acknowledged official Chinese laws against ] in Tibet, but lamented they can be ignored due to possible ].<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Dalai_Lama_bemoans_deforestation_of_Tibet_999.html |title = Dalai Lama bemoans deforestation of Tibet |agency = ] |date = 21 November 2007 |access-date = 28 August 2010 |archive-date = 8 January 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210108015046/https://www.terradaily.com/reports/Dalai_Lama_bemoans_deforestation_of_Tibet_999.html |url-status = live }}</ref> He was quoted as saying "ecology should be part of our daily life";<ref>{{cite web |url = https://archive.org/details/DalaiLama_2006_09_19 |title = His Holiness the Dalai Lama's Address to the University at Buffalo |access-date = 2 May 2010|date = 19 September 2006 }}</ref> personally, he takes showers instead of baths, and turns lights off when he leaves a room.<ref name="global" /> | |||
Around 2005, he started campaigning for ], including by issuing a religious ruling against wearing tiger and leopard skins as garments.<ref>{{Cite news |title = Dalai Lama Campaigns to End Wildlife Trade |date = 8 April 2005 |publisher = ENS |url = http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/apr2005/2005-04-08-01.asp |access-date = 8 September 2007 |archive-date = 24 September 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924001013/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/apr2005/2005-04-08-01.asp |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title = Reports Fur Flies Over Tiger Plight |author = Justin Huggler |work = The New Zealand Herald|date = 18 February 2006 |url = http://www.tew.org/archived/wildlife.skins.issue.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071013141142/http://tew.org/archived/wildlife.skins.issue.html |url-status = dead |archive-date = 13 October 2007 }}</ref> The Dalai Lama supports the ] position in the ], but has criticised the activities of groups such as the ] (which carries out acts of what it calls aggressive nonviolence against property).<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jun2010/2010-06-23-02.html |title = Dalai Lama Reminds Anti-Whaling Activists to Be Non-Violent |location = Tokyo |date = 23 June 2010 |access-date = 28 August 2010 |agency = ] |archive-date = 12 October 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201012091040/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jun2010/2010-06-23-02.html |url-status = dead }}</ref> Before the ], he urged national leaders to put aside domestic concerns and take collective action against ].<ref>{{Cite news |url = https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5AT16B20091130 |title = Dalai Lama says climate change needs global action |location = Sydney |date = 30 November 2009 |access-date = 28 August 2010 |work = ] |first = Michael |last = Perry |archive-date = 9 August 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100809023803/http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5AT16B20091130 |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
=== Sexuality === | === Sexuality === | ||
The Dalai Lama's stances on topics of sexuality have changed over time. | |||
A monk since childhood, the Dalai Lama has said that sex offers fleeting satisfaction and leads to trouble later, while chastity offers a better life and "more independence, more freedom".<ref>{{cite |
A monk since childhood, the Dalai Lama has said that sex offers fleeting satisfaction and leads to trouble later, while chastity offers a better life and "more independence, more freedom".<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.smh.com.au/world/sex-invariably-spells-trouble-says-dalai-lama-20081129-6n91.html |title= Sex invariably spells trouble, says Dalai Lama |work= ] |date= November 29, 2008 |access-date= December 4, 2023 |archive-date= December 4, 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231204154946/https://www.smh.com.au/world/sex-invariably-spells-trouble-says-dalai-lama-20081129-6n91.html |url-status=live}}</ref> He has said that problems arising from conjugal life sometimes even lead to suicide or murder.<ref name=Teleg>{{cite news |author = GMT 2|url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/3534994/Sexual-intercourse-spells-trouble-says-Dalai-Lama.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081203142210/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/3534994/Sexual-intercourse-spells-trouble-says-Dalai-Lama.html |url-status = dead |archive-date = 3 December 2008 |title = Sexual intercourse spells trouble, says Dalai Lama |work = The Telegraph|date = 29 November 2008 |access-date = 2 May 2010|location=London}}</ref> He has asserted that all religions have the same view about adultery.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://golfweek.usatoday.com/2010/02/21/dalai-lama-says-self-discipline-important-woods/ |title= Dalai Lama says faith is important for Woods |author= ] |work= ] |date= February 21, 2010 |access-date= December 4, 2023 |archive-date= December 4, 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231204154053/https://golfweek.usatoday.com/2010/02/21/dalai-lama-says-self-discipline-important-woods/ |url-status=live}}<br/>{{cite web|url= https://www.thestar.com/sports/golf/tiger-who-dalai-lama-disses-golfer/article_f015a2c4-e3ee-5eea-bc32-5eb7a1fe8758.html |title= Tiger who? Dalai Lama disses golfer |work= ] |date= February 21, 2010 |access-date= December 4, 2023 |archive-date= December 4, 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231204154105/https://www.thestar.com/sports/golf/tiger-who-dalai-lama-disses-golfer/article_f015a2c4-e3ee-5eea-bc32-5eb7a1fe8758.html |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
In his discussions of the traditional Buddhist view on appropriate sexual |
In his discussions of the traditional Buddhist view on appropriate sexual behaviour, he explains the concept of "right organ in the right object at the right time," which historically has been interpreted as indicating that oral, manual and anal sex (both homosexual and heterosexual) are not appropriate in Buddhism or for Buddhists. However, he also says that in modern times all common, consensual sexual practices that do not cause harm to others are ethically acceptable and that society should accept and respect people who are ] or ] from a secular point of view.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_budd2.htm|title=Buddhism and homosexuality|website=religioustolerance.org|access-date=22 April 2015|archive-date=17 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317083002/https://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_budd2.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In a 1994 interview with '']'', the Dalai Lama clarified his personal opinion on the matter by saying, "If someone comes to me and asks whether ] is okay or not, I will ask 'What is your companion's opinion?' If you both agree, then I think I would say, 'If two males or two females voluntarily agree to have mutual satisfaction without further implication of harming others, then it is okay.'"<ref>OUT Magazine February/March 1994</ref> However, when interviewed by Canadian TV news anchor ] on '']'' about whether homosexuality is acceptable in Buddhism, the Dalai Lama responded that "it is sexual misconduct".<ref>{{cite web|website=]|date=13 July 2009|title=Gay Marriage: What Would Buddha Do?|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/gay-marriage-what-would-b_b_230855|first=James|last=Shaheen|access-date=April 6, 2023|archive-date=April 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406010916/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/gay-marriage-what-would-b_b_230855|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
In his 1996 book ''Beyond Dogma'', he described a traditional Buddhist definition of an appropriate sexual act as follows: "A sexual act is deemed proper when the couples use the organs intended for sexual intercourse and nothing else |
In his 1996 book ''Beyond Dogma'', he described a traditional Buddhist definition of an appropriate sexual act as follows: "A sexual act is deemed proper when the couples use the organs intended for sexual intercourse and nothing else ... Homosexuality, whether it is between men or between women, is not improper in itself. What is improper is the use of organs already defined as inappropriate for sexual contact."<ref>''Beyond Dogma'' by the Dalai Lama</ref> He elaborated in 1997, conceding that the basis of that teaching was unknown to him. He also conveyed his own "willingness to consider the possibility that some of the teachings may be specific to a particular cultural and historic context".<ref>"Dalai Lama Urges 'Respect, Compassion, and Full Human Rights for All', including Gays". Conkin, Dennis. ''Bay Area Reporter'', 19 June 1997.</ref> | ||
In 2006, the Dalai Lama has expressed concern at "reports of violence and discrimination against" ] and urged "respect, tolerance and the full recognition of human rights for all".<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://ilga.org/ilga/en/article/782 |title=His Holiness The Dalai Lama Issues Statement in Support of Human Rights of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender People |publisher=International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA) |location=Geneva |date=3 April 2006 |access-date=20 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623030316/http://ilga.org/ilga/en/article/782 |archive-date=23 June 2013 }}</ref> | |||
In a 2014 interview with ], the Dalai Lama expressed that ] is a personal issue, can be ethically socially accepted, and that he personally accepts it. However, he also stated that if same-sex marriage is in contradiction with one's chosen traditions, then they should not follow it.<ref>{{cite magazine|url= https://time.com/15273/watch-dalai-lama-says-okay-to-same-sex-marriages/ |title= WATCH: Dalai Lama Says 'O.K.' to Same-Sex Marriages |first= Dan |last= Kedmey |magazine= ] |date= March 7, 2014 |access-date= December 4, 2023 |archive-date= December 4, 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231204144419/https://time.com/15273/watch-dalai-lama-says-okay-to-same-sex-marriages/ |url-status=live}}<br/>{{cite web|url= https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2014/03/dalai-lama-says-he-supports-gay-marriage |title= Dalai Lama Says He Supports Gay Marriage |first= Jaime |last= Lutz |work= ] |date= March 8, 2014 |access-date= December 4, 2023 |archive-date= December 4, 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231204144359/https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2014/03/dalai-lama-says-he-supports-gay-marriage |url-status=live}}<br/>{{cite web|url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/dalai-lama-says-gay-marriage-is-ok-9175947.html |title= Dalai Lama says gay marriage is 'ok' |first= Antonia |last= Molloy |work= ] |date= March 7, 2014 |access-date= December 4, 2023 |archive-date= December 4, 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231204144621/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/dalai-lama-says-gay-marriage-is-ok-9175947.html |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
=== Women's rights === | === Women's rights === | ||
{{See also|Women in Buddhism|Criticism of Buddhism#Women in Buddhism}} | {{See also|Women in Buddhism|Criticism of Buddhism#Women in Buddhism}} | ||
In 2007, he said that the next Dalai Lama could possibly be a woman |
In 2007, he said that the next Dalai Lama could possibly be a woman: "If a woman reveals herself as more useful the lama could very well be reincarnated in this form."<ref>{{cite news |last = Spencer |first = Richard |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1571850/Dalai-Lama-says-successor-could-be-a-woman.html |title = Dalai Lama says successor could be a woman |work = The Telegraph |date = 7 December 2007 |access-date = 19 November 2010 |location = London |archive-date = 6 January 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210106155514/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1571850/Dalai-Lama-says-successor-could-be-a-woman.html |url-status = live }}</ref> | ||
In 2009, on ] and sexism, the Dalai Lama proclaimed at the ] in ]: "I call myself a ]. Isn't that what you call someone who fights for ]?" He also said that by nature, women are more compassionate "based on their biology and ability to nurture and birth children". He called on women to "lead and create a more compassionate world |
In 2009, on ] and sexism, the Dalai Lama proclaimed at the ] in ]: "I call myself a ]. Isn't that what you call someone who fights for ]?" He also said that by nature, women are more compassionate "based on their biology and ability to nurture and birth children". He called on women to "lead and create a more compassionate world," citing the good works of nurses and mothers.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.huffingtonpost.com/tamara-conniff/the-dalai-lama-proclaims_b_297285.html |title = Tamara Conniff: The Dalai Lama Proclaims Himself a Feminist: Day Two of Peace and Music in Memphis |work = HuffPost |date = 23 September 2009 |access-date = 17 July 2013 |archive-date = 15 November 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171115084047/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/tamara-conniff/the-dalai-lama-proclaims_b_297285.html |url-status = live }}</ref> | ||
At a 2014 appearance at the ] in Mumbai, the Dalai Lama said, "Since women have been shown to be more sensitive to others' suffering, their leadership may be more effective."<ref>{{cite web |title=Secular Ethics for Higher Education |url=https://www.dalailama.com/news/2017/launch-of-tata-institute-of-social-sciences-course-in-secular-ethics-for-higher-education/amp |website=His Holiness The 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet |publisher=The Office of His Holiness The Dalai Lama |access-date=13 August 2018 |archive-date=5 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105162041/https://www.dalailama.com/news/2017/launch-of-tata-institute-of-social-sciences-course-in-secular-ethics-for-higher-education/amp |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
In 2015, he said in a BBC interview that if a female succeeded him, "that female must be attractive, otherwise it is not much use," and when asked if he was joking, replied, "No. True!" He followed with a joke about his |
In 2015, he said in a ] interview that if a female succeeded him, "that female must be attractive, otherwise it is not much use," and when asked if he was joking, replied, "No. True!" He followed with a joke about his success being due to his own appearance.<ref>{{cite web |title = Dalai Lama Says If Successor Is Female, She Must Be Very Attractive |url = http://www.tricycle.com/blog/dalai-lama-says-if-successor-female-she-must-be-very-attractive |publisher = ] |date = 22 September 2015 |access-date = 24 September 2015 |archive-date = 25 September 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150925002300/http://www.tricycle.com/blog/dalai-lama-says-if-successor-female-she-must-be-very-attractive |url-status = dead }}</ref> His office later released a statement of apology citing the interaction as a translation error.<ref name="Rodriguez">{{Cite web |last=Rodriguez |first=Adrianna |title=Dalai Lama apologizes for sexist remarks that female successor must be 'more attractive' |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2019/07/03/dalai-lama-apologizes-female-successor-more-attractive-sexist-remarks/1637106001/ |access-date=14 April 2022 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US |archive-date=14 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414132912/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2019/07/03/dalai-lama-apologizes-female-successor-more-attractive-sexist-remarks/1637106001/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
=== Health === | === Health === | ||
In |
In 2013, at the Culture of Compassion event in ], ], the Dalai Lama said that "Warm-heartedness is a key factor for healthy individuals, healthy families and healthy communities."<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/18/dalai-lama-culture-of-com_n_3111216.html |title = Dalai Lama 'Culture of Compassion' Talk: Key To Good Health Is 'Peace of Mind' (VIDEO) |work = HuffPost |date = 18 April 2013 |access-date = 20 February 2020 |archive-date = 19 October 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171019220126/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/18/dalai-lama-culture-of-com_n_3111216.html |url-status = live }}</ref> | ||
=== Immigration === | |||
==== Response to COVID-19 ==== | |||
In September 2018, speaking at a conference in Sweden's third-largest city, Malmo, home to a large immigrant population, the Dalai Lama said "I think Europe belongs to the Europeans," he said, adding they should make clear to refugees that "they ultimately should rebuild their own country".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20180912-dalai-lama-says-europe-belongs-europeans|title=Dalai Lama says 'Europe belongs to Europeans'|date=12 September 2018|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/government-economy/dalai-lama-says-europe-belongs-to-europeans|title=Dalai Lama says 'Europe belongs to Europeans'|publisher=}}</ref> | |||
In a 2020 statement in ''Time'' magazine on the ], the Dalai Lama said that the pandemic must be combated with compassion, empirical science, prayer, and the courage of healthcare workers. He emphasised "emotional disarmament" (seeing things with a clear and realistic perspective, without fear or rage) and wrote: "The outbreak of this terrible coronavirus has shown that what happens to one person can soon affect every other being. But it also reminds us that a compassionate or constructive act – whether working in hospitals or just observing social distancing – has the potential to help many."<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418193728/https://time.com/5820613/dalai-lama-coronavirus-compassion/ |date=18 April 2020 }} 14 April 2020, ''time.com'', accessed 10 May 2021</ref> | |||
=== Immigration === | |||
In September 2018, speaking at a conference in ], Sweden, home to a large ], the Dalai Lama said "I think Europe belongs to the Europeans," but also that Europe was "morally responsible" for helping "a refugee really facing danger against their life". He stated that Europe has a responsibility to refugees to "receive them, help them, educate them," but that they should aim to return to their places of origin and that "they ultimately should rebuild their own country".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20180912-dalai-lama-says-europe-belongs-europeans|title=Dalai Lama says 'Europe belongs to Europeans'|date=12 September 2018|access-date=17 September 2018|archive-date=14 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314054736/https://www.france24.com/en/20180912-dalai-lama-says-europe-belongs-europeans|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/government-economy/dalai-lama-says-europe-belongs-to-europeans|title=Dalai Lama says 'Europe belongs to Europeans'|date=13 September 2018|access-date=17 September 2018|archive-date=17 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917105230/https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/government-economy/dalai-lama-says-europe-belongs-to-europeans|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
Speaking to German reporters in 2016, the Dalai Lama said there are "too many" refugees in Europe, adding that "Europe, for example Germany, cannot become an Arab country." He also said that "Germany is Germany".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/05/31/the-dalai-lama-says-too-many-refugees-are-going-to-germany/|title=The Dalai Lama says 'too many' refugees are going to Germany|first=Max|last=Bearak|website=facebook.com via The Washington Post|access-date=17 September 2018|archive-date=17 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917105327/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/05/31/the-dalai-lama-says-too-many-refugees-are-going-to-germany/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/migrant-crisis-dalai-lama-says-germany-cannot-become-an-arab-country-20160601-gp8mhr.html|title=Migrant crisis: Dalai Lama says Germany 'cannot become an Arab country'|first=Max|last=Bearak|date=31 May 2016|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=17 September 2018|archive-date=16 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216142953/https://www.smh.com.au/world/migrant-crisis-dalai-lama-says-germany-cannot-become-an-arab-country-20160601-gp8mhr.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
== Retirement and succession plans == | == Retirement and succession plans == | ||
{{Main|Succession of the 14th Dalai Lama}} | |||
In 2007 the 14th Dalai Lama said his reincarnation could be a woman.<ref>{{cite news |last=Spencer |first=Richard |date=December 7, 2001 |title=Dalai Lama says successor could be a woman |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1571850/Dalai-Lama-says-successor-could-be-a-woman.html |accessdate=November 19, 2010 |publisher=] |location=London}}</ref> This was mentioned again in 2015<ref name=NBC>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-17 |title=Blondes have more fun, Dalai Lama apparently thinks as he mulls next reincarnation |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/2015/05/17/blondes-have-more-fun-dalai-lama-apparently-thinks-as-he-mulls-next-reincarnation/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=New York Daily News |language=en-US}}</ref> and 2019.<ref name=NBC1>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-02 |title=Dalai Lama sorry for saying female successor would have to be 'attractive' |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/dalai-lama-sorry-saying-female-successor-would-have-be-attractive-n1025756 |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> | |||
In May 2011, the Dalai Lama retired from the ].<ref>{{cite news |title = His Holiness the Dalai Lama's Remarks on Retirement – March 19th, 2011 |url = http://dalailama.com/messages/retirement/retirement-remarks |access-date = 14 September 2014 |date = 19 March 2011 |archive-date = 4 June 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130604150744/http://www.dalailama.com/messages/retirement/retirement-remarks |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
In September 2011, the Dalai Lama issued the following statement concerning ] and ]: | |||
<blockquote>When I am about ninety I will consult the high Lamas of the Tibetan Buddhist traditions, the Tibetan public, and other concerned people who follow Tibetan Buddhism, and re-evaluate whether the institution of the Dalai Lama should continue or not. On that basis we will take a decision. If it is decided that the reincarnation of the Dalai Lama should continue and there is a need for the Fifteenth Dalai Lama to be recognized, responsibility for doing so will primarily rest on the concerned officers of the Dalai Lama's Gaden Phodrang Trust. They should consult the various heads of the Tibetan Buddhist traditions and the reliable oath-bound Dharma Protectors who are linked inseparably to the lineage of the Dalai Lamas. They should seek advice and direction from these concerned beings and carry out the procedures of search and recognition in accordance with past tradition. I shall leave clear written instructions about this. Bear in mind that, apart from the reincarnation recognized through such legitimate methods, no recognition or acceptance should be given to a candidate chosen for political ends by anyone, including those in the People's Republic of China.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204002812/http://www.dalailama.com/news/post/753-statement-of-his-holiness-the-fourteenth-dalai-lama-tenzin-gyatso-on-the-issue-of-his-reincarnation |date=4 February 2013 }} 24 September 2011.</ref></blockquote> | <blockquote>When I am about ninety I will consult the high Lamas of the Tibetan Buddhist traditions, the Tibetan public, and other concerned people who follow Tibetan Buddhism, and re-evaluate whether the institution of the Dalai Lama should continue or not. On that basis we will take a decision. If it is decided that the reincarnation of the Dalai Lama should continue and there is a need for the Fifteenth Dalai Lama to be recognized, responsibility for doing so will primarily rest on the concerned officers of the Dalai Lama's Gaden Phodrang Trust. They should consult the various heads of the Tibetan Buddhist traditions and the reliable oath-bound Dharma Protectors who are linked inseparably to the lineage of the Dalai Lamas. They should seek advice and direction from these concerned beings and carry out the procedures of search and recognition in accordance with past tradition. I shall leave clear written instructions about this. Bear in mind that, apart from the reincarnation recognized through such legitimate methods, no recognition or acceptance should be given to a candidate chosen for political ends by anyone, including those in the People's Republic of China.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204002812/http://www.dalailama.com/news/post/753-statement-of-his-holiness-the-fourteenth-dalai-lama-tenzin-gyatso-on-the-issue-of-his-reincarnation |date=4 February 2013 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127191904/http://www.dalailama.com/ |date=27 January 2012 }} 24 September 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tatlow |first1=Didi Kirsten |title=Dalai Lama Keeps Firm Grip on Reins of Succession |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/06/world/asia/06iht-letter06.html |access-date=29 March 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=October 15, 2011 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624214719/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/06/world/asia/06iht-letter06.html |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote> | ||
In October 2011, the Dalai Lama repeated his statement in an interview with Canadian ]. He added that Chinese laws banning the selection of successors based on reincarnation will not impact his decisions. "Naturally my next life is entirely up to me. No one else. And also this is not a political matter," he said in the interview. The Dalai Lama also added that he has not decided on whether he would reincarnate or be the last Dalai Lama.<ref>{{cite web |publisher = CTV |title = CTV Exclusive: Dalai Lama will choose successor |date = 3 October 2011 |url = http://www.ctvnews.ca/old-ctv-national-news/ctv-exclusive-dalai-lama-will-choose-successor-1.706189 |access-date = 27 June 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141006101945/http://www.ctvnews.ca/old-ctv-national-news/ctv-exclusive-dalai-lama-will-choose-successor-1.706189 |archive-date = 6 October 2014 |url-status = dead }}</ref> | |||
In an interview with the German newspaper ''Welt am Sonntag'' published on 7 September 2014 the Dalai Lama stated "the institution of the Dalai Lama has served its purpose |
In an interview with the German newspaper ''Welt am Sonntag'' published on 7 September 2014 the Dalai Lama stated "the institution of the Dalai Lama has served its purpose," and that "We had a Dalai Lama for almost five centuries. The 14th Dalai Lama now is very popular. Let us then finish with a popular Dalai Lama."<ref>{{cite web |publisher = Aljazeera |title = Dalai Lama says successor not required |date = 7 September 2014 |url = http://www.aljazeera.com/news/southasia/2014/09/dalai-lama-says-successor-not-required-20149861149282451.html |access-date = 9 September 2014 |archive-date = 10 September 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140910004818/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/southasia/2014/09/dalai-lama-says-successor-not-required-20149861149282451.html |url-status = live }}</ref> In response, the Chinese government said the title of Dalai Lama has been conferred by the central government for hundreds of years and the 14th Dalai Lama has ulterior motives. This was taken by Tibetan activists and '']'' to mean that China will make the Dalai Lama reincarnate no matter what.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 September 2014 |title=China Will Make the Dalai Lama Reincarnate Whether He Likes It or Not |url=http://www.thewire.com/global/2014/09/china-will-make-the-dalai-lama-reincarnate-whether-he-likes-it-or-not/380003/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911104623/http://www.thewire.com/global/2014/09/china-will-make-the-dalai-lama-reincarnate-whether-he-likes-it-or-not/380003/ |archive-date=11 September 2014 |access-date=12 September 2014 |publisher=The Wire}}</ref> | ||
Gyatso has also expressed fear that the Chinese government would manipulate any reincarnation selection in order to choose a successor that would go along with their political goals.<ref>{{ |
Gyatso has also expressed fear that the Chinese government would manipulate any reincarnation selection in order to choose a successor that would go along with their political goals.<ref>{{cite book |title=Religions in the modern world: traditions and transformations |last1=Woodhead |first1=Linda |last2=Partridge |first2=Christopher H. |last3=Kawanami |first3=Hiroko |isbn=978-0-415-85880-9 |edition=3rd |location=Abingdon, Oxon|oclc=916409066|year=2016 }}</ref> | ||
In 2015, the 14th Dalai Lama has claimed he may be reincarnated as a mischievous blonde woman.<ref name="NBC" /> In 2019, the 14th Dalai Lama said that if a female Dalai Lama comes, she should be more attractive.<ref name="NBC1" /> Chinese politician ] accused the 14th Dalai Lama of flip-flopping with his various statements on the issue, and of hypocrisy as he himself was reincarnated. He also accused the 14th Dalai Lama of profaning Tibetan Buddhism "by doubting his reincarnation".<ref name="Reuters1">{{Cite news |date=2015-03-09 |title=China says Dalai Lama 'profanes' Buddhism by doubting his reincarnation |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-parliament-tibet-idUSKBN0M50R920150309 |access-date=2023-11-07}}</ref> | |||
== Controversies == | |||
In October 2019, the 14th Dalai Lama stated that because of the feudal origin of the Dalai Lama reincarnation system, the reincarnation system should end.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tricycle.org/trikedaily/dalai-lama-feudal/|title = The Dalai Lama Calls the Dalai Lama Feudal – Buddha Buzz Weekly|date = 2 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Addressing Students from North Indian universities |url=https://www.dalailama.com/news/2019/addressing-students-from-north-indian-universities |website=His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet |access-date=19 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106034121/https://www.dalailama.com/news/2019/addressing-students-from-north-indian-universities |archive-date=2019-11-06 |language=English |date=2019-10-25 |quote=In seeking to balance preserving tradition and modern development, His Holiness suggested that the custom of recognising reincarnate lamas may have had its day. He remarked that no such custom existed in India. There is no reincarnation of the Buddha or Nagarjuna. He wondered what place this institution has in a democratic society. |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Shri Puri |title=Reincarnation feudal, should end now: Dalai Lama amid successor row with China |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/reincarnation-feudal-should-end-now-dalai-lama-amid-successor-row-with-china/articleshow/71769825.cms |website=Times of India |date=26 October 2019 |access-date=19 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026114939/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/reincarnation-feudal-should-end-now-dalai-lama-amid-successor-row-with-china/articleshow/71769825.cms |archive-date=2019-10-26 |quote=“The tradition should end now as reincarnation has some connection with the feudal system,” the Dalai Lama, the 14th to hold this position, said in Dharamshala on Friday. The Dalai Lama was addressing a gathering of college students from Bhutan and India at his residence in McLeodganj when he was asked about keeping alive traditional values in modern times and passing them on to future generations. “Any culture needs to evolve over a period of time. Like the Buddhist community in India has no tradition of reincarnation or lama institution. It developed in Tibet. I think there is some feudal connection to it and it needs to change now,” he told the students. “Institutions need to be owned by the people, not by an individual. Like my own institution, the Dalai Lama’s office, I feel it is linked to a feudal system. In 1969, in one of my official statements, I had mentioned that it should continue... But now I feel, not necessarily. It should go. I feel it should not be concentrated in a few people only (Tibetans),” he said. Elaborating, he added, “The system should end, or at least change with the changing times. There have been cases of individual lamas who use reincarnation (to get their way) but never pay attention to study and wisdom,” he said, adding that he feels there should be no institutions of lamas and no reincarnations now. |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
=== CIA Tibetan program === | |||
{{Main|CIA Tibetan program}} | |||
== CIA Tibetan program == | |||
In October 1998, the Dalai Lama's administration acknowledged that it received $1.7 million a year in the 1960s from the U.S. government through the ] (CIA).<ref name="tnyt 10-2-1998">{{cite news |title = World News Briefs; Dalai Lama Group Says It Got Money From C.I.A. |url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F3061EF73E5C0C718CDDA90994D0494D81&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fPeople%2fD%2fDalai%20Lama |date = 2 October 1998|work=The New York Times}}</ref> When asked by CIA officer John Kenneth Knaus in 1995 to comment on the ], the Dalai Lama replied that though it helped the morale of those resisting the Chinese, "thousands of lives were lost in the resistance" and further, that "the U.S. Government had involved itself in his country's affairs not to help Tibet but only as a Cold War tactic to challenge the Chinese."<ref>{{cite book |author = William Blum |url = http://members.aol.com/superogue/intro.htm |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080321053809/http://members.aol.com/superogue/intro.htm |archivedate=21 March 2008 |title = Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower |publisher = Zed Books|year=2006 |accessdate = 2 May 2010}}</ref> | |||
{{main|CIA Tibetan program}} | |||
In October 1998, the Dalai Lama's administration acknowledged that it received $1.7 million a year in the 1960s from the U.S. government through a ].<ref name="tnyt 10-2-1998">{{cite news |title = World News Briefs; Dalai Lama Group Says It Got Money From C.I.A. |url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F3061EF73E5C0C718CDDA90994D0494D81&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fPeople%2fD%2fDalai%20Lama |date = 2 October 1998 |work = The New York Times |access-date = 24 November 2005 |archive-date = 28 January 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110128073617/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F3061EF73E5C0C718CDDA90994D0494D81&n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes%20Topics%2FPeople%2FD%2FDalai%20Lama |url-status = live }}</ref> When asked by CIA officer John Kenneth Knaus in 1995 to comment on the ], the Dalai Lama replied that though it helped the morale of those resisting the Chinese, "thousands of lives were lost in the resistance" and further, that "the U.S. Government had involved itself in his country's affairs not to help Tibet but only as a Cold War tactic to challenge the Chinese."<ref>{{cite book |author = William Blum |url = http://members.aol.com/superogue/intro.htm |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080321053809/http://members.aol.com/superogue/intro.htm |archive-date=21 March 2008 |title = Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower |publisher = Zed Books|year=2006 |access-date = 2 May 2010}}</ref> As part of the program the Dalai Lama received 180,000 dollars a year from 1959 till 1974 for his own personal use.<ref>{{cite book |title=Contemporary Tibet: Politics, Development and Society in a Disputed Region |date=2017 |publisher=Routledge}}</ref> | |||
His administration's reception of CIA funding has become one of the grounds for some state-run ] to discredit him along with the Tibetan independence movement.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} | |||
In his autobiography '']'', the Dalai Lama criticized the CIA again for supporting the ] "not because they (the CIA) cared about Tibetan independence, but as part of their worldwide efforts to destabilize all ] ]".<ref>{{cite news |title = CIA Gave Aid to Tibetan Exiles in '60s, Files Show |url = http://articles.latimes.com/1998/sep/15/news/mn-22993|work=] |accessdate = 8 September 2013 |quote = In his 1990 autobiography, 'Freedom in Exile', the Dalai Lama explained that his two brothers made contact with the CIA during a trip to India in 1956. The CIA agreed to help, 'not because they cared about Tibetan independence, but as part of their worldwide efforts to destabilize all Communist governments', the Dalai Lama wrote.|first=Jim|last=Mann |date = 15 September 1998}}</ref> | |||
In his autobiography '']'', the Dalai Lama criticised the CIA again for supporting the Tibetan independence movement "not because they (the CIA) cared about Tibetan independence, but as part of their worldwide efforts to destabilize all ] ]".<ref>{{cite news|title = CIA Gave Aid to Tibetan Exiles in '60s, Files Show|url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-sep-15-mn-22993-story.html|work = ]|access-date = 8 September 2013|quote = In his 1990 autobiography, 'Freedom in Exile', the Dalai Lama explained that his two brothers made contact with the CIA during a trip to India in 1956. The CIA agreed to help, 'not because they cared about Tibetan independence, but as part of their worldwide efforts to destabilize all Communist governments', the Dalai Lama wrote.|first = Jim|last = Mann|date = 15 September 1998|archive-date = 11 September 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130911061410/http://articles.latimes.com/1998/sep/15/news/mn-22993|url-status = live}}</ref> | |||
In 1999, the Dalai Lama said that the ] had been harmful for Tibet because it was primarily aimed at serving American interests, and "once the ] toward China changed, they stopped their help."<ref>{{cite web |last=Jonathan Mirsky |title = Tibet: The CIA's Cancelled War |url = http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2013/apr/09/cias-cancelled-war-tibet/ |work=] |accessdate = 3 November 2013}}</ref> | |||
In 1999, the Dalai Lama said that the CIA Tibetan program had been harmful for Tibet because it was primarily aimed at serving American interests, and "once the ] toward China changed, they stopped their help."<ref>{{cite web |first=Jonathan |last=Mirsky |title=Tibet: The CIA's Cancelled War |url=http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2013/apr/09/cias-cancelled-war-tibet/ |work=] |date=9 April 2013 |access-date=3 November 2013 |archive-date=5 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905190033/http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2013/apr/09/cias-cancelled-war-tibet/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
== Criticism == | |||
=== Ties to India === | === Ties to India === | ||
] | ] | ||
The ] has criticized the Dalai Lama for his close ties with India. His 2010 remarks at the ] in ] saying that he was "Tibetan in appearance, but an Indian in spirituality" and referral to himself as a "son of India" in particular led the '']'' to opine, "Since the Dalai Lama deems himself an Indian rather than Chinese, then why is he entitled to represent the voice of the Tibetan people?"<ref name="heart">{{Cite news |url = http://chinatibet.people.com.cn/6876597.html |title = A look at the Dalai Lama's ridiculous Indian heart |date = 2010-01-22 |accessdate = 17 August 2010 |publisher = China Tibet Information Center}}</ref> Dhundup Gyalpo of the '']'' shot back that Tibetan religion could be traced back to ] in India, and that Tibetans have no connection to Chinese "apart... from a handful of culinary dishes".<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://www.tibetsun.com/opinions/2010/02/09/why-is-the-dalai-lama-son-of-india |title = Why is the Dalai Lama "son of India"? |first = Dhundup |last = Gyalpo |location = Dharamshala |date = 2010-02-09 |accessdate = 18 August 2010 |publisher = ] |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110717053610/http://www.tibetsun.com/opinions/2010/02/09/why-is-the-dalai-lama-son-of-india |archive-date = 17 July 2011 |dead-url = yes |df = dmy-all }}</ref> The ''People's Daily'' stressed the links between ] and ] and accused the Dalai Lama of "betraying ] to India".<ref name="heart" /> In 2008, the Dalai Lama said for the first time that the territory India claims as part of ] is part of India, citing the disputed ].<ref>{{cite news |title = Tawang is part of India: Dalai Lama |publisher = TNN |date = 4 June 2008 |url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Tawang_is_part_of_India_Dalai_Lama_/articleshow/3097568.cms |accessdate = 4 June 2008}}</ref> | |||
The ] has criticised the 14th Dalai Lama for his close ties with India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhundup |date=2010-02-05 |title=Analysing Chinese obsession over "son of India" |url=https://tibet.net/analysing-chinese-obsession-over/ |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=] |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2008, the Dalai Lama said that ], partially claimed by China, is part of India, citing the disputed ].<ref>{{cite news |date=4 June 2008 |title=Tawang is part of India: Dalai Lama |publisher=TNN |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Tawang_is_part_of_India_Dalai_Lama_/articleshow/3097568.cms |url-status=live |access-date=4 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125122218/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Tawang_is_part_of_India_Dalai_Lama_/articleshow/3097568.cms |archive-date=25 January 2011}}</ref> In 2010 at the International Buddhist Conference in ], he described himself as a "son of India" and "Tibetan in appearance, but an Indian in spirituality." The newspaper of the ], ''],'' questioned if the Dalai Lama, by considering himself Indian rather than Chinese, is still entitled to represent Tibetans, alluding to the links between ] and Tibetan Buddhism and the Dalai Lama siding with India on ].<ref name="heart2">{{Cite news |date=22 January 2010 |title=A look at the Dalai Lama's ridiculous Indian heart |publisher=China Tibet Information Center |url=http://chinatibet.people.com.cn/6876597.html |url-status=dead |access-date=17 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009010035/http://chinatibet.people.com.cn/6876597.html |archive-date=9 October 2011}}</ref> Dhundup Gyalpo, the Dalai Lama's eventual secretary in ], argued that Tibetan and Chinese peoples have no connections apart from a few culinary dishes and that Chinese Buddhists could also be deemed "Indian in spirituality", because both Tibetan and Chinese Buddhism originated from India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2013 |title=Mr. Tsewang Gyalpo Arya appointed Bureau Secretary {{!}} Bureau of His Holiness the Dalai Lama |url=https://tibetbureau.in/mr-tsewang-gyalpo-arya-appointed-bureau-secretary/ |website=tibetbureau.in |access-date=13 April 2023 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413175854/https://tibetbureau.in/mr-tsewang-gyalpo-arya-appointed-bureau-secretary/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gyalpo |first=Dhundup |date=9 February 2010 |title=Why is the Dalai Lama 'son of India'? |publisher=] |location=Dharamshala |url=http://www.tibetsun.com/opinions/2010/02/09/why-is-the-dalai-lama-son-of-india |url-status=dead |access-date=18 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717053610/http://www.tibetsun.com/opinions/2010/02/09/why-is-the-dalai-lama-son-of-india |archive-date=17 July 2011}}</ref> | |||
=== Shugden controversy === | === Shugden controversy === | ||
{{Main|Dorje Shugden controversy}}] is an entity in Tibetan Buddhism that, since the 1930s, has become a point of contention over whether to include or exclude certain non-] teachings. After the 1975 publication of the ''Yellow Book'' containing stories about Dorje Shugden acting wrathfully against Gelugpas who also practised ], the 14th Dalai Lama, himself a Gelugpa and advocate of an inclusive approach,{{sfn|Mills|2003}} publicly renounced the practice of Dorje Shugden.<ref>Prisoners of Shangri-La. Lopez, Donald. Page 191</ref>{{sfn|Kay|2004|pp=47–49}} Several groups broke away as a result, notably the ] (NKT). According to ], the Dalai Lama's disapproval has reduced the prevalence of Shugden sects among Tibetans in China and India.<ref name="Lague-2015">Lague, David. Mooney, Paul. and Lim, Benjamin Kang. (21 December 2015). {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704004949/http://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/china-dalailama/|date=4 July 2017}} Reuters. Retrieved 21 December 2015.</ref> | |||
{{Main|Dorje Shugden controversy}} | |||
The Dorje Shugden Controversy reappeared in the Gelug school by the publication of the ''Yellow Book'' in 1976, containing stories about wrathful acts of ''Dorje Shugden'' against Gelugpas who also practiced ] teachings. In response, the 14th Dalai Lama, a Gelugpa himself and advocate of an "inclusive" approach to the teachings of Tibetan Buddhism,{{sfn|Mills|2003}}{{sfn|Kay|2004}} started to speak out against the practice of Dorje Shugden in 1978.{{sfn|Kay|2004|p=47}} | |||
Shugden devotees have since complained about being ostracized when trying to get jobs or receive services. The Dalai Lama's supporters expressed that any discrimination is neither systematic nor encouraged by him.<ref name="Lague-2015" /> Some Shugden movements such as the NKT have organised demonstrations as a form of protest.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Dalai Lama Speaks Clearly About the Dorje Shugden Ban |url=https://www.tsemrinpoche.com/tsem-tulku-rinpoche/dorje-shugden/the-dalai-lama-speaks-clearly-about-the-dorje-shugden-ban.html |access-date=19 June 2020 |website=Tsem Rinpoche dot com |archive-date=17 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417015118/https://www.tsemrinpoche.com/tsem-tulku-rinpoche/dorje-shugden/the-dalai-lama-speaks-clearly-about-the-dorje-shugden-ban.html |url-status=live }}</ref> One group, the International Shugden Community (ISC), came under scrutiny from ] in 2015. While the journalists found "no independent evidence of direct Chinese financing," they reported that Beijing had "thrown its weight behind Shugden devotees" and the ISC became China's instrument to discredit the Dalai Lama.<ref name="Lague-2015" /> The group disbanded in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |author1=David Lague |author2=Stephanie Nebehay |date=11 March 2016 |title=Buddhist group leading global anti-Dalai Lama protests disbands |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-dalai-lama-idUSKCN0WD203 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602180048/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-dalai-lama-idUSKCN0WD203 |archive-date=2 June 2016 |access-date=12 March 2016 |website=Reuters |quote="The Buddhist group leading a global campaign of harassment against the Dalai Lama has called off its demonstrations and disbanded, according to a statement on its website. The announcement comes after a Reuters investigation revealed in December that China's ruling Communist Party backs the Buddhist religious sect behind the protests that have confronted the Dalai Lama in almost every country he visits. Reuters found that the sect had become a key instrument in China's campaign to discredit the Tibetan spiritual leader." |location=Geneva, Switzerland}}</ref> That same year, the Dalai Lama re-stated his position on Dorje Shugden, saying "I've encouraged people not to do the practice, but I haven't said that no one can do it."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lama |first=The 14th Dalai |date=7 April 2023 |title=Avalokiteshvara Empowerment and Public Talk |url=https://www.dalailama.com/news/2016/avalokiteshvara-empowerment-and-public-talk |access-date=7 April 2023 |website=The 14th Dalai Lama |language=en |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407101313/https://www.dalailama.com/news/2016/avalokiteshvara-empowerment-and-public-talk |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="TsemPracticeFinally">{{cite web |last1=Thubten |first1=Tsem |title=Dalai Lama Says We Can Practise Dorje Shugden Finally! |url=https://www.tsemrinpoche.com/tsem-tulku-rinpoche/current-affairs/dalai-lama-says-we-can-practise-dorje-shugden-finally.html |access-date=20 June 2020 |website=Tsem Rinpoche dot com |archive-date=19 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419202727/https://www.tsemrinpoche.com/tsem-tulku-rinpoche/current-affairs/dalai-lama-says-we-can-practise-dorje-shugden-finally.html |url-status=live }}</ref> His office said that there was no ban or discrimination against Shugden worshippers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lama |first=The 14th Dalai |date=6 April 2023 |title=In Response to the Shugden Protestors'… |url=https://www.dalailama.com/messages/dolgyal-shugden/statements-announcements/response-to-shugden-protestor-allegations |access-date=7 April 2023 |website=The 14th Dalai Lama |language=en |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407101313/https://www.dalailama.com/messages/dolgyal-shugden/statements-announcements/response-to-shugden-protestor-allegations |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
=== Comments on a potential female Dalai Lama === | |||
In 2010, the Dalai Lama told a reporter that the first time someone asked him about the possibility of a female Dalai Lama, he said "if she is an ugly female, she won't be very effective, will she?"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mabe |first=Rachel |date=8 December 2021 |title=When meditation turns toxic: the woman exposing spiritual sexism |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2021/dec/08/meditation-spirtual-sexism-womens-retreats |access-date=14 April 2022 |website=the Guardian |language=en |archive-date=8 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608114052/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2021/dec/08/meditation-spirtual-sexism-womens-retreats |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, he once said "more than 50 years ago" in Paris to a women's magazine reporter that a female Dalai Lama would need to have a "very, very attractive" face, as otherwise she would be "not much use".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sravasti Dasgupta |date=2023-04-11 |title=Dalai Lama's biggest controversies, from 'attractive female successor' to asking boy to 'suck his tongue' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/dalai-lama-controversies-apologies-b2317526.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240512084125/https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/dalai-lama-controversies-apologies-b2317526.html |archive-date=2024-05-12 |website=] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Dalai Lama: Do not reject refugees because they are Muslim - BBC News | date=22 September 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KxkYW74HUUs |language=en |access-date=23 September 2022 |archive-date=23 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923171042/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KxkYW74HUUs |url-status=live }}</ref> When asked about the comment in 2019, he reiterated that a female successor "should be more attractive."<ref name=":0" /> In response to the controversy sparked by the interview, his office released a statement to clarify his remarks and put them into context, expressing that the Dalai Lama "is deeply sorry that people have been hurt by what he said and offers his sincere apologies." The statement explains, the original context of the Dalai Lama's referring to the physical appearance of a female successor was a conversation with the then Paris editor of ''Vogue'' magazine, who had invited His Holiness in 1992 to guest-edit the next edition. She asked if a future Dalai Lama could be a woman. His Holiness replied, 'Certainly, if that would be more helpful,' adding, as a joke, that she should be attractive.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lama |first=The 14th Dalai |date=23 September 2022 |title=Clarification and Context of Remarks Made by His |url=https://www.dalailama.com/news/2019/clarification-and-context-of-remarks-made-by-his-holiness-the-dalai-lama-in-a-recent-bbc-interview |access-date=23 September 2022 |website=The 14th Dalai Lama |language=en}}</ref> The statement also noted, the Dalai Lama "consistently emphasizes the need for people to connect with each other on a deeper human level, rather than getting caught up in preconceptions based on superficial appearances."<ref name="Rodriguez"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chhatlani |first=Harshita |date=5 July 2019 |title=The Dalai Lama Has Been Sexist Longer Than You Have Known |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2019/07/05/the-dalai-lama-sexist/ |access-date=14 April 2022 |website=Feminism In India |language=en-GB}}</ref> | |||
=== Gedhun Choekyi Nyima === | === Gedhun Choekyi Nyima === | ||
In April 2018, the |
In April 2018, the Dalai Lama confirmed Chinese government claims about ] by saying that he knew from "reliable sources" that the Panchen Lama he had recognised was alive and receiving normal education. He said he hoped that the Chinese-recognised Panchen Lama (]) studied well under the guidance of a good teacher, adding that there were instances in Tibetan Buddhist tradition, of a reincarnated lama taking more than one manifestation.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513203531/https://www.thestatesman.com/india/11th-panchen-lama-alive-receiving-education-dalai-lama-1502627372.html |date=13 May 2019 }}, ''The Statesman'', 25 April 2018: "Tibetan spiritual leader Dalai Lama on Wednesday said 11th Panchen Lama Gedhun Choekyi Nyima "according to reliable source is alive and receiving normal education". Talking to the media at Gaggal Airport in Kangra district after returning from four-day Delhi visit, Lama hoped that the official Panchen Lama studies well under the guidance of a good teacher. "Then the Panchen Lama, which I recognised sometime back, there was no news, but then according to reliable information, he is still alive and receiving normal education. So we will see," he said. He said there are instances in Tibetan Buddhist tradition, "where a reincarnated lama took more than one manifestation"."</ref><ref>Dr. Andrea Galli, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508210435/https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2018/05/09/dalai-lama-and-the-panchen-lama-quarrel-the-way-for-rapprochement-with-china/ |date=8 May 2019 }}, ''Modern Diplomacy'', 9 May 2018.</ref> | ||
=== Controversy over young boy and "suck my tongue" === | |||
== Public image == | |||
] | |||
In a February 2023 video, the Dalai Lama was recorded kissing a young boy on the lips and asking the child to suck his tongue.<ref name="NPRsucking">{{cite web |last1=Olson |first1=Emily |title=The Dalai Lama apologizes for asking a young boy to suck his tongue |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/04/10/1168962589/dalai-lama-apologizes-tongue-kiss |website=NPR |access-date=17 September 2023}}</ref><ref name="Ellis-Petersen-2023">{{Cite news |last=Ellis-Petersen |first=Hannah |date=10 April 2023 |title=Dalai Lama apologises after kissing boy and asking him to 'suck my tongue' |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/apr/10/dalai-lama-apologises-kissing-boy-suck-his-tongue-video |access-date=13 April 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The meeting took place at his temple in ], ], India. Nearly 100 students were in attendance, as well as the boy's mother, a trustee of the event's organiser.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2023 |title=M3M Foundation gets blessing from HH Dalai Lama |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/m3m-foundation-gets-blessing-from-hh-dalai-lama20230301123051/ |website=ANI News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Daza |first=Baltasar |date=17 April 2023 |title=Esto fue lo que dijo el niño que fue "besado" por el Dalai Lama |url=https://www.latercera.com/tendencias/noticia/esto-fue-lo-que-dijo-el-nino-que-fue-besado-por-el-dalai-lama/KOAW4TU7TBAB5C6ZGBLMCZOYTY/ |website=La Tercera |quote=Payal Kanodia, mother of the child and worker of the M3M foundation, which built the compound}}</ref> Her son had asked for and received a hug from the Dalai Lama. He then pointed to his own cheek and lips, requesting and receiving two kisses at those locations from the boy, pulling the child's chin closer during the second one.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2023 |title=Dalai Lama Apologizes Over an Exchange with a Child |url=https://tricycle.org/article/dalai-lama-apologizes/ |website=Tricycle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2023 |title=Dalai Lama apologizes after video asking child to 'suck' his tongue sparks outcry |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/atlanta/news/dalai-lama-apologizes-after-video-asking-child-to-suck-his-tongue-sparks-outcry/ |website=CBS News}}</ref> He then gestured at and said "suck my tongue," stretching it out and moved closer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=C |first=Rika |date=12 April 2023 |title=Dalai Lama Apologizes After Asking Boy To Suck His Tongue |url=https://hot917fm.com/say-what-nah/dalai-lama-apologizes-after-asking-boy-to-suck-his-tongue/ |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2023 |title=Dalai Lama apologizes for kissing young boy after criticism circulates |url=https://www.newschannel5.com/news/national/dalai-lama-apologizes-for-kissing-young-boy-after-criticism-circulates |website=]}}</ref> The boy had been pulling away, and the two ended up pressing their heads together.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 April 2023 |title=Abuse survivors rip Dalai Lama for tongue incident |url=https://torontosun.com/news/world/abuse-survivors-rip-dalai-lama-for-tongue-incident |newspaper=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2023 |title=Dalai Lama under fire after asking young boy to 'suck his tongue' in bizarre viral video: 'Menace to children' |url=https://www.foxnews.com/media/dalai-lama-under-fire-asking-young-boy-suck-his-tongue-viral-video-menace-children |website=Fox News}}</ref> The video resurfaced in April 2023, and the Dalai Lama's conduct was condemned by many who called it "inappropriate," "scandalous" and "disgusting".<ref name="Ellis-Petersen-2023" /> His office issued a statement saying that the Dalai Lama often teases "in an innocent and playful way," adding that he wants to apologise to those involved "for the hurt his words may have caused" and "regrets the incident".<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5_ibs-4RIws&t=47s |title=Dalai Lama accused of 'paedophilia' after asking boy to 'suck his tongue' |date=April 10, 2023 |type=Video |language=en |publisher=] |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref name="BBC News-2023">{{cite web |date=10 April 2023 |title=Dalai Lama regrets asking boy to 'suck my tongue' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65229327 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410080108/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65229327 |archive-date=10 April 2023 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=BBC News}}</ref> | |||
Victim groups and media commentators have raised concerns of "child abuse".<ref name="Independent-2023">{{Cite web |date=13 April 2023 |title=Dalai Lama: The significance of 'tongue greetings' in Tibetan culture |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/dalai-lama-tongue-kiss-video-tibet-b2318887.html |access-date=13 April 2023 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> The HAQ Centre for Child Rights in ] said the video was "certainly not about any cultural expression and even if it is, such cultural expressions are not acceptable."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alund |first=Natalie Neysa |title='Suck my tongue': Dalai Lama lambasted after video shows him kiss young boy on lips |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2023/04/10/dalai-lama-boy-kiss-video/11634769002/ |access-date=13 April 2023 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref> Indian journalist Nilanjana Bhowmick said that sticking out one's tongue is different from "asking a minor to suck it." Child rights activist ] said that child molestation should not be normalised under the guise of playful behaviour.<ref name="Independent-2023" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/10/india/dalai-lama-apology-kissing-boy-video-intl-hnk/index.html|title=Dalai Lama apologizes after video asking child to 'suck' his tongue sparks outcry|work=CNN|date=11 April 2023 }}</ref> | |||
] in 2014]] | |||
Tibetan activists argued that the interaction was an overblown joke, misinterpreted and unfairly attacked.<ref name="Pundir-2023b" /><ref name="CNN" /> They mentioned that sticking out one's tongue is a form of traditional Tibetan greeting to show respect or agreement, stemming from a tradition of performing the gesture to demonstrate that one is not reincarnated from the malevolent king ], who was said to have a black tongue.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dresser |first=Norine |date=8 November 1997 |title=On Sticking Out Your Tongue |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-nov-08-me-51420-story.html |access-date=21 April 2023 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> The practice is not known to involve "sucking," however.<ref name="Independent-2023" /> In an interview clip released by ], the boy said it had been a "good experience" meeting the Dalai Lama, from whom he received a lot of "positive energy".<ref name="Pundir-2023a">{{Cite web |last=Pundir |first=Pallavi |date=14 April 2023 |title=Tibetans Explain What 'Suck My Tongue' Means. It's Not What You Think. |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/jg5854/tibetans-explain-what-suck-my-tongue-means-dalai-lama-viral-video |website=Vice}}</ref> ], the political leader of the Central Tibetan Administration, called the gesture an "innocent grandfatherly affectionate demeanour" followed by a "jovial prank" with a tongue.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2023 |title='Innocent grandfatherly prank': Tibetan president in exile on Dalai Lama video |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/dalai-lama-boy-video-dalai-lama-news-innocent-grandfatherly-prank-tibetian-president-in-exile-on-dalai-lama-video-101681440541022.html |access-date=14 April 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> He and other Tibetans accused "pro-Chinese sources" of being behind the video.<ref name="Pundir-2023b">{{Cite web |last=Pundir |first=Pallavi |date=14 April 2023 |title=Tibetans Explain What 'Suck My Tongue' Means. It's Not What You Think. |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/jg5854/tibetans-explain-what-suck-my-tongue-means-dalai-lama-viral-video |website=Vice News}}</ref><ref name="CNN">{{Cite web |title=Tibetan leader defends Dalai Lama after 'suck my tongue' request to boy |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/13/india/tibetan-leader-defends-dalai-lama-kissing-boy-video-intl-hnk/index.html |website=CNN|date=14 April 2023 }}</ref>{{efn|According to CNN, no evidence was given for the preceding claim that pro-Chinese elements were involved in the spread of the video.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tibetan leader defends Dalai Lama after 'suck my tongue' request to boy|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/13/india/tibetan-leader-defends-dalai-lama-kissing-boy-video-intl-hnk/index.html|website=CNN|date=14 April 2023 }}</ref>}} ] reported that according to Tibetans, "eat my tongue," roughly translated, is a common expression for teasing children. Kaysang, a Tibetan feminist educator in India, said "suck my tongue" is also a game for elders to "deter kids from pestering them".<ref name="Pundir-2023b" /> An international group of Tibetan leaders and activists expressed anguish that attempts to understand Tibetan cultural context have been, in their view, insufficiently covered by the media.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2023 |title=Global Tibetan leaders, activists stand in support of the Dalai Lama over viral video |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/global-tibetan-leaders-activists-stand-in-support-of-the-dalai-lama-over-viral-video20230415224432/ |agency=]}}</ref> Pema Rigzin, president of the Tibetan Cultural Society of Vancouver, added that it is "very normal" in Tibetan culture for grandparents to kiss or chew food for their infants.<ref name="CTV News-2023">{{Cite web |date=16 April 2023 |title=Tibetan Canadians say video of Dalai Lama kissing boy taken out of context |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/tibetan-canadians-say-video-of-dalai-lama-kissing-boy-taken-out-of-context-1.6356777 |access-date=17 April 2023 |website=]}}</ref> | |||
=== Video of touching Lady Gaga === | |||
Following the temple child incident in 2023, video footage from 2016 showing the Dalai Lama touching ]'s leg caused further controversy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-19 |title=Difunden nuevos videos del Dalai Lama de conducta inapropiada hacia una menor y un incómodo momento con Lady Gaga |trans-title=New videos of the Dalai Lama's inappropriate behavior towards a minor and an uncomfortable moment with Lady Gaga are disseminated |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/542085-difunden-nuevos-videos-del-dalai-lama-de-conducta-inapropiad |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=] |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2023 |title=Dalai Lama sparks another controversy with Lady Gaga: Another video appears in which he touches the singer's leg |url=https://www.marca.com/en/lifestyle/2023/04/15/643ad603268e3e79598b4571.html |access-date=11 May 2023 |website=] |language=en}}</ref> The event occurred during a compassion conference in ] about individuals experiencing physical and psychological difficulties and how to support them.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Carlota Bisbe |date=2023-04-18 |title=Sale a la luz un polémico nuevo vídeo del Dalai Lama tocando de forma inapropiada a una niña |url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/cribeo/viral/20230418/8904894/sale-luz-polemico-nuevo-video-dalai-lama-tocando-forma-inapropiada-nina-mmn.html |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=] |language=es |quote=El último vídeo del que todo el mundo habla aparece el líder espiritual acariciando continuamente el brazo de una niña pequeña sentada a su lado. Unas imágenes muy polémicas que han revolucionado Twitter y han generado todo tipo de críticas, la mayoría acusando al Dalai Lama de “sentir atracción por los niños”. Tal y como se puede ver en las imágenes, el Dalai Lama no solo no presta atención a la mujer que está hablando durante la conferencia sino que además empieza a tocar la pierna de Lady Gaga y cuando se dispone a tocar la otra, la cantante le aparta la mano.}}</ref> In the video, the religious leader is seen hardly paying any attention to the speaker. He looked down at Lady Gaga's leg, where the skin is exposed from her torn trousers, and touched it with his fingers. Lady Gaga looked back at the Dalai Lama, shook her head, and smiled awkwardly.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2023 |title=Footage of Dalai Lama tickling Lady Gaga's leg resurfaces amid backlash for kissing boy |url=https://www.unilad.com/celebrity/dalai-lama-tickling-lady-gaga-video-resurfaces-backlash-721950-20230415 |website=]}}</ref> When he attempted the same action on her other leg, she grabbed his hand and stopped him from following through.<ref>{{cite news |date=2023-04-14 |title=Amid 'Suck My Tongue' Row, Dalai Lama TICKLING Singer Lady Gaga's Knees In Old Video Go VIRAL |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/viral/2023/amid-suck-my-tongue-row-dalai-lama-tickling-singer-lady-gaga-s-knees-in-old-video-go-viral-350750.html |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2023-04-14 |title=After asking child to suck his tongue, video of Dalai Lama touching Lady Gaga inappropriately goes viral |url=https://www.jantakareporter.com/entertainment/after-asking-child-to-suck-his-tongue-video-of-dalai-lama-touching-lady-gaga-inappropriately-goes-viral/405023/ |website=]}}</ref> Following the resurfaced Lady Gaga incident, another video was posted on Spanish-language social media (notably ]) showing him stroking a disabled girl's arm at an unknown event, drawing further criticism.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9x3DE92sc6g |title=Otra vez, Dalai Lama toca de manera inapropiada a una joven y desata críticas en redes |date=2023-04-19 |language=es |publisher=] |access-date=2024-06-15 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> | |||
== Public image == | |||
] in 2016]] | |||
], Russia]] | ], Russia]] | ||
In a May 2013 ] Poll of 7,245 adults across the five largest European countries and the United States, the Dalai Lama was tied with President Barack Obama with the highest levels of popularity, 78%, of all world leaders.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Regina A. Corso |title = The Dalai Lama, President Obama and Pope Francis at Highest Levels of Popularity in U.S. and Five Largest European Countries |url = http://www.harrisinteractive.com/NewsRoom/HarrisPolls/tabid/447/ctl/ReadCustom%20Default/mid/1508/ArticleId/1199/Default.aspx |publisher = Harris, A Nielsen Company|location=New York |date = 29 May 2013}}</ref> ] was the only leader that came close to the two of them, and in the United States alone the Dalai Lama topped the poll over Obama by 13 percentage points. | |||
The Dalai Lama places highly in global surveys of the world's most admired men, ranking with ] as among the world's religious leaders cited as the most admired.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Regina A. Corso |title=The Dalai Lama, President Obama and Pope Francis at Highest Levels of Popularity in U.S. and Five Largest European Countries |url=http://www.harrisinteractive.com/NewsRoom/HarrisPolls/tabid/447/ctl/ReadCustom%20Default/mid/1508/ArticleId/1199/Default.aspx |publisher=Harris, A Nielsen Company |location=New York |date=29 May 2013 |access-date=1 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405165043/http://www.harrisinteractive.com/NewsRoom/HarrisPolls/tabid/447/ctl/ReadCustom%20Default/mid/1508/ArticleId/1199/Default.aspx |archive-date=5 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Matthew Smith|title=World's most admired 2020|publisher=]|url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/international/articles-reports/2020/09/23/worlds-most-admired-2020|date=22 September 2020|access-date=27 September 2020|archive-date=29 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929020601/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/international/articles-reports/2020/09/23/worlds-most-admired-2020|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
The Dalai Lama's appeal is variously ascribed to his charismatic personality, international fascination with Buddhism, his ] values, international sympathy for the Tibetans, and western ].<ref>{{Cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2010/dec/15/china-dalai-lama-exile-tibetans |title = The Next Dalai Lama: China has a choice|first=Dibyesh|last=Anand |publisher = The Guardian |date = 2010-12-15 |accessdate = 19 December 2010 |location=London}}</ref> In the 1990s, many films were released by the ] about Tibet, including ] of the Dalai Lama. This is attributed to both the Dalai Lama's 1989 Nobel Peace Prize as well as to the euphoria following the ]. The most notable films, '']'' and '']'' (both released in 1997), portrayed "an idyllic pre-1950 Tibet, with a smiling, soft-spoken Dalai Lama at the helm – a Dalai Lama sworn to ]": portrayals the Chinese government decried as ].<ref>{{Cite book |title = Tibet |first=Michael |last=Buckley |publisher = ] |year=2006 |edition=2 |ISBN = 978-1-84162-164-7 |page = 35 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VrMcNDdB5-MC&pg=PA35 |accessdate = 5 December 2010}}</ref> | |||
The Dalai Lama's appeal is variously ascribed to his charismatic personality, international fascination with Buddhism, his ] values, and international sympathy for the Tibetans.<ref>{{Cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2010/dec/15/china-dalai-lama-exile-tibetans |title = The Next Dalai Lama: China has a choice |first = Dibyesh |last = Anand |work = The Guardian |date = 15 December 2010 |access-date = 19 December 2010 |location = London |archive-date = 6 January 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210106164016/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2010/dec/15/china-dalai-lama-exile-tibetans |url-status = live }}</ref> In the 1990s, many films were released by the ] about Tibet, including ] of the Dalai Lama. This is attributed to both the Dalai Lama's 1989 Nobel Peace Prize as well as to the euphoria following the ]. The most notable films, '']'' and '']'' (both released in 1997), portrayed "an idyllic pre-1950 Tibet, with a smiling, soft-spoken Dalai Lama at the helm—a Dalai Lama sworn to ]": portrayals the Chinese government decried as ahistorical.<ref>{{Cite book |title = Tibet |first=Michael |last=Buckley |publisher = ] |year=2006 |edition=2 |isbn = 978-1-84162-164-7 |page = |url = https://archive.org/details/tibetbuck00buck |url-access = registration |access-date = 5 December 2010}}</ref> | |||
The Dalai Lama has his own pages on ],<ref>{{cite web |url = https://twitter.com/DalaiLama |title = Dalai Lama |publisher = Twitter.com}}</ref> ],<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.facebook.com/#!/DalaiLama |title = Dalai Lama |publisher = Facebook.com |date = |accessdate = 17 July 2013}}</ref> ],<ref>{{cite web|url = https://instagram.com/dalailama/?hl=en | title=Dalai Lama: Instagram |accessdate = 14 July 2015}}</ref> and ].<ref>{{cite web |url = https://plus.google.com/+DalaiLama/posts |title = Dalai Lama |publisher = plus.google.com}}</ref> | |||
The Dalai Lama has his own pages on ],<ref>{{cite web |url = https://twitter.com/DalaiLama |title = Dalai Lama |publisher = Twitter.com |access-date = 15 August 2014 |archive-date = 27 April 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210427120001/https://twitter.com/DalaiLama |url-status = live }}</ref> ],<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.facebook.com/DalaiLama/ |title = Dalai Lama |publisher = Facebook.com |access-date = 17 July 2013 |archive-date = 8 April 2005 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050408055255/https://www.facebook.com/#!/DalaiLama |url-status = live }}</ref> and ].<ref>{{cite web |url = https://instagram.com/dalailama/ |title = Dalai Lama: Instagram |access-date = 14 July 2015 |archive-date = 18 August 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150818234346/https://instagram.com/dalailama/ |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
] leaders ] and ] in 2011]] | |||
The Dalai Lama has tried to mobilize international support for Tibetan activities.<ref>Fisher, D., Shahghasemi, E. & Heisey, D. R. (2009). A Comparative Rhetorical Analysis of the 1 4th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso. Midwest CIES 2009 Conference, Ohio, U.S.A.</ref> The Dalai Lama has been successful in gaining Western support for himself and the cause of greater Tibetan autonomy or independence, including vocal support from numerous Hollywood celebrities, most notably the actors ] and ], as well as lawmakers from several major countries.<ref> with '']'', 16 April 2004</ref> Photos of the Dalai Lama were banned after ] until after the end of the ] in 1976. In 1996 the ] once again reinstated the total prohibition of any photo of the 14th Dalai Lama. According to the Tibet Information Network, "authorities in Tibet have begun banning photographs of the exiled Dalai Lama in monasteries and public places, according to reports from a monitoring group and a Tibetan newspaper. Plainclothes police went to hotels and restaurants in Lhasa, the Tibetan capital, on April 22 and 23 and ordered Tibetans to remove pictures of the Dalai Lama..."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1996-05-01/news/9605010131_1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322024650/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1996-05-01/news/9605010131_1|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2016-03-22|title=Photos of Dalai Lama Banned in Monasteries Across Tibet – tribunedigital-chicagotribune|date=2016-03-22|access-date=2017-07-28}}</ref> The ban continues in many locations throughout Tibet today. | |||
] in 2004]] | |||
=== In the media === | |||
The Dalai Lama has tried to mobilise international support for Tibetan activities.<ref>Fisher, D., Shahghasemi, E. & Heisey, D. R. (2009). A Comparative Rhetorical Analysis of the 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso. Midwest CIES 2009 Conference, Ohio, U.S.</ref> The Dalai Lama has been successful in gaining Western support for himself and the cause of greater Tibetan autonomy, including vocal support from numerous ] celebrities, most notably the actors ] and ], as well as lawmakers from several major countries.<ref> with '']'', 16 April 2004</ref> Photos of the Dalai Lama were banned after ] until after the end of the ] in 1976. In 1996 the Chinese Communist Party once again reinstated the total prohibition of any photo of the 14th Dalai Lama. According to the Tibet Information Network, "authorities in Tibet have begun banning photographs of the exiled Dalai Lama in monasteries and public places, according to reports from a monitoring group and a Tibetan newspaper. Plainclothes police went to hotels and restaurants in Lhasa, the Tibetan capital, on 22 and 23 April and ordered Tibetans to remove pictures of the Dalai Lama{{nbsp}}..."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1996/05/01/photos-of-dalai-lama-banned-in-monasteries-across-tibet/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322024650/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1996-05-01/news/9605010131_1|url-status=live|archive-date=22 March 2016|title=Photos of Dalai Lama Banned in Monasteries Across Tibet – tribunedigital-chicagotribune|date=22 March 2016|access-date=28 July 2017}}</ref> The ban continues in many locations throughout Tibet today. | |||
=== In the media === | |||
The 14th Dalai Lama has appeared in several non-fiction films including: | The 14th Dalai Lama has appeared in several non-fiction films including: | ||
* '']'' (2006, documentary) | * '']'' (2006, documentary) | ||
* '']'' (2007, documentary) | * '']'' (2007, documentary) | ||
Line 299: | Line 394: | ||
* ], 1997 film starring ] and ] | * ], 1997 film starring ] and ] | ||
* '']'' "Dalai Lama" Season 1, Episode 4 (2005) | * '']'' "Dalai Lama" Season 1, Episode 4 (2005) | ||
* '']'' episode ] (1991)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0684164/fullcredits|title="Red Dwarf" Meltdown (TV Episode 1991)| |
* '']'' episode ] (1991)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0684164/fullcredits|title="Red Dwarf" Meltdown (TV Episode 1991)|website=]|access-date=1 July 2018|archive-date=3 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103170601/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0684164/fullcredits|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
* ''Song of Tibet'', 2000 film directed by ]. | |||
* The Great Escape "14th Dalai Lama" (2018) on ] | |||
* The Great Escape "14th Dalai Lama" (2018) on ] | |||
* "Dalai Lama," episode of the Indian television series ''Mega Icons'' (2019–20) on ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mega Icons Season 1 Episode 5 |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/mega-icons/1260000382/dalai-lama/1770019091 |website=] |language=en |access-date=12 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200957/https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/mega-icons/1260000382/dalai-lama/1770019091 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
The Dalai Lama was featured on 5 March 2017, episode of the ] ] '']'', in which host ] conducted a comedic interview with the Dalai Lama, focusing on the topics of Tibetan sovereignty, ], and his succession plans.<ref>{{Citation|title=Dalai Lama: Last Week Tonight with John Oliver (HBO)|date=5 March 2017|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bLY45o6rHm0|access-date=7 September 2017|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412152102/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bLY45o6rHm0|url-status=live}}</ref>{{relevance inline|reason= please explain why this is historically relevant|date=February 2018}} | |||
Two characters in the animation series' '']'' and '']'' were named after him. ]'s mentor ] (''The Last Airbender'') and Aang's youngest son ] (''The Legend of Korra''). | |||
A biographical ], ''Man of Peace'', also envisaging the Dalai Lama's return to Tibet, was published by ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Man of Peace Graphic Novel |url=https://tibethouse.us/man-of-peace-graphics-novel/ |website=tibethouse.us |publisher=Tibet House US |access-date=28 March 2021 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126014804/https://tibethouse.us/man-of-peace-graphics-novel/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Samphel |first1=Thubten |title=Review: Man of Peace – The Illustrated Story of the Dalai Lama of Tibet |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-man-of-peace-the-illustrated-story-of-the-dalai-lama-of-tibet/story-YJrXNSkScYLHCX4ygoZoPP.html |access-date=22 October 2019 |work=Hindustan Times |date=9 February 2018 |archive-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022173730/https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-man-of-peace-the-illustrated-story-of-the-dalai-lama-of-tibet/story-YJrXNSkScYLHCX4ygoZoPP.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''The Extraordinary Life of His Holiness the Fourteenth Dalai Lama: An Illuminated Journey,'' illustrations and text by artist Rima Fujita, narrated by the Dalai Lama, was published by Simon and Schuster in 2021.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Extraordinary Life of His Holiness the Fourteenth Dalai Lama, An Illuminated Journey |url=https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/The-Extraordinary-Life-of-His-Holiness-the-Fourteenth-Dalai-Lama/Dalai-Lama/9781614297499 |date=8 June 2021 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=9781614297499 |access-date=6 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185443/https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/The-Extraordinary-Life-of-His-Holiness-the-Fourteenth-Dalai-Lama/Dalai-Lama/9781614297499 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
The Dalai Lama was featured on the March 5, 2017, episode of the ] ] '']'', in which host ] conducted a comedic interview with the Dalai Lama, focusing on the topics of Tibetan sovereignty, ], and his succession plans.<ref>{{Citation|last=LastWeekTonight|title=Dalai Lama: Last Week Tonight with John Oliver (HBO)|date=2017-03-05|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bLY45o6rHm0|accessdate=2017-09-07}}</ref>{{relevance inline|reason= please explain why this is historically relevant|date=February 2018}} | |||
=== Awards and |
=== Awards and honours === | ||
] was awarded to Tenzin Gyatso in 2007.]] | |||
{{Main|Awards and honors presented to the 14th Dalai Lama}} | |||
] was awarded to Tenzin Gyatso in 2007]] | |||
] in 2007. ''From left'': Speaker of the United States House of Representatives ], Senate President ''pro tempore'' ] and U.S. President ]]] | ] in 2007. ''From left'': Speaker of the United States House of Representatives ], Senate President ''pro tempore'' ] and U.S. President ]]] | ||
The Dalai Lama has received numerous awards over his spiritual and political career.<ref>{{cite web|url= |
The Dalai Lama has received numerous awards and honours worldwide over his spiritual and political career.<ref>{{cite web |title=Award & Honors 1957–1999 |url=https://www.dalailama.com/the-dalai-lama/events-and-awards/major-awards-and-honorary-conferments/award-honors-1957-1999 |website=dalailama.com |publisher=Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama |access-date=28 March 2021 |archive-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427154933/https://www.dalailama.com/the-dalai-lama/events-and-awards/major-awards-and-honorary-conferments/award-honors-1957-1999 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Awards & Honors 2000 – present |url=https://www.dalailama.com/the-dalai-lama/events-and-awards/major-awards-and-honorary-conferments |website=dalailama.com |publisher=Office of His Holiness the Dala Lama |access-date=28 March 2021 |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416160009/https://www.dalailama.com/the-dalai-lama/events-and-awards/major-awards-and-honorary-conferments |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.tibet.com/DL/awards.html |title=List of awards |publisher=Replay.waybackmachine.org |access-date=17 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090327172930/http://www.tibet.com/DL/awards.html |archive-date=27 March 2009 }}</ref> For a more complete list see ]. | ||
After the ], the ] awarded him the 1989 Nobel Peace Prize.<ref name="Cherian">{{cite news |url = http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2722/stories/20101105272202800.htm |title=Not so noble |first=John |last=Cherian |publisher=] |volume=27 |issue=23 |date=November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120910140258/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2722/stories/20101105272202800.htm |archive-date=10 September 2012 }}</ref> The Committee officially gave the prize to the Dalai Lama for "the struggle of the liberation of Tibet and the efforts for a peaceful resolution"<ref>{{cite web |url = http://nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1989/presentation-speech.html |title = Presentation Speech by Egil Aarvik, Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee |publisher = Nobelprize.org |access-date = 2 May 2010 |archive-date = 6 September 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080906163726/http://nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1989/presentation-speech.html |url-status = live }}</ref> and "in part a tribute to the memory of ]".<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/articles/gandhi/ |title = Mahatma Gandhi, the Missing Laureate |publisher = Nobelprize.org |access-date = 12 March 2014 |archive-date = 30 May 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130530232214/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/articles/gandhi/ |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
On 16 June 1988 the Dalai Lama was awarded the Dr. Leopold Lucas Prize on behalf of the Protestant faculty of the ] by Professor Hans-Jürgen Hermisson who stated that the prize was awarded because of the Dalai Lama's important contribution to the promotion of dialogue between different religions and peoples as well as to his commitment to Tolerance and non-violence. The Dalai Lama donated the 50,000 DM prizefund to a German Charity active in Tibet.<ref>https://www.tibet.de/fileadmin/pdf/tibu/1988/tibu007-1988-17-gk-tuebingen.pdf (in German)</ref> | |||
He has also been awarded the: | |||
After the ], the ] awarded the Dalai Lama the 1989 ].<ref name="Cherian">{{Cite news|url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2722/stories/20101105272202800.htm |title=Not so noble |first=John |last=Cherian |publisher=] |volume=27 |issue=23 |date=November 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910140258/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2722/stories/20101105272202800.htm |archivedate=10 September 2012 |df= }}</ref> The Committee officially gave the prize to the Dalai Lama for "the struggle of the liberation of Tibet and the efforts for a peaceful resolution"<ref>{{cite web |url = http://nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1989/presentation-speech.html |title = Presentation Speech by Egil Aarvik, Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee |publisher = Nobelprize.org |date = |accessdate = 2 May 2010}}</ref> and "in part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi"<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/articles/gandhi/ | title = Mahatma Gandhi, the Missing Laureate | publisher=Nobelprize.org |accessdate = 12 March 2014}}</ref> although the President of the Committee also said that the prize was intended to put pressure on China,<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2010-10/19/content_21157424.htm |title = The Nobel Peace Prize goes astray |date = 2010-10-19 |accessdate = 19 December 2010 |publisher = ]}}</ref> which was reportedly infuriated that the award was given to a separatist.<ref name="Cherian" /> | |||
* 1959 ] for Community Leadership;<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Citation/CitationDalaiLam.htm |title = 1959 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership – Dalai Lama |website=Replay.waybackmachine.org |date=5 January 2009 |access-date=17 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090105224323/http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Citation/CitationDalaiLam.htm |archive-date=5 January 2009 }}</ref> | |||
* 1994 ] from the ];<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.rooseveltinstitute.org/four-freedoms-awards |title=Four Freedoms Awards |publisher=Roosevelt Institute |access-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150325223647/http://www.rooseveltinstitute.org/four-freedoms-awards |archive-date=25 March 2015 }}</ref> | |||
* 1994 ] from the ]; <ref>{{cite web | url = https://wallenberg.umich.edu/medal-recipients/1994-dalai-lama-of-tibet/ | title = Wallenberg Medal to His Holiness Tenzin Gyatso, Fourteenth Dalai Lama of Tibet| date = 21 April 1994}}</ref> | |||
* 2005 ] Award from the ] in the United Kingdom; | |||
* 2007 ], the highest civilian award bestowed by the American Congress and President.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/18/washington/18lama.html?_r=0 |title = Bush and Congress Honor Dalai Lama |work = The New York Times |date = 18 October 2007 |access-date = 9 January 2013 |first = Brian |last = Knowlton |archive-date = 14 May 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130514174619/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/18/washington/18lama.html?_r=0 |url-status = live }}</ref> The Chinese government declared this would have "an extremely serious impact" on relations with the United States;<ref>{{cite news |last1=Haberman |first1=Clyde |title=A Hubbub Over a Visit by the Dalai Lama? Not in New York |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/19/nyregion/19nyc.html |access-date=2 April 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=19 October 2007 |archive-date=2 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402134531/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/19/nyregion/19nyc.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
*2006 ] by the ] for outstanding services and significant contribution to the spiritual revival and prosperity of the republic.<ref name="savetibet.ru-2021">{{Cite web|title = Его Святейшеству Далай-ламе присвоен Орден Республики Тыва|url = http://savetibet.ru/2012/02/03/dalai-lama.html|website = savetibet.ru|access-date = 30 October 2021|archive-date = 31 October 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211031062339/http://savetibet.ru/2012/02/03/dalai-lama.html|url-status = live}}</ref> | |||
* 2007 ] from the Institute of Jainology in recognition of individuals who embody and promote the principles of ]; and in | |||
*2012, ] by the ] in recognition of the contribution to the upbringing of high spiritual and cultural tolerance, strengthening interreligious and interethnic harmony.<ref name="savetibet.ru-2021" /> | |||
* 2012, the ].<ref>{{cite news |title = Dalai Lama Wins 2012 Templeton Prize |url = http://foundationcenter.org/pnd/news/story.jhtml?id=375500002 |access-date = 30 March 2012 |newspaper = Philanthropy News Daily |date = 30 March 2012 |archive-date = 23 May 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130523192906/http://foundationcenter.org/pnd/news/story.jhtml?id=375500002 |url-status = live }}</ref> He donated the prize money to the charity ].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/dalai-lama-gives-templeton-prize-money-to-indian-charity/949181/ |title = Dalai Lama gives Templeton Prize money to Indian charity |date = 14 May 2010 |access-date = 15 May 2012 |archive-date = 14 November 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121114054424/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/dalai-lama-gives-templeton-prize-money-to-indian-charity/949181/ |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
In 2006, he became one of only six people ever to be granted ]. In 2007 he was named Presidential ] at ] in ], the first time he accepted a university appointment.<ref name="emory">{{cite web |url=http://news.emory.edu/Releases/DalaiLama1170686715.html |title=Dalai Lama named Emory distinguished professor |publisher=News.emory.edu |access-date=2 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081005190343/http://news.emory.edu/Releases/DalaiLama1170686715.html |archive-date=5 October 2008 }}</ref> He is the chief Patron of the ] of India, conferred upon him at the 2008 Annual General Meeting of the Maha Bodhi Society of India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 September 2008|first=Ratnottama|last=Sengupta|title=Now, Hindus can't head Mahabodhi Society|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/now-hindus-cant-head-mahabodhi-society/articleshow/3535612.cms|access-date=16 February 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=26 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626164533/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/now-hindus-cant-head-mahabodhi-society/articleshow/3535612.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
In 1994, he received the ] from the Roosevelt Institute.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rooseveltinstitute.org/four-freedoms-awards |title=Four Freedoms Awards |publisher=Roosevelt Institute |date= |accessdate=2015-09-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325223647/http://www.rooseveltinstitute.org/four-freedoms-awards |archivedate=25 March 2015 |df= }}</ref> | |||
On 28 May 2005, the Dalai Lama received the ] Award from the ] in the United Kingdom. On 22 June 2006, he became one of only six people ever to be recognised with ] by the ]. In February 2007, the Dalai Lama was named ''Presidential ]'' at ] in ]; it was the first time that he accepted a university appointment.<ref name="emory">{{cite web|url=http://news.emory.edu/Releases/DalaiLama1170686715.html |title=Dalai Lama named Emory distinguished professor |publisher=News.emory.edu |accessdate=2 May 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005190343/http://news.emory.edu/Releases/DalaiLama1170686715.html |archivedate=5 October 2008 |df= }}</ref> | |||
The Dalai Lama was a 2007 recipient of the ], the highest civilian award bestowed by American lawmakers.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/18/washington/18lama.html?_r=0 | title =Bush and Congress Honor Dalai Lama | publisher =nytimes.com | date =18 October 2007 |accessdate = 9 January 2013 | first=Brian | last=Knowlton}}</ref> In 2012, the Dalai Lama was awarded the ].<ref>{{cite news |title = Dalai Lama Wins 2012 Templeton Prize |url = http://foundationcenter.org/pnd/news/story.jhtml?id=375500002 |accessdate = 30 March 2012|newspaper=Philanthropy News Daily |date = 30 March 2012}}</ref> He later donated the entire prize money to an Indian charity, '']''.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/dalai-lama-gives-templeton-prize-money-to-indian-charity/949181/ |title = Dalai Lama gives Templeton Prize money to Indian charity |date = 14 May 2010 }}</ref> | |||
== Publications == | == Publications == | ||
{{div col|colwidth=50em}} | |||
* ''My Land and My People: The Autobiography of His Holiness the Dalai Lama''. Ed. ]. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1962. {{ISBN|978-0446674218}} | * ''My Land and My People: The Autobiography of His Holiness the Dalai Lama''. Ed. ]. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1962. {{ISBN|978-0446674218}} | ||
* ''Deity Yoga: In Action and Performance Tantras |
* ''Deity Yoga: In Action and Performance Tantras''. Ed. and trans. ]. ], 1987. {{ISBN|978-0-93793-850-8}} | ||
* ''Tantra in Tibet |
* ''Tantra in Tibet''. Co-authored with Tsong-kha-pa, ]. ], 1987. {{ISBN|978-0-93793-849-2}} | ||
* ''The Dalai Lama at Harvard |
* ''The Dalai Lama at Harvard''. Ed. and trans. ]. ], 1988. {{ISBN|978-0-93793-871-3}} | ||
* '']: The Autobiography of the Dalai Lama'', London: ], 1990, {{ISBN|978-0-349-10462-1}} | * '']: The Autobiography of the Dalai Lama'', London: ], 1990, {{ISBN|978-0-349-10462-1}} | ||
* ''My Tibet'', co-authored with photographer ], 1990, {{ISBN|978-0-520-08948-8}} | * ''My Tibet'', co-authored with photographer ], 1990, {{ISBN|978-0-520-08948-8}} | ||
* ''The Path to Enlightenment |
* ''The Path to Enlightenment''. Ed. and trans. ]. ], 1994. {{ISBN|978-1-55939-032-3}} | ||
* '' |
* ''Essential Teachings'', ], 1995, {{ISBN|1556431929}} | ||
* '']'', translated by ], foreword by ], Wisdom Publications, 1995, {{ISBN|0-86171-100-9}} | * '']'', translated by ], foreword by ], Wisdom Publications, 1995, {{ISBN|0-86171-100-9}} | ||
* ''Tibetan Portrait: The Power of Compassion'', photographs by ] with sayings by Tenzin Gyatso, 1996, {{ISBN|978-0-8478-1957-7}} | * ''Tibetan Portrait: The Power of Compassion'', photographs by ] with sayings by Tenzin Gyatso, 1996, {{ISBN|978-0-8478-1957-7}} | ||
* ''Healing Anger: The Power of Patience from a Buddhist Perspective |
* ''Healing Anger: The Power of Patience from a Buddhist Perspective''. Trans. ]. Ithaca, NY: ], 1997, {{ISBN|978-1-55939-073-6}} | ||
* ''The Gelug/Kagyü Tradition of ]'', co-authored with Alexander Berzin. Ithaca, NY: ], 1997, {{ISBN|978-1-55939-072-9}} | * ''The Gelug/Kagyü Tradition of ]'', co-authored with Alexander Berzin. Ithaca, NY: ], 1997, {{ISBN|978-1-55939-072-9}} | ||
* '']'', co-authored with ], M.D., ], 1998, {{ISBN|978-0-9656682-9-3}} | * '']'', co-authored with ], M.D., ], 1998, {{ISBN|978-0-9656682-9-3}} | ||
* ''The Good Heart: A Buddhist Perspective on the Teachings of Jesus'', translated by Geshe Thupten Jinpa, Wisdom Publications, 1998, {{ISBN|978-0-86171-138-3}} | * ''The Good Heart: A Buddhist Perspective on the Teachings of Jesus'', translated by Geshe Thupten Jinpa, Wisdom Publications, 1998, {{ISBN|978-0-86171-138-3}} | ||
* ''] Tantra: Rite of Initiation'', edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, Wisdom Publications, 1999, {{ISBN|978-0-86171-151-2}} | * ''] Tantra: Rite of Initiation'', edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, Wisdom Publications, 1999, {{ISBN|978-0-86171-151-2}} | ||
* ''MindScience: An East–West Dialogue'', with contributions by ], ], ], and ], Wisdom Publications, 1999, {{ISBN|978-0-86171-066-9}} | * ''MindScience: An East–West Dialogue'', with contributions by ], ], ], and ], Wisdom Publications, 1999, {{ISBN|978-0-86171-066-9}} | ||
* '']'', co-authored with ], 1999, {{ISBN|978-0-7171-2803-7}} | * '']'', co-authored with ], 1999, {{ISBN|978-0-7171-2803-7}} | ||
* ''Opening the Eye of New Awareness'', Translated by Donald S. Lopez |
* ''Opening the Eye of New Awareness'', Translated by Donald S. Lopez Jr., Wisdom Publications, 1999, {{ISBN|978-0-86171-155-0}} | ||
* ''Ethics for the New Millennium'', Riverhead Books, 1999, {{ISBN|978-1-57322-883-1}} | * ''Ethics for the New Millennium'', Riverhead Books, 1999, {{ISBN|978-1-57322-883-1}} | ||
* ''Consciousness at the Crossroads''. Ed. Zara Houshmand, Robert B. Livingston, B. Alan Wallace. Trans. Thupten Jinpa, B. Alan Wallace. ], 1999. {{ISBN|978-1-55939-127-6}} | * ''Consciousness at the Crossroads''. Ed. Zara Houshmand, Robert B. Livingston, B. Alan Wallace. Trans. Thupten Jinpa, B. Alan Wallace. ], 1999. {{ISBN|978-1-55939-127-6}} | ||
* '']: Ethics for the New Millennium'', |
* '']: Ethics for the New Millennium'', Little, Brown/Abacus Press, 2000, {{ISBN|978-0-349-11443-9}} | ||
* '']: Heart Essence of the Great Perfection'', translated by Geshe Thupten Jinpa and Richard Barron, Snow Lion Publications, 2000, {{ISBN|978-1-55939-219-8}} | * '']: Heart Essence of the Great Perfection'', translated by Geshe Thupten Jinpa and Richard Barron, Snow Lion Publications, 2000, {{ISBN|978-1-55939-219-8}} | ||
* ''The Meaning of Life: Buddhist Perspectives on Cause and Effect'', |
* ''The Meaning of Life: Buddhist Perspectives on Cause and Effect'', translated by ], Wisdom Publications, 2000, {{ISBN|978-0-86171-173-4}} | ||
* ''Answers: Discussions with Western Buddhists''. Ed. |
* ''Answers: Discussions with Western Buddhists''. Ed. and trans. Jose Cabezon. ], 2001. {{ISBN|978-1-55939-162-7}} | ||
* ''The Compassionate Life'', Wisdom Publications, 2001, {{ISBN|978-0-86171-378-3}} | * ''The Compassionate Life'', Wisdom Publications, 2001, {{ISBN|978-0-86171-378-3}} | ||
* ''Violence and Compassion: Dialogues on Life Today'', with Jean-Claude Carriere, |
* ''Violence and Compassion: Dialogues on Life Today'', with Jean-Claude Carriere, Doubleday, 2001, {{ISBN|978-0-385-50144-6}} | ||
* ''Imagine All the People: A Conversation with the Dalai Lama on Money, Politics, and Life as it Could Be'', Coauthored with Fabien Ouaki, Wisdom Publications, 2001, {{ISBN|978-0-86171-150-5}} | * ''Imagine All the People: A Conversation with the Dalai Lama on Money, Politics, and Life as it Could Be'', Coauthored with Fabien Ouaki, Wisdom Publications, 2001, {{ISBN|978-0-86171-150-5}} | ||
* '']'', edited by Nicholas Vreeland; Little, Brown; 2001, {{ISBN|978-0-316-98979-4}} | * '']'', edited by Nicholas Vreeland; Little, Brown; 2001, {{ISBN|978-0-316-98979-4}} | ||
* ''The Heart of Compassion: A Practical Approach to a Meaningful Life'', |
* ''The Heart of Compassion: A Practical Approach to a Meaningful Life'', Twin Lakes, Wisconsin: Lotus Press, 2002, {{ISBN|978-0-940985-36-0}} | ||
* ''Sleeping, Dreaming, and Dying'', edited by ], Wisdom Publications, 2002, {{ISBN|978-0-86171-123-9}} | * ''Sleeping, Dreaming, and Dying'', edited by ], Wisdom Publications, 2002, {{ISBN|978-0-86171-123-9}} | ||
* ''Essence of the ]: The Dalai Lama's Heart of Wisdom Teachings'', edited by Geshe Thupten Jinpa, Wisdom Publications, 2002, {{ISBN|978-0-86171-284-7}} | * ''Essence of the ]: The Dalai Lama's Heart of Wisdom Teachings'', edited by Geshe Thupten Jinpa, Wisdom Publications, 2002, {{ISBN|978-0-86171-284-7}} | ||
* ''The Pocket Dalai Lama''. Ed. ]. ], 2002. {{ISBN|978-1-59030-001-5}} | * ''The Pocket Dalai Lama''. Ed. ]. ], 2002. {{ISBN|978-1-59030-001-5}} | ||
* ''The Buddhism of Tibet''. Ed. |
* ''The Buddhism of Tibet''. Ed. and trans. Jeffrey Hopkins, Anne C. Klein. ], 2002. {{ISBN|978-1-55939-185-6}} | ||
* ''The Art of Happiness at Work'', co-authored with ], M.D., Riverhead, 2003, {{ISBN|978-1-59448-054-6}} | * ''The Art of Happiness at Work'', co-authored with ], M.D., Riverhead, 2003, {{ISBN|978-1-59448-054-6}} | ||
* ''Stages of Meditation'' (commentary on the ]). Trans. Ven. Geshe Lobsang Jordhen Losang Choephel Ganchenpa, Jeremy Russell. ], 2003. {{ISBN|978-1-55939-197-9}} | * ''Stages of Meditation'' (commentary on the ]). Trans. Ven. ], Losang Choephel Ganchenpa, Jeremy Russell. ], 2003. {{ISBN|978-1-55939-197-9}} | ||
* ''Der Weg des Herzens. Gewaltlosigkeit und Dialog zwischen den Religionen (The Path of the Heart: Non-violence and the Dialogue among Religions)'', co-authored with ], PhD, Patmos Verlag, 2003, {{ISBN|978-3-491-69078-3}} | * ''Der Weg des Herzens. Gewaltlosigkeit und Dialog zwischen den Religionen (The Path of the Heart: Non-violence and the Dialogue among Religions)'', co-authored with ], PhD, Patmos Verlag, 2003, {{ISBN|978-3-491-69078-3}} | ||
* ''The Path to Bliss''. Ed. |
* ''The Path to Bliss''. Ed. and trans. Thupten Jinpa, Christine Cox. ], 2003. {{ISBN|978-1-55939-190-0}} | ||
* ''How to Practice: The Way to a Meaningful Life'', translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, 2003, {{ISBN|978-0-7434-5336-3}} | * ''How to Practice: The Way to a Meaningful Life'', translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, 2003, {{ISBN|978-0-7434-5336-3}} | ||
* ''The Wisdom of Forgiveness: Intimate Conversations and Journeys'', coauthored with ], Riverbed Books, 2004, {{ISBN|978-1-57322-277-8}} | * ''The Wisdom of Forgiveness: Intimate Conversations and Journeys'', coauthored with ], Riverbed Books, 2004, {{ISBN|978-1-57322-277-8}} | ||
Line 369: | Line 470: | ||
* ''Lighting the Way''. ], 2005. {{ISBN|978-1-55939-228-0}} | * ''Lighting the Way''. ], 2005. {{ISBN|978-1-55939-228-0}} | ||
* '']: The Convergence of Science and Spirituality'', Morgan Road Books, 2005, {{ISBN|978-0-7679-2066-7}} | * '']: The Convergence of Science and Spirituality'', Morgan Road Books, 2005, {{ISBN|978-0-7679-2066-7}} | ||
* ''How to Expand Love: Widening the Circle of Loving Relationships'', translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, |
* ''How to Expand Love: Widening the Circle of Loving Relationships'', translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, Atria Books, 2005, {{ISBN|978-0-7432-6968-1}} | ||
* '']'', translated and edited by Gyurnme Dorje, Graham Coleman, and Thupten Jinpa, introductory commentary by the 14th Dalai Lama, ], 2005, {{ISBN|0-670-85886-2}} | |||
* ''Living Wisdom with His Holiness the Dalai Lama'', with Don Farber, ], 2006, {{ISBN|978-1-59179-457-8}} | * ''Living Wisdom with His Holiness the Dalai Lama'', with Don Farber, ], 2006, {{ISBN|978-1-59179-457-8}} | ||
* ''Mind in Comfort and Ease: The Vision of Enlightenment in the Great Perfection''. Ed. ]. Trans. ], ] and Adam Pearcey. ], 2007, {{ISBN|978-0-86171-493-3}} | * ''Mind in Comfort and Ease: The Vision of Enlightenment in the Great Perfection''. Ed. ]. Trans. ], ] and Adam Pearcey. ], 2007, {{ISBN|978-0-86171-493-3}} | ||
* '']'', translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, 2007, {{ISBN|978-0-7432-9045-6}} | * '']'', translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, 2007, {{ISBN|978-0-7432-9045-6}} | ||
* ''The Leader's Way'', co-authored with Laurens van den Muyzenberg, |
* ''The Leader's Way'', co-authored with Laurens van den Muyzenberg, Nicholas Brealey Publishing, 2008, {{ISBN|978-1-85788-511-8}} | ||
* '']'' compiled by {{ |
* '']'' compiled by {{interlanguage link|Sofia Stril-Rever|Fr}} from speeches and interviews of the 14th Dalai Lama, 2009, {{ISBN|9781846042423}} | ||
* '']'', Mariner Books, 2012, {{ISBN|054784428X}} | * '']'', Mariner Books, 2012, {{ISBN|054784428X}} | ||
* ''The Wisdom of Compassion: Stories of Remarkable Encounters and Timeless Insights'', coauthored with Victor Chan, Riverhead Books, 2012, {{ISBN|978-0-55216923-3}} | * ''The Wisdom of Compassion: Stories of Remarkable Encounters and Timeless Insights'', coauthored with Victor Chan, Riverhead Books, 2012, {{ISBN|978-0-55216923-3}} | ||
* ''My Appeal to the World'', |
* ''My Appeal to the World'', presented by Sofia Stril-Rever, translated from the French by Sebastian Houssiaux, Tibet House US, 2015, {{ISBN|978-0-9670115-6-1}} | ||
* '']: Lasting Happiness in a Changing World'', coauthored by ], 2016, {{ISBN|978-0-67007-016-9}} | * '']: Lasting Happiness in a Changing World'', coauthored by ], 2016, {{ISBN|978-0-67007-016-9}} | ||
* ''Behind the Smile: The Hidden Side of the Dalai Lama'', by Maxime Vivas (author), translated from the French book ''Not So Zen'', Long River Press 2013, {{ISBN|978-1592651405}} | |||
{{div col end}} | |||
== |
== Discography == | ||
{{Portal|Tibet|Tibetan Buddhism|People's Republic of China|Biography}} | |||
=== Studio albums === | |||
* ] | |||
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" | |||
** ] | |||
|+ | |||
*** ] | |||
! rowspan="2" |Title | |||
*** ] | |||
! rowspan="2" |Album details | |||
* ] | |||
! colspan="3" |Peak chart positions | |||
** ] | |||
|- | |||
** ] | |||
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | ]<br /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Offiziellecharts.de – Dalai Lama – Inner World |url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/album-details-422995 |access-date=3 June 2023 |publisher=]}}</ref> | |||
** ] | |||
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | ]<br /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Swisscharts.com – Dalai Lama – Inner World |url=http://swisscharts.com/album/Dalai-Lama/Inner-World-422995 |access-date=3 June 2023 |publisher=Hung Meiden}}</ref> | |||
* ] | |||
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | ]<br /><ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Dalai Lama Makes Billboard Chart Debut With 'Inner World' Album |url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/dalai-lama-makes-billboard-chart-debut-with-inner-world-album/ |access-date=3 June 2023 |magazine=Billboard}}</ref> | |||
* ] | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | '']'' | |||
| | |||
* Released: 6 July 2020 | |||
* Label: Khandro | |||
* Format: LP, digital download, streaming | |||
|88 | |||
|18 | |||
|8 | |||
|} | |||
=== Singles === | |||
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|+ | |||
!Title | |||
!Year | |||
!Album | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | "Compassion"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compassion - Single by Dalai Lama on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/compassion-single/1517367577 |access-date=3 June 2023 |website=Apple Music |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604044800/https://music.apple.com/us/album/compassion-single/1517367577 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
|2020 | |||
|''Inner World'' | |||
|} | |||
== See also == | |||
{{Portal|China|India|Asia|Biography}} | |||
{{colbegin}} | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | * ] | ||
* ] | * ] | ||
* ] | |||
** ] | |||
** ] | |||
** ] | |||
** ] | |||
** ] | |||
** ] | |||
* ] | * ] | ||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
** ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
{{colend}} | |||
== Notes == | == Notes == | ||
Line 401: | Line 558: | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
=== Citations === | === Citations === | ||
{{Reflist| |
{{Reflist|35em}} | ||
=== Sources === | === Sources === | ||
{{refbegin}} | {{refbegin}} | ||
* Craig, Mary. ''Kundun: A Biography of the Family of the Dalai Lama'' (1997) Counterpoint. Calcutta. {{ISBN|978-1-887178-64-8}}. | |||
* |
* Bell, Sir Charles (1946). ''Portrait of the Dalai Lama'' Wm. Collins, London, 1st edition. (1987) Wisdom Publications, London. {{ISBN|086171055X}}. | ||
* Bell, Sir Charles (1946). ''Portrait of the Dalai Lama'' Wm. Collins, London, 1st edition. (1987) Wisdom Publications, London. {{ISBN|086171055X}} | |||
* Iyer, Pico. ''The Open Road: The Global Journey of the Fourteenth Dalai Lama'' (2008) Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. {{ISBN|978-0-307-38755-4}} | * Iyer, Pico. ''The Open Road: The Global Journey of the Fourteenth Dalai Lama'' (2008) Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. {{ISBN|978-0-307-38755-4}} | ||
* {{cite book |last = Kay |first = David N. |title = Tibetan and Zen Buddhism in Britain: Transplantation, development and adaptation |url = https://archive.org/details/tibetanzenbuddhi00kayd |url-access = limited |pages = –52 |year = 2004 |publisher = Routledge Curzon |location = London |isbn = 0-415-29765-6 }} | |||
* Knaus, Robert Kenneth. ''Orphans of the Cold War: America and the Tibetan Struggle for Survival'' (1999) PublicAffairs. {{ISBN|978-1-891620-18-8}} | |||
* Knaus, Robert Kenneth. ''Orphans of the Cold War: America and the Tibetan Struggle for Survival'' (1999) PublicAffairs. {{ISBN|978-1-891620-18-8}}. | |||
* {{cite book |title = The Story of Tibet : Conversations with the Dalai Lama |date = 2006 |publisher = Grove Press |edition = 1st |location = New York |ref = harv|last1 = Laird |first1 = Thomas |ISBN = 978-0-8021-1827-1 }} | |||
* {{cite book |title = The Story of Tibet : Conversations with the Dalai Lama |url = https://archive.org/details/storyoftibetconv00lair |url-access = registration |year = 2006 |publisher = Grove Press |edition = 1st |location = New York |last = Laird |first = Thomas |isbn = 978-0-8021-1827-1 |ref = none }} | |||
* {{Citation | last = Mills | first = Martin A. | year = 2003 | title = This turbulent priest: contesting religious rights and the state in the Tibetan Shugden controversy. In: Human Rights in Global Perspective | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 0-415-30410-5 | url = http://info-buddhism.com/Shugden_Controversy-Turbulent_Priest-Religious_Rights-Mills.html | access-date = 30 March 2020 | archive-date = 14 October 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191014145616/https://www.info-buddhism.com/Shugden_Controversy-Turbulent_Priest-Religious_Rights-Mills.html | url-status = live }} | |||
* Mullin, Glenn H. (2001). ''The Fourteen Dalai Lamas: A Sacred Legacy of Reincarnation'', pp. 452–515. Clear Light Publishers. Santa Fe, New Mexico. {{ISBN|978-1-57416-092-5}}. | * Mullin, Glenn H. (2001). ''The Fourteen Dalai Lamas: A Sacred Legacy of Reincarnation'', pp. 452–515. Clear Light Publishers. Santa Fe, New Mexico. {{ISBN|978-1-57416-092-5}}. | ||
* Richardson, Hugh E. (1984). ''Tibet & Its History''. 1st edition 1962. 2nd edition, Revised and Updated. Shambhala Publications, Boston. {{ISBN|978-0-87773-376-8}} (pbk). | * Richardson, Hugh E. (1984). ''Tibet & Its History''. 1st edition 1962. 2nd edition, Revised and Updated. Shambhala Publications, Boston. {{ISBN|978-0-87773-376-8}} (pbk). | ||
* Shakya, Tsering. ''The Dragon in the Land of Snows'' (1999) Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-231-11814-9}} | * Shakya, Tsering. ''The Dragon in the Land of Snows'' (1999) Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-231-11814-9}}. | ||
* United States. Congressional-Executive Commission on China. Washington, D.C.: U.S. G.P.O., 2012. | * United States. Congressional-Executive Commission on China. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213185342/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-112hhrg70941/pdf/CHRG-112hhrg70941.pdf |date=13 December 2021 }} Washington, D.C.: U.S. G.P.O., 2012. | ||
{{refend}} | {{refend}} | ||
== External links == | == External links == | ||
{{Sister project links | {{Sister project links | ||
|wikt = no | |wikt = no | ||
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|q = Tenzin_Gyatso,_14th_Dalai_Lama | |q = Tenzin_Gyatso,_14th_Dalai_Lama | ||
|s = Author:Tenzin Gyatso | |s = Author:Tenzin Gyatso | ||
|v = |
|v = no | ||
|species = no | |species = no |m=no |mw=no |d=Q17293 | ||
}} | }} | ||
* {{Official website |
* {{Official website}} | ||
* | |||
* | |||
* – at Rigpa Wiki | |||
* {{Internet Archive film clip |id = 1959-04-30_Dalai_Lama_Greeted_By_Nehru |description="Dalai Lama Greeted By Nehru, Again Blasts Reds, 1959/04/30 (1959)"}} | * {{Internet Archive film clip |id = 1959-04-30_Dalai_Lama_Greeted_By_Nehru |description="Dalai Lama Greeted By Nehru, Again Blasts Reds, 1959/04/30 (1959)"}} | ||
* | * {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405234749/http://digitalcollections.ucsc.edu/cdm/search/searchterm/Bstan-%CA%BCdzin-rgya-mtsho/order/title |date=5 April 2017 }} | ||
* {{C-SPAN| |
* {{C-SPAN|22717}} | ||
* {{PM20|FID=pe/003647}} | |||
* {{Nobelprize}} | |||
{{Clear}} | |||
{{s-start}} | {{s-start}} | ||
{{s-hou |]|6 July|1935}} | {{s-hou |]|6 July|1935}} | ||
{{s-rel |bu}} | {{s-rel | bu }} | ||
{{s-bef |before = ]}} | {{s-bef |before = ]}} | ||
{{s-ttl |title = ] |years = 1935–present<br /> |
{{s-ttl |title = ] |years = 1935–present<br />Recognised in 1937; enthroned in 1940}} | ||
{{s-inc |heir = ]}} | {{s-inc |heir = ]}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
{{s-off}} | {{s-off}} | ||
{{s-bef |before = ]<br /> |
{{s-bef |before = ]<br />Regent}} | ||
{{s-ttl |title = Ruler of ] |years = 1950–1959<br /> |
{{s-ttl |title = Ruler of ] |years = 1950–1959<br />Part of the ] from 1951}} | ||
{{s-non |reason = |
{{s-non |reason = fled to India during the ] }} | ||
|- | |||
{{s-new | office }} | |||
{{s-ttl | |||
|title = Director of the Preparatory Committee for the ] | |||
|years = 1956–1959 | |||
}} | |||
{{s-aft | |||
|after = ] | |||
|as = Acting Director | |||
}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
{{s-new|office}} | {{s-new | office }} | ||
{{s-ttl |title = ] of the <br /> ]|years=1959–2012}} | {{s-ttl |title = ] of the <br /> ]|years=1959–2012}} | ||
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Latest revision as of 15:37, 20 December 2024
Spiritual leader of Tibet since 1940
Tenzing Gyatso | |
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14th Dalai Lama | |
The Dalai Lama in 2012 | |
14th Dalai Lama | |
Reign | 22 February 1940 – present |
Predecessor | 13th Dalai Lama, Thubten Gyatso |
Regent |
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Head of the Tibetan Administration for Tibetans-in-exile | |
In office | 14 June 1991 – 2011 |
Head of State of Tibet | |
In office | 10 March 1963 – 13 June 1991 |
Director of the Preparatory Committee for the Tibet Autonomous Region | |
In office | 1956–1959 |
Predecessor | Office established |
Successor | 10th Panchen Lama, Choekyi Gyaltsen (acting) |
Vice Chairperson of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress | |
In office | 27 September 1954 – 3 January 1965 |
Born | Lhamo Thondup (1935-07-06) 6 July 1935 (age 89) Taktser, Amdo |
Father | Choekyong Tsering |
Mother | Diki Tsering |
Religion | Tibetan Buddhism, Gelug school |
Signature |
Part of a series on |
Tibetan Buddhism |
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Schools |
Key personalities
|
Teachings
|
Practices and attainment |
Major monasteries |
Institutional roles |
Festivals |
Texts |
Art |
History and overview |
The 14th Dalai Lama (born 6 July 1935; full spiritual name: Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso, shortened as Tenzin Gyatso; né Lhamo Thondup) is the incumbent Dalai Lama, the highest spiritual leader and head of Tibetan Buddhism. Before 1959, he served as both the resident spiritual and temporal leader of Tibet, and subsequently established and led the Tibetan government in exile represented by the Central Tibetan Administration in Dharamsala, India. The adherents of Tibetan Buddhism consider the Dalai Lama a living Bodhisattva, specifically an emanation of Avalokiteśvara (in Sanskrit) or Chenrezig (in Tibetan), the Bodhisattva of Compassion, a belief central to the Tibetan Buddhist tradition and the institution of the Dalai Lama. The Dalai Lama, whose name means Ocean of Wisdom, is known to Tibetans as Gyalwa Rinpoche, The Precious Jewel-like Buddha-Master, Kundun, The Presence, and Yizhin Norbu, The Wish-Fulfilling Gem. His devotees, as well as much of the Western world, often call him His Holiness the Dalai Lama, the style employed on his website. He is also the leader and a monk of the Gelug school, the newest school of Tibetan Buddhism, formally headed by the Ganden Tripa.
The 14th Dalai Lama was born to a farming family in Taktser (Hongya Village), in the traditional Tibetan region of Amdo, at the time a Chinese frontier district. He was selected as the tulku of the 13th Dalai Lama in 1937, and formally recognized as the 14th Dalai Lama in 1939. As with the recognition process for his predecessor, a Golden Urn selection process was waived and approved by the Central Government of the Republic of China. His enthronement ceremony was held in Lhasa on 22 February 1940. At the time of his selection, a form of Tibetan government called Ganden Phodrang administered the traditional Tibetan regions of Ü-Tsang, Kham and Amdo. As Chinese forces re-entered and annexed Tibet, Ganden Phodrang invested the Dalai Lama with temporal duties on 17 November 1950 (at 15 years of age) until his exile in 1959.
During the 1959 Tibetan uprising, the Dalai Lama escaped to India, where he continues to live. On 29 April 1959, the Dalai Lama established the independent Tibetan government in exile in the north Indian hill station of Mussoorie, which then moved in May 1960 to Dharamshala, where he resides. He retired as political head in 2011 to make way for a democratic government, the Central Tibetan Administration. The Dalai Lama advocates for the welfare of Tibetans and since the early 1970s has called for the Middle Way Approach with China to peacefully resolve the issue of Tibet. This policy, adopted democratically by the Central Tibetan Administration and the Tibetan people through long discussions, seeks to find a middle ground, "a practical approach and mutually beneficial to both Tibetans and Chinese, in which Tibetans can preserve their culture and religion and uphold their identity," and China's assertion of sovereignty over Tibet, aiming to address the interests of both parties through dialogue and communication and for Tibet to remain a part of China.
The Dalai Lama travels worldwide to give Tibetan Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism teachings, and his Kalachakra teachings and initiations are international events. He also attends conferences on a wide range of subjects, including the relationship between religion and science, meets with other world leaders, religious leaders, philosophers, and scientists, online and in-person. His work includes focus on the environment, economics, women's rights, nonviolence, interfaith dialogue, physics, astronomy, Buddhism and science, cognitive neuroscience, reproductive health and sexuality. The Dalai Lama was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1989. Time magazine named the Dalai Lama Gandhi's spiritual heir to nonviolence. The 12th General Assembly of the Asian Buddhist Conference for Peace in New Delhi unanimously recognized the Dalai Lama's contributions to global peace, his lifelong efforts in uniting Buddhist communities worldwide, and bestowed upon him the title of “Universal Supreme Leader of the Buddhist World.” They also designated 6 July, his birthday, as the Universal Day of Compassion.
Early life and background
Lhamo Thondup was born on 6 July 1935 to a farming and horse trading family in the small hamlet of Taktser, or Chija Tagtser, at the edge of the traditional Tibetan region of Amdo in Qinghai Province.
He was one of seven siblings to survive childhood and one of the three supposed reincarnated Rinpoches in the same family. His eldest sister Tsering Dolma, was 16 years his senior and was midwife to his mother at his birth. She would accompany him into exile and found Tibetan Children's Villages. His eldest brother, Thupten Jigme Norbu, had been recognised at the age of three by the 13th Dalai Lama as the reincarnation of the high Lama, the 6th Taktser Rinpoche. His fifth brother, Tendzin Choegyal, had been recognised as the 16th Ngari Rinpoche. His sister, Jetsun Pema, spent most of her adult life on the Tibetan Children's Villages project. The Dalai Lama has said that his first language was "a broken Xining language which was (a dialect of) the Chinese language," a form of Central Plains Mandarin, and his family speak neither Amdo Tibetan nor Lhasa Tibetan.
After the demise of the 13th Dalai Lama, in 1935, the Ordinance of Lama Temple Management was published by the Central Government. In 1936, the Method of Reincarnation of Lamas was published by the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission of the Central Government. Article 3 states that death of lamas, including the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama, should be reported to the commission, soul boys should be located and checked by the commission, and a lot-drawing ceremony with the Golden Urn system should be held. Article 6 states that local governments should invite officials from the Central Government to take care of the sitting-in-the-bed ceremony. Article 7 states that soul boys should not be sought from current lama families. This article echoes what the Qianlong Emperor described in The Discourse of Lama to eliminate greedy families with multiple reincarnated rinpoches, lamas. Based on custom and regulation, the regent was actively involved in the search for the reincarnation of the Dalai Lama.
Following reported signs and visions, three search teams were sent out to the north-east, the east, and the south-east to locate the new incarnation when the boy who was to become the 14th Dalai Lama was about two years old. Sir Basil Gould, British delegate to Lhasa in 1936, related his account of the north-eastern team to Sir Charles Alfred Bell, former British resident in Lhasa and friend of the 13th Dalai Lama. Among other omens, the head of the embalmed body of the 13th Dalai Lama, at first facing south-east, had turned to face the north-east, indicating, it was interpreted, the direction in which his successor would be found. The Regent, Reting Rinpoche, shortly afterwards had a vision at the sacred lake of Lhamo La-tso which he interpreted as Amdo being the region to search. This vision was also interpreted to refer to a large monastery with a gilded roof and turquoise tiles, and a twisting path from there to a hill to the east, opposite which stood a small house with distinctive eaves. The team, led by Kewtsang Rinpoche, went first to meet the Panchen Lama, who had been stuck in Jyekundo, in northern Kham.
The Panchen Lama had been investigating births of unusual children in the area ever since the death of the 13th Dalai Lama. He gave Kewtsang the names of three boys whom he had discovered and identified as candidates. Within a year the Panchen Lama had died. Two of his three candidates were crossed off the list but the third, a "fearless" child, the most promising, was from Taktser village, which, as in the vision, was on a hill, at the end of a trail leading to Taktser from the great Kumbum Monastery with its gilded, turquoise roof. There they found a house, as interpreted from the vision—the house where Lhamo Dhondup lived.
The 14th Dalai Lama claims that at the time, the village of Taktser stood right on the "real border" between the region of Amdo and China. According to the search lore, when the team visited, posing as pilgrims, its leader, a Sera Lama, pretended to be the servant and sat separately in the kitchen. He held an old mala that had belonged to the 13th Dalai Lama, and the boy Lhamo Dhondup, aged two, approached and asked for it. The monk said "if you know who I am, you can have it." The child said "Sera Lama, Sera Lama" and spoke with him in a Lhasa accent, in a dialect the boy's mother could not understand. The next time the party returned to the house, they revealed their real purpose and asked permission to subject the boy to certain tests. One test consisted of showing him various pairs of objects, one of which had belonged to the 13th Dalai Lama and one which had not. In every case, he chose the Dalai Lama's own objects and rejected the others.
From 1936 the Hui 'Ma Clique' Muslim warlord Ma Bufang ruled Qinghai as its governor under the nominal authority of the Republic of China central government. According to an interview with the 14th Dalai Lama, in the 1930s, Ma Bufang had seized this north-east corner of Amdo in the name of Chiang Kai-shek's weak government and incorporated it into the Chinese province of Qinghai. Before going to Taktser, Kewtsang had gone to Ma Bufang to pay his respects. When Ma Bufang heard a candidate had been found in Taktser, he had the family brought to him in Xining. He first demanded proof that the boy was the Dalai Lama, but the Lhasa government, though informed by Kewtsang that this was the one, told Kewtsang to say he had to go to Lhasa for further tests with other candidates. They knew that if he was declared to be the Dalai Lama, the Chinese government would insist on sending a large army escort with him, which would then stay in Lhasa and refuse to budge.
Ma Bufang, together with Kumbum Monastery, then refused to allow him to depart unless he was declared to be the Dalai Lama, but withdrew this demand in return for 100,000 Chinese dollars ransom in silver to be shared among them, to let them go to Lhasa. Kewtsang managed to raise this, but the family was only allowed to move from Xining to Kumbum when a further demand was made for another 330,000 dollars ransom: 100,000 each for government officials, the commander-in-chief, and the Kumbum Monastery; 20,000 for the escort; and only 10,000 for Ma Bufang himself, he said.
Two years of diplomatic wrangling followed before it was accepted by Lhasa that the ransom had to be paid to avoid the Chinese getting involved and escorting him to Lhasa with a large army. Meanwhile, the boy was kept at Kumbum where two of his brothers were already studying as monks and recognised incarnate lamas. The payment of 300,000 silver dollars was then advanced by Muslim traders en route to Mecca in a large caravan via Lhasa. They paid Ma Bufang on behalf of the Tibetan government against promissory notes to be redeemed, with interest, in Lhasa. The 20,000-dollar fee for an escort was dropped, since the Muslim merchants invited them to join their caravan for protection; Ma Bufang sent 20 of his soldiers with them and was paid from both sides since the Chinese government granted him another 50,000 dollars for the expenses of the journey. Furthermore, the Indian government helped the Tibetans raise the ransom funds by affording them import concessions.
On 22 September 1938, representatives of Tibet Office in Beijing informed Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission that 3 candidates were found and ceremony of Golden Urn would be held in Tibet.
In October 1938, the Method of Using Golden Urn for the 14th Dalai Lama was drafted by Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission.
On 12 December 1938, regent Reting Rinpoche informed Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission that three candidates were found and ceremony of Golden Urn would be held.
Released from Kumbum, on 21 July 1939 the party travelled across Tibet on a journey to Lhasa in the large Muslim caravan with Lhamo Dhondup, now four years old, riding with his brother Lobsang in a special palanquin carried by two mules, two years after being discovered. As soon as they were out of Ma Bufang's area, he was officially declared to be the 14th Dalai Lama by the Kashag, and after ten weeks of travel he arrived in Lhasa on 8 October 1939. The ordination (pabbajja) and giving of the monastic name of Tenzin Gyatso were arranged by Reting Rinpoche and according to the Dalai Lama "I received my ordination from Kyabjé Ling Rinpoché in the Jokhang in Lhasa." There was very limited Chinese involvement at this time. The family of the 14th Dalai Lama was elevated to the highest stratum of the Tibetan aristocracy and acquired land and serf holdings, as with the families of previous Dalai Lamas.
In 1959, at the age of 23, he took his final examination at Lhasa's Jokhang Temple during the annual Monlam Prayer Festival. He passed with honours and was awarded the Lharampa degree, the highest-level geshe degree, roughly equivalent to a doctorate in Buddhist philosophy.
According to the Dalai Lama, he had a succession of tutors in Tibet including Reting Rinpoche, Tathag Rinpoche, Ling Rinpoche and lastly Trijang Rinpoche, who became junior tutor when he was 19 At the age of 11 he met the Austrian mountaineer Heinrich Harrer, who became his videographer and tutor about the world outside Lhasa. The two remained friends until Harrer's death in 2006.
Life as the Dalai Lama
Historically the Dalai Lamas or their regents held political and religious leadership over Tibet from Lhasa with varying degrees of influence depending on the regions of Tibet and periods of history. This began with the 5th Dalai Lama's rule in 1642 and lasted until the 1950s (except for 1705–1750), during which period the Dalai Lamas headed the Tibetan government or Ganden Phodrang. Until 1912 however, when the 13th Dalai Lama declared the complete independence of Tibet, their rule was generally subject to patronage and protection of firstly Mongol kings (1642–1720) and then the Manchu-led Qing dynasty (1720–1912).
During the Dalai Lama's recognition process, the cultural Anthropologist Melvyn Goldstein writes that "everything the Tibetans did during the selection process was designed to prevent China from playing any role".
Afterwards in 1939, at the age of four, the Dalai Lama was taken in a procession of lamas to Lhasa. Former British officials stationed in India and Tibet recalled that envoys from Britain and China were present at the Dalai Lama's enthronement in February 1940. According to Basil Gould, the Chinese representative Wu Chunghsin was reportedly unhappy about the position he had during the ceremony. Afterward an article appeared in the Chinese press falsely claiming that Wu personally announced the installation of the Dalai Lama, who supposedly prostrated himself to Wu in gratitude.
After his enthronement, the Dalai Lama's childhood was then spent between the Potala Palace and Norbulingka, his summer residence, both of which are now UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Chiang Kai Shek ordered Ma Bufang to put his Muslim soldiers on alert for an invasion of Tibet in 1942. Ma Bufang complied, and moved several thousand troops to the border with Tibet. Chiang also threatened the Tibetans with aerial bombardment if they worked with the Japanese. Ma Bufang attacked the Tibetan Buddhist Tsang monastery in 1941. He also constantly attacked the Labrang monastery.
In October 1950 the army of the People's Republic of China marched to the edge of the Dalai Lama's territory and sent a delegation after defeating a legion of the Tibetan army in warlord-controlled Kham. On 17 November 1950, at the age of 15, the 14th Dalai Lama assumed full temporal (political) power as ruler of Tibet.
Cooperation and conflicts with the People's Republic of China
The Dalai Lama's formal rule as head of the government in Tibet was brief although he was enthroned as spiritual leader on 22 February 1940. When Chinese cadres entered Tibet in 1950, with a crisis looming, the Dalai Lama was asked to assume the role of head of state at the age of 15, which he did on 17 November 1950. Customarily the Dalai Lama would typically assume control at about the age of 20.
He sent a delegation to Beijing, which ratified the Seventeen Point Agreement without his authorisation in 1951. The Dalai Lama believes the draft agreement was written by China. Tibetan representatives were not allowed to suggest any alterations and China did not allow the Tibetan representatives to communicate with the Tibetan government in Lhasa. The Tibetan delegation was not authorised by Lhasa to sign, but ultimately submitted to pressure from the Chinese to sign anyway, using seals specifically made for the purpose. The Seventeen Point Agreement recognised Chinese sovereignty over Tibet, but China allowed the Dalai Lama to continue to rule Tibet internally, and it allowed the system of feudal peasantry to persist.
Scholar Robert Barnett wrote of the serfdom controversy: "So even if it were agreed that serfdom and feudalism existed in Tibet, this would be little different other than in technicalities from conditions in any other 'premodern' peasant society, including most of China at that time. The power of the Chinese argument therefore lies in its implication that serfdom, and with it feudalism, is inseparable from extreme abuse. Evidence to support this linkage has not been found by scholars other than those close to Chinese governmental circles. Goldstein, for example, notes that although the system was based on serfdom, it was not necessarily feudal, and he refutes any automatic link with extreme abuse."
The 19-year-old Dalai Lama toured China for almost a year from 1954 to 1955, meeting many of the revolutionary leaders and the top echelon of the Chinese communist leadership who created modern China. He learned Chinese and socialist ideals, as explained by his Chinese hosts, on a tour of China showcasing the benefits of socialism and the effective governance provided to turn the large, impoverished nation into a modern and egalitarian society, which impressed him. In September 1954, he went to the Chinese capital to meet Chairman Mao Zedong with the 10th Panchen Lama and attend the first session of the National People's Congress as a delegate, primarily discussing China's constitution. On 27 September 1954, the Dalai Lama was selected as a Vice-chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, a post he officially held until 1964.
Mao Zedong who, "according to the Tibetan leader, treated him as a 'father would treat a son,'" "also showed Tibet’s political leader and its foremost spiritual master its ambivalence to Tibetan Buddhism. The Dalai Lama recounts this episode in his autobiography, My Land and My People,
'A few days later I had a message from Mao Tse-tung to say that he was coming to see me in an hour’s time. When he arrived he said he had merely come to call. Then something made him say that Buddhism was quite a good religion, and Lord Buddha, although he was a prince, had given a good deal of thought to the question of improving the conditions of the people. He also observed that the Goddess Tara was a kind-hearted woman. After a very few minutes, he left. I was quite bewildered by these remarks and did not know what to make of them.'
The comments Mao made during their last meeting shocked the Dalai Lama beyond belief. 'My final interview with this remarkable man was toward the end of my visit to China. I was at a meeting of the Standing Committee of the National Assembly when I received a message asking me to go to see him at this house. By then, I had been able to complete a tour of the Chinese provinces, and I was able to tell him truthfully that I had been greatly impressed and interested by all the development projects I had seen. Then he started to give me a long lecture about the true form of democracy, and advised me how to become a leader of the people and how to take heed of their suggestions. And then he edged closer to me on his chair and whispered:
'I understand you very well. But of course, religion is poison. It has two great defects: It undermines the race, and secondly it retards the progress of the country. Tibet and Mongolia have both been poisoned by it.'" In his autobiography, Freedom In Exile, the Dalai Lama recalls: "How could he have thought I was not religious to the core of my being?'"
In 1956, on a trip to India to celebrate the Buddha's Birthday, the Dalai Lama asked the Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, if he would allow him political asylum should he choose to stay. Nehru discouraged this as a provocation against peace, and reminded him of the Indian Government's non-interventionist stance agreed upon with its 1954 treaty with China.
Long called a "splittist" and "traitor" by China, the Dalai Lama has attempted formal talks over Tibet's status in China. In 2019, after the United States passed a law requiring the US to deny visas to Chinese officials in charge of implementing policies that restrict foreign access to Tibet, the US Ambassador to China "encouraged the Chinese government to engage in substantive dialogue with the Dalai Lama or his representatives, without preconditions, to seek a settlement that resolves differences".
The Chinese Foreign Ministry has warned the US and other countries to "shun" the Dalai Lama during visits and often uses trade negotiations and human rights talks as an incentive to do so. China sporadically bans images of the Dalai Lama and arrests citizens for owning photos of him in Tibet. Tibet Autonomous Region government job candidates must strongly denounce the Dalai Lama, as announced on the Tibet Autonomous Region government's online education platform,
"Support the (Communist) Party's leadership, resolutely implement the Party's line, line of approach, policies, and the guiding ideology of Tibet work in the new era; align ideologically, politically, and in action with the Party Central Committee; oppose any splittist tendencies; expose and criticize the Dalai Lama; safeguard the unity of the motherland and ethnic unity and take a firm stand on political issues, taking a clear and distinct stand".
The Dalai Lama is a target of Chinese state sponsored hacking. Security experts claim "targeting Tibetan activists is a strong indicator of official Chinese government involvement" since economic information is the primary goal of private Chinese hackers. In 2009 the personal office of the Dalai Lama asked researchers at the Munk Center for International Studies at the University of Toronto to check its computers for malicious software. This led to uncovering GhostNet, a large-scale cyber spying operation which infiltrated at least 1,295 computers in 103 countries, including embassies, foreign ministries, other government offices, and organisations affiliated with the Dalai Lama in India, Brussels, London and New York, and believed to be focusing on the governments of South and Southeast Asia.
A second cyberspy network, Shadow Network, was discovered by the same researchers in 2010. Stolen documents included a year's worth of the Dalai Lama's personal email, and classified government material relating to India, West Africa, the Russian Federation, the Middle East, and NATO. "Sophisticated" hackers were linked to universities in China, Beijing again denied involvement. Chinese hackers posing as The New York Times, Amnesty International and other organisation's reporters targeted the private office of the Dalai Lama, Tibetan Parliament members, and Tibetan nongovernmental organisations, among others, in 2019.
Exile to India
At the outset of the 1959 Tibetan uprising, fearing for his life, the Dalai Lama and his retinue fled Tibet with the help of the CIA's Special Activities Division, crossing into India on 30 March 1959, reaching Tezpur in Assam on 18 April. Some time later he set up the Government of Tibet in Exile in Dharamshala, India, which is often referred to as "Little Lhasa". After the founding of the government in exile he re-established the approximately 80,000 Tibetan refugees who followed him into exile in agricultural settlements.
He created a Tibetan educational system in order to teach the Tibetan children the language, history, religion, and culture. The Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts was established in 1959 and the Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies became the primary university for Tibetans in India in 1967. He supported the refounding of 200 monasteries and nunneries in an attempt to preserve Tibetan Buddhist teachings and the Tibetan way of life.
The Dalai Lama appealed to the United Nations on the rights of Tibetans. This appeal resulted in three resolutions adopted by the General Assembly in 1959, 1961, and 1965, all before the People's Republic was allowed representation at the United Nations. The resolutions called on China to respect the human rights of Tibetans. In 1963, he promulgated a democratic constitution which is based upon the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, creating an elected parliament and an administration to champion his cause. In 1970, he opened the Library of Tibetan Works and Archives in Dharamshala which houses over 80,000 manuscripts and important knowledge resources related to Tibetan history, politics and culture. It is considered one of the most important institutions for Tibetology in the world.
In 2016, there were demands from Indian citizens and politicians of different political parties to confer the Dalai Lama the prestigious Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian honour of India, which has only been awarded to a non-Indian citizen twice in its history.
In 2021, it was revealed that the Dalai Lama's inner circle were listed in the Pegasus project data as having been targeted with spyware on their phones. Analysis strongly indicates potential targets were selected by the Indian government.
International advocacy
At the Congressional Human Rights Caucus in 1987 in Washington, D.C., the Dalai Lama gave a speech outlining his ideas for the future status of Tibet. The plan called for Tibet to become a democratic "zone of peace" without nuclear weapons, and with support for human rights. The plan would come to be known as the "Strasbourg proposal," because the Dalai Lama expanded on the plan at Strasbourg on 15 June 1988. There, he proposed the creation of a self-governing Tibet "in association with the People's Republic of China." This would have been pursued by negotiations with the PRC government, but the plan was rejected by the Tibetan Government-in-Exile in 1991. The Dalai Lama has indicated that he wishes to return to Tibet only if the People's Republic of China agrees not to make any precondition for his return. In the 1970s, the Paramount leader Deng Xiaoping set China's sole return requirement to the Dalai Lama as that he "must as a Chinese citizen ... that is, patriotism".
The Dalai Lama celebrated his 70th birthday on 6 July 2005. About 10,000 Tibetan refugees, monks and foreign tourists gathered outside his home. Patriarch Alexius II of the Russian Orthodox Church alleged positive relations with Buddhists. However, later that year, the Russian state prevented the Dalai Lama from fulfilling an invitation to the traditionally Buddhist republic of Kalmykia. The President of the Republic of China (Taiwan), Chen Shui-bian, attended an evening celebrating the Dalai Lama's birthday at the Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall in Taipei. In October 2008 in Japan, the Dalai Lama addressed the 2008 Tibetan violence that had erupted and that the Chinese government accused him of fomenting. He responded that he had "lost faith" in efforts to negotiate with the Chinese government, and that it was "up to the Tibetan people" to decide what to do.
During his visit to Taiwan after Typhoon Morakot 30 Taiwanese indigenous peoples protested against the Dalai Lama and denounced it as politically motivated.
The Dalai Lama is an advocate for a world free of nuclear weapons, and serves on the Advisory Council of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation.
The Dalai Lama has voiced his support for the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, an organisation which campaigns for democratic reformation of the United Nations, and the creation of a more accountable international political system.
Teaching activities, public talks
Despite becoming 80 years old in 2015, he maintains a busy international lecture and teaching schedule. His public talks and teachings are usually webcast live in multiple languages, via an inviting organisation's website, or on the Dalai Lama's own website. Scores of his past teaching videos can be viewed there, as well as public talks, conferences, interviews, dialogues and panel discussions.
The Dalai Lama's best known teaching subject is the Kalachakra tantra which, as of 2014, he had conferred a total of 33 times, most often in India's upper Himalayan regions but also in the Western world. The Kalachakra (Wheel of Time) is one of the most complex teachings of Buddhism, sometimes taking two weeks to confer, and he often confers it on very large audiences, up to 200,000 students and disciples at a time.
The Dalai Lama is the author of numerous books on Buddhism, many of them on general Buddhist subjects but also including books on particular topics like Dzogchen, a Nyingma practice.
In his essay "The Ethic of Compassion" (1999), the Dalai Lama expresses his belief that if we only reserve compassion for those that we love, we are ignoring the responsibility of sharing these characteristics of respect and empathy with those we do not have relationships with, which cannot allow us to "cultivate love." He elaborates upon this idea by writing that although it takes time to develop a higher level of compassion, eventually we will recognise that the quality of empathy will become a part of life and promote our quality as humans and inner strength.
He frequently accepts requests from students to visit various countries worldwide in order to give teachings to large Buddhist audiences, teachings that are usually based on classical Buddhist texts and commentaries, and most often those written by the 17 pandits or great masters of the Nalanda tradition, such as Nagarjuna, Kamalashila, Shantideva, Atisha, Aryadeva and so on.
The Dalai Lama refers to himself as a follower of these Nalanda masters, in fact he often asserts that 'Tibetan Buddhism' is based on the Buddhist tradition of Nalanda monastery in ancient India, since the texts written by those 17 Nalanda pandits or masters, to whom he has composed a poem of invocation, were brought to Tibet and translated into Tibetan when Buddhism was first established there and have remained central to the teachings of Tibetan Buddhism ever since.
As examples of other teachings, in London in 1984 he was invited to give teachings on the Twelve Links of Dependent Arising, and on Dzogchen, which he gave at Camden Town Hall; in 1988 he was in London once more to give a series of lectures on Tibetan Buddhism in general, called 'A Survey of the Paths of Tibetan Buddhism'. Again in London in 1996 he taught the Four Noble Truths, the basis and foundation of Buddhism accepted by all Buddhists, at the combined invitation of 27 different Buddhist organisations of all schools and traditions belonging to the Network of Buddhist Organisations UK.
In India, the Dalai Lama gives religious teachings and talks in Dharamsala and numerous other locations including the monasteries in the Tibetan refugee settlements, in response to specific requests from Tibetan monastic institutions, Indian academic, religious and business associations, groups of students and individual/private/lay devotees. In India, no fees are charged to attend these teachings since costs are covered by requesting sponsors. When he travels abroad to give teachings there is usually a ticket fee calculated by the inviting organisation to cover the costs involved and any surplus is normally to be donated to recognised charities.
He has frequently visited and lectured at colleges and universities, some of which have conferred honorary degrees upon him.
Dozens of videos of recorded webcasts of the Dalai Lama's public talks on general subjects for non-Buddhists like peace, happiness and compassion, modern ethics, the environment, economic and social issues, gender, the empowerment of women and so forth can be viewed in his office's archive.
Interfaith dialogue
The Dalai Lama met Pope Paul VI at the Vatican in 1973. He met Pope John Paul II in 1980, 1982, 1986, 1988, 1990, and 2003. In 1990, he met a delegation of Jewish teachers in Dharamshala for an extensive interfaith dialogue. He has since visited Israel three times, and in 2006 met the Chief Rabbi of Israel. In 2006, he met Pope Benedict XVI privately. He has met the Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr. Robert Runcie, and other leaders of the Anglican Church in London, Gordon B. Hinckley, who at the time was the president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, as well as senior Eastern Orthodox Church, Muslim, Hindu, Jewish, and Sikh officials.
In 1996 and 2002, he participated in the first two Gethsemani Encounters hosted by the Monastic Interreligious Dialogue at the Abbey of Our Lady of Getshemani, where Thomas Merton, whom the Dalai Lama had met in the late 1960s, had lived. He is also a member of the Board of World Religious Leaders as part of The Elijah Interfaith Institute and participated in the Third Meeting of the Board of World Religious Leaders in Amritsar, India, on 26 November 2007 to discuss the topic of Love and Forgiveness. In 2009, the Dalai Lama inaugurated an interfaith "World Religions-Dialogue and Symphony" conference at Gujarat's Mahuva religions, according to Morari Bapu.
In 2010, the Dalai Lama, joined by a panel of scholars, launched the Common Ground Project, in Bloomington, Indiana (USA), which was planned by himself and Prince Ghazi bin Muhammad of Jordan during several years of personal conversations. The project is based on the book Common Ground between Islam and Buddhism.
In 2019, the Dalai Lama fully sponsored the first-ever 'Celebrating Diversity in the Muslim World' conference in New Delhi on behalf of the Muslims of Ladakh.
Interest in science, and Mind and Life Institute
The Dalai Lama's lifelong interest in science and technology dates from his childhood in Lhasa, Tibet, when he was fascinated by mechanical objects like clocks, watches, telescopes, film projectors, clockwork soldiers and motor cars, and loved to repair, disassemble and reassemble them. Once, observing the Moon through a telescope as a child, he realised it was a crater-pocked lump of rock and not a heavenly body emitting its own light as Tibetan cosmologists had taught him. He has also said that had he not been brought up as a monk he would probably have been an engineer. On his first trip to the west in 1973 he asked to visit Cambridge University's astrophysics department in the UK and he sought out renowned scientists such as Sir Karl Popper, David Bohm and Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, who taught him the basics of science.
The Dalai Lama sees important common ground between science and Buddhism in having the same approach to challenge dogma on the basis of empirical evidence that comes from observation and analysis of phenomena.
His growing wish to develop meaningful scientific dialogue to explore the Buddhism and science interface led to invitations for him to attend relevant conferences on his visits to the west, including the Alpbach Symposia on Consciousness in 1983 where he met and had discussions with the late Chilean neuroscientist Francisco J. Varela. Also in 1983, the American social entrepreneur and innovator R. Adam Engle, who had become aware of the Dalai Lama's deep interest in science, was already considering the idea of facilitating for him a serious dialogue with a selection of appropriate scientists. In 1984 Engle formally offered to the Dalai Lama's office to organise a week-long, formal dialogue for him with a suitable team of scientists, provided that the Dalai Lama would wish to fully participate in such a dialogue. Within 48 hours the Dalai Lama confirmed to Engle that he was "truly interested in participating in something substantial about science" so Engle proceeded with launching the project. Francisco Varela, having heard about Engle's proposal, then called him to tell him of his earlier discussions with the Dalai Lama and to offer his scientific collaboration to the project. Engle accepted, and Varela assisted him to assemble his team of six specialist scientists for the first 'Mind and Life' dialogue on the cognitive sciences, which was eventually held with the Dalai Lama at his residence in Dharamsala in 1987. This five-day event was so successful that at the end the Dalai Lama told Engle he would very much like to repeat it again in the future. Engle then started work on arranging a second dialogue, this time with neuroscientists in California, and the discussions from the first event were edited and published as Mind and Life's first book, "Gentle Bridges: Conversations with the Dalai Lama on the Sciences of Mind".
As Mind and Life Institute's remit expanded, Engle formalised the organisation as a non-profit foundation after the third dialogue, held in 1990, which initiated the undertaking of neurobiological research programmes in the United States under scientific conditions. Over the following decades, as of 2014 at least 28 dialogues between the Dalai Lama and panels of various world-renowned scientists have followed, held in various countries and covering diverse themes, from the nature of consciousness to cosmology and from quantum mechanics to the neuroplasticity of the brain. Sponsors and partners in these dialogues have included the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Johns Hopkins University, the Mayo Clinic, and Zurich University.
Apart from time spent teaching Buddhism and fulfilling responsibilities to his Tibetan followers, the Dalai Lama has probably spent, and continues to spend, more of his time and resources investigating the interface between Buddhism and science through the ongoing series of Mind and Life dialogues and its spin-offs than on any other single activity. As the institute's Cofounder and the Honorary chairman he has personally presided over and participated in all its dialogues, which continue to expand worldwide.
These activities have given rise to dozens of DVD sets of the dialogues and books he has authored on them such as Ethics for the New Millennium and The Universe in a Single Atom, as well as scientific papers and university research programmes. On the Tibetan and Buddhist side, science subjects have been added to the curriculum for Tibetan monastic educational institutions and scholarship. On the Western side, university and research programmes initiated by these dialogues and funded with millions of dollars in grants from the Dalai Lama Trust include the Emory-Tibet Partnership, Stanford School of Medicine's Centre for Compassion and Altruism Research and Education (CCARES) and the Centre for Investigating Healthy Minds, amongst others.
In 2019, Emory University's Center for Contemplative Sciences and Compassion-Based Ethics, in partnership with The Dalai Lama Trust and the Vana Foundation of India, launched an international SEE Learning (Social, Emotional and Ethical Learning) program in New Delhi, India, a school curriculum for all classes from kindergarten to Std XII that builds on psychologist Daniel Goleman's work on emotional intelligence in the early 1990s. SEE learning focuses on developing critical thinking, ethical reasoning and compassion and stresses on commonalities rather than on the differences.
In particular, the Mind and Life Education Humanities & Social Sciences initiatives have been instrumental in developing the emerging field of Contemplative Science, by researching, for example, the effects of contemplative practice on the human brain, behaviour and biology.
In his 2005 book The Universe in a Single Atom and elsewhere, and to mark his commitment to scientific truth and its ultimate ascendancy over religious belief, unusually for a major religious leader the Dalai Lama advises his Buddhist followers: "If scientific analysis were conclusively to demonstrate certain claims in Buddhism to be false, then we must accept the findings of science and abandon those claims." He has also cited examples of archaic Buddhist ideas he has abandoned himself on this basis.
These activities have even had an impact in the Chinese capital. In 2013 an 'academic dialogue' with a Chinese scientist, a Tibetan 'living Buddha' and a professor of Religion took place in Beijing. Entitled "High-end dialogue: ancient Buddhism and modern science" it addressed the same considerations that interest the Dalai Lama, described as 'discussing about the similarities between Buddhism and modern science'.
Personal meditation practice
The Dalai Lama uses various meditation techniques, including analytic meditation and emptiness meditation. He has said that the aim of meditation is
"to maintain a very full state of alertness and mindfulness, and then try to see the natural state of your consciousness." "All human beings have an innate desire to overcome suffering, to find happiness. Training the mind to think differently, through meditation, is one important way to avoid suffering and be happy."
Social stances
Tibetan independence
Despite initially advocating for Tibetan independence from 1961 to 1974, the Dalai Lama no longer supports it. Instead he advocates for more meaningful autonomy for Tibetans within the People's Republic of China. This approach is known as the "Middle Way". In 2005, the 14th Dalai Lama emphasized that Tibet is a part of China, and Tibetan culture and Buddhism are part of Chinese culture. In a speech at Kolkata in 2017, the Dalai Lama stated that Tibetans wanted to stay with China and they did not desire independence. He said that he believed that China after opening up, had changed 40 to 50 per cent of what it was earlier, and that Tibetans wanted to get more development from China. In October 2020, the Dalai Lama stated that he did not support Tibetan independence and hoped to visit China as a Nobel Prize winner. He said "I prefer the concept of a 'republic' in the People's Republic of China. In the concept of republic, ethnic minorities are like Tibetans, The Mongols, Manchus, and Xinjiang Uyghurs, we can live in harmony".
The Tibetan people do not accept the present status of Tibet under the People's Republic of China. At the same time, they do not seek independence for Tibet, which is a historical fact. Treading a middle path in between these two lies the policy and means to achieve a genuine autonomy for all Tibetans living in the three traditional provinces of Tibet within the framework of the People's Republic of China. This is called the Middle-Way Approach, a non-partisan and moderate position that safeguards the vital interests of all concerned parties-for Tibetans: the protection and preservation of their culture, religion and national identity; for the Chinese: the security and territorial integrity of the motherland; and for neighbours and other third parties: peaceful borders and international relations.
Abortion
The Dalai Lama has said that, from the perspective of the Buddhist precepts, abortion is an act of killing. In 1993, he clarified a more nuanced position, stating, "... it depends on the circumstances. If the unborn child will be retarded or if the birth will create serious problems for the parent, these are cases where there can be an exception. I think abortion should be approved or disapproved according to each circumstance."
Death penalty
The Dalai Lama has repeatedly expressed his opposition to the death penalty, saying that it contradicts the Buddhist philosophy of non-violence and that it expresses anger, not compassion. During a 2005 visit to Japan, a country which has the death penalty, the Dalai Lama called for the abolition of the death penalty and said in his address, "Criminals, people who commit crimes, usually society rejects these people. They are also part of society. Give them some form of punishment to say they were wrong, but show them they are part of society and can change. Show them compassion." The Dalai Lama has also praised U.S. states that have abolished the death penalty.
Democracy, nonviolence, religious harmony, and Tibet's relationship with India
The Dalai Lama says that he is active in spreading India's message of nonviolence and religious harmony throughout the world. "I am the messenger of India's ancient thoughts the world over." He has said that democracy has deep roots in India. He says he considers India the master and Tibet its disciple, as great scholars went from India to Tibet to teach Buddhism. He has noted that millions of people lost their lives in violence and the economies of many countries were ruined due to conflicts in the 20th century. "Let the 21st century be a century of tolerance and dialogue."
The Dalai Lama has also critiqued proselytisation and certain types of conversion, believing the practices to be contrary to the fundamental ideas of religious harmony and spiritual practice. He has stated that "It's very important that our religious traditions live in harmony with one another and I don't think proselytizing contributes to this. Just as fighting and killing in the name of religion are very sad, it's not appropriate to use religion as a ground or a means for defeating others." In particular, he has critiqued Christian approaches to conversion in Asia, stating that he has "come across situations where serving the people is a cover for proselytization." The Dalai Lama has labelled such practices counter to the "message of Christ" and has emphasised that such individuals "practice conversion like a kind of war against peoples and cultures." In a statement with Hindu religious leaders, he expressed that he opposes "conversions by any religious tradition using various methods of enticement."
In 1993, the Dalai Lama attended the World Conference on Human Rights and made a speech titled "Human Rights and Universal Responsibility".
In 2001, in response to a question from a Seattle schoolgirl, the Dalai Lama said that it is permissible to shoot someone in self-defense (if the person was "trying to kill you") and he emphasised that the shot should not be fatal.
In 2013, the Dalai Lama criticised Buddhist monks' attacks on Muslims in Myanmar and rejected violence by Buddhists, saying: "Buddha always teaches us about forgiveness, tolerance, compassion. If from one corner of your mind, some emotion makes you want to hit, or want to kill, then please remember Buddha's faith. ... All problems must be solved through dialogue, through talk. The use of violence is outdated, and never solves problems." In May 2013, he said "Really, killing people in the name of religion is unthinkable, very sad." In May 2015, the Dalai Lama called on Myanmar's Nobel Peace Prize winner Aung San Suu Kyi to do more to help the Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar, and said that he had urged Suu Kyi to address the Rohingyas' plight in two previous private meetings and had been rebuffed.
In 2017, after Chinese dissident and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Liu Xiaobo died of organ failure while in Chinese government custody, the Dalai Lama said he was "deeply saddened" and that he believed that Liu's "unceasing efforts in the cause of freedom will bear fruit before long."
The Dalai Lama has consistently praised India. In December 2018, he said Muslim countries like Bangladesh, Pakistan and Syria should learn about religion from India for peace in the world. When asked in 2019 about attacks on the minority community in India including a recent one against a Muslim family in Gurgaon, he said: "There are always a few mischievous people, but that does not mean it a symbol of that nation". He reiterated in December 2021 that he thought India was a role model for religious harmony in the world.
Diet and animal welfare
People think of animals as if they were vegetables, and that is not right. We have to change the way people think about animals. I encourage the Tibetan people and all people to move toward a vegetarian diet that doesn't cause suffering.
— Dalai Lama
The Dalai Lama advocates compassion for animals and frequently urges people to try vegetarianism or at least reduce their consumption of meat. In Tibet, where historically meat was the most common food, most monks historically have been omnivores, including the Dalai Lamas. The Fourteenth Dalai Lama was raised in a meat-eating family but converted to vegetarianism after arriving in India, where vegetables are much more easily available and vegetarianism is widespread. He spent many years as a vegetarian, but after contracting hepatitis in India and suffering from weakness, his doctors told him to return to eating meat which he now does twice a week. This attracted public attention when, during a visit to the White House, he was offered a vegetarian menu but declined by replying, as he is known to do on occasion when dining in the company of non-vegetarians, "I'm a Tibetan monk, not a vegetarian". His own home kitchen, however, is completely vegetarian.
In 2009, the English singer Paul McCartney wrote a letter to the Dalai Lama inquiring why he was not a vegetarian. As McCartney later told The Guardian, "He wrote back very kindly, saying, 'my doctors tell me that I must eat meat'. And I wrote back again, saying, you know, I don't think that's right. I think now he's vegetarian most of the time. I think he's now being told, the more he meets doctors from the west, that he can get his protein somewhere else. It just doesn't seem right – the Dalai Lama, on the one hand, saying, 'Hey guys, don't harm sentient beings... Oh, and by the way, I'm having a steak.'"
Economics and political stance
The Dalai Lama has referred to himself as a Marxist and has articulated criticisms of capitalism.
I am not only a socialist but also a bit leftist, a communist. In terms of social economy theory, I am a Marxist. I think I am farther to the left than the Chinese leaders. They are capitalists.
He reports hearing of communism when he was very young, but only in the context of the destruction of the Mongolian People's Republic. It was only when he went on his trip to Beijing that he learned about Marxist theory from his interpreter Baba Phuntsog Wangyal of the Tibetan Communist Party. At that time, he reports, "I was so attracted to Marxism, I even expressed my wish to become a Communist Party member," citing his favourite concepts of self-sufficiency and equal distribution of wealth. He does not believe that China implemented "true Marxist policy," and thinks the historical communist states such as the Soviet Union "were far more concerned with their narrow national interests than with the Workers' International". Moreover, he believes one flaw of historically "Marxist regimes" is that they place too much emphasis on destroying the ruling class, and not enough on compassion. He finds Marxism superior to capitalism, believing the latter is only concerned with "how to make profits," whereas the former has "moral ethics". Stating in 1993:
Of all the modern economic theories, the economic system of Marxism is founded on moral principles, while capitalism is concerned only with gain and profitability. Marxism is concerned with the distribution of wealth on an equal basis and the equitable utilisation of the means of production. It is also concerned with the fate of the working classes—that is, the majority—as well as with the fate of those who are underprivileged and in need, and Marxism cares about the victims of minority-imposed exploitation. For those reasons the system appeals to me, and it seems fair. I just recently read an article in a paper where His Holiness the Pope also pointed out some positive aspects of Marxism.
On India–Pakistan relations, the Dalai Lama in October 2019 said: "There is a difference between Indian and Pakistani Prime Minister's speech at the UN. Indian prime prime minister talks about peace and you know what his Pakistan counterpart said. Getting China's political support is Pakistan's compulsion. But Pakistan also needs India. Pakistani leaders should calm down and think beyond emotions and should follow a realistic approach".
Environment
The Dalai Lama is outspoken in his concerns about environmental problems, frequently giving public talks on themes related to the environment. He has pointed out that many rivers in Asia originate in Tibet, and that the melting of Himalayan glaciers could affect the countries in which the rivers flow. He acknowledged official Chinese laws against deforestation in Tibet, but lamented they can be ignored due to possible corruption. He was quoted as saying "ecology should be part of our daily life"; personally, he takes showers instead of baths, and turns lights off when he leaves a room.
Around 2005, he started campaigning for wildlife conservation, including by issuing a religious ruling against wearing tiger and leopard skins as garments. The Dalai Lama supports the anti-whaling position in the whaling controversy, but has criticised the activities of groups such as the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (which carries out acts of what it calls aggressive nonviolence against property). Before the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference, he urged national leaders to put aside domestic concerns and take collective action against climate change.
Sexuality
The Dalai Lama's stances on topics of sexuality have changed over time.
A monk since childhood, the Dalai Lama has said that sex offers fleeting satisfaction and leads to trouble later, while chastity offers a better life and "more independence, more freedom". He has said that problems arising from conjugal life sometimes even lead to suicide or murder. He has asserted that all religions have the same view about adultery.
In his discussions of the traditional Buddhist view on appropriate sexual behaviour, he explains the concept of "right organ in the right object at the right time," which historically has been interpreted as indicating that oral, manual and anal sex (both homosexual and heterosexual) are not appropriate in Buddhism or for Buddhists. However, he also says that in modern times all common, consensual sexual practices that do not cause harm to others are ethically acceptable and that society should accept and respect people who are gay or transgender from a secular point of view. In a 1994 interview with OUT Magazine, the Dalai Lama clarified his personal opinion on the matter by saying, "If someone comes to me and asks whether homosexuality is okay or not, I will ask 'What is your companion's opinion?' If you both agree, then I think I would say, 'If two males or two females voluntarily agree to have mutual satisfaction without further implication of harming others, then it is okay.'" However, when interviewed by Canadian TV news anchor Evan Solomon on CBC News: Sunday about whether homosexuality is acceptable in Buddhism, the Dalai Lama responded that "it is sexual misconduct".
In his 1996 book Beyond Dogma, he described a traditional Buddhist definition of an appropriate sexual act as follows: "A sexual act is deemed proper when the couples use the organs intended for sexual intercourse and nothing else ... Homosexuality, whether it is between men or between women, is not improper in itself. What is improper is the use of organs already defined as inappropriate for sexual contact." He elaborated in 1997, conceding that the basis of that teaching was unknown to him. He also conveyed his own "willingness to consider the possibility that some of the teachings may be specific to a particular cultural and historic context".
In 2006, the Dalai Lama has expressed concern at "reports of violence and discrimination against" LGBT people and urged "respect, tolerance and the full recognition of human rights for all".
In a 2014 interview with Larry King, the Dalai Lama expressed that same-sex marriage is a personal issue, can be ethically socially accepted, and that he personally accepts it. However, he also stated that if same-sex marriage is in contradiction with one's chosen traditions, then they should not follow it.
Women's rights
See also: Women in Buddhism and Criticism of Buddhism § Women in BuddhismIn 2007, he said that the next Dalai Lama could possibly be a woman: "If a woman reveals herself as more useful the lama could very well be reincarnated in this form."
In 2009, on gender equality and sexism, the Dalai Lama proclaimed at the National Civil Rights Museum in Memphis, Tennessee: "I call myself a feminist. Isn't that what you call someone who fights for women's rights?" He also said that by nature, women are more compassionate "based on their biology and ability to nurture and birth children". He called on women to "lead and create a more compassionate world," citing the good works of nurses and mothers.
At a 2014 appearance at the Tata Institute of Social Sciences in Mumbai, the Dalai Lama said, "Since women have been shown to be more sensitive to others' suffering, their leadership may be more effective."
In 2015, he said in a BBC interview that if a female succeeded him, "that female must be attractive, otherwise it is not much use," and when asked if he was joking, replied, "No. True!" He followed with a joke about his success being due to his own appearance. His office later released a statement of apology citing the interaction as a translation error.
Health
In 2013, at the Culture of Compassion event in Derry, Northern Ireland, the Dalai Lama said that "Warm-heartedness is a key factor for healthy individuals, healthy families and healthy communities."
Response to COVID-19
In a 2020 statement in Time magazine on the COVID-19 pandemic, the Dalai Lama said that the pandemic must be combated with compassion, empirical science, prayer, and the courage of healthcare workers. He emphasised "emotional disarmament" (seeing things with a clear and realistic perspective, without fear or rage) and wrote: "The outbreak of this terrible coronavirus has shown that what happens to one person can soon affect every other being. But it also reminds us that a compassionate or constructive act – whether working in hospitals or just observing social distancing – has the potential to help many."
Immigration
In September 2018, speaking at a conference in Malmö, Sweden, home to a large immigrant population, the Dalai Lama said "I think Europe belongs to the Europeans," but also that Europe was "morally responsible" for helping "a refugee really facing danger against their life". He stated that Europe has a responsibility to refugees to "receive them, help them, educate them," but that they should aim to return to their places of origin and that "they ultimately should rebuild their own country".
Speaking to German reporters in 2016, the Dalai Lama said there are "too many" refugees in Europe, adding that "Europe, for example Germany, cannot become an Arab country." He also said that "Germany is Germany".
Retirement and succession plans
Main article: Succession of the 14th Dalai LamaIn 2007 the 14th Dalai Lama said his reincarnation could be a woman. This was mentioned again in 2015 and 2019.
In May 2011, the Dalai Lama retired from the Central Tibetan Administration.
In September 2011, the Dalai Lama issued the following statement concerning his succession and reincarnation:
When I am about ninety I will consult the high Lamas of the Tibetan Buddhist traditions, the Tibetan public, and other concerned people who follow Tibetan Buddhism, and re-evaluate whether the institution of the Dalai Lama should continue or not. On that basis we will take a decision. If it is decided that the reincarnation of the Dalai Lama should continue and there is a need for the Fifteenth Dalai Lama to be recognized, responsibility for doing so will primarily rest on the concerned officers of the Dalai Lama's Gaden Phodrang Trust. They should consult the various heads of the Tibetan Buddhist traditions and the reliable oath-bound Dharma Protectors who are linked inseparably to the lineage of the Dalai Lamas. They should seek advice and direction from these concerned beings and carry out the procedures of search and recognition in accordance with past tradition. I shall leave clear written instructions about this. Bear in mind that, apart from the reincarnation recognized through such legitimate methods, no recognition or acceptance should be given to a candidate chosen for political ends by anyone, including those in the People's Republic of China.
In October 2011, the Dalai Lama repeated his statement in an interview with Canadian CTV News. He added that Chinese laws banning the selection of successors based on reincarnation will not impact his decisions. "Naturally my next life is entirely up to me. No one else. And also this is not a political matter," he said in the interview. The Dalai Lama also added that he has not decided on whether he would reincarnate or be the last Dalai Lama.
In an interview with the German newspaper Welt am Sonntag published on 7 September 2014 the Dalai Lama stated "the institution of the Dalai Lama has served its purpose," and that "We had a Dalai Lama for almost five centuries. The 14th Dalai Lama now is very popular. Let us then finish with a popular Dalai Lama." In response, the Chinese government said the title of Dalai Lama has been conferred by the central government for hundreds of years and the 14th Dalai Lama has ulterior motives. This was taken by Tibetan activists and The Wire to mean that China will make the Dalai Lama reincarnate no matter what.
Gyatso has also expressed fear that the Chinese government would manipulate any reincarnation selection in order to choose a successor that would go along with their political goals.
In 2015, the 14th Dalai Lama has claimed he may be reincarnated as a mischievous blonde woman. In 2019, the 14th Dalai Lama said that if a female Dalai Lama comes, she should be more attractive. Chinese politician Padma Choling accused the 14th Dalai Lama of flip-flopping with his various statements on the issue, and of hypocrisy as he himself was reincarnated. He also accused the 14th Dalai Lama of profaning Tibetan Buddhism "by doubting his reincarnation".
In October 2019, the 14th Dalai Lama stated that because of the feudal origin of the Dalai Lama reincarnation system, the reincarnation system should end.
CIA Tibetan program
Main article: CIA Tibetan programIn October 1998, the Dalai Lama's administration acknowledged that it received $1.7 million a year in the 1960s from the U.S. government through a Central Intelligence Agency program. When asked by CIA officer John Kenneth Knaus in 1995 to comment on the CIA Tibetan program, the Dalai Lama replied that though it helped the morale of those resisting the Chinese, "thousands of lives were lost in the resistance" and further, that "the U.S. Government had involved itself in his country's affairs not to help Tibet but only as a Cold War tactic to challenge the Chinese." As part of the program the Dalai Lama received 180,000 dollars a year from 1959 till 1974 for his own personal use.
His administration's reception of CIA funding has become one of the grounds for some state-run Chinese newspapers to discredit him along with the Tibetan independence movement.
In his autobiography Freedom in Exile, the Dalai Lama criticised the CIA again for supporting the Tibetan independence movement "not because they (the CIA) cared about Tibetan independence, but as part of their worldwide efforts to destabilize all communist governments".
In 1999, the Dalai Lama said that the CIA Tibetan program had been harmful for Tibet because it was primarily aimed at serving American interests, and "once the American policy toward China changed, they stopped their help."
Criticism
Ties to India
The Chinese Communist Party has criticised the 14th Dalai Lama for his close ties with India. In 2008, the Dalai Lama said that Arunachal Pradesh, partially claimed by China, is part of India, citing the disputed 1914 Simla Accord. In 2010 at the International Buddhist Conference in Gujarat, he described himself as a "son of India" and "Tibetan in appearance, but an Indian in spirituality." The newspaper of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, People's Daily, questioned if the Dalai Lama, by considering himself Indian rather than Chinese, is still entitled to represent Tibetans, alluding to the links between Chinese and Tibetan Buddhism and the Dalai Lama siding with India on southern Tibet. Dhundup Gyalpo, the Dalai Lama's eventual secretary in New Delhi, argued that Tibetan and Chinese peoples have no connections apart from a few culinary dishes and that Chinese Buddhists could also be deemed "Indian in spirituality", because both Tibetan and Chinese Buddhism originated from India.
Shugden controversy
Main article: Dorje Shugden controversyDorje Shugden is an entity in Tibetan Buddhism that, since the 1930s, has become a point of contention over whether to include or exclude certain non-Gelug teachings. After the 1975 publication of the Yellow Book containing stories about Dorje Shugden acting wrathfully against Gelugpas who also practised Nyingma, the 14th Dalai Lama, himself a Gelugpa and advocate of an inclusive approach, publicly renounced the practice of Dorje Shugden. Several groups broke away as a result, notably the New Kadampa Tradition (NKT). According to Tibetologists, the Dalai Lama's disapproval has reduced the prevalence of Shugden sects among Tibetans in China and India.
Shugden devotees have since complained about being ostracized when trying to get jobs or receive services. The Dalai Lama's supporters expressed that any discrimination is neither systematic nor encouraged by him. Some Shugden movements such as the NKT have organised demonstrations as a form of protest. One group, the International Shugden Community (ISC), came under scrutiny from Reuters in 2015. While the journalists found "no independent evidence of direct Chinese financing," they reported that Beijing had "thrown its weight behind Shugden devotees" and the ISC became China's instrument to discredit the Dalai Lama. The group disbanded in 2016. That same year, the Dalai Lama re-stated his position on Dorje Shugden, saying "I've encouraged people not to do the practice, but I haven't said that no one can do it." His office said that there was no ban or discrimination against Shugden worshippers.
Comments on a potential female Dalai Lama
In 2010, the Dalai Lama told a reporter that the first time someone asked him about the possibility of a female Dalai Lama, he said "if she is an ugly female, she won't be very effective, will she?" In 2015, he once said "more than 50 years ago" in Paris to a women's magazine reporter that a female Dalai Lama would need to have a "very, very attractive" face, as otherwise she would be "not much use". When asked about the comment in 2019, he reiterated that a female successor "should be more attractive." In response to the controversy sparked by the interview, his office released a statement to clarify his remarks and put them into context, expressing that the Dalai Lama "is deeply sorry that people have been hurt by what he said and offers his sincere apologies." The statement explains, the original context of the Dalai Lama's referring to the physical appearance of a female successor was a conversation with the then Paris editor of Vogue magazine, who had invited His Holiness in 1992 to guest-edit the next edition. She asked if a future Dalai Lama could be a woman. His Holiness replied, 'Certainly, if that would be more helpful,' adding, as a joke, that she should be attractive. The statement also noted, the Dalai Lama "consistently emphasizes the need for people to connect with each other on a deeper human level, rather than getting caught up in preconceptions based on superficial appearances."
Gedhun Choekyi Nyima
In April 2018, the Dalai Lama confirmed Chinese government claims about Gedhun Choekyi Nyima by saying that he knew from "reliable sources" that the Panchen Lama he had recognised was alive and receiving normal education. He said he hoped that the Chinese-recognised Panchen Lama (Gyaincain Norbu) studied well under the guidance of a good teacher, adding that there were instances in Tibetan Buddhist tradition, of a reincarnated lama taking more than one manifestation.
Controversy over young boy and "suck my tongue"
In a February 2023 video, the Dalai Lama was recorded kissing a young boy on the lips and asking the child to suck his tongue. The meeting took place at his temple in Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh, India. Nearly 100 students were in attendance, as well as the boy's mother, a trustee of the event's organiser. Her son had asked for and received a hug from the Dalai Lama. He then pointed to his own cheek and lips, requesting and receiving two kisses at those locations from the boy, pulling the child's chin closer during the second one. He then gestured at and said "suck my tongue," stretching it out and moved closer. The boy had been pulling away, and the two ended up pressing their heads together. The video resurfaced in April 2023, and the Dalai Lama's conduct was condemned by many who called it "inappropriate," "scandalous" and "disgusting". His office issued a statement saying that the Dalai Lama often teases "in an innocent and playful way," adding that he wants to apologise to those involved "for the hurt his words may have caused" and "regrets the incident".
Victim groups and media commentators have raised concerns of "child abuse". The HAQ Centre for Child Rights in New Delhi said the video was "certainly not about any cultural expression and even if it is, such cultural expressions are not acceptable." Indian journalist Nilanjana Bhowmick said that sticking out one's tongue is different from "asking a minor to suck it." Child rights activist Shola Mos-Shogbamimu said that child molestation should not be normalised under the guise of playful behaviour.
Tibetan activists argued that the interaction was an overblown joke, misinterpreted and unfairly attacked. They mentioned that sticking out one's tongue is a form of traditional Tibetan greeting to show respect or agreement, stemming from a tradition of performing the gesture to demonstrate that one is not reincarnated from the malevolent king Langdarma, who was said to have a black tongue. The practice is not known to involve "sucking," however. In an interview clip released by Voice of Tibet, the boy said it had been a "good experience" meeting the Dalai Lama, from whom he received a lot of "positive energy". Penpa Tsering, the political leader of the Central Tibetan Administration, called the gesture an "innocent grandfatherly affectionate demeanour" followed by a "jovial prank" with a tongue. He and other Tibetans accused "pro-Chinese sources" of being behind the video. Vice News reported that according to Tibetans, "eat my tongue," roughly translated, is a common expression for teasing children. Kaysang, a Tibetan feminist educator in India, said "suck my tongue" is also a game for elders to "deter kids from pestering them". An international group of Tibetan leaders and activists expressed anguish that attempts to understand Tibetan cultural context have been, in their view, insufficiently covered by the media. Pema Rigzin, president of the Tibetan Cultural Society of Vancouver, added that it is "very normal" in Tibetan culture for grandparents to kiss or chew food for their infants.
Video of touching Lady Gaga
Following the temple child incident in 2023, video footage from 2016 showing the Dalai Lama touching Lady Gaga's leg caused further controversy. The event occurred during a compassion conference in Indiana about individuals experiencing physical and psychological difficulties and how to support them. In the video, the religious leader is seen hardly paying any attention to the speaker. He looked down at Lady Gaga's leg, where the skin is exposed from her torn trousers, and touched it with his fingers. Lady Gaga looked back at the Dalai Lama, shook her head, and smiled awkwardly. When he attempted the same action on her other leg, she grabbed his hand and stopped him from following through. Following the resurfaced Lady Gaga incident, another video was posted on Spanish-language social media (notably X) showing him stroking a disabled girl's arm at an unknown event, drawing further criticism.
Public image
The Dalai Lama places highly in global surveys of the world's most admired men, ranking with Pope Francis as among the world's religious leaders cited as the most admired.
The Dalai Lama's appeal is variously ascribed to his charismatic personality, international fascination with Buddhism, his universalist values, and international sympathy for the Tibetans. In the 1990s, many films were released by the American film industry about Tibet, including biopics of the Dalai Lama. This is attributed to both the Dalai Lama's 1989 Nobel Peace Prize as well as to the euphoria following the Fall of Communism. The most notable films, Kundun and Seven Years in Tibet (both released in 1997), portrayed "an idyllic pre-1950 Tibet, with a smiling, soft-spoken Dalai Lama at the helm—a Dalai Lama sworn to non-violence": portrayals the Chinese government decried as ahistorical.
The Dalai Lama has his own pages on Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram.
The Dalai Lama has tried to mobilise international support for Tibetan activities. The Dalai Lama has been successful in gaining Western support for himself and the cause of greater Tibetan autonomy, including vocal support from numerous Hollywood celebrities, most notably the actors Richard Gere and Steven Seagal, as well as lawmakers from several major countries. Photos of the Dalai Lama were banned after March 1959 Lhasa protests until after the end of the Cultural Revolution in 1976. In 1996 the Chinese Communist Party once again reinstated the total prohibition of any photo of the 14th Dalai Lama. According to the Tibet Information Network, "authorities in Tibet have begun banning photographs of the exiled Dalai Lama in monasteries and public places, according to reports from a monitoring group and a Tibetan newspaper. Plainclothes police went to hotels and restaurants in Lhasa, the Tibetan capital, on 22 and 23 April and ordered Tibetans to remove pictures of the Dalai Lama ..." The ban continues in many locations throughout Tibet today.
In the media
The 14th Dalai Lama has appeared in several non-fiction films including:
- 10 Questions for the Dalai Lama (2006, documentary)
- Dalai Lama Renaissance (2007, documentary)
- The Sun Behind the Clouds (2010)
- Bringing Tibet Home (2013)
- Monk with a Camera (2014, documentary)
- Dalai Lama Awakening (2014)
- Compassion in Action (2014)
He has been depicted as a character in various other movies and television programs including:
- Kundun, 1997 film directed by Martin Scorsese
- Seven Years in Tibet, 1997 film starring Brad Pitt and David Thewlis
- Klovn "Dalai Lama" Season 1, Episode 4 (2005)
- Red Dwarf episode "Meltdown" (1991)
- Song of Tibet, 2000 film directed by Xie Fei.
- The Great Escape "14th Dalai Lama" (2018) on Epic
- "Dalai Lama," episode of the Indian television series Mega Icons (2019–20) on National Geographic.
The Dalai Lama was featured on 5 March 2017, episode of the HBO late-night talk show Last Week Tonight, in which host John Oliver conducted a comedic interview with the Dalai Lama, focusing on the topics of Tibetan sovereignty, Tibetan self-immolations, and his succession plans.
A biographical graphic novel, Man of Peace, also envisaging the Dalai Lama's return to Tibet, was published by Tibet House US. The Extraordinary Life of His Holiness the Fourteenth Dalai Lama: An Illuminated Journey, illustrations and text by artist Rima Fujita, narrated by the Dalai Lama, was published by Simon and Schuster in 2021.
Awards and honours
The Dalai Lama has received numerous awards and honours worldwide over his spiritual and political career. For a more complete list see Awards and honours presented to the 14th Dalai Lama.
After the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, the Norwegian Nobel Committee awarded him the 1989 Nobel Peace Prize. The Committee officially gave the prize to the Dalai Lama for "the struggle of the liberation of Tibet and the efforts for a peaceful resolution" and "in part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi".
He has also been awarded the:
- 1959 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership;
- 1994 Freedom Medal from the Roosevelt Institute;
- 1994 Wallenberg Medal from the University of Michigan;
- 2005 Christmas Humphreys Award from the Buddhist Society in the United Kingdom;
- 2007 Congressional Gold Medal, the highest civilian award bestowed by the American Congress and President. The Chinese government declared this would have "an extremely serious impact" on relations with the United States;
- 2006 Order of the White Lotus by the Republic of Kalmykia for outstanding services and significant contribution to the spiritual revival and prosperity of the republic.
- 2007 Ahimsa Award from the Institute of Jainology in recognition of individuals who embody and promote the principles of Ahimsa (Non-violence); and in
- 2012, Order of the Republic of Tuva by the Tuvan Republic in recognition of the contribution to the upbringing of high spiritual and cultural tolerance, strengthening interreligious and interethnic harmony.
- 2012, the Templeton Prize. He donated the prize money to the charity Save the Children.
In 2006, he became one of only six people ever to be granted Honorary Citizenship of Canada. In 2007 he was named Presidential Distinguished Professor at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, the first time he accepted a university appointment. He is the chief Patron of the Maha Bodhi Society of India, conferred upon him at the 2008 Annual General Meeting of the Maha Bodhi Society of India.
Publications
- My Land and My People: The Autobiography of His Holiness the Dalai Lama. Ed. David Howarth. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1962. ISBN 978-0446674218
- Deity Yoga: In Action and Performance Tantras. Ed. and trans. Jeffrey Hopkins. Snow Lion, 1987. ISBN 978-0-93793-850-8
- Tantra in Tibet. Co-authored with Tsong-kha-pa, Jeffrey Hopkins. Snow Lion, 1987. ISBN 978-0-93793-849-2
- The Dalai Lama at Harvard. Ed. and trans. Jeffrey Hopkins. Snow Lion, 1988. ISBN 978-0-93793-871-3
- Freedom in Exile: The Autobiography of the Dalai Lama, London: Little, Brown and Co., 1990, ISBN 978-0-349-10462-1
- My Tibet, co-authored with photographer Galen Rowell, 1990, ISBN 978-0-520-08948-8
- The Path to Enlightenment. Ed. and trans. Glenn H. Mullin. Snow Lion, 1994. ISBN 978-1-55939-032-3
- Essential Teachings, North Atlantic Books, 1995, ISBN 1556431929
- The World of Tibetan Buddhism, translated by Geshe Thupten Jinpa, foreword by Richard Gere, Wisdom Publications, 1995, ISBN 0-86171-100-9
- Tibetan Portrait: The Power of Compassion, photographs by Phil Borges with sayings by Tenzin Gyatso, 1996, ISBN 978-0-8478-1957-7
- Healing Anger: The Power of Patience from a Buddhist Perspective. Trans. Thupten Jinpa. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion, 1997, ISBN 978-1-55939-073-6
- The Gelug/Kagyü Tradition of Mahamudra, co-authored with Alexander Berzin. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications, 1997, ISBN 978-1-55939-072-9
- The Art of Happiness, co-authored with Howard C. Cutler, M.D., Riverhead Books, 1998, ISBN 978-0-9656682-9-3
- The Good Heart: A Buddhist Perspective on the Teachings of Jesus, translated by Geshe Thupten Jinpa, Wisdom Publications, 1998, ISBN 978-0-86171-138-3
- Kalachakra Tantra: Rite of Initiation, edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, Wisdom Publications, 1999, ISBN 978-0-86171-151-2
- MindScience: An East–West Dialogue, with contributions by Herbert Benson, Daniel Goleman, Robert Thurman, and Howard Gardner, Wisdom Publications, 1999, ISBN 978-0-86171-066-9
- The Power of Buddhism, co-authored with Jean-Claude Carrière, 1999, ISBN 978-0-7171-2803-7
- Opening the Eye of New Awareness, Translated by Donald S. Lopez Jr., Wisdom Publications, 1999, ISBN 978-0-86171-155-0
- Ethics for the New Millennium, Riverhead Books, 1999, ISBN 978-1-57322-883-1
- Consciousness at the Crossroads. Ed. Zara Houshmand, Robert B. Livingston, B. Alan Wallace. Trans. Thupten Jinpa, B. Alan Wallace. Snow Lion, 1999. ISBN 978-1-55939-127-6
- Ancient Wisdom, Modern World: Ethics for the New Millennium, Little, Brown/Abacus Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0-349-11443-9
- Dzogchen: Heart Essence of the Great Perfection, translated by Geshe Thupten Jinpa and Richard Barron, Snow Lion Publications, 2000, ISBN 978-1-55939-219-8
- The Meaning of Life: Buddhist Perspectives on Cause and Effect, translated by Jeffrey Hopkins, Wisdom Publications, 2000, ISBN 978-0-86171-173-4
- Answers: Discussions with Western Buddhists. Ed. and trans. Jose Cabezon. Snow Lion, 2001. ISBN 978-1-55939-162-7
- The Compassionate Life, Wisdom Publications, 2001, ISBN 978-0-86171-378-3
- Violence and Compassion: Dialogues on Life Today, with Jean-Claude Carriere, Doubleday, 2001, ISBN 978-0-385-50144-6
- Imagine All the People: A Conversation with the Dalai Lama on Money, Politics, and Life as it Could Be, Coauthored with Fabien Ouaki, Wisdom Publications, 2001, ISBN 978-0-86171-150-5
- An Open Heart, edited by Nicholas Vreeland; Little, Brown; 2001, ISBN 978-0-316-98979-4
- The Heart of Compassion: A Practical Approach to a Meaningful Life, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin: Lotus Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0-940985-36-0
- Sleeping, Dreaming, and Dying, edited by Francisco Varela, Wisdom Publications, 2002, ISBN 978-0-86171-123-9
- Essence of the Heart Sutra: The Dalai Lama's Heart of Wisdom Teachings, edited by Geshe Thupten Jinpa, Wisdom Publications, 2002, ISBN 978-0-86171-284-7
- The Pocket Dalai Lama. Ed. Mary Craig. Shambhala Pocket Classics, 2002. ISBN 978-1-59030-001-5
- The Buddhism of Tibet. Ed. and trans. Jeffrey Hopkins, Anne C. Klein. Snow Lion, 2002. ISBN 978-1-55939-185-6
- The Art of Happiness at Work, co-authored with Howard C. Cutler, M.D., Riverhead, 2003, ISBN 978-1-59448-054-6
- Stages of Meditation (commentary on the Bhāvanākrama). Trans. Ven. Geshe Lobsang Jordhen, Losang Choephel Ganchenpa, Jeremy Russell. Snow Lion, 2003. ISBN 978-1-55939-197-9
- Der Weg des Herzens. Gewaltlosigkeit und Dialog zwischen den Religionen (The Path of the Heart: Non-violence and the Dialogue among Religions), co-authored with Eugen Drewermann, PhD, Patmos Verlag, 2003, ISBN 978-3-491-69078-3
- The Path to Bliss. Ed. and trans. Thupten Jinpa, Christine Cox. Snow Lion, 2003. ISBN 978-1-55939-190-0
- How to Practice: The Way to a Meaningful Life, translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, 2003, ISBN 978-0-7434-5336-3
- The Wisdom of Forgiveness: Intimate Conversations and Journeys, coauthored with Victor Chan, Riverbed Books, 2004, ISBN 978-1-57322-277-8
- The New Physics and Cosmology: Dialogues with the Dalai Lama, edited by Arthur Zajonc, with contributions by David Finkelstein, George Greenstein, Piet Hut, Tu Wei-ming, Anton Zeilinger, B. Alan Wallace and Thupten Jinpa, Oxford University Press, 2004, ISBN 978-0-19-515994-3
- Dzogchen: The Heart Essence of the Great Perfection. Ed. Patrick Gaffney. Trans. Thupten Jinpa, Richard Barron (Chokyi Nyima). Snow Lion, 2004. ISBN 978-1-55939-219-8
- Practicing Wisdom: The Perfection of Shantideva's Bodhisattva Way, translated by Geshe Thupten Jinpa, Wisdom Publications, 2004, ISBN 978-0-86171-182-6
- Lighting the Way. Snow Lion, 2005. ISBN 978-1-55939-228-0
- The Universe in a Single Atom: The Convergence of Science and Spirituality, Morgan Road Books, 2005, ISBN 978-0-7679-2066-7
- How to Expand Love: Widening the Circle of Loving Relationships, translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, Atria Books, 2005, ISBN 978-0-7432-6968-1
- The Tibetan Book of the Dead, translated and edited by Gyurnme Dorje, Graham Coleman, and Thupten Jinpa, introductory commentary by the 14th Dalai Lama, Viking Press, 2005, ISBN 0-670-85886-2
- Living Wisdom with His Holiness the Dalai Lama, with Don Farber, Sounds True, 2006, ISBN 978-1-59179-457-8
- Mind in Comfort and Ease: The Vision of Enlightenment in the Great Perfection. Ed. Patrick Gaffney. Trans. Matthieu Ricard, Richard Barron and Adam Pearcey. Wisdom Publications, 2007, ISBN 978-0-86171-493-3
- How to See Yourself as You Really Are, translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, 2007, ISBN 978-0-7432-9045-6
- The Leader's Way, co-authored with Laurens van den Muyzenberg, Nicholas Brealey Publishing, 2008, ISBN 978-1-85788-511-8
- My Spiritual Autobiography compiled by Sofia Stril-Rever [Fr] from speeches and interviews of the 14th Dalai Lama, 2009, ISBN 9781846042423
- Beyond Religion: Ethics for a Whole World, Mariner Books, 2012, ISBN 054784428X
- The Wisdom of Compassion: Stories of Remarkable Encounters and Timeless Insights, coauthored with Victor Chan, Riverhead Books, 2012, ISBN 978-0-55216923-3
- My Appeal to the World, presented by Sofia Stril-Rever, translated from the French by Sebastian Houssiaux, Tibet House US, 2015, ISBN 978-0-9670115-6-1
- The Book of Joy: Lasting Happiness in a Changing World, coauthored by Archbishop Desmond Tutu, 2016, ISBN 978-0-67007-016-9
- Behind the Smile: The Hidden Side of the Dalai Lama, by Maxime Vivas (author), translated from the French book Not So Zen, Long River Press 2013, ISBN 978-1592651405
Discography
Studio albums
Title | Album details | Peak chart positions | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
GER |
SWI |
US World | ||
Inner World |
|
88 | 18 | 8 |
Singles
Title | Year | Album |
---|---|---|
"Compassion" | 2020 | Inner World |
See also
- Golden Urn
- The Discourse of Lama
- Awards and honours presented to the 14th Dalai Lama
- List of organisations of Tibetans in exile
- Chinese intelligence activity abroad#Modes of operation
- Dalai Lama Center for Peace and Education
- Foundation for Universal Responsibility of His Holiness the Dalai Lama
- History of Tibet (1950–present)
- List of overseas visits by Tenzin Gyatso the 14th Dalai Lama outside India
- List of peace activists
- List of Nobel laureates
- List of refugees
- Templeton Prize lauretes
- List of rulers of Tibet
- Religious persecution
- Tibet Fund
- Tibet House
- Tibet Religious Foundation of His Holiness the Dalai Lama
- Tibetan art
- Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy
- Tibetan culture
- Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts
- Mind & Life Institute
Notes
- Exile to India in March 1959
- US: /ˈdɑːlaɪ ˈlɑːmə/, UK: /ˈdælaɪ ˈlɑːmə/
- Tibetan: བསྟན་འཛིན་རྒྱ་མཚོ, Wylie: bsTan-'dzin rgya-mtsho
- Tibetan: ལྷ་མོ་དོན་འགྲུབ།, Wylie: Lha-mo Don-'grub, ZYPY: Lhamo Tönzhub, Lhasa dialect: [ˈl̥a̰ˌmo ˈtʰø̃ˌɖup]; simplified Chinese: 拉莫顿珠; traditional Chinese: 拉莫頓珠; pinyin: Lāmò Dùnzhū
- At the time of Tenzin Gyatso's birth, Taktser was a town located in the Chinese province of Qinghai and was controlled by Ma Lin, a warlord allied with Chiang Kai-shek and appointed as governor of Qinghai Province by the Kuomintang.
- Chinese: 红崖村; pinyin: Hóngyá Cūn; lit. 'Redcliff Village'
- Chinese: 管理喇嘛寺廟條例
- Chinese: 喇嘛轉世辦法
- It has been noted that two of the examining debate partners of the 14th Dalai Lama were Kyabje Choden Rinpoche of Sera monastery (Jey College), who debated with him on the topic of the two truths doctrine (Wylie: bden pa gnyis,) and Khyongla Rato Rinpoche.
- According to CNN, no evidence was given for the preceding claim that pro-Chinese elements were involved in the spread of the video.
References
Citations
- Article 29, Section 2 of the Constitution of Tibet (1963)
- "Chronology of Events". dalailama.com. Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
- "His Holiness the Dalai Lama Speaks to Tibetan Students in Delhi". Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama. 26 January 2015. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
- Van Schaik, Sam (2011). Tibet: A History. Yale University Press. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-300-15404-7.
- Gould, Basil (1957). The Jewel in the Lotus. Chatto & Windus. p. 211.
- "Brief Biography". DalaiLama.com. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
- "A Brief Biography of His Holiness the Dalai Lama". fmpt.org. Archived from the original on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
- Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso. "89th Birthday Message". dalailama.com/. Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
- ^ "Chronology of Events". The 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet. Office of the Dalai Lama. Archived from the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
- Goldstein 1991, p. 328–.
- "Report to Wu Zhongxin from the Regent Reting Rinpoche Regarding the Process of Searching and Recognizing the Thirteenth Dalai lama's Reincarnated Soul Boy as well as the Request for an Exemption to Drawing Lots". The Reincarnation of Living Buddhas. Museum of Tibetan Culture of China Tibetology Research Center. 1940. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
- ^ Goldstein, Melvyn C. (18 June 1991). A History of Modern Tibet, 1913–1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State. University of California Press. pp. 328ff. ISBN 978-0-520-91176-5. Archived from the original on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
- "Executive Yuan's Report to the National Government Regarding the Request to Approve Lhamo Thondup to Succeed the Fourteenth Dalai lama and to Appropriate Expenditure for His Enthronement". The Reincarnation of Living Buddhas. Museum of Tibetan Culture of China Tibetology Research Center. 1940. Archived from the original on 30 September 2022. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
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- Buswell, Robert E.; Lopez, Donald S., Jr. (2013). The Princeton dictionary of Buddhism. Archived 12 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400848058. Entries on "Dalai Lama" and "Dga' ldan pho brang".
- "Definition of Dalai Lama in English". Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original on 7 July 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
The spiritual head of Tibetan Buddhism and, until the establishment of Chinese communist rule, the spiritual and temporal ruler of Tibet
- the 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso. "Message of His Holiness the Dalai Lama to the Fourteenth Assembly of the Tibetan People's Deputies". dalailama.com. Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
{{cite web}}
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Lama Thubten named my new brother Lhamo Thondup.
- ^ Thomas Laird, The Story of Tibet. Conversations with the Dalai Lama Archived 28 March 2024 at the Wayback Machine, Grove Press: New York, 2006.
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- A 60-Point Commentary on the Chinese Government Publication: A Collection of Historical Archives of Tibet, DIIR Publications, Dharamsala, November 2008: "Chija Tagtser born holy precious child Lhamo Dhondup ... the holy reincarnate child in Chija Tagtser."
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- Thomas Laird, The Story of Tibet: Conversations With the Dalai Lama Archived 1 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine, p. 262 (2007) "At that time in my village", he said, "we spoke a broken Chinese. As a child, I spoke Chinese first, but it was a broken Xining language which was (a dialect of) the Chinese language." "So your first language", I responded, "was a broken Chinese regional dialect, which we might call Xining Chinese. It was not Tibetan. You learned Tibetan when you came to Lhasa." "Yes", he answered, "that is correct ..."
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- Politically incorrect tourism Archived 6 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, The Economist, 26 February 2009: "When the Dalai Lama was born, the region, regarded by Tibetans as part of Amdo, a province of their historic homeland, was under the control of a Muslim warlord, Ma Bufang. The Dalai Lama and his family didn't learn Tibetan until they moved to Lhasa in 1939."
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- 1938年9月22日,西藏驻京办事处代表阿旺桑丹、格登恪典、图丹桑结等电告蒙藏委员会报告寻获灵儿,并将其送西藏掣签认定,电称:"达赖佛转世事,经民众代表寻访结果,西藏内部寻得灵异幼童2名,西宁塔尔寺方面寻得灵异幼童1名。依照西藏宗教仪式,所寻选之幼童应聚集西藏,降驾掣签,认定真正达赖之转世,既多灵异后,复经庄严之金本巴瓶内典礼拈之。现典礼期将近,关于西宁塔尔寺地方所寻选者,请中央政府俯允该主持人员,迅将寻选幼童送至西藏,参加典礼并恳发给执照,以利行程。" On 22 September 1938, representatives of Tibet Office in Beijing informed Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission via telegraph which says "as for the reincarnation of the Dalai Lama, as a result of a search by representatives of the people, two supernatural children were found in Tibet, and one supernatural child was found in Xining. According to Tibetan religious ceremonies, the selected young children should gather in Tibet, Golden Urn ceremony should be held, and determine that the true reincarnation of the Dalai Lama. The ceremony is approaching. Regarding the candidates for the Taer Monastery in Xining, the central government is requested to host, and promptly send the selected children to Tibet, participate in the ceremony and issue approval to facilitate the itinerary."
- https://www.sohu.com/a/461098896_523177 Archived 1 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine 蒙藏委员会于1938年10月拟定了《十四世达赖喇嘛转世掣签征认办法》The Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission drafted the "Method of Using Golden Urn for the 14th Dalai Lama" in October 1938.
- 1938年12月12日热振摄政致蒙藏委员会电报称“达赖大师转世之化身三灵儿,已蒙转电青海省政府督促纪仓佛速将西宁所选灵儿送来拉萨,良深感慰。所有中央派员参加办法一则,业经与司伦、噶厦商议,三灵儿迎到后,举行掣签典礼之际,为昭大信,悦遐迩计,中央当派员参加。” [For the three candidates of reincarnation of the Dalai Lama, request has been sent to the Qinghai Provincial Government to urge to send candidate of Xining to Lhasa, which is deeply gratified. All members of the Central Committee, along with Kashag, when three candidates arrived, lottery ceremony would be held, the Central (Government) should dispatch officials to participate.]
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List of
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a historic meeting that took place between several prominent Western scientists and the Dalai Lama
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Johns Hopkins is one of the world's premier centers for scholarship, research and patient care
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I am also grateful to the numerous eminent scientists with whom I have had the privilege of engaging in conversations through the auspices of the Mind and Life Institute which initiated the Mind and Life conferences that began in 1987 at my residence in Dharamsala, India. These dialogues have continued over the years and in fact the latest Mind and Life dialogue concluded here in Washington just this week.
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he has led a campaign to introduce basic science education in Tibetan Buddhist monastic colleges and academic centers, and has encouraged Tibetan scholars to engage with science as a way of revitalizing the Tibetan philosophical tradition
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For more than 30 years I have been engaged in an ongoing exchange with scientists, exploring what modern scientific knowledge and time-honored science of mind embodied by the Tibetan tradition can bring to each other's understanding of reality
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He ... had long since abandoned Buddhist ideas about cosmology after reading about the findings of modern astronomers
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crossover between Buddhism and science has become a hot topic in the academic and cultural circles over the recent decades
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In seeking to balance preserving tradition and modern development, His Holiness suggested that the custom of recognising reincarnate lamas may have had its day. He remarked that no such custom existed in India. There is no reincarnation of the Buddha or Nagarjuna. He wondered what place this institution has in a democratic society.
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"The tradition should end now as reincarnation has some connection with the feudal system," the Dalai Lama, the 14th to hold this position, said in Dharamshala on Friday. The Dalai Lama was addressing a gathering of college students from Bhutan and India at his residence in McLeodganj when he was asked about keeping alive traditional values in modern times and passing them on to future generations. "Any culture needs to evolve over a period of time. Like the Buddhist community in India has no tradition of reincarnation or lama institution. It developed in Tibet. I think there is some feudal connection to it and it needs to change now," he told the students. "Institutions need to be owned by the people, not by an individual. Like my own institution, the Dalai Lama's office, I feel it is linked to a feudal system. In 1969, in one of my official statements, I had mentioned that it should continue... But now I feel, not necessarily. It should go. I feel it should not be concentrated in a few people only (Tibetans)," he said. Elaborating, he added, "The system should end, or at least change with the changing times. There have been cases of individual lamas who use reincarnation (to get their way) but never pay attention to study and wisdom," he said, adding that he feels there should be no institutions of lamas and no reincarnations now.
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Payal Kanodia, mother of the child and worker of the M3M foundation, which built the compound
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External links
- Official website
- Teachings by the Dalai Lama
- A film clip "Dalai Lama Greeted By Nehru, Again Blasts Reds, 1959/04/30 (1959)" is available for viewing at the Internet Archive
- Photographs of the Dalai Lama's visit to UC Santa Cruz, October 1979 from the UC Santa Cruz Library's Digital Collections Archived 5 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Newspaper clippings about 14th Dalai Lama in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
- 14th Dalai Lama on Nobelprize.org
14th Dalai Lama Dalai LamaBorn: 6 July 1935 | ||
Buddhist titles | ||
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Preceded byThubten Gyatso | Dalai Lama 1935–present Recognised in 1937; enthroned in 1940 |
Incumbent Heir: 15th Dalai Lama |
Political offices | ||
Preceded byNgawang Sungrab Thutob Regent |
Ruler of Tibet 1950–1959 Part of the People's Republic of China from 1951 |
fled to India during the 1959 rebellion |
New office | Director of the Preparatory Committee for the Tibet Autonomous Region 1956–1959 |
Succeeded byChoekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Erdenias Acting Director |
New office | Head of state of the Central Tibetan Administration 1959–2012 |
Succeeded byLobsang Sangayas Sikyong |
Awards and achievements | ||
Preceded byUnited Nations Peacekeeping Forces |
Laureate of the Nobel Peace Prize 1989 |
Succeeded byMikhail Gorbachev |
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Literature (1989) | Camilo José Cela (Spain) |
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