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			{{Short description|City in Poland}}
	{{redirect|Cracow|other uses|Krakow (disambiguation)|and|Cracow (disambiguation)}}
			{{redirect2|Krakow|Cracow|other uses|Krakow (disambiguation)|and|Cracow (disambiguation)}}
	{{short description|City in Lesser Poland, Poland}}
			{{Title language|pl|italic=no}}
	{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
			{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
	{{Infobox settlement		{{Infobox settlement
	| name = Kraków		| name = {{Langr|pl|Kraków}}
	| official_name =		| other_name = Cracow
			| official_name = Royal Capital City of Kraków<br/>{{lower|0.1em|{{nobold|{{langx|pl|Stołeczne Królewskie Miasto Kraków}}}}}}
	| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
			| settlement_type =
	|color=#ffffff
			| image_skyline = {{multiple image
	| photo1a = Krakow Rynek Glowny panorama 2.jpg
			| total_width = 280
	| photo2a = XII, XIV, XIX, Kraków.jpg
			| border = infobox
	| photo2b = Kościół p.w. św. Piotra i Pawła, Kraków.jpg
			| perrow = 1/2/2/1
	| photo3a = Wawel Krakow June 2006 003.jpg
			| caption_align = center
	| photo3b = Kamienica, Floriańska 55, Kraków 1.JPG
	| photo4a = Rynek Główny 3, Kraków.JPG		| image1 = Krakow Rynek Glowny panorama 2.jpg
			| alt1 = St. Mary's Basilica
	| spacing = 2
			| caption1 = ] and the ]
	| border = 0
			| image2 = Wawel Cathedral Front.jpg
	| size = 276
			| alt2 = Wawel Cathedral
	}}
			| caption2 = ]
	| image_caption = {{hlist|Left to right: ]|]|]|] ] within ]|]||]}}
			| image3 = Kosciol Sw. Piotra i Pawla 1.JPG
	| image_flag = Flag of Krakow.svg
			| alt3 = Saints Peter and Paul Church
	| image_shield = ]
			| caption3 = ]
	| map_caption = Location of Krakow in Poland
	| pushpin_map = Poland#Europe		| image4 = Wawel Royal Castle courtyard (SE), 4 Wawel, Old Town, Krakow, Poland.jpg
			| alt4 = Wawel Castle
	| pushpin_relief = 1
			| caption4 = ]
	| pushpin_label_position = bottom
			| image5 = 2017-05-29 Ulica Floriańska, Kraków 3.jpg
	| subdivision_type = Country
			| alt5 = Floriańska Street
	| subdivision_name = ]
			| caption5 = ]
	| subdivision_type1 = ]
			| image6 = Kraków Cloth Hall. View from the west. Poland.jpg
	| subdivision_name1 = ]
			| alt6 = Cloth Hall
	| leader_title = Mayor
			| caption6 = ] at ]
	| leader_name = ] (])
			}}
	| leader_title2 =
	| leader_name2 =		| image_flag = Flag of Krakow.svg
			| image_shield = ]
	| area_total_km2 = 326.8
			| image_blank_emblem = Logo_of_Kraków.svg
	| area_metro_km2 = 1023.21
			| blank_emblem_type = ]
	| population_as_of = 31 June 2019
			| map_caption = Location of Kraków in Poland
	| population_total = 774,839 {{increase}} (2nd)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/BDL/dane/teryt/jednostka|title=Local Data Bank|accessdate=1 June 2019|publisher=Statistics Poland}} Data for territorial unit 1261000.</ref>
	| population_metro = 1,725,894		| pushpin_map = Poland
			| pushpin_label_position = bottom
	| population_density_km2 = 2359
			| subdivision_type = ]
	| population_demonym = Cracovian
			| subdivision_name = {{POL}}
	| established_title = City rights
			| subdivision_type1 = ]
	| established_date = 5 June 1257<ref>https://historykon.pl/kalendarium-historyczne/5-czerwca-1257-roku-krakow-otrzymal-prawa-miejskie</ref>
			| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Lesser Poland}}
	| timezone = ]
	| utc_offset = +1		| leader_party = ]
			| leader_title = ]
	| timezone_DST = ]
	| utc_offset_DST = +2		| leader_name = {{ill|Aleksander Miszalski|pl}}
			| seat_type = ]
	| coordinates = {{coord|50|03|41|N|19|56|14|E|region:PL|display=inline,title}}
	| elevation_m = 219		| seat = ]
			| government_type = ]
	| postal_code_type = Postal code
			| governing_body = ]
	| postal_code = 30-024 to 31–962
	| area_code = +48 12		| parts_style = coll
	| website =		| parts_type = ]
	| footnotes = {{designation list | embed = yes		| parts = ]
			| leader_title2 =
			| leader_name2 =
			| area_total_km2 = 326.8
			| area_metro_km2 = 4065.11
			| population_as_of = 30 June 2023
			| population_total = {{increaseNeutral}} 804,237 (])<ref name="demografia.stat.gov.pl"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201103446/https://demografia.stat.gov.pl/BazaDemografia/Tables.aspx}} (in Polish)</ref>
			| population_metro = 1,498,499
			| population_density_km2 = 2461
			| population_density_metro_km2 = auto
			| population_demonym = Cracovian (]) <br/> krakowianin (male) <br/> krakowianka (female) (])
			| demographics_type1 = GDP
			| demographics1_footnotes = <ref name=ec.europa.eu>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/met_10r_3gdp/default/table?lang=en|title=Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions|website=ec.europa.eu|access-date=4 January 2024|archive-date=15 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215185052/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/met_10r_3gdp/default/table?lang=en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nama_10r_3gdp/default/table | title=Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 3 regions | website=ec.europa.eu | access-date=4 January 2024 | archive-date=1 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101045308/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nama_10r_3gdp/default/table | url-status=live }}</ref>
			| demographics1_title1 = City
			| demographics1_info1 = €18.031 billion (2020)
			| demographics1_title2 = ]
			| demographics1_info2 = €25.534 billion (2020)
			| established_title = City rights
			| established_date = 5 June 1257<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://historykon.pl/5-czerwca-1257-roku-krakow-otrzymal-prawa-miejskie/|title=5 czerwca 1257 roku Kraków otrzymał prawa miejskie » Historykon.pl|first=Jakub|last=Sikora|date=4 June 2018|access-date=5 November 2020|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111153307/https://historykon.pl/5-czerwca-1257-roku-krakow-otrzymal-prawa-miejskie/|url-status=live}}</ref>
			| timezone = ]
			| utc_offset = +1
			| timezone_DST = ]
			| utc_offset_DST = +2
			| coordinates = {{coord|50|03|41|N|19|56|14|E|region:PL|display=title,inline}}
			| postal_code_type = Postal code
			| postal_code = 30-024 to 31–963
			| area_code = +48 12
			| blank1_name_sec1 = ]
			| blank1_info_sec1 = ] (])
			| website = {{official URL}}
			| footnotes = {{designation list | embed = yes
	| designation1 = WHS		| designation1 = WHS
	| designation1_offname = ]		| designation1_offname = ]
	| designation1_date = 1978 <small>(2nd ])</small>		| designation1_date = 1978 <small>(2nd ])</small>
	| designation1_number = 29		| designation1_number = 29
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	| designation1_free1value = ]		| designation1_free1value = ]
	}}		}}
	| motto = Cracovia urbs celeberrima		| motto = Cracovia urbs celeberrima <br/> (Kraków, the most famous city)
			| elevation_min_m = 187
			| elevation_max_m = 383
	}}		}}
	<!-- Do not add any foreign names to the opening paragraph! See section International Relations (bottom) for names in all equally important languages -->		<!-- Do not add any foreign names to the opening paragraph! See section International Relations (bottom) for names in all equally important languages -->
			'''{{Langr|pl|Kraków}}'''{{Efn|Pronunciation:
	'''Kraków''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|r|æ|k|aʊ|,_|-|k|oʊ}}, <small>also</small> {{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|k|r|eɪ|k|-|,_|ˈ|k|r|ɑː|k|aʊ}}, {{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|k|r|æ|k|ɒ|f}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/cracow|title=Cracow|work=]|publisher=]|accessdate=3 June 2019}}</ref><ref> (US) and {{Cite Oxford Dictionaries|Cracow|accessdate=3 June 2019}}</ref> {{IPA-pl|ˈkrakuf|lang|Pl-Kraków.ogg}}), written in English as '''Krakow''' and traditionally known as '''Cracow''', is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in ]. Situated on the ] in ] Province, the city dates back to the 7th century.<ref name="History"/> Kraków was the official capital of Poland until 1596<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of the City |url=http://warsawtour.pl/en/about-warsaw/history-of-the-city-2076.html |access-date=22 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322210302/http://warsawtour.pl/en/about-warsaw/history-of-the-city-2076.html |archive-date=22 March 2018 |publisher=Oficjalny portal turystyczny m.st. Warszawy |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic, economic, cultural and artistic life. Cited as one of Europe's most beautiful cities,<ref> TheNews.pl.</ref> its ] was declared the first ] ] in the world.
			*<small>English:</small> {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|r|æ|k|aʊ|,_|-|oʊ}} {{respell|KRAK|ow|,_-|oh}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/cracow |title=Cracow |website=] |publisher=] |access-date=3 June 2019 |archive-date=3 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603145748/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/cracow |url-status=live}}</ref>
			**{{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|k|r|eɪ|k|aʊ|,_|ˈ|k|r|ɑː|-}} {{respell|KRAY|kow|,_|KRAH|-}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lexico.com/en/definition/Cracow |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221150906/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/cracow |archive-date=21 December 2019 |title=Cracow |website=] |access-date=12 August 2022}}</ref>
			**{{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|k|r|æ|k|ɒ|f}} {{respell|KRAK|of}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lexico.com/definition/Cracow |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221150910/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cracow |archive-date=21 December 2019 |title=Cracow |website=] UK English Dictionary |publisher=]}}</ref>
			*]: ''Cracovia''
			*{{langx|de|Krakau}}, {{IPA|de|ˈkʁaːkaʊ̯|pron|De-Krakau.ogg}}
			*{{langx|uk|Краків|Krakiv}}, {{IPA|uk|krɐkiu̯|pron|Uk-Krakow.flac}}
			}} ({{IPA-pl|ˈkrakuf|lang|Pl-Kraków.ogg}}), also spelled as '''Cracow''' or '''Krakow''',<ref>{{cite web |last1=Harper |first1=Douglas R. |title=Krakow |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/Krakow |website=]}}</ref> is the ] and one of the oldest cities in ]. Situated on the ] in ], the city has a population of 804,237 (2023), with approximately 8 million additional people living within a {{convert|100|km|0|abbr=on}} radius.<ref name="welcome"/> Kraków was the official capital of Poland until 1596,<ref>{{cite book |last=Davies |first=Norman |date=2023 |title=Boże igrzysko. Historia Polski |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TJp-AwAAQBAJ&dq=krakowa+warszawy+1596+roku&pg=PT298 |location=Kraków |publisher=Znak |isbn=978-83-240-8836-2 |access-date=9 March 2023 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405014905/https://books.google.com/books?id=TJp-AwAAQBAJ&dq=krakowa+warszawy+1596+roku&pg=PT298 |url-status=live }}</ref> and has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic, cultural, and artistic life. Cited as one of ]'s most beautiful cities,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.pl/1/12/Artykul/118486,Krakow-makes-top-ten-in-Conde-Nast-Traveler-poll |title=Kraków makes top ten in Conde Nast Traveler poll |date=15 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310074729/http://www.thenews.pl/1/12/Artykul/118486,Krakow-makes-top-ten-in-Conde-Nast-Traveler-poll |archive-date=10 March 2014 |url-status=live |website=TheNews.pl}}</ref> its ] was declared a ] in 1978, one of the world's first sites granted the status.
			The city began as a ] on Wawel Hill and was a busy trading centre of ] in 985.<ref name="History"/> In 1038, it became the seat of ] from the ], and subsequently served as the centre of administration under ] and of the ] until the late 16th century, when ] transferred his royal court to ]. With the emergence of the ] in 1918, Kraków reaffirmed its role as the nucleus of a national spirit. After the ], at the start of ], the newly defined {{Lang|de|]}} became the seat of ]'s ]. The Jewish population was forced into the ], a walled zone from where they were sent to Nazi ]s such as the nearby ], and ] like ].<ref name=ARC>{{cite web |title=Plaszow Forced Labour Camp |url=http://www.deathcamps.org/occupation/plaszow.html |year=2005 |website=ARC |access-date=14 November 2014 |archive-date=29 April 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040429123214/http://www.deathcamps.org/occupation/plaszow.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the city was spared from destruction. In 1978, ], ], was elevated to the ] as Pope John Paul, the first non-Italian pope in 455 years.<ref name="Clark"/>
	The city has grown from a ] settlement to Poland's second most important city. It began as a hamlet on ] and was already being reported as a busy trading centre of Central Europe in 965.<ref name="History"/> With the establishment of new universities and cultural venues at the emergence of the ] in 1918 and throughout the 20th century, Kraków reaffirmed its role as a major national academic and artistic centre. The city has a population of about 770,000, with approximately 8&nbsp;million additional people living within a {{convert|100|km|0|abbr=on}} radius of its ].<ref name="welcome"/>
			The Old Town and historic centre of Kraków, along with the nearby ], are Poland's first ]s.<ref name="Centre">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/29|title=Historic Centre of Kraków|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|website=whc.unesco.org|access-date=26 December 2019|archive-date=10 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610071815/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/29|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="unesco-02com"/> Its extensive cultural and architectural legacy across the epochs of ], ], and ] includes ] and ] on the banks of the Vistula, ], ], and the largest ] market square in Europe, {{lang|pl|]}}.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/poland/articles/poland-fascinating-facts/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/poland/articles/poland-fascinating-facts/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=10 amazing things you probably didn't know about Poland|newspaper=The Telegraph|access-date=13 November 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kraków is home to ], one of the ] and often considered Poland's most reputable academic institution of higher learning. The city also hosts a number of institutions of national significance, including the ], ], ], ], and the ].
	After the ] by Nazi Germany at the start of ], the newly defined ] (Kraków District) became the capital of Germany's ]. The Jewish population of the city was forced into a walled zone known as the ], from which they were sent to German ]s such as the nearby ], and the ] like ].<ref name=ARC>{{cite web |title=Plaszow Forced Labour Camp |url=http://www.deathcamps.org/occupation/plaszow.html |year=2005 |website=ARC |accessdate=14 November 2014}}</ref> However, the city was spared from destruction and major bombing.
			Kraków is classified as a ] with the ranking of "high sufficiency" by the ].<ref>{{cite web |title=The World According to GaWC 2020 |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |website=GaWC – Research Network |publisher=Globalization and World Cities |access-date=31 August 2020 |archive-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824031341/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The city is served by ], the country's second busiest airport and the most important international airport for the inhabitants of south-eastern Poland. In 2000, Kraków was named ]. In 2013, Kraków was officially approved as a ].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/nov/14/krakow-unesco-city-of-literatre |title=Kraków's story: a Unesco City of Literature built out of books |work=The Guardian |date=14 November 2013 |access-date=26 November 2016 |archive-date=14 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014155319/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/nov/14/krakow-unesco-city-of-literatre |url-status=live }}</ref> The city hosted ] in 2016,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/27759/krakow-to-host-next-world-youth-day |title=Krakow to host next World Youth Day |newspaper=Catholic News Agency (CNA) |date=28 July 2013 |access-date=4 January 2015 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111162342/https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/krakow-to-host-next-world-youth-day |url-status=live }}</ref> and the ] in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.european-games.org/pl/key-facts-figures-european-games-krakow-malopolska-2023/ |title=Key facts & figures: European Games Kraków-Malopolska 2023 |website=european-games.org |date=19 June 2023 |access-date=13 July 2023 |archive-date=13 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713184243/https://www.european-games.org/pl/key-facts-figures-european-games-krakow-malopolska-2023/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
	In 1978, Karol Wojtyła, ], was elevated to the ] as ]—the first non-Italian pope in 455 years.<ref name="Clark"/> Also that year, ] approved ] as its first ] alongside ].<ref name="Centre">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/29|title=Historic Centre of Kraków|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|website=whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco-02com"/> Kraków is classified as a ] with the ranking of high sufficiency by ].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2016t.html |title=The world according to GaWC 2016 |access-date=21 May 2017}}</ref> Its extensive cultural heritage across the epochs of ], ] and ] includes the ] and the ] on the banks of the ], the ], ] and the largest ] market square in Europe, the ].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/poland/articles/poland-fascinating-facts/|title=10 amazing things you probably didn't know about Poland|newspaper=The Telegraph|access-date=13 November 2016}}</ref> Kraków is home to ], one of the ] and traditionally Poland's most reputable institution of higher learning.
	In 2000, Kraków was named ]. In 2013, Kraków was officially approved as a ].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/nov/14/krakow-unesco-city-of-literatre |title=Kraków's story: a Unesco City of Literature built out of books |date=14 November 2013 |access-date=26 November 2016}}</ref> The city hosted the ] in July 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/krakow-to-host-next-world-youth-day/ |title=Krakow to host next World Youth Day |newspaper=Catholic News Agency (CNA) |date=28 July 2013 |access-date=4 January 2015}}</ref>
	==Etymology==		==Etymology==
	The name of Kraków is traditionally derived from ] (Krak, Grakch), the legendary founder of Kraków and a ruler of the tribe of ]. In Polish, {{lang|pl|Kraków}} is an archaic ] form of ''Krak'' and essentially means "Krak's (town)". Krakus's name may derive from "krakula", a ] word<ref name="Krak or Krakus?"/> meaning a judge's staff, or from "krak", a Proto-Slavic word meaning an ], once a ] most often associated with the concept of ]. The first recorded mention of Prince Krakus (then written as ''Grakch'') dates back to 1190, although the town existed as early as the 7th century, when it was inhabited by the tribe of ].<ref name="History"/>		The name of Kraków is traditionally derived from ] (Krak, Grakch), the legendary founder of Kraków and a ruler of the tribe of ].<ref name="Nungovitch1">{{cite book |last=Nungovitch |first=Petro Andreas |date=2019 |title=Here All Is Poland: A Pantheonic History of Wawel, 1787–2010 |location=Lanham |publisher=Lexington Books |pages=55, 287 |isbn=978-1-4985-6913-2}}</ref> In Polish, {{lang|pl|Kraków}} is an ] ] form of ''Krak'' and essentially means "Krak's (town)".<ref name="Małecki"/> The true origin of the name is highly disputed among historians, with many theories in existence and no unanimous consensus.<ref name="Nungovitch1"/> The first recorded mention of Prince Krakus (then written as ''Grakch'') dates back to 1190, although the town existed as early as the seventh century, when it was inhabited by the tribe of Vistulans.<ref name="History"/> It is possible that the name of the city is derived from the word {{wikt-lang|pl|kruk}}, meaning 'crow' or 'raven'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.krakow.pl/kultura/73601,artykul,krakowskie_abc.html#:~:text=Istnieje+kilka+koncepcji+wyja%C5%9Bniaj%C4%85cych+pochodzenie,od+imienia+legendarnego+ksi%C4%99cia+Kraka|title=Krakowskie ABC - Magiczny Kraków|website=www.krakow.pl|access-date=20 July 2021|archive-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124051953/https://www.krakow.pl/kultura/73601,artykul,krakowskie_abc.html#:~:text=Istnieje+kilka+koncepcji+wyja%C5%9Bniaj%C4%85cych+pochodzenie,od+imienia+legendarnego+ksi%C4%99cia+Kraka|url-status=live}}</ref>
	The city's full official name is {{lang|pl|Stołeczne Królewskie Miasto Kraków}},<ref name="bip.krakow-UCHWAŁA"/> which can be translated as "] of Kraków". In English, a person born or living in Kraków is a Cracovian ({{lang-pl|krakowianin}}). While in the 1990s the English version of the name was often written Cracow, the most widespread modern English version is Krakow.<ref>. Rafał Romanowski. Gazeta Wyborcza, 9 January 2008</ref>		The city's full official name is {{lang|pl|Stołeczne Królewskie Miasto Kraków}},<ref name="bip.krakow-UCHWAŁA"/> which can be translated as "] of Kraków". In English, a person born or living in Kraków is a Cracovian ({{langx|pl|krakowianin}} or {{lang|pl|krakus}}).<ref name="Tyrmand">{{cite book |last=Tyrmand |first=Leopold |date=2014 |title=Diary 1954 |location=Evanston |publisher=Northwestern University Press |page=xi |isbn=978-0-8101-6749-0}}</ref> Until the 1990s the English version of the name was often written as Cracow, but now the most widespread modern English version is Krakow.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829161714/http://krakow.wyborcza.pl/krakow/1,44425,4824554.html?disableRedirects=true |date=29 August 2017 }}. Rafał Romanowski. Gazeta Wyborcza, 9 January 2008</ref>
	==History==		==History==
	{{Main|History of Kraków|Timeline of Kraków}}		{{Main|History of Kraków}}
			{{For timeline}}
	] at ]. Kraków was the capital of Poland from 1038 to 1596]]
			===Origins and middle ages===
	Kraków's ] begins with evidence of a Stone Age settlement on the present site of the Wawel Hill.<ref name="Wawel Kraków"/> A legend attributes Kraków's founding to the mythical ruler ], who built it above a cave occupied by a ], ]. The first written record of the city's name dates back to 965, when Kraków was described as a notable commercial centre controlled first by Moravia (876–879), but captured by a Bohemian duke ] in 955.<ref name="krakow.pl-2"/> The first acclaimed ruler of Poland, ], took Kraków from the Bohemians and incorporated it into the holdings of the ] towards the end of his reign.<ref name="Cawley"/>
			] ] dates back to the 11th century, when ] made Kraków his royal residence and the capital of the ].]]
			Kraków's ] begins with evidence of a ] settlement on the present site of the ].<ref name="Fischinger">{{cite book |first1=Andrzej |last1=Fischinger |first2=Jerzy |last2=Banach |first3=Janusz |last3=Smólski |date=1991 |title=Cracow: History, Art, Renovation |publisher=The Citizen's Committee for the Restoration of Cracow's Historical Monuments |page=11 |oclc=749994485}}</ref> A legend attributes Kraków's founding to the mythical ruler ], who built it above a cave occupied by a ], ]. The first written record of the city's name dates back to 965, when Kraków was described as a notable commercial centre controlled first by Moravia (876–879), but captured by a Bohemian duke ] in 955.<ref name="krakow.pl-2"/> The first acclaimed ruler of Poland, ], took Kraków from the Bohemians and incorporated it into the holdings of the ] towards the end of his reign.<ref name="Živković">{{cite book |first1=Tibor |last1=Živković |first2=Dejan |last2=Crnčević |first3=Dejan |last3=Bulić |date=2013 |title=The World of the Slavs |location=Belgrade |publisher=The Institute of History |page=310 |isbn=978-86-7743-104-4}}</ref>
	In 1038, Kraków became the seat of the Polish government.<ref name="History"/> By the end of the 10th century, the city was a leading centre of trade.<ref name="Van Dongen"/> Brick buildings were constructed, including the Royal ] with St. Felix and Adaukt Rotunda, ] churches such as ], ], and ].<ref name="Rosik - Urbańczyk"/> The city was sacked and burned during the ] of 1241.<ref>J.J. Saunders, ''The History of the Mongol Conquests'', (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1971), 85.</ref> It was rebuilt practically identical,<ref name="Akt lokacyjny">Polska Agencja Prasowa. Nauka w Polsce (June 2007), See also: , translated from Latin by Bożena Wyrozumska {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508131151/http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/kraj/1%2C34309%2C4193098.html |date=8 May 2013 }} Retrieved 21 December 2012.</ref> based on new location act and ] in 1257 by the high duke ] who following the example of ], introduced city rights modelled on the ] allowing for tax benefits and new trade privileges for the citizens.<ref name="Strzala2"/> In 1259, the city was again ravaged by the Mongols. A third attack in 1287 was repelled thanks in part to the ].<ref name="Kolodziejczyk"/> In 1335, King ] (Kazimierz in Polish) declared the two western suburbs to be a new city named after him, ] (''Casimiria'' in Latin). The defensive walls were erected around the central section of Kazimierz in 1362, and a plot was set aside for the ] order next to ].<ref name="Świszczowski"/>
			In 1038, Kraków became the seat of the Polish government.<ref name="History"/> By the end of the tenth century, the city was a leading centre of trade.<ref name="Van Dongen"/> Brick buildings were constructed, including the Royal ] with St. Felix and Adaukt Rotunda, ] churches such as ], ], and ].<ref name="Rosik - Urbańczyk"/> ] during the ] of 1241.<ref>J.J. Saunders, ''The History of the Mongol Conquests'', (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1971), 85.</ref> It was rebuilt practically identically,<ref name="Akt lokacyjny">Polska Agencja Prasowa. Nauka w Polsce (June 2007), See also: {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128062513/http://www.konflikty.pl/a,1707,Sredniowiecze,Akt_lokacji_Krakowa.html |date=28 January 2023 }}, translated from Latin by Bożena Wyrozumska {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508131151/http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/kraj/1%2C34309%2C4193098.html |date=8 May 2013 }} Retrieved 21 December 2012.</ref> based on new location act and ] in 1257 by the high duke ] who following the example of ], introduced city rights modelled on the ] allowing for tax benefits and new trade privileges for the citizens.<ref name="Strzala2"/> In 1259, the city was ] by the Mongols. A ] in 1287 was repelled thanks in part to the ].<ref name="Kolodziejczyk"/> In 1315 a large alliance of Poland, Denmark, ] and ] was formed in Kraków.<ref>{{cite web|title=Wydarzenia z kalendarza historycznego: 27 czerwca 1315|url=http://www.chronologia.pl/wydarzenie-w13150627ppk00.html|access-date=22 August 2024|website=chronologia.pl|language=pl}}</ref>
	] is one of the oldest churches in the city dating from the 11th-century]]
			], 1493]]
	The city rose to prominence in 1364, when Casimir III of Poland founded the ],<ref name="The establishment of a university"/> the second oldest university in central Europe after the Charles University in Prague. King Casimir also began work on a campus for the Academy in Kazimierz, but he died in 1370 and the campus was never completed. The city continued to grow under the joint ]-Polish ]. As the capital of the ] and a member of the ], the city attracted many craftsmen, businesses, and ]s as science and the arts began to flourish.<ref name="poloniahans"/> The royal chancery and the University ensured a first flourishing of Polish literary culture in the city.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sobecki|first1=Sebastian|title=Cracow|journal=Europe: A Literary History, 1348–1418, Ed. David Wallace|date=2016|pages=551–65|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/europe-9780198735359?cc=nl&lang=en&|isbn=9780198735359|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>
			In 1335, King ] ({{langx|pl|Kazimierz}}) declared the two western suburbs to be a new city named after him, ] ({{langx|la|Casimiria}}). The defensive walls were erected around the central section of Kazimierz in 1362, and a plot was set aside for the ] order next to ].<ref name="Świszczowski" /> The city rose to prominence in 1364, when Casimir founded the ],<ref name="The establishment of a university" /> the second oldest university in central Europe after the ].
			The city continued to grow under the ]. As the capital of the ] and a member of the ], the city attracted many craftsmen from abroad,<ref>{{cite book|title=God's Playground A History of Poland Volume 1: The Origins to 1795|first=Norman|last=Davies|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2005|pages=65}}</ref> businesses, and ]s as science and the arts began to flourish.<ref name="poloniahans"/> The royal chancery and the university ensured a first flourishing of Polish literary culture in the city.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sobecki|first=Sebastian|title=Cracow, Europe: A Literary History, 1348–1418, ed. David Wallace|date=2016|pages=551–65|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/europe-9780198735359?cc=nl&lang=en&|isbn=978-0-19-873535-9|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=2 June 2016|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220183041/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/europe-9780198735359?cc=nl&lang=en&}}</ref>
	===Kraków's "Golden Age"===
	], 1493]]
	The 15th and 16th centuries were known as Poland's ''Złoty Wiek'' or ].<ref name="NormanDavies"/> Many works of ] art and architecture were created,<ref name="Mikos"/><ref name="unescoancient"/> including ancient synagogues in Kraków's Jewish quarter located in the north-eastern part of Kazimierz, such as the ].<ref name="infosyn"/> During the reign of ], various artists came to work and live in Kraków, and ] established a ] in the city<ref name="Haller"/> after ] had printed the ], the first work printed in Poland, in 1473.<ref name="Norman Davies, God's Playground, vol.1, chapter 5"/><ref name="Wieslaw Wydra 88"/>
			===Early modern period===
	]
			The 15th and 16th centuries were known as Poland's {{lang|pl|Złoty Wiek}} or ].<ref name="NormanDavies"/> Many works of ] art and architecture were created,<ref name="Mikos"/><ref name="unescoancient"/> including ancient synagogues in Kraków's Jewish quarter located in the north-eastern part of Kazimierz, such as the ].<ref name="infosyn"/> During the reign of ], various artists came to work and live in Kraków, and ] established a ] in the city<ref name="Haller"/> after ] had printed the ], the first work printed in Poland, in 1473.<ref name="Norman Davies, God's Playground, vol.1, chapter 5"/><ref name="Wieslaw Wydra 88"/>
	In 1520, the most famous ] in Poland, named '']'' after ], was cast by Hans Behem.<ref name="dzwon"/> At that time, ], a younger brother of artist and thinker ], was Sigismund's ].<ref name="HansDur"/> ] made ]s for several churches.<ref name="Kulmbach"/> In 1553, the Kazimierz district council gave the Jewish ] a licence for the right to build their own interior walls across the western section of the already existing defensive walls. The walls were expanded again in 1608 due to the growth of the community and influx of Jews from Bohemia.<ref name="Kazimierz.com"/> In 1572, King ], the last of the Jagiellons, died childless. The Polish throne passed to ] and then to other foreign-based rulers in rapid succession, causing a decline in the city's importance that was worsened by pillaging during the ] and by an outbreak of ] that left 20,000 of the city's residents dead. In 1596, ] of the ] moved the administrative capital of the ] from Kraków to ].<ref name="warsaw-capital-1596"/>		In 1520, the most famous ] in Poland, named {{lang|pl|]}} after ], was cast by Hans Behem.<ref name="dzwon"/> At that time, ], a younger brother of artist and thinker ], was Sigismund's ].<ref name="HansDur"/> ] made ]s for several churches.<ref name="Kulmbach"/> In 1553, the Kazimierz district council gave the Jewish ] (council of a Jewish self-governing community) a licence for the right to build their own interior walls across the western section of the already existing defensive walls. The walls were expanded again in 1608 due to the growth of the community and influx of Jews from Bohemia.<ref name="Kazimierz.com"/> In 1572, King ], the last of the Jagiellons, died childless. The Polish throne passed to ] and then to other foreign-based rulers in rapid succession, causing a decline in the city's importance. Furthermore, in 1596, ] of the ] moved the administrative capital of the ] from Kraków to ].<ref name="warsaw-capital-1596"/> The city was destabilised by pillaging in the 1650s during the ], especially during the ].<ref name="Milewski2">{{cite web |first=Dariusz |last=Milewski |date=8 June 2007 |title=Szwedzi w Krakowie |url=http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kiosk/historia/szwedzi-w-krakowie,1,3338904,wiadomosc.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518220019/http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kiosk/historia/szwedzi-w-krakowie,1,3338904,wiadomosc.html |archive-date=18 May 2011 |access-date=10 April 2015 |work=Internet Archive |publisher=] |language=pl}}</ref> Later in 1707, the city underwent an outbreak of ] that left 20,000 of the city's residents dead.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Frandsen |first=Karl-Erik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3bNWrVRMb8C |title=The Last Plague in the Baltic Region 1709-1713 |date=2010 |publisher=Museum Tusculanum Press |isbn=978-87-635-0770-7 |pages=20 |language=en}}</ref>
			{{wide image|View of Kraków near the end of the 16th century.jpg|900px|View of Kraków (''Cracovia'') near the end of the 16th century|100%|center}}
	===19th century===		===19th century===
	] takes the ] in Kraków's market square (''Rynek''), 1794]]		] taking the ] in Kraków's market square (''Rynek''), 1794]]
			Already weakened during the 18th century, by the mid-1790s the ] had twice been ] by its neighbors: ], the ] and ].<ref name="The Polish struggle for freedom"/> In 1791, the Holy Roman Emperor ] changed the status of Kazimierz as a separate city and made it into a district of Kraków. The richer Jewish families began to move out. However, because of the injunction against travel on the ], most Jewish families stayed relatively close to the historic synagogues. In 1794, ] initiated an unsuccessful ] in ] which, in spite of his victorious ] against a numerically superior ], resulted in the ]. As a result, Kraków fell under Habsburg rule.<ref name="GR"/>
			In 1802, German became the town's official language. Of the members appointed by the Habsburgs to the municipal council only half were Polish.<ref name=Franaszek>{{Cite web |last=Franaszek |first=Piotr |title=Economic effects of Cracow's frontier between 1772 and 1867 |url=https://shron2.chtyvo.org.ua/Zbirnyk_statei/Die_galizische_Grenze_1772-1867_Kommunikation_oder_Isolation7_nim.pdf |access-date=31 March 2023 |archive-date=31 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531114948/https://shron2.chtyvo.org.ua/Zbirnyk_statei/Die_galizische_Grenze_1772-1867_Kommunikation_oder_Isolation7_nim.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> From 1796 to 1809, the population of the city rose from 22,000 to 26,000 with an increasing percentage of nobles and officials.<ref name=Franaszek/> In 1809, ] captured former Polish territories from Austria and made the town part of the ].<ref name=Franaszek/> During the time of the Duchy of Warsaw, requirements to upkeep the Polish army followed by tours of Austrian, Polish and Russian troops, plus Russian occupation and a flood in the year 1813 all added up to the adverse development of the city with a high debt burden on public finances and many workshops and trading houses needing to close their activities.<ref name=Franaszek/>
			]. After the ], Kraków became a city-state and remained the only piece of sovereign Polish territory between 1815 and 1846.]]
	Already weakened during the 18th century, by the mid-1790s the ] had twice been ] by its neighbors: ], the ] based in Austria, and ].<ref name="The Polish struggle for freedom"/> In 1791, the Austrian and Holy Roman Emperor ] changed the status of Kazimierz as a separate city and made it into a district of Kraków. The richer Jewish families began to move out. However, because of the injunction against travel on the ], most Jewish families stayed relatively close to the historic synagogues. In 1794, ] initiated an unsuccessful ] in ] which, in spite of his victorious ] against a numerically superior ], resulted in the ].<ref name="GR"/> In 1809, ] captured former Polish territories from Austria and made the town part of the ]. Following Napoleon's defeat, the 1815 ] restored the pre-war boundaries but also created the partially independent ]. An ] failed,<ref name="Frommer"/> resulting in the city being annexed by Austria under the name the ] ({{lang-pl|Wielkie Księstwo Krakowskie}}, {{lang-de|Großherzogtum Krakau}}).<ref name="Chambers's encyclopaedia: a... - Google Books"/>		Following Napoleon's defeat, the 1815 ] restored the pre-war boundaries but also created the partially independent and neutral ].<ref name=Franaszek/> In addition to the historic city of Kraków itself, the Free City included the towns of ], ] and ] and 224 villages. Outside the city, mining and metallurgy started developing. The population of Kraków itself grew in this time from 23,000 to 43,000; that of the overall republic from 88,000 to 103,000. The population of the city had an increasing number of ] clergy, officials and intelligentsia with which the rich townspeople sympathised. They were opposed to the conservative ] who also were drawn more and more to the city real estates even though their income still mainly came from their agricultural possessions in the Republic, the Kingdom of Poland and Galicia. The percentage of the Jewish population in the city also increased in this time from 20.8% to 30.4%. However, nationalist sentiment and other political issues led to instability; this culminated in the ] of 1846, which was crushed by the Austrian authorities.<ref name="Frommer"/> The Free City was therefore annexed into the Austrian Empire as the ] ({{langx|pl|Wielkie Księstwo Krakowskie}}, {{langx|de|Großherzogtum Krakau}}), which was legally separate from but administratively part of the ] (more simply Austrian Galicia).<ref name="Chambers's encyclopaedia: a... - Google Books"/>
			During the era of the free city, a ] led to positive economic development. But because of the unstable political situation and insecurity about the future, not much of the accumulated wealth was invested.<ref name=Franaszek/> Through the increase of taxes, customs and regulations, prices soared and the city fell into a recession. From 1844 to 1850 the population was diminished by over 4,000 inhabitants.<ref name=Franaszek/>
	In 1866, Austria granted a degree of autonomy to ] after its own defeat in the ].<ref name="(''see: Franz Joseph I granted Kraków the municipal government'')"/> Politically freer Kraków became a Polish national symbol and a centre of culture and art, known frequently as the "Polish Athens" (''{{lang|pl|Polskie Ateny}}''). Many leading Polish artists of the period resided in Kraków,<ref name="google"/> among them the seminal painter ],<ref name="Matejko"/> laid to rest at ], and the founder of modern Polish drama, ].<ref name="culture"/> ] Kraków evolved into a modern metropolis; ] and electric ] were introduced in 1901, and between 1910 and 1915, Kraków and its surrounding suburban communities were gradually combined into a single administrative unit called Greater Kraków (''{{lang|pl|Wielki Kraków}}'').<ref name="Becoming Metropolitan: Urban Selfhood and the Making of Modern Krakow"/><ref name="Kalendarium"/>
			In 1866, Austria granted a degree of autonomy to Galicia after its own defeat in the ].<ref name="(''see: Franz Joseph I granted Kraków the municipal government'')"/> Kraków, being politically freer than the Polish cities under Prussian (later German) and Russian rule, became a Polish national symbol and a centre of culture and art, known frequently as the "Polish Athens" ({{lang|pl|Polskie Ateny}}). Many leading Polish artists of the period resided in Kraków,<ref name="google"/> among them the seminal painter ],<ref name="Matejko"/> laid to rest at ], and the founder of modern Polish drama, ].<ref name="culture"/> ] Kraków evolved into a modern metropolis; ] and electric ] were introduced in 1901, and between 1910 and 1915, Kraków and its surrounding suburban communities were gradually combined into a single administrative unit called Greater Kraków ({{lang|pl|Wielki Kraków}}).<ref name="Becoming Metropolitan: Urban Selfhood and the Making of Modern Krakow"/><ref name="Kalendarium"/>
	]. After the ], Kraków was independent city republic and the only piece of sovereign Polish territory between 1815 and 1846.]]
	At the outbreak of ] on 3 August 1914, ] formed a small ] ], the ]—the predecessor of the ]—which set out from Kraków to fight for the liberation of Poland.<ref name="Urb 171-172"/> The city was briefly besieged by Russian troops in November 1914.<ref name="twierdza"/> Austrian rule in Kraków ended in 1918 when the ] assumed power.<ref name="Eastern Europe: an introduction to... - Google Books"/><ref name="Encyclopedia of Rusyn history and... - Google Books"/>		At the outbreak of ] on 3 August 1914, ] formed a small ] ], the ]—the predecessor of the ]—which set out from Kraków to fight for the liberation of Poland.<ref name="Urb 171-172"/> The city was briefly besieged by Russian troops in November 1914.<ref name="twierdza"/> Austrian rule in Kraków ended in 1918 when the ] assumed power.<ref name="Eastern Europe: an introduction to... - Google Books"/><ref name="Encyclopedia of Rusyn history and... - Google Books"/>
	===20th century to the present===		===20th century to the present===
	]		]—the first autochrome in Poland, dated 1912]]
	With the emergence of the ], Kraków resumed its role as a major academic and cultural centre, with the establishment of new universities such as the ] and the ], including a number of new and essential vocational schools. It became an important cultural centre for the ], including both ] and ] groups.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kraków after 1795 |url=http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Krakow/Krakow_after_1795 |publisher=YIVO |accessdate=13 November 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113161327/http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Krakow/Krakow_after_1795|archivedate=13 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="Krakow old scenes, including historical photographs"/> Kraków was also an influential centre of Jewish spiritual life, with all its manifestations of religious observance from ], to ] and ] flourishing side by side.		Following the emergence of the ] in 1918, Kraków resumed its role as a major Polish academic and cultural centre, with the establishment of new universities such as the ] and the ], as well as several new and essential vocational schools. The city became an important cultural centre for ], including both ] and ] groups.<ref>{{cite web |title= Kraków after 1795 |url= http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Krakow/Krakow_after_1795 |publisher= YIVO |access-date= 13 November 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181113161327/http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Krakow/Krakow_after_1795|archive-date= 13 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="Krakow old scenes, including historical photographs"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=17 February 2021|title=Kazimierz na przedwojennych zdjęciach. "Ruch na ulicach panował niebywały"|url=https://krowoderska.pl/kazimierz-na-przedwojennych-zdjeciach-ruch-na-ulicach-panowal-niebywaly/|access-date=6 August 2021|website=Krowoderska.pl|language=pl-PL|archive-date=14 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814164403/https://krowoderska.pl/kazimierz-na-przedwojennych-zdjeciach-ruch-na-ulicach-panowal-niebywaly/|url-status=live}}</ref> Kraków was also an influential centre of Jewish spiritual life, with all its manifestations of religious observance—from ] to ] and ]—flourishing side by side.<ref name="Sinnreich">{{cite book |last=Sinnreich |first=Helene J. |date=2023 |title=The Atrocity of Hunger. Starvation in the Warsaw, Lodz, and Krakow Ghettos During World War II |location=Cambridge |publisher=University Press |page=9 |isbn=978-1-009-11767-8}}</ref>
	Following the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany in September 1939, the city of Kraków became part of the ], a separate administrative region of the ]. On 26 October 1939, the Nazi Regime constructed ], one of four total districts within the General Government. On the same day, the city of Kraków also became the capital of the administration. The General Government was ruled by ] who was based in the city's ]. The Nazis envisioned turning Kraków into a completely Germanised city; after removal of all the Jews and Poles, renaming of locations and streets into the German language, and sponsorship of propaganda trying to portray it as a historically German city.<ref> Agnieszka Sabor Tygodnik Powszechny Nr 4 (2794), 26 stycznia 2003</ref> On 28 November 1939 Hans Frank created ] (Jewish Councils) which were to be run by Jewish citizens for the purpose of carrying out orders for the Nazis. These orders included registration of all Jewish people living in the area, the collection of taxes, and forced labour groups.		Following the ] by ] in September 1939, the city of Kraków became part of the ], a separate administrative region of the Third Reich. On 26&nbsp;October 1939, the Nazi régime set up {{lang|de|]}}, one of four districts within the General Government. On the same day, the city of Kraków became the capital of the administration.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2021 |title=Niemiecka okupacja w Krakowie na zdjęciach |url=https://krowoderska.pl/niemiecka-okupacja-w-krakowie-na-zdjeciach/ |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=Krowoderska.pl |language=pl-PL |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206065228/https://krowoderska.pl/niemiecka-okupacja-w-krakowie-na-zdjeciach/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The General Government was ruled by Governor-General ], who was based in the city's Wawel Castle. The Nazis envisioned turning Kraków into a completely Germanised city; after removal of all Jews and Poles, renaming of locations and streets into the German language, and sponsorship of propaganda portraying the city as historically German.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tygodnik.com.pl/dodatek-ks/04/sabor.html |title=Cztery miasta w jednym – nowa historia wojennego Krakowa Niechciana "stolica" |trans-title=Four cities in one – a new history of wartime Krakow. The unwanted "capital" |language=pl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206065229/http://www.tygodnik.com.pl/dodatek-ks/04/sabor.html |archive-date=6 February 2023 |url-status=dead |first=Agnieszka |last=Sabor |work=Tygodnik Powszechny No. 4 (2794) |date=26 January 2003}}</ref> On 28&nbsp;November 1939, Frank set up {{lang|de|]}} ('Jewish Councils') to be run by Jewish citizens for the purpose of carrying out orders for the Nazis. These orders included the registration of all Jewish people living in each area, the collection of taxes, and the formation of ] groups. The Polish ] maintained a parallel underground administrative system.<ref>{{cite book |last=Williamson |first=David G. |author-link=David G. Williamson |title=The Polish Underground 1939–1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SSPOAwAAQBAJ |series=Campaign chronicles |date=12 April 2012 |location=Barnsley, Yorkshire |publisher=Pen and Sword |publication-date=2012 |isbn=978-1-84884-281-6 |access-date=17 July 2022 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018205548/https://books.google.com/books?id=SSPOAwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
	On the eve of the war some 56,000 Jews resided in Krakow, almost one-quarter of a total population of about 250,000. By November 1939, the Jewish population of Krakow had grown to approximately 70,000.<ref name=USHMM-Holocaust-Encyclopedia-Krakow/><ref name=USHMM-Ghettos-Encyclopedia-VolII/> According to German statistics from 1940, over 200,000 Jews lived within the entire ], exceeding 5 percent of the total population in the district. These statistics, however, are likely an underestimate.<ref name=USHMM-Ghettos-Encyclopedia-VolII/>		At the outbreak of ], some 56,000 Jews resided in Kraków—almost one-quarter of a total population of about 250,000; by November 1939, the Jewish population of the city had grown to approximately 70,000.<ref name=USHMM-Holocaust-Encyclopedia-Krakow/><ref name=USHMM-Ghettos-Encyclopedia-VolII/> According to German statistics from 1940, over 200,000 Jews lived within the entire Kraków District, comprising more than 5&nbsp;percent of the district's total population. However, these statistics probably underestimate the situation.<ref name=USHMM-Ghettos-Encyclopedia-VolII/> In November 1939, during an operation known as {{lang|de|]}} ('special operation Kraków'), the Germans arrested more than 180 university professors and academics, and sent them to the ] and ] ], though the survivors were later released on the request of prominent Italians.<ref name="16B. Eastern Europe in World War II: October 1939 – May 1945."/><ref name="sonderaktion"/>
			], 1942—a German checkpoint during {{lang|de|]}}]]
	During an operation called "{{lang|de|]}}", more than 180 university professors and academics were arrested and sent to ] and ] ], though the survivors were later released on the request of prominent Italians.<ref name="16B. Eastern Europe in World War II: October 1939 – May 1945."/><ref name="sonderaktion"/>
			Before the formation of ], which began in the Kraków District in December 1939, Jews were encouraged to flee the city. For those who remained, the German authorities decided in March 1941 to allocate a then-suburban neighborhood, ], to become Kraków's ghetto, where many Jews subsequently died of illness or starvation. Initially, most ghettos were open and Jews were allowed to enter and exit freely, but as security became tighter the ghettos were generally closed. From autumn 1941, the ] developed the policy of ],{{sfn|Longerich|2010| p=171}} which further worsened the already bleak conditions for Jews. The inhabitants of the ] were later murdered or sent to German ]s, including ] and ], and to ].<ref name="The-Kraków_Ghetto_1940-1943"/> The largest deportations within the Distrikt occurred from June to September 1942. More specifically, mass deportation from Kraków's ghetto occurred in the first week of June 1942,<ref name=USHMM-Ghettos-Encyclopedia-VolII/> and the ghetto was finally liquidated in March 1943.{{sfn|Longerich|2010| p=376}}
	], 1942—a German checkpoint during operation ''{{lang|de|]}}'']]
			The film director ] survived the Kraków Ghetto. ] selected employees from the ghetto to work in his enamelware factory {{lang|de|]}}, saving them from the camps.<ref name="All for Love - Google Books"/><ref name="Oskar Schindler: The Untold Account... - Google Books"/> Similarly, many men capable of physical labor were saved from deportation to extermination camps and instead sent to labor camps across the General Government.<ref name=USHMM-Ghettos-Encyclopedia-VolII/> By September 1943, the last of the Jews from the Kraków Ghetto had been deported. Although ], Kraków remained relatively undamaged at the end of World War II,<ref name="LukZaw"/> with most of the city's historical and architectural legacy spared. Soviet forces under the command of Marshal ] entered the city on 18&nbsp;January 1945, and began arresting Poles loyal to the ] or those who had served in the Home Army.<ref>Gilbert, M (1989) Second World War, Weidenfeld & Nicolson P646.</ref>
	Before the formation of ghettos, which began in the District in December 1939, Jews were encouraged to flee the city. For those who remained the German authorities decided in March 1941 to allocate a then suburban neighborhood, ], to become Kraków's ghetto where so many Jews were destined to die of illness or starvation. Initially, most ghettos were open and Jews were allowed to enter and exit freely. However, with time ghettos were generally closed and security became tighter. From autumn 1941, the ] developed the policy of ],{{sfn|Longerich|2010| p=171}} which further worsened the already bleak Jewish condition.The ghetto inhabitants were later murdered or sent to German ]s, including ] and ], and to ].<ref name="The-Kraków_Ghetto_1940-1943"/> The largest deportations within the District occurred from June to September 1942. More specifically, the Kraków ghetto deportation occurred in the first week of June 1942,<ref name=USHMM-Ghettos-Encyclopedia-VolII/> and in March 1943 the ghetto was definitely liquidated.{{sfn|Longerich|2010| p=376}}
			]
	], the film director, is a survivor of the Kraków Ghetto, while ] selected employees from the ghetto to work in his ], ''{{lang|de|Deutsche Emailwaren Fabrik}}'' (''{{lang|de|Emalia}}'' for short) saving them from the camps.<ref name="All for Love - Google Books"/><ref name="Oskar Schindler: The Untold Account... - Google Books"/> Similarly, many men capable of physical labor were saved from the deportations to extermination camps and instead set to labor camps across the General Government.<ref name=USHMM-Ghettos-Encyclopedia-VolII/>
	By September 1943, the last of the Jews from the Kraków ghetto were deported. Although ], Kraków remained relatively undamaged at the end of World War II,<ref name="LukZaw"/> sparing most of the city's historical and architectural legacy. Soviet forces entered the city on 18 January 1945, and began arresting Poles loyal to the ] or those who had served in the ].<ref>Gilbert, M (1989) Second World War, Weidenfeld & Nicolson P646</ref>
			After the war, under the ] (officially declared in 1952), the intellectual and academic community of Kraków came under complete political control. The universities were soon deprived of their printing rights and autonomy.<ref name="autonomy"/> The ] government of Poland ordered the construction of the country's largest ] in the newly created suburb of ].<ref name="krakow_history"/> The creation of the giant Lenin Steelworks (now ] owned by ]) sealed Kraków's transformation from a university city into an industrial centre.<ref name="communist era"/>
	]
			In an effort that spanned two decades, ], the cardinal archbishop of Kraków from 1964 to 1978, successfully lobbied for permission to build the first churches in the newly industrialized suburbs.<ref name="communist era"/><ref name="NH-anthology"/> In 1978, the Catholic Church elevated Wojtyła to the ] as ], the first non-Italian pope in over 450 years. In the same year, ], following the application of local authorities, placed Kraków Old Town on the first list of ]s.<ref name="Woodward">{{cite book |first1=Simon C. |last1=Woodward |first2=Louise |last2=Cooke |date=2022 |title=World Heritage. Concepts, Management and Conservation |location=London |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-77729-1}}</ref>
	After the war, under the ], the intellectual and academic community of Kraków was put under complete political control. The universities were soon deprived of printing rights and autonomy.<ref name="autonomy"/> The ] government ordered the construction of the country's largest ] in the newly created suburb of ].<ref name="krakow_history"/> The creation of the giant Lenin Steelworks (now ] Steelworks owned by ]) sealed Kraków's transformation from a university city, into an industrial centre.<ref name="communist era"/> The new working-class, drawn by the industrialization of Kraków, contributed to rapid population growth.
	In an effort that spanned two decades, ], cardinal archbishop of Kraków, successfully lobbied for permission to build the first churches in the newly industrial suburbs.<ref name="communist era"/><ref name="NH-anthology"/> In 1978, Wojtyła was elevated to the ] as ], the first non-Italian pope in 455 years. In the same year, ] placed Kraków Old Town on the first-ever list of ]s.
	==Geography==		==Geography==
	] in ]]]		] with the ] ] in the distance]]
			Kraków lies in the southern part of Poland, on the ], approximately {{convert|219|m|ft|abbr=on}} ].<ref name="SiT">{{cite book |last1=Bujak |first1=Adam |last2=Rożek |first2=Michał |date=1989 |title=Kraków |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd_NAAAAMAAJ&q=krakow%20219%20morza |publisher=Sport i Turystyka |page=22 |isbn=978-83-217-2787-5 |language=pl |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327172416/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd_NAAAAMAAJ&q=krakow%20219%20morza |url-status=live }}</ref> The city is located on the border between different ]s: the ] in the north-western parts of the city, the ] in the north-east, the ] (east) and the ] of the ] (south).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Traczyk |first1=Paulina |last2=Gruszecka-Kosowska |first2=Agnieszka |date=2020-08-20 |title=The Condition of Air Pollution in Kraków, Poland, in 2005–2020, with Health Risk Assessment |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |language=en |volume=17 |issue=17 |pages=6063 |doi=10.3390/ijerph17176063 |doi-access=free |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=7503758 |pmid=32825405}}</ref>
	Kraków lies in the southern part of Poland, on the ], in a valley at the foot of the ], {{convert|219|m|ft|abbr=on}} ]; halfway between the ] ({{lang-pl|Jura Krakowsko-Częstochowska}}) to the north, and the ] {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} to the south, constituting the natural border with ] and the ]; {{convert|230|km|0|abbr=on}} west from the border with ].
	There are five ]s in Kraków, with a combined area of ca. {{convert|48.6|ha|acre|abbr=off}}. Due to their ecological value, these areas are legally protected. The western part of the city, along its northern and north-western side, borders an area of international significance known as the Jurassic ]-] refuge. The main motives for the protection of this area include plant and animal wildlife and the area's ] features and landscape.<ref name="Pattern of karst landscape of the Cracow Upland (South Poland)"/> Another part of the city is located within the ecological 'corridor' of the Vistula River valley. This corridor is also assessed as being of international significance as part of the Pan-European ecological network.<ref name="The forms of nature protection within the city limits"/> The city centre is situated on the left (northern) bank of the river.		There are five ]s in Kraków, with a combined area of ca. {{convert|48.6|ha|acre|abbr=off}}.<ref name="ZZM">{{cite web |url=https://zzm.krakow.pl/przyroda.html |title=Przyroda |date=2016 |website=zzm.krakow.pl |publisher=Zarząd Zieleni Miejskiej w Krakowie |access-date=23 February 2024 |language=pl |archive-date=23 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223211011/https://zzm.krakow.pl/przyroda.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to their ecological value, these areas are legally protected.<ref name="ZZM"/> The western part of the city, along its northern and north-western side, borders an area of international significance known as the Jurassic ]-] refuge.<ref name="ZZM"/> The main motives for the protection of this area include plant and animal wildlife and the area's ] features and landscape.<ref name="Pattern of karst landscape of the Cracow Upland (South Poland)"/> Another part of the city is located within the ecological 'corridor' of the Vistula River valley. This corridor is also assessed as being of international significance as part of the Pan-European ecological network.<ref name="The forms of nature protection within the city limits"/>
	===Climate===		===Climate===
	] during the summer season]]		] during the summer season]]
	Officially, Kraków has an ], denoted by ] as ''Cfb'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=66521&cityname=Krakow,+Poland|title=Krakow, Poland Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)|website=Weatherbase|access-date=2019-03-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=az3qCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA28&lpg=PA28&dq=KR%C3%81KOW+K%C3%96PPEN+CFB#v=onepage&q=KR%C3%81KOW%20K%C3%96PPEN%20CFB&f=false|title=Selected climatic data for a global set of standard stations for vegetation science|last=Muller|first=M. J.|date=2012-12-06|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9789400980402|language=en}}</ref> best defined as a semicontinental climate.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.warsaw.climatemps.com/vs/krakow.php|title=Warsaw vs Krakow Climate & Distance Between|website=www.warsaw.climatemps.com|access-date=2019-03-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.introducingkrakow.com/climate|title=Kraków Weather Averages - Climate and temperatures|website=www.introducingkrakow.com|access-date=2019-03-10}}</ref> It could also be classified as a ] (''Cfa'') using the original Köppen isotherms {{convert|-3|C|F|0|abbr=}} and {{convert|20|C|F|0|abbr=}}.<ref>{{Citation|last=A|first=Peel, M. C. , Finlayson, B. L. , and McMahon, T.|title=Climate map of Europe (from the "Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification").|date=2007-10-12|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/File:Europe_K%C3%B6ppen_Map.png|access-date=2019-03-10}}</ref> By classification of ], it has a ] in the centre of ] with the "fusion" of different features.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vividmaps.com/2015/05/climates-classification-by-wincenty.html|title=Climates classification by Wincenty Okołowicz|last=Alex|date=2015-05-10|website=Vivid Maps|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-10}}</ref>		Kraków has a ], denoted by ] as ''Dfb'', somewhat boardering on an ] (''Cfb''); with climate change winters are rapidly becoming milder, and hot summers days above 30C are increasingly common,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=66521&cityname=Krakow%2C+Lesser+Poland+Voivodeship%2C+Poland&units=metric|title=Krakow, Poland|website=weatherbase.com|access-date=20 July 2020|archive-date=9 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209140214/https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=66521&cityname=Krakow,+Lesser+Poland+Voivodeship,+Poland&units=metric|url-status=live}}</ref> but with winter temperatures on average still below freezing, it is perhaps best defined as having a semicontinental climate.<ref name="Warsaw">{{Cite web|url=http://www.warsaw.climatemps.com/vs/krakow.php|title=Warsaw vs Krakow Climate & Distance Between|website=www.warsaw.climatemps.com|access-date=10 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524071827/http://www.warsaw.climatemps.com/vs/krakow.php|archive-date=24 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.introducingkrakow.com/climate|title=Kraków Weather Averages – Climate and temperatures|website=www.introducingkrakow.com|access-date=10 March 2019|archive-date=9 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209140213/https://www.introducingkrakow.com/climate|url-status=live}}</ref> In older reference periods it was classified as a ] (''Dfb'').<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Peel|first1=M. C.|last2=Finlayson|first2=B. L.|last3=McMahon|first3=T. A.|title=Climate map of Europe (from the "Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification").|date=12 October 2007|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/File:Europe_K%C3%B6ppen_Map.png|access-date=10 March 2019|archive-date=11 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511170134/https://commons.wikimedia.org/File:Europe_K%C3%B6ppen_Map.png|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=az3qCAAAQBAJ&q=KR%C3%81KOW+K%C3%96PPEN+CFB&pg=PA28|title=Selected climatic data for a global set of standard stations for vegetation science|last=Muller|first=M. J.|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-009-8040-2|language=en|access-date=14 November 2020|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018205612/https://books.google.com/books?id=az3qCAAAQBAJ&q=KR%C3%81KOW+K%C3%96PPEN+CFB&pg=PA28#v=onepage&q=KR%C3%81KOW%20K%C3%96PPEN%20CFB&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> By classification of ], it has a ] in the centre of ] with the "fusion" of different features.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vividmaps.com/2015/05/climates-classification-by-wincenty.html|title=Climates classification by Wincenty Okołowicz|last=Egoshin|first=Alex|date=10 May 2015|website=Vivid Maps|language=en-US|access-date=10 March 2019|archive-date=22 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322142951/https://www.vividmaps.com/2015/05/climates-classification-by-wincenty.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
	Due to its geographic location, the city may be under marine influence, sometimes ] influence, but without direct influence, giving the city variable meteorological conditions over short spaces of time.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Twardosz|first=Robert|last2=Niedźwiedź|first2=Tadeusz|last3=Łupikasza|first3=Ewa|date=2011-05-01|title=The influence of atmospheric circulation on the type of precipitation (Kraków, southern Poland)|journal=Theoretical and Applied Climatology|language=en|volume=104|issue=1|pages=233–250|doi=10.1007/s00704-010-0340-5|issn=1434-4483|bibcode=2011ThApC.104..233T|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Poland|title=Poland - Climate|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-03-10}}</ref>		Due to its geographic location, the city may be under marine influence, sometimes ] influence, but without direct influence, giving the city variable meteorological conditions over short spaces of time.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Twardosz|first1=Robert|last2=Niedźwiedź|first2=Tadeusz|last3=Łupikasza|first3=Ewa|date=1 May 2011|title=The influence of atmospheric circulation on the type of precipitation (Kraków, southern Poland)|journal=Theoretical and Applied Climatology|language=en|volume=104|issue=1|pages=233–250|doi=10.1007/s00704-010-0340-5|issn=1434-4483|bibcode=2011ThApC.104..233T|doi-access=free|hdl=20.500.12128/10463|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Poland|title=Poland - Climate|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=10 March 2019|archive-date=2 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502183748/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/466681/Poland/28238/Languages|url-status=live}}</ref> The city lies in proximity to the ] and there are often occurrences of a ] called ], causing temperatures to rise rapidly.<ref name="SEDNO">{{cite book |first1=Magdalena |last1=Kuchcik |first2=Krzysztof |last2=Błażejczyk |first3=Jakub |last3=Szmyd |first4=Paweł |last4=Milewski |first5=Anna |last5=Błażejczyk |first6=Jarosław |last6=Baranowski |date=2013 |title=Potencjał leczniczy klimatu Polski |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0phhBAAAQBAJ |location=Warszawa (Warsaw) |publisher=Wydawnictwo SEDNO |page=64 |isbn=978-83-7963-001-1 |language=pl |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327172414/https://books.google.com/books?id=0phhBAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> In relation to Warsaw, temperatures are very similar for most of the year, except that in the colder months ] has a larger daily temperature range, more moderate winds, generally more rainy days and with greater chances of clear skies on average, especially in winter. The higher sun angle also allows for a longer ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://weatherspark.com/compare/y/85104~87583/Comparison-of-the-Average-Weather-in-Krak%C3%B3w-and-Warsaw|title=The Typical Weather Anywhere on Earth – Weather Spark|website=weatherspark.com|access-date=10 March 2019|archive-date=9 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209140213/https://weatherspark.com/compare/y/85104~87583/Comparison-of-the-Average-Weather-in-Krak%C3%B3w-and-Warsaw|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition, for older data there was less sun than the capital of the country, about 30 minutes daily per year, but both have small differences in relative humidity and the direction of the winds is northeast.<ref name="Warsaw" />
			The climate table below presents weather data with averages from 1991 to 2020, sunshine ranges from 1971 to 2000, and valid extremes from 1951 to the present day:
	Being towards ] and a relatively considerable distance from the sea, Krakow has significant temperature differences according to the progress of different ]es, having four defined seasons of the year. Average temperatures in summer range from {{convert|17.0|to|19.2|C|F|0}} and in winter from {{convert|-2.0|to|-0.6|C|F|0}}. The average annual temperature is {{convert|8.7|C|F|0}}. In summer temperatures often exceed {{convert|25|C|F|0}}, even reaching {{convert|30|C|F|0}}, while in winter temperatures drop to {{convert|-5|C|F|0}} at night and about {{convert|0|C|F|0}} during the day. During very cold nights the temperature can drop to {{convert|-15|C|F|0}}. The city lies near the ], there are often occurrences of ] blowing (a ]), causing temperatures to rise rapidly, and even in winter reach up to {{convert|20|C|F|0}}.{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}}
			{{Weather box|location = Kraków-Airport (]), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present
			| collapsed =
	In relation to ], temperatures are very similar for most of the year, except that in the colder months ] has a larger daily temperature range, more moderate winds, generally more rainy days and with greater chances of clear skies on average, especially in winter. The lower sun angle also allows for a larger ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://weatherspark.com/compare/y/85104~87583/Comparison-of-the-Average-Weather-in-Krak%C3%B3w-and-Warsaw|title=The Typical Weather Anywhere on Earth - Weather Spark|website=weatherspark.com|access-date=2019-03-10}}</ref> In addition, for older data there was less sun than the capital of the country, about 30 minutes daily per year, but both have small differences in relative humidity and the direction of the winds is northeast.<ref name=":0" />
			| metric first = y
			| single line = y
	The climate table below presents weather data from the years 2000–2012 although the official Köppen reference period was from 1981–2010 (therefore not being technically a ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://library.wmo.int/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=20130#.XIWVbyhKiM8|title=WMO Guidelines on the Calculation of Climate Normals|last=Group|first=PMB|date=|website=library.wmo.int|access-date=2019-03-10}}</ref>). According to ongoing measurements, the temperature has increased during these years as compared with the last series. This increase averages about 0.6&nbsp;°C over all months. Warming is most pronounced during the winter months, with an increase of more than 1.0&nbsp;°C in January.
			| Jan record high C = 16.6
	{{Kraków weatherbox}}
			| Feb record high C = 19.8
			| Mar record high C = 24.1
			| Apr record high C = 30.0
			| May record high C = 32.6
			| Jun record high C = 34.2
			| Jul record high C = 35.7
			| Aug record high C = 37.3
			| Sep record high C = 34.8
			| Oct record high C = 27.1
			| Nov record high C = 22.5
			| Dec record high C = 19.3
			| year record high C = 37.3
			| Jan avg record high C = 10.0
			| Feb avg record high C = 12.3
			| Mar avg record high C = 18.0
			| Apr avg record high C = 24.3
			| May avg record high C = 27.9
			| Jun avg record high C = 31.1
			| Jul avg record high C = 32.5
			| Aug avg record high C = 32.2
			| Sep avg record high C = 27.6
			| Oct avg record high C = 23.4
			| Nov avg record high C = 17.3
			| Dec avg record high C = 10.9
			| year avg record high C = 33.8
			| Jan high C = 1.6
			| Feb high C = 3.7
			| Mar high C = 8.4
			| Apr high C = 15.1
			| May high C = 19.8
			| Jun high C = 23.2
			| Jul high C = 25.3
			| Aug high C = 25.0
			| Sep high C = 19.5
			| Oct high C = 14.0
			| Nov high C = 7.6
			| Dec high C = 2.7
			| year high C = 13.8
			| Jan mean C = -1.6
			| Feb mean C = -0.2
			| Mar mean C = 3.5
			| Apr mean C = 9.3
			| May mean C = 14.0
			| Jun mean C = 17.6
			| Jul mean C = 19.3
			| Aug mean C = 18.9
			| Sep mean C = 13.9
			| Oct mean C = 8.8
			| Nov mean C = 3.8
			| Dec mean C = -0.5
			| year mean C = 8.9
			| Jan low C = -4.7
			| Feb low C = -3.7
			| Mar low C = -0.8
			| Apr low C = 3.7
			| May low C = 8.5
			| Jun low C = 12.2
			| Jul low C = 13.8
			| Aug low C = 13.4
			| Sep low C = 9.2
			| Oct low C = 4.7
			| Nov low C = 0.6
			| Dec low C = -3.4
			| year low C = 4.5
			| Jan avg record low C = -15.7
			| Feb avg record low C = -13.0
			| Mar avg record low C = -8.0
			| Apr avg record low C = -3.0
			| May avg record low C = 1.9
			| Jun avg record low C = 6.6
			| Jul avg record low C = 8.3
			| Aug avg record low C = 7.7
			| Sep avg record low C = 2.8
			| Oct avg record low C = -3.2
			| Nov avg record low C = -7.3
			| Dec avg record low C = -13.5
			| year avg record low C = -18.0
			| Jan record low C = -29.9
			| Feb record low C = -29.5
			| Mar record low C = -26.7
			| Apr record low C = -7.5
			| May record low C = -3.2
			| Jun record low C = -0.1
			| Jul record low C = 5.4
			| Aug record low C = 2.7
			| Sep record low C = -3.1
			| Oct record low C = -7.4
			| Nov record low C = -17.2
			| Dec record low C = -29.5
			| year record low C = -29.9
			| precipitation colour = green
			| Jan precipitation mm = 37.9
			| Feb precipitation mm = 32.3
			| Mar precipitation mm = 38.1
			| Apr precipitation mm = 46.4
			| May precipitation mm = 79.0
			| Jun precipitation mm = 77.0
			| Jul precipitation mm = 98.2
			| Aug precipitation mm = 72.5
			| Sep precipitation mm = 65.8
			| Oct precipitation mm = 51.2
			| Nov precipitation mm = 41.4
			| Dec precipitation mm = 33.4
			| year precipitation mm = 673.0
			| Jan snow depth cm = 7.6
			| Feb snow depth cm = 6.5
			| Mar snow depth cm = 2.7
			| Apr snow depth cm = 0.9
			| May snow depth cm = 0.0
			| Jun snow depth cm = 0.0
			| Jul snow depth cm = 0.0
			| Aug snow depth cm = 0.0
			| Sep snow depth cm = 0.0
			| Oct snow depth cm = 0.3
			| Nov snow depth cm = 2.7
			| Dec snow depth cm = 4.1
			| year snow depth cm =
			| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
			| Jan precipitation days = 16.93
			| Feb precipitation days = 15.71
			| Mar precipitation days = 15.00
			| Apr precipitation days = 12.87
			| May precipitation days = 14.97
			| Jun precipitation days = 13.37
			| Jul precipitation days = 15.00
			| Aug precipitation days = 12.00
			| Sep precipitation days = 12.07
			| Oct precipitation days = 13.40
			| Nov precipitation days = 14.67
			| Dec precipitation days = 15.77
			| year precipitation days = 171.74
			| unit snow days = 0 cm
			| Jan snow days = 17.9
			| Feb snow days = 14.1
			| Mar snow days = 5.5
			| Apr snow days = 0.8
			| May snow days = 0.0
			| Jun snow days = 0.0
			| Jul snow days = 0.0
			| Aug snow days = 0.0
			| Sep snow days = 0.0
			| Oct snow days = 0.3
			| Nov snow days = 4.3
			| Dec snow days = 11.9
			| year snow days = 54.8
			| Jan humidity = 85.8
			| Feb humidity = 82.5
			| Mar humidity = 76.3
			| Apr humidity = 69.9
			| May humidity = 72.0
			| Jun humidity = 72.7
			| Jul humidity = 73.2
			| Aug humidity = 74.5
			| Sep humidity = 80.2
			| Oct humidity = 83.8
			| Nov humidity = 87.7
			| Dec humidity = 87.5
			| year humidity = 78.8
			| Jan sun = 43.3
			| Feb sun = 63.2
			| Mar sun = 100.5
			| Apr sun = 136.9
			| May sun = 200.8
			| Jun sun = 193.5
			| Jul sun = 210.5
			| Aug sun = 200.7
			| Sep sun = 125.4
			| Oct sun = 97.7
			| Nov sun = 48.8
			| Dec sun = 32.1
			| year sun =
			| source 1 = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management<ref name=IMGWtavg>{{cite web
			| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211203115527/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE
			| archive-date = 3 December 2021
			| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE
			| title = Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza
			| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
			| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
			| language = pl
			| access-date = 20 January 2022
			| url-status = live
			}}</ref><ref name=IMGWtmin>{{cite web
			| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115043924/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE
			| archive-date = 15 January 2022
			| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE
			| title = Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza
			| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
			| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
			| language = pl
			| access-date = 20 January 2022
			| url-status = live
			}}</ref><ref name=IMGWtmax>{{cite web
			| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115044916/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE
			| archive-date = 15 January 2022
			| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE
			| title = Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza
			| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
			| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
			| language = pl
			| access-date = 20 January 2022
			| url-status = live
			}}</ref><ref name=IMGWprecip>{{cite web
			| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220109045820/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA
			| archive-date = 9 January 2022
			| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA
			| title = Miesięczna suma opadu
			| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
			| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
			| language = pl
			| access-date = 20 January 2022
			| url-status = live
			}}</ref><ref name=IMGWprecipdays>{{cite web
			| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115051112/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01
			| archive-date = 15 January 2022
			| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01
			| title = Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm
			| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
			| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
			| language = pl
			| access-date = 20 January 2022
			| url-status = live
			}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsnowdepth>{{cite web
			| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115054936/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB
			| archive-date = 15 January 2022
			| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB
			| title = Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej
			| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
			| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
			| language = pl
			| access-date = 20 January 2022
			| url-status = live
			}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsnowdays>{{cite web
			| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220121044246/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0
			| archive-date = 21 January 2022
			| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0
			| title = Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm
			| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
			| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
			| language = pl
			| access-date = 20 January 2022
			| url-status = live
			}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsun>{{cite web
			| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115055331/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL
			| archive-date = 15 January 2022
			| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL
			| title = Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h)
			| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
			| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
			| language = pl
			| access-date = 20 January 2022
			| url-status = live
			}}</ref>
			|source 2 = Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020, sunshine 1971–2000)<ref name=recordhigh1>{{cite web
			| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=350190560&par=tmax&max_empty=3
			| title = Kraków-Balice Absolutna temperatura maksymalna
			| date = 6 April 2018
			| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
			| language = pl
			| access-date = 20 January 2022
			| archive-date = 13 February 2023
			| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230213123807/https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=350190560&par=tmax&max_empty=3
			| url-status = live
			}}</ref><ref name=recordlow1>{{cite web
			| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=350190566&par=tmax&max_empty=3
			| title = Kraków-Balice Absolutna temperatura minimalna
			| date = 6 April 2018
			| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
			| language = pl
			| access-date = 20 January 2022
			| archive-date = 9 February 2023
			| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230209140332/https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=350190566&par=tmax&max_empty=3
			| url-status = live
			}}</ref><ref name=relativehumidity1>{{cite web
			| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=350190566&par=rh&max_empty=3
			| title = Kraków-Balice Średnia wilgotność
			| date = 6 April 2018
			| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
			| language = pl
			| access-date = 20 January 2022
			| archive-date = 9 February 2023
			| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230209141724/https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=350190566&par=rh&max_empty=3
			| url-status = live
			}}</ref><ref name=sunshine1>{{cite web
			| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=350190566&par=sunshine&max_empty=3
			| title = Kraków-Balice Usłonecznienie (suma)
			| date = 6 April 2018
			| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
			| language = pl
			| access-date = 20 January 2022
			| archive-date = 9 February 2023
			| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230209140230/https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=350190566&par=sunshine&max_empty=3
			| url-status = live
			}}</ref>
			}}
			{{Weather box|location = Kraków-Observatory, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present
			| collapsed = y
			| metric first = y
			| single line = y
			| Jan record high C = 17.3
			| Feb record high C = 21.0
			| Mar record high C = 24.7
			| Apr record high C = 31.2
			| May record high C = 33.7
			| Jun record high C = 36.0
			| Jul record high C = 36.7
			| Aug record high C = 38.3
			| Sep record high C = 35.8
			| Oct record high C = 27.9
			| Nov record high C = 24.0
			| Dec record high C = 19.9
			| year record high C = 38.3
			| Jan avg record high C = 10.9
			| Feb avg record high C = 13.3
			| Mar avg record high C = 18.9
			| Apr avg record high C = 25.3
			| May avg record high C = 28.9
			| Jun avg record high C = 32.1
			| Jul avg record high C = 33.4
			| Aug avg record high C = 33.2
			| Sep avg record high C = 28.4
			| Oct avg record high C = 24.4
			| Nov avg record high C = 17.8
			| Dec avg record high C = 11.6
			| year avg record high C = 34.7
			| Jan high C = 2.3
			| Feb high C = 4.4
			| Mar high C = 9.1
			| Apr high C = 15.8
			| May high C = 20.6
			| Jun high C = 24.0
			| Jul high C = 26.0
			| Aug high C = 25.8
			| Sep high C = 20.2
			| Oct high C = 14.6
			| Nov high C = 8.2
			| Dec high C = 3.3
			| year high C = 14.5
			| Jan mean C = -1.0
			| Feb mean C = 0.4
			| Mar mean C = 4.1
			| Apr mean C = 9.8
			| May mean C = 14.6
			| Jun mean C = 18.3
			| Jul mean C = 20.0
			| Aug mean C = 19.3
			| Sep mean C = 14.2
			| Oct mean C = 9.2
			| Nov mean C = 4.4
			| Dec mean C = 0.2
			| year mean C = 9.5
			| Jan low C = -3.5
			| Feb low C = -2.6
			| Mar low C = 0.3
			| Apr low C = 4.8
			| May low C = 9.5
			| Jun low C = 13.2
			| Jul low C = 14.9
			| Aug low C = 14.4
			| Sep low C = 10.1
			| Oct low C = 5.7
			| Nov low C = 1.7
			| Dec low C = -2.2
			| year low C = 5.5
			| Jan avg record low C = -14.0
			| Feb avg record low C = -11.4
			| Mar avg record low C = -6.4
			| Apr avg record low C = -1.6
			| May avg record low C = 3.0
			| Jun avg record low C = 8.1
			| Jul avg record low C = 9.9
			| Aug avg record low C = 9.2
			| Sep avg record low C = 3.8
			| Oct avg record low C = -1.8
			| Nov avg record low C = -5.8
			| Dec avg record low C = -11.6
			| year avg record low C = -16.4
			| Jan record low C = -26.1
			| Feb record low C = -26.8
			| Mar record low C = -23.2
			| Apr record low C = -4.6
			| May record low C = -1.8
			| Jun record low C = 2.3
			| Jul record low C = 6.6
			| Aug record low C = 4.5
			| Sep record low C = -2.6
			| Oct record low C = -5.7
			| Nov record low C = -16.1
			| Dec record low C = -25.7
			| year record low C = -26.8
			| precipitation colour = green
			| Jan precipitation mm = 37.9
			| Feb precipitation mm = 33.3
			| Mar precipitation mm = 38.3
			| Apr precipitation mm = 48.4
			| May precipitation mm = 82.6
			| Jun precipitation mm = 81.1
			| Jul precipitation mm = 98.6
			| Aug precipitation mm = 75.1
			| Sep precipitation mm = 70.3
			| Oct precipitation mm = 53.1
			| Nov precipitation mm = 41.8
			| Dec precipitation mm = 32.4
			| year precipitation mm = 693.0
			| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
			| Jan precipitation days = 16.9
			| Feb precipitation days = 15.2
			| Mar precipitation days = 14.9
			| Apr precipitation days = 12.9
			| May precipitation days = 14.6
			| Jun precipitation days = 13.8
			| Jul precipitation days = 14.7
			| Aug precipitation days = 12.4
			| Sep precipitation days = 12.0
			| Oct precipitation days = 13.6
			| Nov precipitation days = 14.7
			| Dec precipitation days = 16.3
			| year precipitation days = 172.0
			| Jan humidity = 82.2
			| Feb humidity = 78.9
			| Mar humidity = 73.0
			| Apr humidity = 66.1
			| May humidity = 68.4
			| Jun humidity = 68.9
			| Jul humidity = 70.0
			| Aug humidity = 72.4
			| Sep humidity = 79.3
			| Oct humidity = 82.7
			| Nov humidity = 84.8
			| Dec humidity = 83.9
			| year humidity = 75.9
			| source 1 = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne<ref name="Meteomodel2">{{cite web|url=https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne|title=Meteomodel. Dane. Średnie i sumy miesięczne|date=6 April 2018|access-date=21 January 2022|publisher=meteomodel.pl|archive-date=27 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027220024/https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/|url-status=live}}</ref>
			}}
	==Cityscape==		==Cityscape==
	] Cloth Hall ('']'') in ]]]		] Cloth Hall ('']'') in ]]]
	] dating from around 1498 was once a fortified outpost of the inner medieval city]]		]]]
			], dating from around 1498, was once a fortified outpost of the inner medieval city.]]
			Kraków provides a showcase setting for many historic forms of ] developed over the ten centuries, especially ], ] and ] styles.<ref name="Hourihane">{{cite book |last=Hourihane |first=Colum |date=2012 |volume=1 |title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FtlMAgAAQBAJ |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=567–572|isbn=978-0-19-539537-2}}</ref> Renowned artisans and skilled craftsmen from present-day ] and ] were brought and sponsored by kings or nobles who contributed to ].<ref name="Hourihane"/> The ] manner as well as countless structural elements such as the Renaissance ] with decorative ]s became recognisable features of historical buildings in Kraków.<ref name="Małecki">{{cite book |last=Małecki |first=Jan M. |date=2008 |title=A history of Kraków for everyone |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UQEkAQAAIAAJ&q=brick%20gothic%20style%20krakow |publisher=Wydawnictwo Literackie |pages=11, 102, 104 |isbn=978-83-08-04267-0 |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327172414/https://books.google.com/books?id=UQEkAQAAIAAJ&q=brick%20gothic%20style%20krakow |url-status=live }}</ref> Built from its earliest nucleus outward, the city's monuments can be seen in historical order by walking from the city centre out, towards its newer districts.<ref name="Hourihane"/>
	Developed over many centuries, Kraków provides a showcase setting for many historic styles of architecture. As the city expanded, so too did the architectural achievements of its builders. It is for this reason that the variations in style and urban planning are so easily recognisable.{{according to whom}}
			Kraków's historic centre, which includes ] (''Stare Miasto''), the ] (''Rynek Główny''), the ] (''Sukiennice''), the ] (''Barbakan''), ], ] and the ], was included as the first of its kind on the list of ] in 1978.<ref name="Centre"/> The central core surrounded by ] remains the most prominent example of an old town in the country, with the medieval street layout still in existence.<ref name="Gustafson"/> Kraków was the royal capital of Poland for many centuries, until ] relocated the court to ] in 1596.<ref name="Wilson">{{cite book |last=Wilson |first=Thomas M. |date=2023 |title=Europe. An Encyclopedia of Culture and Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQjcEAAAQBAJ |location=New York |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |page=718 |isbn=978-1-4408-5545-0 |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327172418/https://books.google.com/books?id=pQjcEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> The district is bisected by ], the coronation route traversed by the ]. Several important monuments were lost in the course of history, notably the ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Co się stało z krakowskim ratuszem? |url=https://ciekawostkihistoryczne.pl/2012/01/19/co-sie-stalo-z-krakowskim-ratuszem/ |access-date=28 January 2023 |website=CiekawostkiHistoryczne.pl |date=19 January 2012 |language=pl-PL |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128083114/https://ciekawostkihistoryczne.pl/2012/01/19/co-sie-stalo-z-krakowskim-ratuszem/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the Gothic ] measuring {{height|m=70}} in height remains standing.<ref name="Nungovitch1"/>
	Built from its earliest nucleus outward, and having escaped much of the destruction endured by Poland during the 20th-century wars, Kraków's many architectural monuments can typically be seen in historical order by walking from the city centre out, towards its later districts. Kraków is one of the few medieval towns in Poland that does not have a historic ] ] in its ], because it has not survived the ].{{cn}}
	Kraków's historic centre, which includes ], ] and the ], was included as the first of its kind on the list of UNESCO ]s in 1978.<ref name="Centre"/> The ''Stare Miasto'' is the most prominent example of an old town in the country.<ref name="Gustafson"/> For many centuries Kraków was ] capital of Poland, until ] relocated the court to ] in 1596. The whole district is bisected by ], the coronation route traversed by the ]. The Route begins at ] outside the northern flank of the old city-walls in the ] suburb of Kleparz; passes the ] (''Barbakan'') built in 1499, and enters ''Stare Miasto'' through the ]. It leads down Floriańska Street through the Main Square, and up Grodzka to ], the former seat of Polish royalty, overlooking the ]. Old Town attracts visitors from all over the World. Kraków historic centre is one of the 13 places in Poland that are included in the UNESCO ]s. The architectural design of the district had survived all cataclysms of the past and retained its original form coming from the medieval times. The Old Town of Kraków is home to about six thousand historic sites and more than two million works of art.<ref name="architecture72"/> Its rich variety of heritage architecture includes Romanesque (e.g., ]), ], ] and ] buildings. Kraków's palaces, churches, theatres and mansions display great variety of color, architectural details, ], paintings, sculptures, and furnishings.{{cn}}
	]]]
	In addition to the old town, the city's district of ] is particularly notable for its many renaissance buildings and picturesque streets, as well as the historic Jewish quarter located in the north-eastern part of Kazimierz. Kazimierz was founded in the 14th century to the south-east of the city centre and soon became a wealthy, well-populated area where construction of imposing properties became commonplace. Perhaps the most important feature of medieval Kazimierz was the only major, permanent bridge (''Pons Regalis'') across the northern arm of the Vistula. This natural barrier used to separate Kazimierz from the Old Town for several centuries, while the bridge connected Kraków to the ] and the lucrative Hungarian trade route. The last structure at this location (at the end of modern Stradom Street) was dismantled in 1880 when the northern arm of the river was filled in with earth and rock, and subsequently built over.<ref name="Świszczowski"/><ref name="wandaluzja-1"/>		In addition to the old town, the city's district of ] is particularly notable for its many renaissance buildings and picturesque streets, as well as the historic Jewish quarter located in the north-eastern part of Kazimierz. Kazimierz was founded in the 14th century to the south-east of the city centre and soon became a wealthy, well-populated area where construction of imposing properties became commonplace. Perhaps the most important feature of medieval Kazimierz was the only major, permanent bridge (''Pons Regalis'') across the northern arm of the Vistula. This natural barrier used to separate Kazimierz from the Old Town for several centuries, while the bridge connected Kraków to the ] and the lucrative Hungarian trade route. The last structure at this location (at the end of modern Stradom Street) was dismantled in 1880 when the northern arm of the river was filled in with earth and rock, and subsequently built over.<ref name="Świszczowski"/><ref name="wandaluzja-1"/>
			By the 1930s, Kraków had 120 officially ] and prayer houses that spanned across the old city. Much of Jewish intellectual life had moved to new centres like ].<ref name="krakow.jewish.org.pl-pdf"/> This, in turn, led to the redevelopment and renovation of much of Kazimierz and the development of new districts in Kraków. Most historic buildings in central Kazimierz today are preserved in their original form. Some old buildings, however, were not repaired after the devastation brought by the Second World War, and have remained empty. Most recent efforts at restoring the historic neighborhoods gained new impetus around 1993. Kazimierz is now a well-visited area, seeing a booming growth in Jewish-themed restaurants, bars, bookstores and souvenir shops.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2024 |title=KAZIMIERZ: THINGS TO DO & SEE IN KRAKOW'S JEWISH QUARTER |url=https://krakowmonamour.com/kazimierz-krakow-jewish-quarter/ |access-date=12 July 2024 |website=Krakow Mon Amour}}</ref>
	]
			] ("Small Rock") Church, and the adjacent monastery of ], is a place of burial for distinguished Poles and Cracovians.]]
	By the 1930s, Kraków had 120 officially ] and prayer houses that spanned across the old city. Much of Jewish intellectual life had moved to new centres like ].<ref name="krakow.jewish.org.pl-pdf"/> This in turn, led to the redevelopment and renovation of much of Kazimierz and the development of new districts in Kraków. Most historic buildings in central Kazimierz today are preserved in their original form. Some old buildings, however, were not repaired after the devastation brought by the Second World War, and have remained empty. Most recent efforts at restoring the historic neighborhoods gained new impetus around 1993. Kazimierz is now a well-visited area, seeing a booming growth in Jewish-themed restaurants, bars, bookstores and souvenir shops.
			As the city of Kraków began to expand further under the rule of the ], the new architectural styles also developed. Key buildings from the 19th and early 20th centuries in Kraków include the Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts, the directorate of the Polish State Railways as well as the original complex of ] and the city's ]. It was also at around that time that Kraków's first radial boulevards began to appear, with the city undergoing a large-scale program aimed at transforming the ancient Polish capital into a sophisticated regional centre of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. New representative government buildings and multi-story tenement houses were built at around that time. Much of the urban-planning beyond the walls of the Old Town was done by Polish architects and engineers trained in ]. Some major projects of the era include the development of the ]'s new premises and the building of the ] just west of the Old Town. The imperial style planning of the city's further development continued until the return of Poland's independence, following the First World War. Early modernist style in Kraków is represented by such masterpieces as ] by ] and the 'House under the Globe'. ] architecture, which had arrived in Kraków from ], became popular towards the end of ].<ref name="Strasz"/>
	] at Szczepański Square, is an example of ] architecture in central Kraków<ref name="Palace of Art"/>]]
			] at Szczepański Square is an example of ] architecture in central Kraków.<ref name="Palace of Art"/>]]
	As the city of Kraków began to expand further under the rule of the ], the new architectural styles also developed. Key buildings from the 19th and early 20th centuries in Kraków include the Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts, the directorate of the Polish State Railways as well as the original complex of ] and the city's ]. It was also at around that time that Kraków's first radial boulevards began to appear, with the city undergoing a large-scale program aimed at transforming the ancient Polish capital into a sophisticated regional centre of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. New representative government buildings and multi-story tenement houses were built at around that time. Much of the urban-planning beyond the walls of the Old Town was done by Polish architects and engineers trained in ]. Some major projects of the era include the development of the ]'s new premises and the building of the ] just west of the Old Town. The imperial style planning of the city's further development continued until the return of Poland's independence, following the First World War. Early modernist style in Kraków is represented by such masterpieces as ] by ] and the 'House under the Globe'. ] architecture, which had arrived in Kraków from ], became popular towards the end of ].<ref name="Strasz"/>
			With Poland's regained independence came the major change in the fortunes of Kraków—now the second most important city of a sovereign nation. The state began to make new plans for the city development and commissioned a number of representative buildings. The predominant style for new projects was modernism with various interpretations of the art-deco style.<ref name="Vogt-Nassery"/> Important buildings constructed in the style of ] include the Feniks 'LOT' building on Basztowa Street, the Feniks department store on the ] and the Municipal Savings Bank on Szczepański Square. The Józef Piłsudski house is also of note as a particularly good example of interwar architecture in the city.<ref name="Kraków, Oleandry – Dom im. Józefa Piłsudskiego"/>
	]]]
	With Poland's regained independence came the major change in the fortunes of Kraków—now the second most important city of a sovereign nation. The state began to make new plans for the city development and commissioned a number of representative buildings. The predominant style for new projects was modernism with various interpretations of the art-deco style.<ref name="Vogt-Nassery"/> Important buildings constructed in the style of ] include the Feniks 'LOT' building on Basztowa Street, the Feniks department store on the ] and the Municipal Savings Bank on Szczepański Square. The Józef Piłsudski house is also of note as a particularly good example of interwar architecture in the city.<ref name="Kraków, Oleandry – Dom im. Józefa Piłsudskiego"/>
	After the Second World War, new government turned toward Soviet influence and the ]. The doctrine of ], as in other countries of the ]s, was enforced from 1949 to 1956. It involved all domains of art, but its most spectacular achievements were made in the field of urban design. The guidelines for this new trend were spelled-out in a 1949 resolution of the National Council of Party Architects. Architecture was to become a weapon in establishing the new social order by the communists.<ref name="inyourpocket/sightseeing">{{cite web|url=http://www.inyourpocket.com/poland/krakow/sightseeing/Nowa-Huta|title=Nowa Huta – Sightseeing in Kraków – In Your Pocket city guide – essential travel guides to cities in Poland|publisher=Inyourpocket.com|accessdate=11 December 2011}}</ref> The ideological impact of urban design was valued more than aesthetics. It aimed at expressing persistence and power. This form of architecture was implemented in the new industrial district of Nowa Huta with apartment blocks constructed according to a Stalinist blueprint, with repetitious courtyards and wide, tree-lined avenues.<ref name="Nh.pl-1"/>		After the Second World War, new Communist government adopted ]. The doctrine of ], as in other countries of the ], was enforced from 1949 to 1956. It involved all domains of art, but its most spectacular achievements were made in the field of urban design. The guidelines for this new trend were spelled-out in a 1949 resolution of the National Council of Party Architects. Architecture was to become a weapon in establishing the new social order by the communists.<ref name="inyourpocket/sightseeing">{{cite web|url=http://www.inyourpocket.com/poland/krakow/sightseeing/Nowa-Huta|title=Nowa Huta – Sightseeing in Kraków – In Your Pocket city guide – essential travel guides to cities in Poland|publisher=Inyourpocket.com|access-date=11 December 2011|archive-date=8 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208081319/http://www.inyourpocket.com/poland/krakow/sightseeing/Nowa-Huta|url-status=live}}</ref> The ideological impact of urban design was valued more than aesthetics. It aimed at expressing persistence and power. This form of architecture was implemented in the new industrial district of Nowa Huta with apartment blocks constructed according to a Stalinist blueprint, with repetitious courtyards and wide, tree-lined avenues.<ref name="Nh.pl-1"/>
			]]]
	] present in Kraków's ''Old Town''<ref name="sztuka-architektury1"/>]]
	Since the style of the ] was generally regarded as the most revered in old Polish architecture, it was also used for augmenting Poland's ] format. However, in the course of incorporating the principles of Socialist realism, there were quite a few deviations introduced by the communists. One of these was to more closely reflect Soviet architecture, which resulted in the majority of works blending into one another. From 1953, critical opinions in the Party were increasingly frequent, and the doctrine was given up in 1956 marking the end of ].<ref name="SOCREALIZM in Poland (1949–1955)"/> The ] centre of Nowa Huta is considered to be a meritorious monument of the times. This period in postwar architecture was followed by the mass-construction of large ] apartment blocks, most of which were built outside the city centre and thus do not encroach upon the beauty of the old or new towns. Some examples of the new style (e.g., Hotel Cracovia) recently listed as heritage monuments were built during the latter half of the 20th century in Kraków.<ref name="naszemiasto-cracovia"/>		Since the style of the ] was generally regarded as the most revered in old Polish architecture, it was also used for augmenting Poland's ] format. However, in the course of incorporating the principles of Socialist realism, there were quite a few deviations introduced by the communists. From 1953, critical opinions in the Party were increasingly frequent, and the doctrine was given up in 1956 marking the end of ].<ref name="SOCREALIZM in Poland (1949–1955)"/> The ] centre of Nowa Huta is considered to be a meritorious monument of the times. This period in postwar architecture was followed by the mass-construction of large ] apartment blocks, most of which were built outside the city centre and thus do not encroach upon the beauty of the old or new towns. Some examples of the new style (e.g., Hotel Cracovia) recently listed as heritage monuments were built during the latter half of the 20th century in Kraków.<ref name="naszemiasto-cracovia"/>
	After the ] and the birth of the ] in the latter half of the 20th century, a number of new architectural projects were completed, including the construction of large business parks and commercial facilities such as the ], or infrastructure investments like the ]. A good example of this would be the 2007-built ''Pawilon Wyspiański 2000'',<ref name="sztuka-architektury1"/> which is used as a multi-purpose information and exhibition space, or the Małopolski Garden of Arts ('']''), a multi-purpose exhibition and theatre complex located in the historic Old Town.<ref>Małopolski Regionalny Program Operacyjny, Teatr im. Juliusza Słowackiego.</ref>		After the ] and the birth of the ] in the latter half of the 20th century,<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2022 |title=Kraków z lotu ptaka. Fascynujące zdjęcia z lat 90. XX wieku! |url=https://krowoderska.pl/krakow-z-lotu-ptaka-dawniej/ |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=Krowoderska.pl |language=pl-PL |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601090900/https://krowoderska.pl/krakow-z-lotu-ptaka-dawniej/ |url-status=live }}</ref> a number of new architectural projects were completed, including the construction of large business parks and commercial facilities such as the ], or infrastructure investments like the ]. A good example of this would be the ] designed by ], the 2007-built ''Pawilon Wyspiański 2000'',<ref name="sztuka-architektury1"/> which is used as a multi-purpose information and exhibition space, or the Małopolski Garden of Arts ('']''), a multi-purpose exhibition and theatre complex located in the historic Old Town.<ref>Małopolski Regionalny Program Operacyjny, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911020618/http://www.slowacki.krakow.pl/pl/aktualnosci/malopolski_ogrod_sztuki |date=11 September 2014 }} Teatr im. Juliusza Słowackiego.</ref>
			{{Further|Main Post Office, Kraków|Stained Glass Museum, Kraków|label1=Main Post Office}}
	===Parks and gardens===		===Parks and gardens===
	], which surrounds Kraków's ''Old Town'']]		] surrounds Kraków's Old Town.]]
	]		]
	There are about 40 parks in Kraków including dozens of gardens and forests.<ref name="wse.krakow"/> Several, like the ], ], ], ], ] and ] are located in the centre of the city; with Zakrzówek, Lasek Wolski forest, Strzelecki Park and Park Lotników (among others) in the surrounding districts.<ref name="wse.krakow"/> Parks cover about 318.5 hectares (787 acres, 1.2 sq mi) of the city.		There are about 40 parks in Kraków, including dozens of gardens and forests.<ref name="wse.krakow"/> Several, like the ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] are located in the centre of the city; with others, such as Zakrzówek, ], Wolski forest, Strzelecki Park and Lotników Park in the surrounding districts.<ref name="wse.krakow"/> Parks cover about {{convert|318.5|ha|acre mi2|sigfig=3}} of the city.<ref name="ZZM"/>
	The ] is the best-known park in Kraków. It was established between 1822 and 1830 in place of the old city walls, forming a ] around the Old Town. It consists of a chain of smaller gardens designed in various styles and adorned with monuments. The park has an area of {{convert|21|ha|acre}} and a length of {{convert|4|km|mi}}, forming a scenic walkway popular with Cracovians.<ref name="Strzala1"/>		The best-known park in Kraków is the Planty Park. Established between 1822 and 1830 in place of the old city walls, it forms a ] around the Old Town and consists of a chain of smaller gardens designed in various styles and adorned with monuments. The park has an area of {{convert|21|ha|acre}} and a length of {{convert|4|km|mi}}, forming a scenic walkway popular with Cracovians.<ref name="Strzala1"/>
	The ] founded in 1889 by Dr ], was the first public park of its kind in Europe.<ref name="grodzka.net"> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930094731/http://www.grodzka.net.pl/travel/jordan_park.php |date=30 September 2007 }} ''Grodzka.net''. "The park, which was initiated by Jordan, was the first of this type in Poland and in Europe. The initiator himself got so engaged in realising his idea that he largely financed its construction and personally brought the most modern sport facilities from Sweden, Germany and Switzerland." — Krakow4you.com, 2008.</ref> The park built on the banks of the ] was equipped with running and exercise tracks, playgrounds, the swimming pool, ], pavilions, and a pond for ] and water bicycles. It is located on the grounds of a larger Kraków's ].<ref name="History, philosophy and photographs"/> The less prominent ] was founded in 1885 by ] but has since been greatly reduced in size because of rapid ]. It was a popular destination point with many Cracovians at the end of the 19th century.<ref name="encyklopedia3"/>		Jordan Park, founded in 1889 by ], was the first public park of its kind in Europe.<ref name="grodzka.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.grodzka.net.pl/travel/jordan_park.php |title=Henryk Jordan's Park |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930094731/http://www.grodzka.net.pl/travel/jordan_park.php |archive-date=30 September 2007 |url-status=dead |via=Grodzka.net.pl |quote=The park, which was initiated by Jordan, was the first of this type in Poland and in Europe. The initiator himself got so engaged in realising his idea that he largely financed its construction and personally brought the most modern sport facilities from Sweden, Germany and Switzerland. |website=krakow4you.com |year=2006}}</ref> Built on the banks of the ], the park was equipped with running and exercise tracks, playgrounds, a swimming pool, ], pavilions, and a pond for ] and ]s. It is located in the grounds of one of the city's larger parks, Błonia Park.<ref name="History, philosophy and photographs"/> The less prominent Park Krakowski, founded in 1885 by ], was a popular destination point for Cracovians at the end of the 19th century, but has since been greatly reduced in size because of rapid ].<ref name="encyklopedia3"/>
	===Environment===		===Environment===
	There are five ] in Kraków with a total area of 48.6 ha (120 acres).<ref name="gdos"> ''Generalna Dyrekcja Ochrony Srodowiska'', Poland. Retrieved {{nobreak|4 October 2012.}}</ref> Smaller green zones constitute parts of the ] Jurassic Landscape Parks' Board, which deals with the protection areas of the Polish Jura. Under its jurisdiction are: the ] (Park Bielańsko-Tyniecki), ] (Park Tencziński) and ] (Park Krajobrazowy Dolinki Krakowskie), with their watersheds. All natural reserves of the Polish Jura Chain are part of the ] biotopes programme due to their unique flora, fauna, geomorphology and landscape. The western part of Kraków constitutes the so-called Obszar Krakowski ecological network, including the ecological corridor of the Vistula river. The southern slopes of limestone hills provide conditions for the development of ] vegetation, grasslands and ].{{cn}}		There are five ] in Kraków with a total area of {{convert|48.6|ha|acre|abbr=off}}.<ref name="gdos"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206123815/http://crfop.gdos.gov.pl/?wo=4548&po=1950&gm=&nazwa=&typ=2&rok=&wody=0&ko=0&szukaj=true&x=47&y=8 |date=6 February 2013 }} ''Generalna Dyrekcja Ochrony Środowiska'', Poland. Retrieved {{nowrap|4 October 2012.}}</ref> Smaller green zones constitute parts of the ] Jurassic Landscape Parks' Board, which deals with the protection areas of the Polish Jura. Under its jurisdiction are: the ] (Park Bielańsko-Tyniecki), ] (Park Tencziński) and ] (Park Krajobrazowy Dolinki Krakowskie), with their watersheds.<ref name="ZZM"/> The natural reserves of the Polish Jura Chain are part of the ] biotopes programme due to their unique flora, fauna, geomorphology and landscape.<ref name="Parkes">{{cite book |last=Parkes |first=Matthew |date=2004 |title=Natural and Cultural Landscapes The Geological Foundation. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=msFOAQAAIAAJ&q=Krakow+upland+%22corine%22 |location=Dublin |publisher=Royal Irish Academy |pages=53–56, 177 |isbn=978-1-904890-00-3 |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327172415/https://books.google.com/books?id=msFOAQAAIAAJ&q=Krakow+upland+%22corine%22 |url-status=live }}</ref> The western part of Kraków constitutes the so-called Obszar Krakowski ecological network, including the ecological corridor of the Vistula. The southern slopes of limestone hills provide conditions for the development of ] vegetation, grasslands and ].<ref name="Parkes"/><ref name="MAK">{{cite book |publisher=Muzeum Archeologiczne w Krakowie |date=1971 |title=Materiały Archeologiczne , Volumes 12–14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAlpAAAAMAAJ&q=krakowa%20po%C5%82udniu%20wzg%C3%B3rza%20wapienne |location=Kraków |page=42 |oclc=68755780 |language=pl |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327172416/https://books.google.com/books?id=kAlpAAAAMAAJ&q=krakowa%20po%C5%82udniu%20wzg%C3%B3rza%20wapienne |url-status=live }}</ref>
	The city is spaced along an extended latitudinal transect of the ] River Valley with a network of tributaries including its right tributary Wilga, and left: ], Białucha, ] and Sanka. The rivers and their valleys along with bodies of water are some of the most interesting natural wonders of Kraków.{{according to whom}}		The city is spaced along an extended latitudinal transect of the ] River Valley with a network of tributaries including its right tributary ], and left: ], Białucha, ] and Sanka.<ref name="Burek">{{cite book |last=Burek |first=Ryszard |date=2000 |title=Encyklopedia Krakowa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0hMsAQAAMAAJ&q=Wilga,%20Rudawa,%20Bia%C5%82ucha,%20D%C5%82ubnia%20Sanka |location=Warszawa (Warsaw) |publisher=Wydawn. Naukowe PWN |page=1058 |isbn=978-83-01-13325-2 |language=pl |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327172418/https://books.google.com/books?id=0hMsAQAAMAAJ&q=Wilga,%20Rudawa,%20Bia%C5%82ucha,%20D%C5%82ubnia%20Sanka |url-status=live }}</ref> The rivers and their valleys along with bodies of water are some of the most interesting natural wonders of Kraków.<ref name="Burek"/>
	Kraków and its environ, surrounded by mountains, suffer from Europe's dirtiest air pollution because of ], caused by burning coal for heating, especially in winter.<ref></ref>		Kraków and its environment, surrounded by mountains, suffer from Europe's dirtiest air pollution because of ], caused by burning ] for heating, especially in winter.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/22/world/europe/poland-pollution.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220103/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/22/world/europe/poland-pollution.html |archive-date=3 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Smothered by Smog, Polish Cities Rank Among Europe's Dirtiest (Published 2018)|first1=Maciek|last1=Nabrdalik|first2=Marc|last2=Santora|newspaper=The New York Times|date=22 April 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
	==Governance==		==Governance==
	{{details|Local government in Kraków}}		{{further|Local government in Kraków}}
	], which used to be a self-governing independent town until its incorporation into Kraków in 1915]]		], which used to be a self-governing independent town until its incorporation into Kraków in 1915]]
	The Kraków City Council has 43 elected members,<ref name="Radni Miasta Krakowa V kadencji (''Kraków City Councillors of the 5th term'')"/> one of whom is the mayor, or President of Kraków, elected every four years. The election of the City Council and of the local ],<ref name="BPI 113"/> which takes place at the same time, is based on legislation introduced on 20 June 2002. The President of Kraków, re-elected for his fourth term in 2014, is ].<ref name="Municipality, Mayor"/> Several members of the Polish national Parliament (]) are elected from the ].<ref name="Members of Polish Sejm elected from Kraków constituency - VisWiki"/> The ] include a ], a flag, a seal, and a banner.<ref name="ordinance"/>		The ] has 43 elected members,<ref name="Radni Miasta Krakowa V kadencji (''Kraków City Councillors of the 5th term'')"/> one of whom is the ], or President of Kraków, elected every four years. The election of the City Council and of the local ],<ref name="BPI 113"/> which takes place at the same time, is based on legislation introduced on 20&nbsp;June 2002. The President of Kraków, re-elected for his fourth term in 2014, is ].<ref name="Municipality, Mayor"/> Several members of the Polish national Parliament (]) are elected from the ].<ref name="Members of Polish Sejm elected from Kraków constituency - VisWiki"/> The ] include a ], a flag, a seal, and a banner.<ref name="ordinance"/>
	] from 1560, the seat of Kraków's mayor, administration and city council]]		] from 1560, the seat of Kraków's mayor, administration and city council]]
			Responsibilities of Kraków's president include drafting and implementing resolutions, enacting city bylaws, managing the city budget, employing city administrators, and preparing against floods and ]s.<ref name="BPI 113"/> The president fulfills his duties with the help of the City Council, city managers and city inspectors. In the 1990s, the ] was reorganised to better differentiate between its ] and administrative functions. As a result, the Office of Public Information was created to handle inquiries and foster communication between city departments and citizens at large.<ref name="Institutional Capital: Building Post-communist Government Performance"/>
			In 2000, the city government introduced a new long-term program called "Safer City" in cooperation with the Police, Traffic, Social Services, Fire, ], and the Youth Departments. Subsequently, the number of criminal offences dropped by 3 percent between 2000 and 2001, and the rate of detection increased by 1.4 percent to a total of 30.2 percent in the same period.<ref name="krakow"/> The city is receiving help in carrying out the program from all educational institutions and the local media, including TV, radio and the press.
	The responsibilities of Kraków's president include drafting and implementing resolutions, enacting city bylaws, managing the city budget, employing city administrators, and preparing against floods and ]s.<ref name="BPI 113"/> The president fulfills his duties with the help of the City Council, city managers and city inspectors. In the 1990s, the ] was reorganised to better differentiate between its ] and administrative functions. As a result, the Office of Public Information was created to handle inquiries and foster communication between city departments and citizens at large.<ref name="Institutional Capital: Building Post-communist Government Performance"/>
	In 2000, the city government introduced a new long-term program called "Safer City" in cooperation with the Police, Traffic, Social Services, Fire, ], and the Youth Departments. Subsequently, the number of criminal offences went down by 3 percent between 2000 and 2001, and the rate of detection increased by 1.4 percent to a total of 30.2 percent in the same period.<ref name="krakow"/> The city is receiving help in carrying out the program from all educational institutions and the local media, including TV, radio and the press.
	===Districts===		===Districts===
	{{Main|Districts of Kraków}}		{{Main|Districts of Kraków}}
	Kraków is divided into 18 administrative districts ('']'') or boroughs, each with a degree of autonomy within its own municipal government.<ref name="districts"/> Prior to March 1991, the city had been divided into four quarters which still give a sense of identity to Kraków – the towns of ], Nowa Huta, and ] which were amalgamated into the city of Kraków as it expanded, and the ancient town centre of Kraków itself.<ref name="districts"/>		Kraków is divided into 18 administrative districts ('']'') or boroughs, each with a degree of autonomy within its own municipal government.<ref name="districts"/> Prior to March 1991, the city had been divided into four quarters which still give a sense of identity to Kraków: the towns of ], ] and ], which were amalgamated into the city as it expanded; and the ancient town centre of Kraków itself.<ref name="districts"/>
			] in the Old Town ('']'') district]]
			The oldest neighborhoods of Kraków were incorporated into the city before the late 18th century. These include the Old Town ('']''), once contained within the ] and now encircled by the Planty park; the ] District, which is the site of the Royal Castle and the cathedral; Stradom and ] with its historic Jewish quarter, the latter originally divided into Christian and Jewish quarters;<ref name="Krakow, Auschwitz and Warsaw"/> and the ancient town of ].
	] at ] is one of the city's most important public spaces]]
	The oldest neighborhoods of Kraków were incorporated into the city before the late-18th century. They include the Old Town ('']''), once contained within the ] and now encircled by the Planty park; the ] District, which is the site of the Royal Castle and the cathedral; Stradom and ] with its historic Jewish quarter, the latter originally divided into Christian and Jewish quarters;<ref name="Krakow, Auschwitz and Warsaw"/> as well as the ancient town of ].
	Major districts added in the 19th and 20th centuries include ], which until 1915, was a separate town on the southern bank of the Vistula, and Nowa Huta, east of the city centre, built after World War II.		Major districts added in the 19th and 20th centuries include ]—until 1915, a separate town on the southern bank of the Vistula—and Nowa Huta, to the east of the city centre, which was built after World War II.
			Among the most notable historic districts of the city are: Wawel Hill, home to ] and ], where many historic Polish kings are buried; the medieval Old Town, with its {{convert|200|m|ft|adj=mid|-square}} ]; dozens of old churches and museums; the 14th-century buildings of the Jagiellonian University; and Kazimierz, the historical centre of Kraków's Jewish social and religious life.<ref name="Krakow"/>
	] district of ]]]
			] district with ]]]
	Among the most notable historic districts of the city are: ], home to ] and ], where many historic Polish kings are buried; the medieval Old Town, with its ] ({{convert|200|m|ft}} square); dozens of old churches and museums; the 14th-century buildings of the Jagiellonian University; and Kazimierz, the historical centre of Kraków's Jewish social and religious life.<ref name="Krakow"/>
	The Old Town district of Kraków is home to about 6,000 historic sites, and more than 2,000,000 works of art.<ref name="architecture72"/> Its rich variety of historic architecture includes ], ] and ] buildings. Kraków's palaces, churches and mansions display great variety of colour, architectural details, ], paintings, sculptures, and furnishings.		The Old Town district of Kraków is home to about six thousand historic sites and more than two million works of art.<ref name="architecture72"/> Its rich variety of heritage architecture includes Romanesque (e.g. ]), Renaissance (e.g. ]), Baroque (e.g. ]) and Gothic buildings. Kraków's palaces, churches, theatres and mansions display a great variety of color, architectural details, ], paintings, sculptures, and furnishings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kraków (Poland) {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Krakow/images-videos |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
	In the Market Square stands the Gothic ] (''Kościół Mariacki''). It was rebuilt in the 14th-century and features the famous wooden altar (]), the largest Gothic altarpiece in the world,<ref name="Kurtz"/> carved by ]. From the church's main tower a trumpet call ('']''), is sounded every hour. The melody, which used to announce the opening and closing of city gates, ends unexpectedly in midstream. According to legend, the tune was played during the 13th-century ] invasion by a guard warning citizens against the attack. He was shot by an archer of the invading Tatar forces whilst playing, the bugle call breaking off at the moment he died.<ref name="hejnal"/> The story was recounted in a book published in 1928 called '']'', by ], which won a ].<ref name="JPKelly"/>		In the Market Square stands the Gothic ] (''Kościół Mariacki''). Rebuilt in the 14th century, it features the famous wooden altar (]), the largest Gothic altarpiece in the world,<ref name="Kurtz"/> carved by ]. A trumpet call ('']'') is sounded every hour from the church's main tower. The melody, which used to announce the opening and closing of city gates, ends unexpectedly in midstream. According to legend, the tune was played during the 13th-century ] invasion by a guard warning citizens against the attack. Whilst playing, he was shot by an archer of the invading Tatar forces and the bugle call broke off at the moment he died.<ref name="hejnal"/> The story is recounted in ]{{'s}} 1928 book '']'', which won a ].<ref name="JPKelly"/>
	{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:0 0.5em 0 2em; font-size:88%;"		{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:0 0.5em 0 2em; font-size:88%;"
	|-		|-
Line 275:		Line 745:
	|'''Total''' ||align=center|'''760,700'''||{{convert|32680.00|ha|km2|abbr=on}}		|'''Total''' ||align=center|'''760,700'''||{{convert|32680.00|ha|km2|abbr=on}}
	|}		|}
	The current divisions were introduced by the Kraków City Hall on 19 April 1995. Districts were assigned ] as well as the name:<ref name="krakow1"/> ] (I), ] (II), ] (III), ] (IV), ] (V), ] (VI), ] (VII), ] (VIII), ] (IX), ] (X), ] (XI), ] (XII), ] (XIII), ] (XIV), ] (XV), ] (XVI), ] (XVII), and ] (XVIII).		The current divisions were introduced by the Kraków City Hall on 19&nbsp;April 1995. The districts were each assigned a ] as well as a name:<ref name="krakow1"/> ] (I), ] (II), ] (III), ] (IV), ] (V), ] (VI), ] (VII), ] (VIII), ] (IX), ] (X), ] (XI), ] (XII), ] (XIII), ] (XIV), ] (XV), ] (XVI), ] (XVII), and ] (XVIII).
	{{Kraków districts}}		{{Kraków districts}}
	==Economy==		==Economy==
	]		]
	Kraków is one of Poland's most important economic centres and the economic hub of the ] (Małopolska) region.<ref name="gosp"/><ref name="krakplgosp"/> Since the fall of communism, the private sector has been growing steadily. There are about 50 large ] in the city, including ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ],<ref name="capgemini"/> and ],<ref name="About Sabre Holdings"/> along with other British, German and Scandinavian-based firms.<ref name=gosp/><ref name="pbs"/> The city is also the global headquarters for ], a Polish enterprise software house. In 2005, ] in Kraków has reached approximately US$3,500,000,000. Kraków has been trying to model itself as a European version of Silicon Valley,<ref name="pbworks.com"/> based on the large number of local and foreign hi-tech companies.<ref name=gosp/> The ] in Kraków was 4.8% in May 2007, well below the national average of 13%.<ref name=krakplgosp/><ref name="Current statistics"/> Kraków is the second most-visited city in Poland (after ]).<ref name=gosp/><ref name=krakplgosp/> According to the World Investment Report 2011 by the UN Conference for Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Kraków is also the most emergent city location for investment in global BPO projects (Business Process Outsourcing) in the world.<ref name="PAIiIZ"/>		Kraków is one of Poland's most important economic centres and the economic hub of the ] (Małopolska) region.<ref name="gosp"/><ref name="krakplgosp"/> Since the fall of communism, the private sector has been growing steadily. There are about 50 large ] in the city, including ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ],<ref name="capgemini"/> and ],<ref name="About Sabre Holdings"/> along with other British, German and Scandinavian-based firms.<ref name=gosp/><ref name="pbs"/> The city is also the global headquarters for ], an enterprise software house. Kraków is the second most-visited city in Poland (after Warsaw).<ref name=gosp/><ref name=krakplgosp/> According to the World Investment Report 2011 by the UN Conference for Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Kraków is also the most emergent city location for investment in global BPO projects (Business Process Outsourcing) in the world.<ref name="PAIiIZ"/>
			] is one of the tallest buildings in the city.]]
	] shared service centre]]
			In 2011, the ], which is presented by the ] on 15&nbsp;November annually, has a projected revenue of 3,500,000,000 ].<ref name="krakow2"/> The primary sources of revenue were as follows: 14% from the municipal taxation on real estate properties and the use of ], 30% in transfers from the national ], and 34% in state subsidies. Projected expenditures, totaling 3,520,000,000 złoty, included 21% in city development costs and 79% in city maintenance costs. Of the maintenance costs, as much as 39% were spent on education and childcare. The City of Kraków's development costs included; 41% toward construction of roads, transport, and communication (combined), and 25% for the city's infrastructure and environment.<ref name="Biuletyn Statystyczny Miasta Krakowa"/> The city has a high ], and some 60% of the population is under the age of 45.<ref name=krakplgosp/>
			] was completed in 2020 after almost 30 years, creating a new business and residential centre. It is the second-tallest building in the city after ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bretan |first=Juliette |date=2020-10-14 |title=Communist-era skyscraper completed in Kraków after 45 years |url=https://notesfrompoland.com/2020/10/14/communist-era-skyscraper-completed-in-krakow-after-45-years/ |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=Notes From Poland |language=en-US}}</ref>
	In 2011, the ], which is presented by the ] on 15 November annually, has a projected revenue of 3,500,000,000 ].<ref name="krakow2"/> The primary sources of revenue were as follows: 14% from the municipal taxation on real estate properties and the use of ], 30% in transfers from the national ], and 34% in state subsidies. Projected expenditures, totaling 3,520,000,000 złoty, included 21% in city development costs and 79% in city maintenance costs. Of the maintenance costs, as much as 39% were spent on education and childcare. The City of Kraków's development costs included; 41% toward construction of roads, transport, and communication (combined), and 25% for the city's infrastructure and environment.<ref name="Biuletyn Statystyczny Miasta Krakowa"/> The city has a high ], and some 60% of the population is under the age of 45.<ref name=krakplgosp/>
	===Entrepreneurship===
	Krakow has a long history of entrepreneurship, perhaps best reflected in the fact the most important square in the city is called the Main Market Square (Rynek Główny).
	===Startup community===
	Since the early 2000s a startup community has emerged in Krakow, In the early days the web page was the on line hub of the community. Most important now is and its which has over 5000 members and acts as a community notice board for the startup community.
	===Famous entrepreneurs from Krakow===
	], a Hungarian entrepreneur and mining engineer who was from 1477 an Alderman and later Mayor of Kraków. He established the Fugger–Thurzo company with ]. Fugger monopolised copper mining and trade in the Holy Roman Empire around 1500 and has been described as the richest man who has ever lived.<ref>{{cite book|title=The richest man who ever lived. – |isbn = 978-1451688566|last1 = Steinmetz|first1 = Greg|date = 2016-08-09}}</ref>
	], born in Krakow, and graduate of a Krakow Business School, escaped from a Nazi death camp transport. He moved to Montreal in 1951 where he founded Federal Construction Ltd., a real estate company focussing on apartments and shopping centres. He was recognised as a in Montreal and supported the arts, education and medicine, for example with this
	], born in Kraków, established the Helena Rubenstein inc. cosmetics company which was sold to Colgate Palmolive in 1973 for $142.3&nbsp;million in stock and cash, and was said to be one of the world's richest women.
	Janusz Filipiak established the successful IT company '']'' in 1993 which in 2018 employs 5500 people, and sponsors the Cracovia Football team.
	Piotr Wilam established the Pascal Publishing House, the internet portal Onet.pl and seed capital fund Innovation Nest.
	===Knowledge and innovation community===		===Knowledge and innovation community===
Line 313:		Line 766:
	==Transport==		==Transport==
	{{Main|Transport in Kraków}}		{{Main|Transport in Kraków}}
	] on Piłsudski Bridge]]		] on Piłsudski Bridge]]
	Public transport is based on a fairly dense network of tram and bus routes operated by a municipal company, supplemented by a number of private minibus operators. Local trains connect some of the suburbs. The bulk of the city's historic area has been turned into a ] with rickshaws and horse-drawn carriages; however, the trams run within a three-block radius.<ref name="Krakow. Varied Means of Transportation"/> The historic means of transportation in the city can be examined at the ] in the Kazimierz district, with many old trams, cars and buses.<ref>Muzeum Inżynierii Miejskiej, </ref>		Public transport is based on a fairly dense network of tram and bus routes operated by a municipal company, supplemented by a number of private minibus operators. There is no ] system in Kraków, but ] is planned. First works are expected to commence in 2028.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.polsatnews.pl/wiadomosc/2024-08-28/bedzie-metro-w-krakowie-prezydent-miasta-podal-szczegoly/ |language=pl |title= Metro nie tylko w Warszawie. "To kwestia rozwoju cywilizacyjnego"|website=polsatnews.pl |date=28 August 2024 |access-date=19 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kr24.pl/krakow/metro-w-krakowie-miszalski-deklaruje-prace-rusza-w-2028-roku/ |language=pl |title=Metro w Krakowie. Miszalski deklaruje: "prace ruszą w 2028 roku" |website=kr24.pl |date=28 June 2024 |access-date=19 October 2024}}</ref> Local trains connect some of the suburbs. The bulk of the city's historic area has been turned into a ] with rickshaws and horse-drawn carriages; however, the trams run within a three-block radius.<ref name="Krakow. Varied Means of Transportation"/> The historic means of transportation in the city can be examined at the ] in the Kazimierz district, with many old trams, cars and buses.<ref>Muzeum Inżynierii Miejskiej, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070622124100/http://www.mimk.com.pl/ |date=22 June 2007 }}</ref>
	]]]		] train at the ]]]
	Railway connections are available to most ], e.g. ], ], ], ] and ]. International destinations include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ] (June–September).<ref name="International railway connections from Kraków"/> The ] is located just outside the Old Town District and is well-served by public transport.		Railway connections are available to most ], e.g. ], ], ], ] and ]. International destinations include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ] (June–September).<ref name="International railway connections from Kraków"/> The ] is located just outside the Old Town District and is well-served by public transport.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Mark |date=12 July 2024 |title=Krakow Glowny - a brief station guide |url=https://www.seat61.com/stations/krakow-glowny.htm#Walking_to_&_from_the_old_town |access-date=12 July 2024}}</ref>
	Kraków's airport, officially named ] {{airport codes|KRK}}, is located {{convert|11|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} west of the city. Direct trains cover the route between ] and the airport in 20 minutes. Kraków Airport served around 5,800,000 passengers in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.krakowairport.pl/en/airport,c94/news,c120/101-travel-ideas-more-than-5-8-million-passengers-in-2017,a2790.html | title=101 travel ideas & more than 5.8 million passengers in 2017}}</ref> Also, the ] is located {{convert|80|km|abbr=off}} or about 75 minutes from Kraków.<ref name="e-krakow"/>		Kraków's airport, officially named ] {{airport codes|KRK}}, is located {{convert|11|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} west of the city. Direct trains cover the route between ] and the airport in 20 minutes. Kraków Airport served around 5,800,000 passengers in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.krakowairport.pl/en/airport,c94/news,c120/101-travel-ideas-more-than-5-8-million-passengers-in-2017,a2790.html|title=101 travel ideas & more than 5.8 million passengers in 2017|access-date=3 February 2018|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803094329/http://www.krakowairport.pl/en/airport,c94/news,c120/101-travel-ideas-more-than-5-8-million-passengers-in-2017,a2790.html|url-status=live }}</ref> Also, the ] is located {{convert|80|km|abbr=off}} or about 75 minutes from Kraków.<ref name="e-krakow"/>
	In Autumn 2016 Poland's oldest ] was modernized and now offers 1,500 bikes at 150 stations under the name of Wavelo '']'', which is owned by BikeU of the French multinational company Egis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bikeu.pl/o-nas|title=BikeU|website=bikeu.pl}}</ref>		In Autumn 2016 Poland's oldest ] was modernized and now offers 1,500 bikes at 169 stations under the name of Wavelo '']'', which is owned by BikeU of the French multinational company Egis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bikeu.pl/o-nas|title=BikeU|website=bikeu.pl|access-date=5 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731203715/http://bikeu.pl/o-nas|archive-date=31 July 2017}}</ref>
	==Demographics==		==Demographics==
	{{See also|Demographics of Poland#Largest metropolitan and urban areas|l1=Urban demographics of Poland}}		{{See also|Demographics of Poland#Largest metropolitan and urban areas|l1=Urban demographics of Poland}}
			]
	Kraków had a recorded population of 774,839 in 2019. According to the 2006 data,<ref name="Census"/> the population of Kraków comprised about 2% of the population of Poland and 23% of the population of the ]. Selected demographic indicators are presented in a table (below), compiled on the basis of only the population living in Kraków permanently. The larger metropolitan area of the city encompasses a territory in which (in 2010) 1,393,893 inhabitants live.<ref name="stat"/>
			Kraków had a recorded population of 774,839 in 2019, which increased to 804,237 in 2023.<ref name="demografia.stat.gov.pl"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201103446/https://demografia.stat.gov.pl/BazaDemografia/Tables.aspx}} (in Polish)</ref> Selected demographic indicators are presented in a table (below), compiled on the basis of only the population living in Kraków permanently. The larger ] of the city encompasses a territory in which (in 2010) 1,393,893 inhabitants live.<ref name="stat"/>
	Already in the Middle Ages, the population of Kraków consisting of numerous ethnic groups, began to grow rapidly.<ref name="Kras">{{cite web|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195396584/obo-9780195396584-0026.xml;jsessionid=E4F54BF88758F44FBE48BA6F4FC42D56|title=Kraków. Introduction|publisher=Oxford Bibliographies|year=2012|accessdate=2 December 2012|author=Pawel Kras}}</ref> It doubled between 1100 and 1300 from 5,000 to 10,000, and in 1400 counted 14,000 inhabitants. By 1550, the population of metropolitan Kraków was 18,000; although it went down to 15,000 in the next fifty years due to calamity.<ref name="Keene">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=VB51DPui-TsC&lpg=PA154&dq=krakow%20population%20%2010%2C000&pg=PA154#v=onepage&q=krakow%20population%20%2010,000&f=false|title=England and Poland: Medieval Metropolises Compared|publisher=BRILL|work=Britain and Poland-Lithuania: Contact and Comparison from the Middle Ages to 1795 by Richard Unger and Jakub Basista|year=2008|accessdate=2 December 2012|author=Derek Keene|page=154|isbn=978-9004166233}}</ref><ref name="Sedlar">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3o5lrvuwOVwC&lpg=PA472&vq=Cracow&pg=PA110#v=snippet&q=Cracow&f=false|title=Towns and Townspeople|publisher=University of Washington Press|work=East Central Europe in the Middle Ages: 1000–1500|year=1994|accessdate=2 December 2012|author=Jean W. Sedlar|page=110, Volume 3|isbn=978-0295972916}}</ref> By the early 17th century the Kraków population had reached 28,000 inhabitants.<ref name="Labno">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=rW7QEmWtFSsC&lpg=PA19&dq=krakow%20population%20%2010%2C000&pg=PA19#v=onepage&q=krakow%20population%20%2010,000&f=false|title=Commemorating the Polish Renaissance|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|work=Shifting Boundaries and Conceptual Identities|accessdate=2 December 2012|author=Door Jeannie Labno|page=19|format=Google books|isbn=9780754668251|year=2011}}</ref>		Already in the Middle Ages, the population of Kraków consisting of numerous ethnic groups, began to grow rapidly.<ref name="Kras">{{cite web|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195396584/obo-9780195396584-0026.xml;jsessionid=E4F54BF88758F44FBE48BA6F4FC42D56|title=Kraków. Introduction|publisher=Oxford Bibliographies|year=2012|access-date=2 December 2012|first=Pawel|last=Kras|archive-date=3 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603043157/http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195396584/obo-9780195396584-0026.xml;jsessionid=E4F54BF88758F44FBE48BA6F4FC42D56|url-status=live}}</ref> It doubled between 1100 and 1300 from 5,000 to 10,000, and in 1400 counted 14,000 inhabitants. By 1550, the population of metropolitan Kraków was 18,000; although it decreased to 15,000 in the next fifty years due to calamity.<ref name="Keene">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VB51DPui-TsC&q=krakow+population++10%2C000&pg=PA154|chapter=England and Poland: Medieval Metropolises Compared|publisher=BRILL|title=Britain and Poland-Lithuania: Contact and Comparison from the Middle Ages to 1795 by Richard Unger and Jakub Basista|year=2008|access-date=2 December 2012|first=Derek|last=Keene|page=154|isbn=978-90-04-16623-3|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018210052/https://books.google.com/books?id=VB51DPui-TsC&q=krakow+population++10%2C000&pg=PA154#v=snippet&q=krakow%20population%20%2010%2C000&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Sedlar">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3o5lrvuwOVwC&q=Cracow&pg=PA110|chapter=Towns and Townspeople|publisher=University of Washington Press|title=East Central Europe in the Middle Ages: 1000–1500|year=1994|access-date=2 December 2012|first=Jean W.|last=Sedlar|page=110|volume=3|isbn=978-0-295-97291-6|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018210104/https://books.google.com/books?id=3o5lrvuwOVwC&q=Cracow&pg=PA110#v=snippet&q=Cracow&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> By the early 17th century the Kraków population had reached 28,000 inhabitants.<ref name="Labno">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rW7QEmWtFSsC&q=krakow+population++10%2C000&pg=PA19|chapter=Commemorating the Polish Renaissance|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|title=Shifting Boundaries and Conceptual Identities|access-date=2 December 2012|first=Door Jeannie|last=Labno|page=19|chapter-format=Google books|isbn=978-0-7546-6825-1|year=2011|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018210104/https://books.google.com/books?id=rW7QEmWtFSsC&q=krakow+population++10%2C000&pg=PA19#v=snippet&q=krakow%20population%20%2010%2C000&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>
			In the historical 1931 census preceding World War II, 78.1% of Cracovians declared Polish as their primary language, with Yiddish or Hebrew at 20.9%, Ukrainian 0.4%, German 0.3%, and Russian 0.1%.<ref name="encyklopedia"/> The ravages of history have greatly reduced the percentage of ] living in Kraków.
	{|class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:0 0.5em 0.5em 1em; font-size:85%;"
	|+ '''Population breakdown'''
			In the last two decades, Kraków has seen a large growth of immigrant population. In the 2002 census, only 0.25% of respondents living in the city declared a non-Polish nationality primarily ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Deklaracje narodowościowe w gminach w 2002 roku |url=http://old.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/nsp2002_tabl4.xls |website=old.stat.gov.pl |access-date=10 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701232900/http://old.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/nsp2002_tabl4.xls |archive-date=1 July 2014}}</ref> As of 2019, it was estimated that foreigners accounted for as much as 10% of the city's population, with Ukrainians being the most numerous group (between 11,000 and 50,000).<ref>{{cite web |title=Już 10 procent krakowian to cudzoziemcy. Wśród nich: Ukraińcy, Białorusini, Włosi i inni |url=http://krakow.wyborcza.pl/krakow/7,44425,24626716,juz-10-procent-krakowian-to-cudzoziemcy-wsrod-nich-ukraincy.html |website=krakow.wyborcza.pl |access-date=29 August 2019 |archive-date=29 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829104958/http://krakow.wyborcza.pl/krakow/7,44425,24626716,juz-10-procent-krakowian-to-cudzoziemcy-wsrod-nich-ukraincy.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
	|- style="background:#d0d8dd;"
			{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:20%;"
	|style="text-align:center;"|{{space|1}}'''Demographic<br />indicators'''{{space|1}}
			|+ Foreign residents (2023)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://migracje.gov.pl/statystyki/zakres/polska/ |title=Polska |website=migracje.gov.pl |access-date=18 April 2023 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416223805/https://migracje.gov.pl/statystyki/zakres/polska/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
	|style="text-align:center;"|{{space|1}}'''Years'''{{space|1}}
	|style="text-align:center;"|{{space|1}}'''Kraków'''{{space|1}}
	|-		|-
			! scope="column" | Nationality
	|<div class="center">Population<br />in thousands</div>
			! scope="column" | Population
	|<div style="float:right;">1970<br />1978<br />1988<br />1995<br />2002<br /> 2017</div>
	|<div style="float:right;">588,0{{space|2}}<br />693,6{{space|2}}<br />746,6{{space|2}}<br />732,9{{space|2}}<br />758,5{{space|2}}<br /> 767,3{{space|2}}</div>
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | {{flagcountry|Ukraine}}
	|<div class="center">Population density<br />person/km²</div>
			|45,100
	|<div style="float:right;">1970<br />1978<br />1988<br />1995<br />2002<br /> 2017
	|<div style="float:right;">2,556{{space|2}}<br />2,156{{space|2}}<br />2,285{{space|2}}<br />2,243{{space|2}}<br />2,320<br /> 2,348
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | {{flagcountry|Belarus}}
	|<div class="center">Number of women<br />per 100 men</div>
			| 5,975
	|<div style="float:right;">1970<br />1978<br />1988<br />1995<br />2002<br /> 2017<br />
	|<div style="float:right;">110{{space|2}}<br />110{{space|2}}<br />110{{space|2}}<br />112{{space|2}}<br />113{{space|2}}<br /> 114{{space|2}}</div>
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | {{flagcountry|Georgia}}
	|<div class="center">Population growth<br />per 1000</div>
			| 3,640
	|<div style="float:right;">1998<br />1999<br />2000<br />2001<br /> 2005<br /> 2017</div>
	|<div style="float:right;">−1.3{{space|2}}<br />−1.7{{space|2}}<br />−1.5{{space|2}}<br />−1.5{{space|2}}<br /> -0.13{{space|2}}<br /> +1.4{{space|2}}<br />
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | {{flagcountry|India}}
	| colspan="3" |''Source: Stat.gov.pl Tabl. 1 (27).''<ref name="Census"/>
			| 2,636
			|-
			! scope="row" | {{flagcountry|Russia}}
			| 2,221
			|-
			! scope="row" | {{flagcountry|Italy}}
			| 1,512
	|}		|}
	In the historical 1931 census preceding World War II, 78.1% of Cracovians declared Polish as their primary language, with Yiddish or Hebrew at 20.9%, Ukrainian 0.4%, German 0.3%, and Russian 0.1%.<ref name="encyklopedia"/> The ravages of history have greatly reduced the percentage of ] living in Kraków.
	In the 2002 census, 1,895 of Kraków's inhabitants declared non-Polish national identity, the most numerous were: ] (264), ] (255) and ] (141).<ref>{{cite web |title=Deklaracje narodowościowe w gminach w 2002 roku |url=http://old.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/nsp2002_tabl4.xls |website=old.stat.gov.pl |accessdate=10 June 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701232900/http://old.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/nsp2002_tabl4.xls |archivedate=1 July 2014}}</ref>
	Many immigrants from other countries, particularly from Eastern Europe, settle in Kraków; as of 2019 10% of Kraków's population are foreigners, most of them Ukrainians (between 11,000 and 50,000).<ref>{{cite web |title=Już 10 procent krakowian to cudzoziemcy. Wśród nich: Ukraińcy, Białorusini, Włosi i inni |url=http://krakow.wyborcza.pl/krakow/7,44425,24626716,juz-10-procent-krakowian-to-cudzoziemcy-wsrod-nich-ukraincy.html |website=krakow.wyborcza.pl |accessdate=29 August 2019}}</ref>
	;'''Population growth in Kraków since 1791'''		;'''Population growth in Kraków since 1791'''
	<timeline>		<timeline>
	ImageSize=width:650 height:240		ImageSize=width:750 height:240
	PlotArea =left:50 right:25 top:17 bottom:20		PlotArea =left:50 right:25 top:17 bottom:20
	TimeAxis =orientation:vertical		TimeAxis =orientation:vertical
Line 375:		Line 825:
	id:cobar2 value:rgb(0.6,0.9,0.6)		id:cobar2 value:rgb(0.6,0.9,0.6)
	DateFormat= yyyy		DateFormat= yyyy
	Period =from:0 till:800000		Period =from:0 till:900000
	ScaleMajor= unit:year increment:100000 start:0 gridcolor:linegrey		ScaleMajor= unit:year increment:100000 start:0 gridcolor:linegrey
	ScaleMinor= unit:year increment:25000 start:0 gridcolor:linegrey2		ScaleMinor= unit:year increment:25000 start:0 gridcolor:linegrey2
Line 396:		Line 846:
	bar:2005 from:0 till:756629		bar:2005 from:0 till:756629
	bar:2015 from:0 till:762508		bar:2015 from:0 till:762508
	bar:2019 color:green from:0 till:774839		bar:2019 from:0 till:774839
			bar:2023 color:green from:0 till:804237
	PlotData=		PlotData=
	textcolor:black fontsize:S		textcolor:black fontsize:S
Line 414:		Line 865:
	bar:1995 at: 744987 text: 744.987 shift:(-17,5)		bar:1995 at: 744987 text: 744.987 shift:(-17,5)
	bar:2005 at: 756629 text: 756.629 shift:(-12,6)		bar:2005 at: 756629 text: 756.629 shift:(-12,6)
	bar:2015 at: 762508 text: 762.508 shift:(-9,5)		bar:2015 at: 762508 text: 762.508 shift:(-9,6)
	bar:2019 at: 774839 text: 774.839 shift:(-5,6)		bar:2019 at: 774839 text: 774.839 shift:(-9,6)
			bar:2023 at: 804237 text: 804.237 shift:(-9,6)
	</timeline>		</timeline>
	===Religion===		===Religion===
	{{Main|Churches of Kraków|Synagogues of Kraków}}		{{Main|Churches of Kraków|Synagogues of Kraków}}
			{{Pie chart
	], home to royal coronations and resting place of many national heroes; considered to be Poland's national sanctuary]]
			| thumb = right
			| caption = Religion in Krakow (2021)<ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 Tablice z ostatecznymi danymi w zakresie przynależności narodowo-etnicznej, języka używanego w domu oraz przynależności do wyznania religijnego |url=https://stat.gov.pl/spisy-powszechne/nsp-2021/nsp-2021-wyniki-ostateczne/tablice-z-ostatecznymi-danymi-w-zakresie-przynaleznosci-narodowo-etnicznej-jezyka-uzywanego-w-domu-oraz-przynaleznosci-do-wyznania-religijnego,10,1.html?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTAAAR09A3bD9fsbgYim9Xk19XYb3dVO8noT0NCKM6mIzX9iAdTNom3cNrrqaYk_aem_ASg_YSNm_J14IA6y8IV6X2EBi_XLI53kO7kcuLJJKxtW2c4a0pFOqaC2r_qFITjibSLVMPPMe0X7Iyi5_FSadL8x |access-date=May 16, 2024 |website=] |archive-date=16 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516212122/https://stat.gov.pl/spisy-powszechne/nsp-2021/nsp-2021-wyniki-ostateczne/tablice-z-ostatecznymi-danymi-w-zakresie-przynaleznosci-narodowo-etnicznej-jezyka-uzywanego-w-domu-oraz-przynaleznosci-do-wyznania-religijnego,10,1.html?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTAAAR09A3bD9fsbgYim9Xk19XYb3dVO8noT0NCKM6mIzX9iAdTNom3cNrrqaYk_aem_ASg_YSNm_J14IA6y8IV6X2EBi_XLI53kO7kcuLJJKxtW2c4a0pFOqaC2r_qFITjibSLVMPPMe0X7Iyi5_FSadL8x |url-status=live }}</ref>
			| label1 = ]
			| value1 = 58
			| color1 = Purple
			| label2 = ]
			| value2 = 0.5
			| color2 = Blue
			| label3 = Other Christian
			| value3 = 0.2
			| color3 = Orange
			| label4 = Other
			| value4 = 0.01
			| color4 = Green
			| label5 = ]
			| value5 = 14
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			| label6 = Undeclared
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			}}
	The metropolitan city of Kraków is known as the city of churches. The abundance of landmark, historic temples along with the plenitude of monasteries and convents earned the city a countrywide reputation as the "Northern Rome" in the past. The churches of Kraków comprise over 120 places of worship (2007) of which over 65 were built in the 20th century. More are still being added.<ref name="diecezja"/> In addition to ], other denominations present include ],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apps.jw.org/ui/E/meeting-search.html#/weekly-meetings |title=Meetings :: Jehovah's Witnesses |author= |date= |work=jw.org }}</ref> ], ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://churchofjesuschristtemples.org/statistics/unit/katowice-poland-district/|title=Katowice Poland District of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|author=|date=|work=ldschurchtemples.com}}</ref>		The metropolitan city of Kraków is known as the ]. The abundance of historic landmark temples along with the plenitude of monasteries and convents earned the city a countrywide reputation as the "Northern Rome" in the past. The churches of Kraków comprise over 120 places of worship (2007) of which over 65 were built in the 20th century. More are still being added.<ref name="diecezja"/> In addition to ], other denominations present include ],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://apps.jw.org/ui/E/meeting-search.html#/weekly-meetings |title=Meetings :: Jehovah's Witnesses |website=apps.jw.org |access-date=13 September 2018 |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327102107/https://apps.jw.org/ui/E/meeting-search.html#/weekly-meetings |url-status=live }}</ref> ], Polish Catholic Church, ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://churchofjesuschristtemples.org/statistics/unit/katowice-poland-district/|title=Katowice Poland District of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|work=ldschurchtemples.com|access-date=17 July 2019|archive-date=16 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116024610/https://churchofjesuschristtemples.org/statistics/unit/katowice-poland-district/|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2017, weekly Mass attendance in the ] was 49.9 percent, above the national Polish average of 38.3 percent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gazetakrakowska.pl/malopolanie-przoduja-w-poboznosci-w-kraju/ar/13802533|title=Małopolanie przodują w pobożności w kraju|first=Paulina|last=Padzik|date=12 January 2019|work=]|access-date=8 September 2020|archive-date=17 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117022337/https://gazetakrakowska.pl/malopolanie-przoduja-w-poboznosci-w-kraju/ar/13802533|url-status=live}}</ref>
	] is the leading example of ] in Poland]]
	Kraków contains also an outstanding collection of monuments of Jewish ] unmatched anywhere in Poland. Kraków was an influential centre of Jewish spiritual life before the outbreak of World War II, with all its manifestations of religious observance from ] to ] and ] flourishing side by side. There were at least 90 synagogues in Kraków active before the ] invasion of Poland, serving its burgeoning Jewish community of 60,000–80,000 (out of the city's total population of 237,000), established since the early 12th century.<ref name="Dylewski"/>		Kraków contains also an outstanding collection of monuments of Jewish ] unmatched anywhere in Poland. Kraków was an influential centre of Jewish spiritual life before the outbreak of World War II, with all its manifestations of religious observance from ] to ] and ] flourishing side by side. There were at least 90 synagogues in Kraków active before the ] invasion of Poland, serving its burgeoning Jewish community of 60,000–80,000 (out of the city's total population of 237,000), established since the early 12th century.<ref name="Dylewski"/>
	Most synagogues of Kraków were ruined during World War II by the ] who despoiled them of all ceremonial objects, and used them as storehouses for ammunition, firefighting equipment, as general storage facilities and stables. The post-] Jewish population of the city had dwindled to about 5,900 before the end of the 1940s. Poland was the only ] country to allow free Jewish ] (emigration to ]) without visas or exit permits upon the conclusion of World War II.<ref name=D-H>Devorah Hakohen, Syracuse University Press, 2003 – 325 pages. Page 70. {{nowrap|{{ISBN|0-8156-2969-9}}}}</ref> By contrast, Stalin forcibly kept Russian Jews in the ], as agreed to in the ].<ref name=Kochavi-15>Arieh J. Kochavi, The ] Press. {{nowrap|{{ISBN|0-8078-2620-0}}}} {{nowrap|Accessed 20 June 2011.}}</ref> In recent time, thanks to efforts of the local Jewish and Polish organisations including foreign financial aid from the ], many synagogues underwent major restorations and serve religious and tourist purposes.<ref name="jewish-guide"/>		Most synagogues of Kraków were ruined during World War II by the ] who despoiled them of all ceremonial objects, and used them as storehouses for ammunition, firefighting equipment, as general storage facilities and stables. The post-] Jewish population of the city had dwindled to about 5,900 before the end of the 1940s. Poland was the only ] country to allow free Jewish ] (emigration to Israel) without visas or exit permits upon the conclusion of World War II.<ref name=D-H>Devorah Hakohen, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404185009/https://books.google.com/books?id=hCw6v0TFhdMC&dq=%22Poland+opened+its+gates+to+Jewish+emigration.%22&pg=PA70 |date=4 April 2023 }} Syracuse University Press, 2003 – 325 pages. Page 70. {{nowrap|{{ISBN|0-8156-2969-9}}}}</ref> In recent time, thanks to efforts of the local Jewish and Polish organisations including foreign financial aid from the ], many synagogues underwent major restorations and serve religious and tourist purposes.<ref name="jewish-guide"/>
	==Education==		==Education==
	{{Main|Education in Kraków}}		{{Main|Education in Kraków}}
	]]]		]]]
	Kraków is a major centre of education. Twenty-four institutions of higher education offer courses in the city, with more than 200,000 students.<ref>{{cite web|title=Study in Krakow, city of colours|url=http://www.study-krakow.com/about_krakow/|publisher=krakow.pl|accessdate=14 May 2013}}</ref> Jagiellonian University, the oldest university in Poland and ranked by the '']'' as the second-best university in the country,<ref name="THES"/><ref name="Jagiellonian University ranking among world universities"/> was founded in 1364 as ''Studium Generale''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.en.uj.edu.pl/en_US/about-university/history|title=History - UJ|website=www.en.uj.edu.pl}}</ref> and renamed in 1817 to commemorate the royal ] of Poland and Lithuania.<ref name="jagiellonian"/> Its principal academic asset is the ], with more than 4&nbsp;million volumes, including a large collection of medieval manuscripts<ref name="Treasures of the Jagiellonian Library"/> like ]' '']'' and the ]. With 42,325 students (2005) and 3,605 academic staff, the Jagiellonian University is also one of the leading research centres in Poland. Famous historical figures connected with the University include ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and Nobel laureates ] and ].<ref name="Wislawa Szymborska, Nobel Prize in Literature 1996"/>		Kraków is a major centre of education. Twenty-four institutions of higher education offer courses in the city, with more than 200,000 students.<ref>{{cite web|title=Study in Krakow, city of colours|url=http://www.study-krakow.com/about_krakow/|publisher=krakow.pl|access-date=14 May 2013|archive-date=11 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211231758/http://www.study-krakow.com/about_krakow/}}</ref> ], the oldest university in Poland and ranked by the '']'' as the second-best university in the country,<ref name="THES"/><ref name="Jagiellonian University ranking among world universities"/> was founded in 1364 as ''Studium Generale''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.en.uj.edu.pl/en_US/about-university/history|title=History – UJ|website=www.en.uj.edu.pl|access-date=13 October 2017|archive-date=23 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023002519/https://en.uj.edu.pl/en_US/about-university/history|url-status=live}}</ref> and renamed in 1817 to commemorate the royal ] of Poland and Lithuania.<ref name="jagiellonian"/> Its principal academic asset is the ], with more than 4&nbsp;million volumes, including a large collection of medieval manuscripts<ref name="Treasures of the Jagiellonian Library"/> like ]' '']'' and the ]. With 42,325 students (2005) and 3,605 academic staff, the Jagiellonian University is also one of the leading research centres in Poland. Famous historical figures connected with the university include ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and Nobel laureates ] and ].<ref name="Wislawa Szymborska, Nobel Prize in Literature 1996"/>
	AGH University of Science and Technology, established in 1919, is the largest ] in Poland, with more than 15 faculties and student enrollment exceeding 30,000.<ref name="AGH-UST staff and students, introduction"/> It was ranked by the Polish edition of '']'' as the best technical university in the country in 2004.<ref name="agh"/> During its 80-year history, more than 73,000 students graduated from AGH with master's or bachelor's degrees. Some 3,600 persons were granted the degree of ], and about 900 obtained the qualification of ].<ref name="History of AGH-UST"/>		AGH University of Science and Technology, established in 1919, is the largest ] in Poland, with more than 15 faculties and student enrollment exceeding 30,000.<ref name="AGH-UST staff and students, introduction"/> It was ranked by the Polish edition of '']'' as the best technical university in the country in 2004.<ref name="agh"/> During its 80-year history, more than 73,000 students graduated from AGH with master's or bachelor's degrees. Some 3,600 persons were granted the degree of ], and about 900 obtained the qualification of '']''.<ref name="History of AGH-UST"/>
	]'', ]'s oldest building]]		]'', ]'s oldest building]]
	Other institutions of higher learning include ] first conceived as ] in 1888, one of the oldest and most prestigious conservatories in Central Europe and a major concert venue;<ref name="History of the Akademia Muzyczna"/> ], established in 1925;<ref name="Kraków University of Economics homepage"/> ], in operation since 1946;<ref name="Akademia Pedagogiczna w Krakowie, homepage"/> ], offering courses since 1890 (initially as a part of ]);<ref name="Akademia Rolnicza, homepage"/> ], the oldest ] Academy in Poland, founded by the ] Jan Matejko; ];<ref name="krakow4"/> ];<ref name="Papieska Akademia Teologiczna, homepage in English"/> and ], which has more than 37,000 graduates.		Other institutions of higher learning include ] first conceived as ] in 1888, one of the oldest and most prestigious conservatories in Central Europe and a major concert venue;<ref name="History of the Akademia Muzyczna"/> ], established in 1925;<ref name="Kraków University of Economics homepage"/> ], in operation since 1946;<ref name="Akademia Pedagogiczna w Krakowie, homepage"/> ], offering courses since 1890 (initially as a part of ]);<ref name="Akademia Rolnicza, homepage"/> ], the oldest ] Academy in Poland, founded by the ] Jan Matejko; ];<ref name="krakow4"/> ];<ref name="Papieska Akademia Teologiczna, homepage in English"/> ] and ], which has more than 37,000 graduates.
	Scientific societies and their branches in Kraków conduct scientific and educational work in local and countrywide scale. ], Krakow Scientific Society, ], ], Polish Geological Society, Polish Theological Society in Kraków, Polish Section of ] and Polish Society for Synchrotron Radiation have in Kraków their main seats.		Scientific societies and their branches in Kraków conduct scientific and educational work in local and countrywide scale. The ], ], ] and the Polish Section of ] all have their main seats in Kraków.
	==Culture==		==Culture==
	{{Main|Culture of Kraków|Events in Kraków|Kraków Old Town}}		{{Main|Culture of Kraków|Events in Kraków|Kraków Old Town}}
	]'s '']'', at the ]]]		]'s '']'', at the ]]]
	Kraków was named the official ] for the year 2000 by the ].<ref name="European Capital of Culture in Poland again"/> It is a major attraction for both local and international tourists, attracting nearly 13&nbsp;million visitors a year.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.portalsamorzadowy.pl/wydarzenia-lokalne/krakow-odwiedzilo-w-2017-roku-prawie-13-mln-turystow,101645.html |title=Kraków odwiedziło w 2017 roku prawie 13 mln turystów |access-date=2018-12-02}}</ref> Major landmarks include the ] with ] and the ], the ], the ], the ] at the ], and the medieval ] with the ] along the ].<ref name="krakow-info"/> Kraków has 28 museums and ] galleries. Among them is the ] featuring works by ] and ] as well as the ] and the ] whose collection highlights include the ] and the ].		Kraków was named the official ] for the year 2000 by the ].<ref name="European Capital of Culture in Poland again"/> Major landmarks include the ] with ] and the ], the ], the ], the ] at the ], and the medieval ] with the ] along the ].<ref name="krakow-info"/> Among them is the ] featuring works by ] and ] as well as the ] whose collection highlights include the ] and the ].{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}
	===Museums and national art galleries===		===Museums and national art galleries===
	] in Kraków is one of Poland's finest galleries of art]]		] in Kraków is one of Poland's finest galleries of art.]]
	Kraków's 28 museums are separated into the national and municipal museums; the city also has a number of art collections and public art galleries. The ], established in 1879, as well as the National Art Collection on ], are all accessible to the general public and well patroned.		{{As of|2023}}, Kraków hosts approximately 82 museums and various museum branches; the city also has a number of art collections and public art galleries.<ref name="Heritage Team">{{cite web |url=https://krakowheritage.com/en/intangible-heritage/media-arts/museums/ |title=Museums |author=Heritage Team |date=2023 |website=krakowheritage.com |access-date=2 February 2024 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202152109/https://krakowheritage.com/en/intangible-heritage/media-arts/museums/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The ], established in 1879, as well as the National Art Collection on Wawel Hill, are all accessible to the general public.<ref name="Heritage Team"/>
	The National Art Collection is located at the ], the former residence of three dynasties of Polish monarchs. Royal Chambers feature art, period furniture, Polish and European paintings, collectibles, and an unsurpassed display of the 16th-century monumental ] ]. Wawel Treasury and Armoury features Polish royal memorabilia, jewels, applied art, and 15th- to 18th-century arms. The Wawel Eastern Collection features ] tents and military accessories. The National Museum is the richest museum in the country with collections consisting of several hundred thousand items kept in big part in the Main Building at Ul. 3 Maja, although there are as many as eleven separate divisions of the museum in the city, one of the most popular being ] with the collection of some of the best known paintings and sculptures of the ] movement. The latest division called ''Europeum'' with ] among a hundred Western European paintings was inaugurated in 2013.<ref name="mkidn.gov.pl">{{cite web |url=http://www.mkidn.gov.pl/pages/posts/otwarcie-europeum-ndash-osrodek-kultury-europejskiej-nowego-oddzialu-muzeum-narodowego-w-krakowie-4081.php |title=Otwarcie Europeum – Ośrodek Kultury Europejskiej nowego oddziału Muzeum Narodowego w Krakowie |publisher=Ministerstwo Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego |date=13 September 2013 |accessdate=10 July 2014 |author=Ministry of Culture |trans-title=Centre of European Culture, new branch of National Museum opened |author-link=Ministry of Culture and National Heritage (Poland) }}</ref>		The Royal Chambers at Wawel feature art, period furniture, Polish and European paintings, collectibles, and a major collection of 16th-century monumental ] ].<ref name="Heritage Team"/> Wawel Treasury and Armoury features Polish royal memorabilia, jewels, applied art, and 15th- to 18th-century arms.<ref name="Heritage Team"/> The Wawel Eastern Collection features ] tents and military accessories.<ref name="Heritage Team"/> The National Museum holds the largest body of artworks in the country with collections consisting of several hundred thousand items kept mostly in the Main Building at 3&nbsp;Maja Street, although there are eleven other separate divisions of the museum in the city, one of the most popular being the ] which houses a collection of some of the best-known paintings and sculptures of the ] movement.<ref name="Heritage Team"/> Inaugurated in 2013, the latest division of the National Museum is the '']'', with works by ] among a hundred Western European paintings.<ref name="mkidn.gov.pl">{{cite web |url=http://www.mkidn.gov.pl/pages/posts/otwarcie-europeum-ndash-osrodek-kultury-europejskiej-nowego-oddzialu-muzeum-narodowego-w-krakowie-4081.php |title=Otwarcie Europeum – Ośrodek Kultury Europejskiej nowego oddziału Muzeum Narodowego w Krakowie |publisher=Ministerstwo Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego |date=13 September 2013 |access-date=10 July 2014 |author=Ministry of Culture |trans-title=Centre of European Culture, new branch of National Museum opened |author-link=Ministry of Culture and National Heritage (Poland) |archive-date=10 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410171206/http://www.mkidn.gov.pl/pages/posts/otwarcie-europeum-ndash-osrodek-kultury-europejskiej-nowego-oddzialu-muzeum-narodowego-w-krakowie-4081.php }}</ref>
	]		]
	Other major museums of special interest in Kraków include the ] Museum of Japanese Art and Technology (at M. Konopnickiej 26),<ref name="Wyspiański"/> ] Museum (at 11 Szczepanska St),<ref name="Wyspiański"/> Jan Matejko Manor in Krzesławice,<ref name="Matejko"/> – a museum devoted to the master painter and his life, Emeryk Hutten Czapski Museum,<ref name="Czapski"/> and ] Manor.<ref name="Wyspiański"/>		Other notable museums in Kraków include the ] Museum of Japanese Art and Technology (at M. Konopnickiej 26),<ref name="Wyspiański"/> ] Museum (at 11 Szczepanska St),<ref name="Wyspiański"/> ] in Krzesławice,<ref name="Matejko"/> the ], devoted to the master painter and his life,<ref name="Czapski"/> and ] Manor.<ref name="Wyspiański"/>
	The Rynek Underground museum, under the main square, is an evocative modern display of Kraków's 1000+ years of history though its streets, activities and artifacts. This followed the massively extended excavations which started in a small way in 2005<ref>{{cite web|url=http://podziemiarynku.com/index.php?dzial=oszlaku&tekst=1|title=Szlak turystyczny po podziemiach Rynku Głównego w Krakowie.|author=|date=|work=podziemiarynku.com}}</ref> and, as more and more was found, ran on eventually to 2010.		The ] museum, situated under the city's main square, showcases Kraków's more than 1,000-year history through its streets, activities and artifacts. The construction of the museum was preceded by extensive excavations starting in 2005,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://podziemiarynku.com/index.php?dzial=oszlaku&tekst=1|title=Szlak turystyczny po podziemiach Rynku Głównego w Krakowie.|website=podziemiarynku.com|access-date=25 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229155832/http://podziemiarynku.com/index.php?dzial=oszlaku&tekst=1|archive-date=29 December 2016}}</ref> and continuing eventually until 2010, as more and more physical evidence was uncovered.
			Krakil, the Museum of illusions, is a space where illusions are combined with scientific inventions and the arts. Physics and optics are displayed together with artworks and classical riddles.<ref name="Laskowska">{{cite web |url=https://turystyka.wp.pl/najciekawsze-muzea-iluzji-w-polsce-moze-sie-w-nich-zakrecic-w-glowie-6865052260440672a |title=Najciekawsze muzea iluzji w Polsce. Może się w nich zakręcić w głowie |last=Laskowska |first=Karolina |date=2023 |website=wp.pl |access-date=2 February 2024 |language=pl |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202150950/https://turystyka.wp.pl/najciekawsze-muzea-iluzji-w-polsce-moze-sie-w-nich-zakrecic-w-glowie-6865052260440672a |url-status=live }}</ref>
	A half-an-hour tram-ride takes you to the little-heralded ] considered eighth world's best aviation museum by ] and featuring over 200 aircraft including a ] among other First World War biplanes; a comprehensive display of aero engines; and essentially a complete collection of airplane types developed by Poland after 1945.<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629043631/http://www.muzeumlotnictwa.pl/aktualnosci_archiwum.php?id=102 |date=29 June 2013 }}</ref> Activities of small museums around Kraków and in the Lesser Poland region are promoted and supported by the ]; the Institute organises annual Małopolska Heritage Days.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.warsawvoice.pl/WVpage/pages/articlePrint.php/5774/article |title= Małopolska Cultural Heritage Days |last= Gajewska |first= Edyta |publisher= The Warsaw Voice online |accessdate=23 December 2014}}</ref>
			The ], considered one of the world's best aviation museums by ],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/best-aviation-museums/index.html |title=20 best aviation museums around the world |last1=Drescher |first1=Cynthia |last2=Hinson |first2=Tamara |last3=Donaldson |first3=Tara |website=] |date=28 December 2018 |access-date=17 March 2024 |archive-date=9 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509075104/https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/best-aviation-museums/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> features over 200 aircraft including a ] among other First World War biplanes, a comprehensive display of aero engines, and a complete collection of airplane types developed by Poland after 1945.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.muzeumlotnictwa.pl/aktualnosci_archiwum.php?id=102|website=muzeumlotnictwa.pl|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629043631/http://www.muzeumlotnictwa.pl/aktualnosci_archiwum.php?id=102|title=Announcements on the Polish Aviation Museum website|archive-date=29 June 2013}}</ref> Activities of smaller museums around Kraków and in the Lesser Poland region are promoted and supported by the ], which organises annual Małopolska Heritage Days.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.warsawvoice.pl/WVpage/pages/articlePrint.php/5774/article |title= Małopolska Cultural Heritage Days |last= Gajewska |first= Edyta |website = ] |access-date= 23 December 2014 |archive-date= 22 December 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141222213104/http://www.warsawvoice.pl/WVpage/pages/articlePrint.php/5774/article |url-status= dead}}</ref>
	===Performing arts===		===Performing arts===
	{{Multiple image|direction=vertical|align=right|image1=Juliusz Słowacki Theatre, Kraków.JPG|image2=20110514 Krakow Teatr Slowackiego 9264.jpg|caption2=Kraków's renowned ].}}		]]]
	The city has several famous theatres, including the Narodowy Stary Teatr (the National Old Theatre),<ref name="Stary Teatr w Krakowie, homepage in Polish"/> the ], the Bagatela Theatre, the ], and the Groteska Theatre of Puppetry, as well as the ] and Kraków Operetta. The city's principal concert hall and the home of the ] is the ] (''Filharmonia Krakowska'') built in 1931.<ref name="KP"/>
			The city has several famous theatres, including the Narodowy Stary Teatr (the ]),<ref name="Stary Teatr w Krakowie, homepage in Polish"/> the ], the Bagatela Theatre, the ], and the Groteska Theatre of Puppetry, as well as the ] and Kraków Operetta. The city's principal concert hall and the home of the ] is the ] (''Filharmonia Krakowska'') built in 1931.<ref name="KP"/>
	Kraków hosts many annual and biannual artistic events,<ref name="krakow.pl-1"/> some of international significance such as the Misteria Paschalia (Baroque music), Sacrum-Profanum (contemporary music), the Krakow Screen Festival (]), the Festival of ] (classical music), Dedications (theatre), the ] (one of Europe's oldest short films events),<ref name="Krakowski Festiwal Filmowy"/> ] (the oldest international art-film event in Poland), Biennial of ], and the ]. Kraków was the residence of two Polish ] laureates in literature, ] and ]; a third ], the Yugoslav writer ], lived and studied in Kraków. Other former longtime residents include internationally renowned ] directors ] and ], both of whom are ] winners.		Kraków hosts many annual and biannual artistic events,<ref name="krakow.pl-1"/> some of international significance such as the Misteria Paschalia (Baroque music), Sacrum-Profanum (contemporary music), the Kraków Screen Festival (]), the Festival of ] (classical music), Dedications (theatre), the ] (one of Europe's oldest short films events),<ref name="Krakowski Festiwal Filmowy"/> ] (the oldest international art-film event in Poland), Biennial of ], and the ]. Kraków was the residence of two Polish ] laureates in literature, ] and ]; a third ], the Yugoslav writer ], lived and studied in Kraków. Other former longtime residents include internationally renowned ] directors ] and ], both of whom are ] winners.<ref name="Ain-Krupa">{{cite book |last=Ain-Krupa |first=Julia |date=2010 |title=Roman Polanski: a life in exile |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HunEEAAAQBAJ&dq=wajda+polanski+lived+krakow&pg=PA10 |location=Santa Barbara |publisher=ABC-CLIO |pages=10, 11 |isbn=978-0-313-37781-5}}</ref>
	===Music===		===Music===
Line 474:		Line 949:
	]<ref name="krakowska"/> one of the leading national opera companies, stages 200 performances each year including ballet, operettas and musicals. It has, in its main repertoire, the greatest world and Polish opera classics. The Opera moved into its first permanent House in the autumn of 2008. It is in charge also of the ''Summer Festival of Opera and Operetta''.		]<ref name="krakowska"/> one of the leading national opera companies, stages 200 performances each year including ballet, operettas and musicals. It has, in its main repertoire, the greatest world and Polish opera classics. The Opera moved into its first permanent House in the autumn of 2008. It is in charge also of the ''Summer Festival of Opera and Operetta''.
	Kraków is home to two major Polish festivals of ] presenting forgotten Baroque oratorios and operas: ''Opera Rara'',<ref name="Opera Rara – Kraków – 8 December 2011"/> and ''Misteria Paschalia''.<ref name="misteriapaschalia"/> Meanwhile, ] runs the ''Music in Old Krakow International Festival''.		Kraków is home to two major Polish festivals of ] presenting forgotten Baroque oratorios and operas: ''Opera Rara'',<ref name="Opera Rara – Kraków – 8 December 2011"/> and ''Misteria Paschalia''.<ref name="misteriapaschalia"/> Meanwhile, ] runs the ''Music in Old Krakow International Festival''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2024 |title=MUZYKA W STARYM KRAKOWIE - O FESTIWALU |url=http://www.mwsk.eu/mwsk_2023_o_festiwalu.htm |access-date=12 July 2024 |website=Capella Cracoviensis Foundation}}</ref>
	Academy of Music in Kraków, founded in 1888, is known worldwide as the ''alma mater'' of the contemporary Polish composer ] and it is also the only one in Poland to have two winners of the ] in Warsaw among its alumni. The Academy organises concerts of its students and guests throughout the whole year.<ref name="History – Krakow Music Academy"/>		Academy of Music in Kraków, founded in 1888, is known worldwide as the ''alma mater'' of the contemporary Polish composer ] and it is also the only one in Poland to have two winners of the ] in Warsaw among its alumni. The academy organises concerts of its students and guests throughout the whole year.<ref name="History – Krakow Music Academy"/>
	Music organisations and venues include: Kraków Philharmonic,<ref name="krakow fil" /> ''Sinfonietta Cracovia'' (a.k.a. the Orchestra of the Royal City of Kraków), the Polish Radio Choir of Kraków, ''Organum'' Academic Choir, the Mixed ] (''Mieszany Chór Mariański''), Kraków Academic Choir of the ], the Kraków Chamber Choir, ''Amar Corde'' String Quartet, ''Consortium Iagellonicum'' Baroque Orchestra of the ], Brass Band of T. Sendzimir Steelworks, and ''Camerata'' Chamber Orchestra of Radio Kraków.		Music organisations and venues include: Kraków Philharmonic,<ref name="krakow fil" /> ''Sinfonietta Cracovia'' (a.k.a. the Orchestra of the Royal City of Kraków), the Polish Radio Choir of Kraków, ''Organum'' Academic Choir, the Mixed ] (''Mieszany Chór Mariański''), Kraków Academic Choir of the ], the Kraków Chamber Choir, ''Amar Corde'' String Quartet, ''Consortium Iagellonicum'' Baroque Orchestra of the ], Brass Band of T. Sendzimir Steelworks, and ''Camerata'' Chamber Orchestra of Radio Kraków.
	==Tourism==		==Tourism==
	According to official statistics, in 2019 Kraków was visited by over 14&nbsp;million tourists including 3.3&nbsp;million foreign travellers. The visitors spent over 7.5&nbsp;billion ] (ca. €1.7&nbsp;billion) in the city (without travel costs and pre-booked accommodation). Most foreign tourists came from Germany (14.2%), United Kingdom (13.9%), Italy (11.5%), France (11.2%), Spain (10.4%) and Ukraine (5.4%).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.krakow.pl/aktualnosci/235436,26,komunikat,ponad_14_milionow_turystow_odwiedzilo_krakow.html |title=Ponad 14 milionów turystów odwiedziło Kraków |access-date=2020-06-02}}</ref> The Kraków tour-guide from the Lesser Poland Visitors Bureau indicated that not all statistics are recorded due to the considerable number of those who come, staying in readily available private rooms paid for by cash, especially from ].<ref name="rp.pl/398262">{{cite web|url=http://www.rp.pl/artykul/398262.html |title=Turyści nie oszczędzali na Krakowie |publisher=] OnLine |work=Kraków " Podróże |date=27 November 2009 |accessdate=14 August 2012 |author=Ewa Łosińska |language=Polish |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206125846/http://www.rp.pl/artykul/398262.html |archivedate=6 February 2013 }}</ref>		According to official statistics, in 2019 Kraków was visited by over 14&nbsp;million tourists including 3.3&nbsp;million foreign travellers.<ref name="Graczyński"/> The visitors spent over 7.5&nbsp;billion zloty (ca. €1.7&nbsp;billion) in the city (without travel costs and pre-booked accommodation). Most foreign tourists came from Germany (14.2%), United Kingdom (13.9%), Italy (11.5%), France (11.2%), Spain (10.4%) and Ukraine (5.4%).<ref name="Graczyński">{{cite news |last=Graczyński |first=Jan |url=https://www.krakow.pl/aktualnosci/235436,26,komunikat,ponad_14_milionow_turystow_odwiedzilo_krakow.html |title=Ponad 14 milionów turystów odwiedziło Kraków |access-date=2 June 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803042508/https://www.krakow.pl/aktualnosci/235436,26,komunikat,ponad_14_milionow_turystow_odwiedzilo_krakow.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Kraków tour-guide from the Lesser Poland Visitors Bureau indicated that not all statistics are recorded due to the considerable number of those who come, staying in readily available private rooms paid for by cash, especially from ].<ref name="rp.pl/398262">{{cite web|url=http://www.rp.pl/artykul/398262.html |title=Turyści nie oszczędzali na Krakowie |publisher=] OnLine |work=Kraków " Podróże |date=27 November 2009 |access-date=14 August 2012 |first=Ewa|last=Łosińska |language=pl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206125846/http://www.rp.pl/artykul/398262.html |archive-date=6 February 2013 }}</ref>
	The main reasons for visiting the city are: its historical monuments, recreation as well as relatives and friends (placing third in the ranking), religion and business. There are 120 quality hotels in Kraków (usually about half full) offering 15,485 overnight accommodations.<ref name="intur.com"/> The average stay last for about 4 to 7 nights. The survey conducted among the travelers showed that they enjoyed the city's friendliness most, with 90% of Polish tourists and 87% foreigners stating that they would recommend visiting it.<ref name="rp.pl/398262"/> Notable points of interest outside the city include the ], the ] {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} to the south, the historic city of ] (north-west), the well-preserved former Nazi concentration camp at ], and ],<ref name="Krakow Day Trips"/> which includes ] Castle at ].<ref name="Top 10 things to do in Kraków"/> Kraków has been awarded a number of top international rankings such as the 1st place in the ''Top city-break destinations 2014'' survey conducted by the British '']''.<ref> by Which.co.uk.</ref>		The main reasons for visiting the city are: its historical monuments, recreation as well as relatives and friends (placing third in the ranking), religion and business. There are 120 quality hotels in Kraków (usually about half full) offering 15,485 overnight accommodations.<ref name="intur.com"/> The average stay lasts for about 4 to 7 nights. The survey conducted among the travelers showed that they enjoyed the city's friendliness most, with 90% of Polish tourists and 87% foreigners stating that they would recommend visiting it.<ref name="rp.pl/398262"/> Notable points of interest outside the city include the ], the ] {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} to the south, the historic city of ] (north-west), the well-preserved former Nazi concentration camp at ], and ],<ref name="Krakow Day Trips"/> which includes the Renaissance Castle at ].<ref name="Top 10 things to do in Kraków"/> Kraków has been awarded a number of top international rankings such as the 1st place in the ''Top city-break destinations 2014'' survey conducted by the British consumer association '']''.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101212236/http://www.which.co.uk/news/2014/10/europes-top-city-break-destinations-revealed-384050/ |date=1 November 2014 }} by Which.co.uk.</ref>
	<gallery mode="packed" heights="130px">
	File:Zespol Wzgórza Wawelskiego 009.jpg|]
	File:Birkenau gate.JPG|]
	File:015Wieliczka.JPG|]
	File:Pieskowa Skala Castle.jpg|] castle
	File:Opactwo Benedyktynów w Tyńcu w zimowej szacie.jpg|] ]
	</gallery>
	==Sports==		==Sports==
	] Stadium]]
	]]]
	Kraków was the host city of the ] and ]. It has also been selected as the European City of Sport for 2014.<ref name="aktualnosci_2014"> at ''Krakow.pl''.</ref>
	] is one of the most popular sports in the city.<ref name="Krakow Sport Information Guide"/> The two teams with the largest following are thirteen-time Polish champion ],<ref name="Wisła"/> and five-time champion ],<ref name="Czarni_Pogoń"/> both founded in 1906 as the oldest still existing in Poland.<ref name=skwk.pl>{{cite web|title=Wiślackie Kalendarium: pierwsze mistrzostwo, pierwszy puchar |url=http://skwk.pl/wislackie-kalendarium/2420-wislackie-kalendarium-pierwsze-mistrzostwo-pierwszy-puchar-pierwsze-cz-i.html |publisher=Stowarzyszenie Kibiców Wisły Kraków |accessdate=11 November 2012 |author=Editorial |date=2 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023123832/http://skwk.pl/wislackie-kalendarium/2420-wislackie-kalendarium-pierwsze-mistrzostwo-pierwszy-puchar-pierwsze-cz-i.html |archivedate=23 October 2012 }}</ref> They have been involved in the most intense rivalry in the country and one of the most intense in all of Europe, known as the ] (''{{lang|pl|Święta Wojna}}'').<ref name="footballderbies.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.footballderbies.com/honours/index.php?id=122|title=Święta Wojna (The Holy War)|publisher=Footballderbies.com|work=Wisla Kraków – Cracovia Kraków|year=2012|accessdate=8 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914185815/http://www.footballderbies.com/honours/index.php?id=122|archive-date=14 September 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other ] include ], ], and one-time Polish champion ]. There is also the first-league rugby club ]. Kraków has a number of additional, equally valued sports teams including twelve-time Polish ] champions ] and the twenty-time women's basketball champions Wisła Kraków.		] is the most popular sport in the city.<ref name="Krakow Sport Information Guide"/> The two ]s with the largest following are thirteen-time Polish champion ],<ref name="Wisła"/> and five-time champion ],<ref name="Czarni_Pogoń"/> both founded in 1906 as the oldest still existing in Poland.<ref name=skwk.pl>{{cite web|title=Wiślackie Kalendarium: pierwsze mistrzostwo, pierwszy puchar |url=http://skwk.pl/wislackie-kalendarium/2420-wislackie-kalendarium-pierwsze-mistrzostwo-pierwszy-puchar-pierwsze-cz-i.html |publisher=Stowarzyszenie Kibiców Wisły Kraków |website=skwk.pl |access-date=11 November 2012 |author=Patrycja |date=2 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023123832/http://skwk.pl/wislackie-kalendarium/2420-wislackie-kalendarium-pierwsze-mistrzostwo-pierwszy-puchar-pierwsze-cz-i.html |archive-date=23 October 2012 }}</ref> They have been involved in the most intense rivalry in the country and one of the most intense in all of Europe, known as the ] (''{{lang|pl|Święta Wojna}}'').<ref name="footballderbies.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.footballderbies.com/honours/index.php?id=122|title=Święta Wojna (The Holy War)|publisher=Footballderbies.com|work=Wisla Kraków – Cracovia Kraków|year=2012|access-date=8 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914185815/http://www.footballderbies.com/honours/index.php?id=122|archive-date=14 September 2012}}</ref> Other football clubs include ], ], ] and one-time Polish champion ]. There is also the first-league rugby club ]. Kraków has a number of additional, equally valued sports teams including twelve-time Polish ] champions ] and the twenty-time women's basketball champions Wisła Kraków.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}} The ], with thousands of participants from two dozen countries annually, has been held in the city since 2002.<ref name="Marathon"/>
	] Stadium]]		]]]
	The ], with over a thousand participants from two dozen countries annually, has been held in the city since 2002.<ref name="Marathon"/> Poland's first F1 racing driver ] was born and brought up in Kraków, as was former WWE tag team champion ], and Top 10 ranked women's tennis player ].
	The construction of a new ] began in May 2010; for concerts, indoor athletics, hockey, basketball, ] and other events. The facility area has 61,434 m<sup>2</sup>, with maximum area of the arena court of 4 546 m<sup>2</sup>. The average capacity is 18,000 for concerts, and 15,000 for sport events, with maximum number of spectators being 22,000.<ref name="about us" /> The Arena boasts Poland's largest ] media façade, with a total surface of 5,200 m<sup>2</sup> of LED strip lighting, wrapping around the stadium, and one of Europe's largest LED screens, measuring over 540 m<sup>2</sup>.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.colosseoeas.com/en/references/krakow-arena.html |title=Kraków Arena {{!}} References |publisher=] |accessdate=22 November 2014}}</ref>		The construction of a new ] began in May 2010; for concerts, indoor athletics, hockey, basketball, ] and other events. The facility has an area of 61,434 m<sup>2</sup>, with a maximum arena court area of 4,546 m<sup>2</sup>. The average capacity is 18,000 for concerts, and 15,000 for sport events, with the maximum number of spectators being 22,000.<ref name="about us">{{cite web|url= http://www.tauronarenakrakow.pl/en/about-us/|title= About Us|author= <!--Not stated-->|website= TAURON Arena Kraków|access-date= 6 March 2018|archive-date= 16 August 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230816191329/http://www.tauronarenakrakow.pl/en/about-us/|url-status= live}}</ref> The Arena boasts Poland's largest ] media façade, with a total surface of 5,200 m<sup>2</sup> of LED strip lighting, wrapping around the stadium, and one of Europe's largest LED screens, measuring over 540 m<sup>2</sup>.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.colosseoeas.com/en/references/krakow-arena.html |title=Kraków Arena {{!}} References |publisher=] |website=colosseoeas.com |access-date=22 November 2014 |archive-date=7 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907124124/http://www.colosseoeas.com/en/references/krakow-arena.html }}</ref>
			Kraków was the host city of the ] and ]. It was also selected as the European City of Sport for 2014.<ref name="aktualnosci_2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl/sport/aktualnosci/18421,202,komunikat,krakow_europejskim_miastem_sportu_2014.html |title=Kraków as the European City of Sports 2014 |date=9 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523070858/http://www.krakow.pl/sport/aktualnosci/18421,202,komunikat,krakow_europejskim_miastem_sportu_2014.html |archive-date=23 May 2014 |url-status=live |website=krakow.pl}}</ref> Kraków was ] to host the ] with ] but the bid was rejected by a majority (69.72%) of the vote in ] on 16&nbsp;May 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Krakow withdraws 2022 Winter Olympics bid |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2014/05/26/krakow-withdraws-2022-winter-olympics-bid/9588543/ |access-date=20 January 2024 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US |archive-date=18 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018112704/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2014/05/26/krakow-withdraws-2022-winter-olympics-bid/9588543/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Krakow and the Malopolska region hosted the ] from 21 June to 2 July 2023. More than 7,000 athletes representing 49 countries participated.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://european-games.org/the-games/who-we-are/ | title=Who we are | access-date=20 March 2024 | archive-date=20 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320191138/https://european-games.org/the-games/who-we-are/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
	Kraków was ] to host the ] with ] but the bid was rejected by a majority (69.72%) of the vote in ] on 16 May 2014. The referendum was organised after a wave of criticism from citizens who believed that the Olympics would not promote the city. The organizing committee of "Krakow 2022" spent almost $40,000 to pay for a citizen-approved logo, but many citizens considered this a waste of public money. The committee was rumoured to have fraudulently used several million zlotys for unknown expenses.
	In May 2019, the ] announced Kraków as host of the Polish bid for the ], On 22 June 2019, The ] at the General Assembly in ], ] announced that Kraków will host the 2023 edition.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Morgan |first1=Liam |title=Kraków replaces Katowice as Polish candidate to host 2023 European Games |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1079082/krakow-replaces-katowice-as-polish-candidate-to-host-2023-european-games |website=Inside the Games |accessdate=17 May 2019 |date=11 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Rowbottom |first1=Mike |title=EOC President Kocijančič aiming for European Games flag to go "from hand to hand" between Minsk and 2023 hosts |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1079346/eoc-president-kocijancic-aiming-for-european-games-flag-to-go-from-hand-to-hand-between-minsk-and-2023-hosts |website=Inside the Games |accessdate=19 May 2019 |date=17 May 2019}}</ref>
	==Notable people==		==Notable people==
	{{further|Category:People from Kraków}}		{{further|List of people from Kraków}}
	==International relations==		==International relations==
	{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland}}		{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland}}
			===Consulates===
			{{multiple image
			| align = right
			| caption_align = center
			| perrow = 2
			| total_width = 300
			| image1 = Tenement-Consulate General of the United States, 9 Stolarska street, Old Town, Krakow, Poland.jpg
			| image2 = Old brewery's administration building, 17h Lubicz Street, Kraków, Poland.JPG
			| image3 = Maria Lewalska villa, 42 Krupnicza Street, Kraków, Poland.jpg
			| image4 = A-282 kamienica Kraków ul. Stolarska 15 MM.JPG
			| footer = From top, left to right: consulates general of the United States, Hungary, Austria and France
			}}
			There are eight consulates general in Kraków – ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], three honorary consulates general – ], ], ], 24 honorary consulates – ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and a Representative of the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat//otwarty_na_swiat/2645,artykul,konsulaty.html|title=Konsulaty|access-date=19 September 2024|language=pl}}</ref>
	===Contemporary foreign names for the city===		===Contemporary foreign names for the city===
	Kraków is referred to by various names in different languages. An old English name for the city is '''Cracow'''; though it has become less common in recent decades, some sources still use it. The city is known in ], ] and ] as ''Krakov'', in Hungarian as {{lang|hu|Krakkó}}, in ] as {{lang|lt|Krokuva}}, in Finnish as {{lang|fi|Krakova}}, in ] and ] as {{lang|de|Krakau}}, in ], Spanish and Italian as {{lang|la|Cracovia}}, in French as {{lang|fr|Cracovie}}, in ] as {{lang|pt|Cracóvia}} and in Russian as Краков. ] and ] languages refer to it as {{lang|uk-Latn|Krakiv}} (Краків) and {{lang|yi-Latn|Kroke}} ({{lang|yi|קראָקע|rtl=yes}}) respectively.<ref name="krakow5"/>		Kraków is referred to by various names in different languages. An old English name for the city is '''Cracow'''; though it has become less common in recent decades, some sources still use it. The city is known in ], ] and ] as ''Krakov'', in Hungarian as {{lang|hu|Krakkó}}, in ] as {{lang|lt|Krokuva}}, in Finnish as {{lang|fi|Krakova}}, in ] and ] as {{lang|de|Krakau}}, in ], Spanish and Italian as {{lang|la|Cracovia}}, in French as {{lang|fr|Cracovie}}, in ] as {{lang|pt|Cracóvia}} and in Russian as Краков. ] and ] languages refer to it as {{lang|uk-Latn|Krakiv}} (Краків) and {{lang|yi-Latn|Kroke}} ({{lang|yi|קראָקע|rtl=yes}}) respectively.<ref name="krakow5"/>
	{{See also|Names of European cities in different languages: I-L#K|l1=Names of Kraków in different languages}}		{{See also|Names of European cities in different languages: I-L#K|l1=Names of Kraków in different languages}}
	===Twin towns and sister cities===		===Twin towns and sister cities===
	Kraków is ], or maintains close relations, with 36 cities around the world:<ref name="Kraków partnerships">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531,kat,0,5,miasta_partnerskie.html |title=Kraków – Miasta Partnerskie |accessdate=10 August 2013 |work=Miejska Platforma Internetowa Magiczny Kraków |language=Polish |trans-title=Kraków – Partnership Cities |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702010825/http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531%2Ckat%2C0%2C5%2Cmiasta_partnerskie.html |archivedate= 2 July 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Kraków twins">{{cite web |url=http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531,kat,0,6,miasta_partnerskie.html |title=Kraków – Miasta Bliźniacze |accessdate=10 August 2013 |work=Miejska Platforma Internetowa Magiczny Kraków |language=Polish |trans-title=Kraków – Twin Cities |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702022307/http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531%2Ckat%2C0%2C6%2Cmiasta_partnerskie.html |archivedate=2 July 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Kraków honorary twins">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531,kat,0,7,miasta_partnerskie.html |title=Kraków – Honorowe Miasta Bliźniacze |accessdate=10 August 2013 |work=Miejska Platforma Internetowa Magiczny Kraków |language=Polish |trans-title=Kraków – Honorary Twin Cities |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702003953/http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531%2Ckat%2C0%2C7%2Cmiasta_partnerskie.html |archivedate= 2 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>		Kraków is ], or maintains close relations, with 36 cities around the world:<ref name="Kraków partnerships">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531,kat,0,5,miasta_partnerskie.html |title=Kraków – Miasta Partnerskie |access-date=10 August 2013 |work=Miejska Platforma Internetowa Magiczny Kraków |language=pl |trans-title=Kraków – Partnership Cities |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702010825/http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531%2Ckat%2C0%2C5%2Cmiasta_partnerskie.html |archive-date= 2 July 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Kraków twins">{{cite web |url=http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531,kat,0,6,miasta_partnerskie.html |title=Kraków – Miasta Bliźniacze |access-date=10 August 2013 |work=Miejska Platforma Internetowa Magiczny Kraków |language=pl |trans-title=Kraków – Twin Cities |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702022307/http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531%2Ckat%2C0%2C6%2Cmiasta_partnerskie.html |archive-date=2 July 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Kraków honorary twins">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531,kat,0,7,miasta_partnerskie.html |title=Kraków – Honorowe Miasta Bliźniacze |access-date=10 August 2013 |work=Miejska Platforma Internetowa Magiczny Kraków |language=pl |trans-title=Kraków – Honorary Twin Cities |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702003953/http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531%2Ckat%2C0%2C7%2Cmiasta_partnerskie.html |archive-date= 2 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
	{{div col|colwidth=25em}}		{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
	* {{flagicon|INA}} ], ] ''(2000)''<ref name="Kraków twins"/>		* {{flagicon|INA}} ], ] (2000)<ref name="Kraków twins"/>
	* {{flagicon|FRA}} ], France ''(1993)''<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/>		* {{flagicon|FRA}} ], France (1993)<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/>
	* {{flagicon|SVK}} ], Slovakia<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/><ref name="Bratislawa"/>		* {{flagicon|SVK}} ], Slovakia<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/><ref name="Bratislawa"/>
	* {{flagicon|HUN}} ], Hungary ''(2005)''<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/>		* {{flagicon|HUN}} ], Hungary (2005)<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/>
	* {{flagicon|USA}} ], US ''(1989)''<ref name="dept"/>		* {{flagicon|USA}} ], US (1989)<ref name="dept"/>
	* {{flagicon|BRA}} ], Brazil ''(1993)''<ref name="Kraków honorary twins"/>		* {{flagicon|BRA}} ], Brazil (1993)<ref name="Kraków honorary twins"/>
	* {{flagicon|PER}} ], Peru<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/><ref name="cuidadhermanas"/>		* {{flagicon|PER}} ], Peru<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/><ref name="cuidadhermanas"/>
	* {{flagicon|SCO}} ], Scotland'' (1995)''<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/><ref name="Edinburgh"/><ref name="Edinburgh twinning">{{cite web|url=http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/info/695/council_information_performance_and_statistics/685/european_international_and_parliamentary_relations/3 |title=Twin and Partner Cities |publisher=City of Edinburgh Council |accessdate=16 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614133841/http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/info/695/council_information_performance_and_statistics/685/european_international_and_parliamentary_relations/3 |archivedate=14 June 2012 }}</ref>		* {{flagicon|SCO}} ], Scotland (1995)<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/><ref name="Edinburgh"/><ref name="Edinburgh twinning">{{cite web|url=http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/info/695/council_information_performance_and_statistics/685/european_international_and_parliamentary_relations/3 |title=Twin and Partner Cities |publisher=City of Edinburgh Council |access-date=16 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614133841/http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/info/695/council_information_performance_and_statistics/685/european_international_and_parliamentary_relations/3 |archive-date=14 June 2012 }}</ref>
	* {{flagicon|MAR}} ], Morocco ''(2004)''<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/>		* {{flagicon|MAR}} ], Morocco (2004)<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/>
	* {{flagicon|ITA}} ], Italy ''(1992)''<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/>		* {{flagicon|ITA}} ], Italy (1992)<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/>
	* {{flagicon|GER}} ], Germany ''(1991)''<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/><ref name="Frankfurt"/>		* {{flagicon|GER}} ], Germany (1991)<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/><ref name="Frankfurt"/>
	* {{flagicon|SWE}} ], Sweden ''(1990)''<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/>		* {{flagicon|SWE}} ], Sweden (1990)<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/>
			* {{flagicon|MEX}} ], Mexico<ref name="Guadalajara sisters">{{cite web|url=http://www.guadalajara.gob.mx/dependencias/relacionespublicas/versioningles/sistercities.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302011742/http://www.guadalajara.gob.mx/dependencias/relacionespublicas/versioningles/sistercities.html |archive-date=2 March 2012 |title=Sister Cities, Public Relations |publisher=Guadalajara municipal government |access-date=12 March 2013 }}</ref>
	* {{flagicon|RUS}} ], ] ''(1997)''<ref name="grozny"/>
			* {{flagicon|AUT}} ], Austria (1998)<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/>
	* {{flagicon|MEX}} ], Mexico<ref name="Guadalajara sisters">{{cite web|url=http://www.guadalajara.gob.mx/dependencias/relacionespublicas/versioningles/sistercities.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302011742/http://www.guadalajara.gob.mx/dependencias/relacionespublicas/versioningles/sistercities.html |archivedate=2 March 2012 |title=Sister Cities, Public Relations |publisher=Guadalajara municipal government |accessdate=12 March 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
	* {{flagicon|AUT}} ], Austria ''(1998)''<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/>		* {{flagicon|UKR}} ], Ukraine (1993)<ref name="Kraków twins"/>
	* {{flagicon|UKR}} ], Ukraine ''(1993)''<ref name="Kraków twins"/>		* {{flagicon|CHI}} ], Chile (1995)<ref name="Kraków honorary twins"/>
	* {{flagicon|CHI}} ], Chile ''(1995)''<ref name="Kraków honorary twins"/>		* {{flagicon|GER}} ], Germany (1995)<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/><ref name="Leipzig"/>
	* {{flagicon|GER}} ], Germany ''(1995)''<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/><ref name="Leipzig"/>		* {{flagicon|BEL}} ], Belgium (1991)<ref name="Kraków twins"/>
	* {{flagicon|BEL}} ], Belgium ''(1991)''<ref name="Kraków twins"/>		* {{flagicon|UKR}} ], Ukraine (1995)<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/>
	* {{flagicon|UKR}} ], Ukraine ''(1995)''<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/>		* {{flagicon|INA}} ], ] (1997)<ref name="Kraków twins"/>
	* {{flagicon|INA}} ], ] ''(1997)''<ref name="Kraków twins"/>		* {{flagicon|ITA}} ], Italy (2003)<ref name="Kraków twins"/><ref name="Milan"/>
	* {{flagicon|ITA}} ], Italy ''(2003)''<ref name="Kraków twins"/><ref name="Milan"/>		* {{flagicon|GER}} ], Germany (1991)<ref name="Kraków twins"/>
	* {{flagicon|GER}} ], Germany ''(1991)''<ref name="Kraków twins"/>		* {{flagicon|FRA}} ], France (1992)<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/>
	* {{flagicon|FRA}} ], France ''(1992)''<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/>		* {{flagicon|HUN}} ], Hungary (1998)<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/>
	* {{flagicon|HUN}} ], Hungary ''(1998)''<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/>
	* {{flagicon|ECU}} ], Ecuador<ref name="Kraków honorary twins"/>		* {{flagicon|ECU}} ], Ecuador<ref name="Kraków honorary twins"/>
	* {{flagicon|USA}} ], US ''(1973)''<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/><ref name="ROCSisters">{{cite web|title=Rochester's Sister Cities |work=City of Rochester |url=http://www.cityofrochester.gov/article.aspx?id=8589938076 |accessdate=6 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527230448/http://www.cityofrochester.gov/article.aspx?id=8589938076 |archivedate=27 May 2010 }}</ref>		* {{flagicon|USA}} ], US (1973)<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/><ref name="ROCSisters">{{cite web|title=Rochester's Sister Cities |work=City of Rochester |url=http://www.cityofrochester.gov/article.aspx?id=8589938076 |access-date=6 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527230448/http://www.cityofrochester.gov/article.aspx?id=8589938076 |archive-date=27 May 2010 }}</ref>
			* {{flagicon|BEL}} ], Belgium (1978)
	* {{flagicon|ITA}} ], Italy<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/>		* {{flagicon|ITA}} ], Italy<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/>
	* {{flagicon|USA}} ], US ''(2009)''<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/><ref name="Twin"/>		* {{flagicon|USA}} ], US (2009)<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/><ref name="Twin"/>
	* {{flagicon|ESP}} ], Spain ''(2002)''		* {{flagicon|ESP}} ], Spain (2002)
	* {{flagicon|SUI}} ], Switzerland ''(1990)''		* {{flagicon|SUI}} ], Switzerland (1990)
	* {{flagicon|CRO}} ], Croatia<ref name="Twin"/><ref name="CloseRelations"/>		* {{flagicon|CRO}} ], Croatia<ref name="Twin"/><ref name="CloseRelations"/>
	* {{flagicon|GEO}} ], Georgia<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/>		* {{flagicon|GEO}} ], Georgia<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/>
	* {{flagicon|BUL}} ], Bulgaria ''(1975)''		* {{flagicon|BUL}} ], Bulgaria (1975)
	* {{flagicon|LTU}} ], Lithuania<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/>		* {{flagicon|LTU}} ], Lithuania<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/>
	* {{flagicon|CRO}} ], Croatia ''(1975)''<ref name="CloseRelations"/><ref name="Zagreb Twinning"/>		* {{flagicon|CRO}} ], Croatia (1975)<ref name="CloseRelations"/><ref name="Zagreb Twinning"/>
	{{div col end}}		{{div col end}}
			==Notes==
			{{notelist}}
	==See also==		==See also==
	{{Portal|Poland|European Union}}		{{Portal|Poland|European Union}}
	* ]		* {{annotated link|Cracow Circle Thomism}}
	* ]		* ]
			* {{annotated link|Lesser Poland}}
			* ]
			* ]
			== References ==
	{{-}}
	==Notes==
	{{Reflist|refs=		{{Reflist|refs=
	<ref name="Czapski"></ref>		<ref name="Czapski">{{Cite web|url=http://muzeum.dev.softhis.com/O-muzeum.88.0.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20081019023412/http://muzeum.dev.softhis.com/O-muzeum.88.0.html?L=1|archive-date=19 October 2008|url-status=usurped|title=Muzeum im. Emeryka Hutten-Czapskiego: About the museum}}</ref>
	<ref name="Wyspiański">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow-info.com/museums2.htm|title=Krakow – Specialty Museums|author=|date=|work=krakow-info.com}}</ref>		<ref name="Wyspiański">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow-info.com/museums2.htm|title=Krakow – Specialty Museums|website=krakow-info.com|access-date=10 December 2011|archive-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802232548/http://www.krakow-info.com/museums2.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
	<ref name="Matejko"><br />{{cite web|url=http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/classroom/JM/JM.html |title=Jan Matejko: The Painter and Patriot |accessdate=18 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526035724/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/classroom/JM/JM.html |archivedate=26 May 2007 }}</ref>		<ref name="Matejko"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802232548/http://www.krakow-info.com/museums2.htm |date=2 August 2020 }}<br />{{cite web |url=http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/classroom/JM/JM.html |title=Jan Matejko: The Painter and Patriot |access-date=18 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526035724/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/classroom/JM/JM.html |archive-date=26 May 2007 }}</ref>
	<ref name="Becoming Metropolitan: Urban Selfhood and the Making of Modern Krakow">{{cite book|last=Wood|first=Nathaniel D.|title=Becoming Metropolitan: Urban Selfhood and the Making of Modern Cracow|year=2010|publisher=Northern Illinois University Press|location=DeKalb|isbn=978-0-87580-422-4|page=272}}</ref>		<ref name="Becoming Metropolitan: Urban Selfhood and the Making of Modern Krakow">{{cite book|last=Wood|first=Nathaniel D.|title=Becoming Metropolitan: Urban Selfhood and the Making of Modern Cracow|year=2010|publisher=Northern Illinois University Press|location=DeKalb|isbn=978-0-87580-422-4|page=272}}</ref>
	<ref name="bip.krakow-UCHWAŁA">{{cite web|url=https://www.bip.krakow.pl/?dok_id=167&sub_dok_id=167&sub=uchwala&query=id=16203&typ=u|title=Uchwala - Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej Miasta Krakowa - BIP MK|first=ACK Cyfronet|last=AGH|website=www.bip.krakow.pl}}</ref>		<ref name="bip.krakow-UCHWAŁA">{{cite web|url=https://www.bip.krakow.pl/?dok_id=167&sub_dok_id=167&sub=uchwala&query=id=16203&typ=u|title=Uchwala - Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej Miasta Krakowa - BIP MK|first=ACK Cyfronet|last=AGH|website=www.bip.krakow.pl|access-date=8 January 2018|archive-date=15 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215011645/https://www.bip.krakow.pl/?dok_id=167&sub_dok_id=167&sub=uchwala&query=id=16203&typ=u|url-status=live}}</ref>
	<ref name="Czarni_Pogoń">{{in lang|pl}} List of oldest Polish ]s featured in a newspaper retrospective. {{cite journal|author=Zbigniew Chmielewski|title=Obok Czarnych znak Pogoni|journal=]|year=2003|volume=2414|issue=33|url=http://www.lwow.home.pl/sport/sport.html|accessdate=22 July 2009}}</ref>		<ref name="Czarni_Pogoń">{{in lang|pl}} List of oldest Polish ]s featured in a newspaper retrospective. {{cite journal|first=Zbigniew|last=Chmielewski|title=Obok Czarnych znak Pogoni|journal=]|year=2003|volume=2414|issue=33|url=http://www.lwow.home.pl/sport/sport.html|access-date=22 July 2009|archive-date=26 October 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031026091710/http://www.lwow.home.pl/sport/sport.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
	<ref name="History – Krakow Music Academy">{{cite web|url=http://www.amuz.krakow.pl/en/|title=History – KrakowMusic Academy|publisher=Amuz.krakow.pl|accessdate=11 December 2011}}</ref>		<ref name="History – Krakow Music Academy">{{cite web|url=http://www.amuz.krakow.pl/en/|title=History – Krakow Music Academy|publisher=Amuz.krakow.pl|access-date=11 December 2011|archive-date=9 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109083109/http://www.amuz.krakow.pl/en/|url-status=live}}</ref>
	<ref name="intur.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.intur.com.pl/baza.htm |title=Klasyfikacja obiektów noclegowych |publisher=Instytut Turystyki |year=2010 |accessdate=14 August 2012 |author=Witold Bartoszewicz |language=Polish |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820225104/http://www.intur.com.pl/baza.htm |archivedate=20 August 2012 }}</ref>		<ref name="intur.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.intur.com.pl/baza.htm |title=Klasyfikacja obiektów noclegowych |publisher=Instytut Turystyki |year=2010 |access-date=14 August 2012 |first=Witold|last=Bartoszewicz |language=pl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820225104/http://www.intur.com.pl/baza.htm |archive-date=20 August 2012 }}</ref>
	<ref name="jewish-guide">http://www.jewish-guide.pl/sites/casimir – Jewish guide and genealogy in Poland – Casimir / Kazimierz</ref>		<ref name="jewish-guide">{{Cite web|url=https://jewish-guide.pl/sites/casimir|title=CASIMIR / KAZIMIERZ / CASIMIRUS|website=jewish-guide.pl|access-date=12 August 2022|archive-date=12 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812075522/https://jewish-guide.pl/sites/casimir|url-status=live}}</ref>
	<ref name="Kazimierz.com">{{cite web|author=Kazimierz.com|url=http://www.kazimierz.com/index.php?t=historia|title=Kazimierz wczoraj. Introduction|publisher=Stowarzyszenie Twórców Kazimierz.com|accessdate=11 December 2011}}</ref>		<ref name="Kazimierz.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.kazimierz.com/index.php?t=historia|title=Kazimierz wczoraj. Introduction|publisher=Stowarzyszenie Twórców |website=Kazimierz.com|access-date=11 December 2011|archive-date=18 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111218052122/http://kazimierz.com/index.php?t=historia|url-status=live}}</ref>
	<ref name="krakow.jewish.org.pl-pdf"> PDF 49 KB. Retrieved 17 April 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209091344/http://www.krakow.jewish.org.pl/pliki/1192127458.pdf |date=9 February 2012 }}</ref>		<ref name="krakow.jewish.org.pl-pdf"> PDF 49 KB. Retrieved 17 April 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209091344/http://www.krakow.jewish.org.pl/pliki/1192127458.pdf |date=9 February 2012 }}</ref>
	<ref name="krakowska">{{cite web|url=http://www.opera.krakow.pl/|title=Opera Krakowska|first=evolution|last=www.evl.pl|date=|work=opera.krakow.pl}}</ref>		<ref name="krakowska">{{cite web|url=http://www.opera.krakow.pl/|title=Opera Krakowska|website=opera.krakow.pl|access-date=11 February 2016|archive-date=9 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070109135440/http://www.opera.krakow.pl/|url-status=live}}</ref>
	<ref name="Kraków, Oleandry – Dom im. Józefa Piłsudskiego">{{cite web|url=http://osen.pl/projekty/non-omnis-moriar-pomniki-miejsca-pamici/304-krakoleandry-dom-im-ja-pissudskiego.html |title=Kraków, Oleandry – Dom im. Józefa Piłsudskiego |publisher=Osen.pl |accessdate=11 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105043156/http://osen.pl/projekty/non-omnis-moriar-pomniki-miejsca-pamici/304-krakoleandry-dom-im-ja-pissudskiego.html |archivedate=5 November 2011 }}</ref>		<ref name="Kraków, Oleandry – Dom im. Józefa Piłsudskiego">{{cite web|url=http://osen.pl/projekty/non-omnis-moriar-pomniki-miejsca-pamici/304-krakoleandry-dom-im-ja-pissudskiego.html |title=Kraków, Oleandry – Dom im. Józefa Piłsudskiego |publisher=Osen.pl |access-date=11 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105043156/http://osen.pl/projekty/non-omnis-moriar-pomniki-miejsca-pamici/304-krakoleandry-dom-im-ja-pissudskiego.html |archive-date=5 November 2011 }}</ref>
	<ref name="misteriapaschalia"> Homepage.</ref>		<ref name="misteriapaschalia"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828151649/http://www.misteriapaschalia.pl/en/ |date=28 August 2010 }} Homepage.</ref>
	<ref name="naszemiasto-cracovia">{{cite web|url=http://krakow.naszemiasto.pl/artykul/842560,hotel-cracovia-na-liscie-zabytkow-majchrowski-chce-chronic,id,t.html|title=Hotel Cracovia na liście zabytków. Majchrowski chce chronić krakowski modernizm. Warto? [DYSKUTUJ&#93; – Kraków – Naszemiasto.pl|publisher=Krakow.naszemiasto.pl|accessdate=11 December 2011|date=2011-03-31}}</ref>		<ref name="naszemiasto-cracovia">{{cite web|url=http://krakow.naszemiasto.pl/artykul/842560,hotel-cracovia-na-liscie-zabytkow-majchrowski-chce-chronic,id,t.html|title=Hotel Cracovia na liście zabytków. Majchrowski chce chronić krakowski modernizm. Warto? [DYSKUTUJ&#93; – Kraków – Naszemiasto.pl|publisher=Krakow.naszemiasto.pl|access-date=11 December 2011|date=31 March 2011|archive-date=11 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111125748/http://krakow.naszemiasto.pl/artykul/842560,hotel-cracovia-na-liscie-zabytkow-majchrowski-chce-chronic,id,t.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
	<ref name="Nh.pl-1">{{cite web|url=http://www.nh.pl/english/architecture.htm|title=Architecture of Nowa Huta|publisher=Nh.pl|accessdate=11 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211171333/http://nh.pl/english/architecture.htm|archive-date=11 February 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>		<ref name="Nh.pl-1">{{cite web|url=http://www.nh.pl/english/architecture.htm|title=Architecture of Nowa Huta|publisher=Nh.pl|access-date=11 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211171333/http://nh.pl/english/architecture.htm|archive-date=11 February 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
	<ref name="Opera Rara – Kraków – 8 December 2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.operarara.pl/en|title=Opera Rara – Kraków – 8 December 2011|publisher=Operarara.pl|accessdate=11 December 2011}}</ref>		<ref name="Opera Rara – Kraków – 8 December 2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.operarara.pl/en|title=Opera Rara – Kraków – 8 December 2011|publisher=Operarara.pl|access-date=11 December 2011|archive-date=1 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201054959/http://www.operarara.pl/en|url-status=live}}</ref>
	<ref name="Palace of Art">{{cite web|author=Marek Strzala|url=http://www.krakow-info.com/ArtPalac.htm|title=Krakow's Arts Palace|publisher=Krakow Info|accessdate=16 April 2012}}</ref>		<ref name="Palace of Art">{{cite web|first=Marek|last=Strzala|url=http://www.krakow-info.com/ArtPalac.htm|title=Krakow's Arts Palace|publisher=Krakow Info|access-date=16 April 2012|archive-date=7 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407010105/http://krakow-info.com/ArtPalac.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
	<ref name="Rosik - Urbańczyk">{{cite web|url=http://christianization.hist.cam.ac.uk/regions/poland/poland-eccl-org.html|title=Poland – Ecclesiastical organisation|accessdate=19 May 2011|author=Stanisław Rosik and Przemysław Urbańczyk}}</ref>		<ref name="Rosik - Urbańczyk">{{cite web|url=http://christianization.hist.cam.ac.uk/regions/poland/poland-eccl-org.html|title=Poland – Ecclesiastical organization|website=christianization.hist.cam.ac.uk|access-date=19 May 2011|first1=Stanisław|last1=Rosik|first2=Przemysław|last2=Urbańczyk|archive-date=27 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227031510/https://christianization.hist.cam.ac.uk/regions/poland/poland-eccl-org.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
	<ref name="SOCREALIZM in Poland (1949–1955)">{{cite web|url=http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/Slavonic/Socrealizm.htm |title=SOCREALIZM in Poland (1949–1955) |publisher=Arts.gla.ac.uk |accessdate=11 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525200319/http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/Slavonic/Socrealizm.htm |archivedate=25 May 2012 }}</ref>		<ref name="SOCREALIZM in Poland (1949–1955)">{{cite web|url=http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/Slavonic/Socrealizm.htm |title=SOCREALIZM in Poland (1949–1955) |publisher=Arts.gla.ac.uk |access-date=11 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525200319/http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/Slavonic/Socrealizm.htm |archive-date=25 May 2012 }}</ref>
	<ref name="stat">{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.gov.pl/gus/5840_655_PLK_HTML.htm |title=GUS – Główny Urząd Statystyczny – Stan i struktura ludności oraz ruch naturalny w przekroju terytorialnym. Stan w dniu 31 XII 2010 r |language=pl |publisher=Stat.gov.pl |date=10 June 2011 |accessdate=11 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127094758/http://www.stat.gov.pl/gus/5840_655_PLK_HTML.htm |archivedate=27 November 2011 }}</ref>		<ref name="stat">{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.gov.pl/gus/5840_655_PLK_HTML.htm |title=GUS – Główny Urząd Statystyczny – Stan i struktura ludności oraz ruch naturalny w przekroju terytorialnym. Stan w dniu 31 XII 2010 r |language=pl |publisher=Stat.gov.pl |date=10 June 2011 |access-date=11 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127094758/http://www.stat.gov.pl/gus/5840_655_PLK_HTML.htm |archive-date=27 November 2011 }}</ref>
	<ref name="StatKraK :: Kraków.:. Liczby...Miasto...Mieszkańcy">{{cite web|author=MZBD – Miejski Zarzd Baz Danych – Kraków |url=http://msip2.um.krakow.pl/statkrak/view/show/view3.asp?tab=e_dzieln_ao_f2&page=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426043451/http://msip2.um.krakow.pl/statkrak/view/show/view3.asp?tab=e_dzieln_ao_f2&page=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 April 2012 |title=StatKraK :: Kraków.:. Liczby...Miasto...Mieszkańcy |publisher=Msip2.um.krakow.pl |accessdate=11 December 2011 }}</ref>		<ref name="StatKraK :: Kraków.:. Liczby...Miasto...Mieszkańcy">{{cite web|author=MZBD – Miejski Zarzd Baz Danych – Kraków |url=http://msip2.um.krakow.pl/statkrak/view/show/view3.asp?tab=e_dzieln_ao_f2&page=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426043451/http://msip2.um.krakow.pl/statkrak/view/show/view3.asp?tab=e_dzieln_ao_f2&page=1 |archive-date=26 April 2012 |title=StatKraK :: Kraków.:. Liczby...Miasto...Mieszkańcy |publisher=Msip2.um.krakow.pl |access-date=11 December 2011 }}</ref>
	<ref name="Strasz">{{cite web|author=Piotr Strasz|url=http://muzeumsecesji.pl/podroz_pliki/krakow.html|title=Secesyjny Kraków|publisher=Muzeumsecesji.pl|accessdate=11 December 2011}}</ref>		<ref name="Strasz">{{cite web|first=Piotr|last=Strasz|url=http://muzeumsecesji.pl/podroz_pliki/krakow.html|title=Secesyjny Kraków|publisher=Muzeumsecesji.pl|access-date=11 December 2011|archive-date=25 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425082625/http://muzeumsecesji.pl/podroz_pliki/krakow.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
	<ref name="sztuka-architektury1">{{cite web|url=http://www.sztuka-architektury.pl/index.php?ID_PAGE=11917|title=Sztuka Architektury|publisher=Sztuka-architektury.pl|accessdate=11 December 2011}}</ref>		<ref name="sztuka-architektury1">{{cite web|url=http://www.sztuka-architektury.pl/index.php?ID_PAGE=11917|title=Sztuka Architektury|date=January 2000|publisher=Sztuka-architektury.pl|access-date=11 December 2011|archive-date=19 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119054234/http://www.sztuka-architektury.pl/index.php?ID_PAGE=11917|url-status=live}}</ref>
	<ref name="Świszczowski">Stefan Świszczowski, ''Miasto Kazimierz pod Krakowem'', Kraków 1981, s.52, {{ISBN|83-08-00624-8}}.</ref>		<ref name="Świszczowski">Stefan Świszczowski, ''Miasto Kazimierz pod Krakowem'', Kraków 1981, s.52, {{ISBN|83-08-00624-8}}.</ref>
Line 622:		Line 1,103:
	<ref name="Vogt-Nassery">Beata Vogt, Farid Nassery, ''Scribd.com'' document. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508073303/http://www.scribd.com/doc/58803835/modernizm-krakow |date=8 May 2013 }}</ref>		<ref name="Vogt-Nassery">Beata Vogt, Farid Nassery, ''Scribd.com'' document. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508073303/http://www.scribd.com/doc/58803835/modernizm-krakow |date=8 May 2013 }}</ref>
	<ref name="wandaluzja-1">{{cite web|url=http://www.wandaluzja.com/?p=p_200&sName=uniwersytet-jagiellonski|title=Uniwersytet Jagielloński|publisher=Wandaluzja|accessdate=11 December 2011}}</ref>		<ref name="wandaluzja-1">{{cite web|url=http://www.wandaluzja.com/?p=p_200&sName=uniwersytet-jagiellonski|title=Uniwersytet Jagielloński|publisher=Wandaluzja|access-date=11 December 2011|archive-date=18 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118124426/http://www.wandaluzja.com/?p=p_200&sName=uniwersytet-jagiellonski|url-status=live}}</ref>
	<ref name="Wisła">{{cite web|url=http://www.wislaportal.pl/info.php?id=21 |title=General info, history and successes |accessdate=15 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928164653/http://www.wislaportal.pl/info.php?id=21 |archivedate=28 September 2007 }}</ref>		<ref name="Wisła">{{cite web|url=http://www.wislaportal.pl/info.php?id=21 |title=General info, history and successes |access-date=15 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928164653/http://www.wislaportal.pl/info.php?id=21 |archive-date=28 September 2007 }}</ref>
	<ref name="History">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl/en/miasto/?id=dzieje.html |title=Our City. History of Kraków (archaeological findings) |author=The Municipality Of Kraków, Press Office |year=2008 |accessdate=11 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219135248/http://www.krakow.pl/en/miasto/?id=dzieje.html |archivedate=19 February 2007 }}<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow-info.com/history.htm|title=History of Kraków|publisher=Krakow Info|author=Marek Strzala|accessdate=23 December 2012}}</ref>		<ref name="History">{{cite web |url=http://www.krakow.pl/en/miasto/?id=dzieje.html |title=Our City. History of Kraków (archaeological findings) |publisher=The Municipality Of Kraków, Press Office |website=krakow.pl |year=2008 |access-date=11 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219135248/http://www.krakow.pl/en/miasto/?id=dzieje.html |archive-date=19 February 2007 }}<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow-info.com/history.htm|title=History of Kraków|publisher=Krakow Info|first=Marek|last=Strzala|access-date=23 December 2012|archive-date=9 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130109210713/http://www.krakow-info.com/history.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
	<ref name="(''see: Franz Joseph I granted Kraków the municipal government'')">Marek Strzala, "History of Krakow" {{cite web|url=http://www.krakow-info.com/history.htm|title=(''see: Franz Joseph I granted Kraków the municipal government'')|accessdate=12 May 2007}}</ref>		<ref name="(''see: Franz Joseph I granted Kraków the municipal government'')">Marek Strzala, "History of Krakow" {{cite web|url=http://www.krakow-info.com/history.htm|title=(''see: Franz Joseph I granted Kraków the municipal government'')|access-date=12 May 2007|archive-date=9 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130109210713/http://www.krakow-info.com/history.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
	<ref name="warsaw-capital-1596">] Centre for ], "A Very Short History of Kraków", see: {{cite web|url=http://www.ces.uj.edu.pl/european/krakow/krakow_history.htm |title=1596 administrative capital, the tiny village of Warsaw |accessdate=12 May 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090312094359/http://www.ces.uj.edu.pl/european/krakow/krakow_history.htm |archivedate=12 March 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>		<ref name="warsaw-capital-1596">] Centre for ], "A Very Short History of Kraków", see: {{cite web|url=http://www.ces.uj.edu.pl/european/krakow/krakow_history.htm |title=1596 administrative capital, the tiny village of Warsaw |access-date=12 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090312094359/http://www.ces.uj.edu.pl/european/krakow/krakow_history.htm |archive-date=12 March 2009 }}</ref>
	<ref name="16B. Eastern Europe in World War II: October 1939 – May 1945.">Anna M. Cienciala, History 557 Lecture Notes, 2002 (Revised Fall. 2003), {{cite web|url=http://web.ku.edu/~eceurope/hist557/lect16.htm|title=16B. Eastern Europe in World War II: October 1939 – May 1945.|accessdate=22 November 2007}}</ref>		<ref name="16B. Eastern Europe in World War II: October 1939 – May 1945.">Anna M. Cienciala, History 557 Lecture Notes, 2002 (Revised Fall. 2003), {{cite web|url=http://web.ku.edu/~eceurope/hist557/lect16.htm|title=16B. Eastern Europe in World War II: October 1939 – May 1945.|access-date=22 November 2007|archive-date=1 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801010755/http://web.ku.edu/~eceurope/hist557/lect16.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
	<ref name="AGH-UST staff and students, introduction">] homepage, {{cite web|url=http://www.agh.edu.pl/english/Staff.php |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003161808/http://www.agh.edu.pl/english/Staff.php |archivedate=3 October 2006 |title=AGH-UST staff and students, introduction |accessdate=11 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>		<ref name="AGH-UST staff and students, introduction">] homepage, {{cite web|url=http://www.agh.edu.pl/english/Staff.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003161808/http://www.agh.edu.pl/english/Staff.php |archive-date=3 October 2006 |title=AGH-UST staff and students, introduction |access-date=11 September 2007 }}</ref>
	<ref name="About Sabre Holdings">{{cite web|url=http://www.sabre-holdings.com/aboutUs/locations/poland.html |title=About Sabre Holdings |publisher=sabre-holdings.com |accessdate=12 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070523201349/http://www.sabre-holdings.com/aboutUs/locations/poland.html |archivedate=23 May 2007 }}</ref>		<ref name="About Sabre Holdings">{{cite web|url=http://www.sabre-holdings.com/aboutUs/locations/poland.html |title=About Sabre Holdings |publisher=sabre-holdings.com |access-date=12 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070523201349/http://www.sabre-holdings.com/aboutUs/locations/poland.html |archive-date=23 May 2007 }}</ref>
	<ref name="Akademia Pedagogiczna w Krakowie, homepage">{{cite web|url=http://www.wsp.krakow.pl/|title=Akademia Pedagogiczna w Krakowie, homepage|accessdate=12 May 2007}}</ref>		<ref name="Akademia Pedagogiczna w Krakowie, homepage">{{cite web|url=http://www.wsp.krakow.pl/|title=Akademia Pedagogiczna w Krakowie, homepage|access-date=12 May 2007|archive-date=20 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070520074046/http://www.wsp.krakow.pl/}}</ref>
	<ref name="Akademia Rolnicza, homepage">{{cite web|url=http://www.ar.krakow.pl/index1.htm|title=Akademia Rolnicza, homepage|accessdate=12 May 2007|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070508055226/http://www.ar.krakow.pl/index1.htm|archivedate=8 May 2007}}</ref>		<ref name="Akademia Rolnicza, homepage">{{cite web|url=http://www.ar.krakow.pl/index1.htm|title=Akademia Rolnicza, homepage|access-date=12 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070508055226/http://www.ar.krakow.pl/index1.htm|archive-date=8 May 2007}}</ref>
	<ref name="All for Love - Google Books">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=iSGb79f1TRcC&pg=PA231&dq=Roman+Pola%C5%84ski+krakow+ghetto|title=All for Love|publisher=Murdoch Books|accessdate=20 July 2009|first1=Megan|last1=Gressor|first2=Kerry|last2=Cook|isbn=978-1-74045-596-1|year=2005}}</ref>		<ref name="All for Love - Google Books">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iSGb79f1TRcC&q=Roman+Pola%C5%84ski+krakow+ghetto&pg=PA231|title=All for Love|publisher=Murdoch Books|access-date=20 July 2009|first1=Megan|last1=Gressor|first2=Kerry|last2=Cook|isbn=978-1-74045-596-1|year=2005|archive-date=6 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206065228/https://books.google.com/books?id=iSGb79f1TRcC&q=Roman+Pola%C5%84ski+krakow+ghetto&pg=PA231|url-status=live}}</ref>
	<ref name="BPI 113">'']'' (''Bulletin of Public Information''), {{cite web|url=http://www.bip.krakow.pl/?id=96|title=Dziennik Ustaw Nr 113 poz. 984|accessdate=15 September 2007}}</ref>		<ref name="BPI 113">'']'' (''Bulletin of Public Information''), {{cite web|url=http://www.bip.krakow.pl/?id=96|title=Dziennik Ustaw Nr 113 poz. 984|access-date=15 September 2007|archive-date=7 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070907112805/http://www.bip.krakow.pl/?id=96|url-status=live}}</ref>
			<ref name="Biuletyn Statystyczny Miasta Krakowa">{{in lang|pl}} Biuro Informacji Publicznej, Kraków (''Office of Public Information, Kraków''). {{cite web|url=http://www.bip.krakow.pl/?id=234|title=Biuletyn Statystyczny Miasta Krakowa|access-date=15 September 2007|archive-date=28 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928163607/http://www.bip.krakow.pl/?id=234|url-status=live}}</ref>
	<!-- not used
	<ref name="Basic info for foreigners in Krakow">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow-info.com/basics.htm|title=Basic info for foreigners in Krakow|publisher=krakow-info.com|accessdate=19 July 2009}}</ref>-->
			<ref name="Bratislawa">{{cite web|url=http://www.bratislava-city.sk/bratislava-twin-towns |title=''Bratislava City – Twin Towns'' |publisher=2003–2008 Bratislava-City.sk |access-date=26 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728183628/http://www.bratislava-city.sk/bratislava-twin-towns |archive-date=28 July 2013 }}</ref>
	<ref name="Biuletyn Statystyczny Miasta Krakowa">{{in lang|pl}} Biuro Informacji Publicznej, Kraków (''Office of Public Information, Kraków''). {{cite web|url=http://www.bip.krakow.pl/?id=234|title=Biuletyn Statystyczny Miasta Krakowa|accessdate=15 September 2007}}</ref>
			<ref name="Chambers's encyclopaedia: a... - Google Books">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pgsbAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Grand%20Duchy%20of%20Cracow%22%201846&pg=PA679|title=Chambers's Encyclopaedia: A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge for the People, Volume 4|publisher=W. and R. Chambers|access-date=14 August 2009|year=1862|archive-date=3 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203042149/https://books.google.com/books?id=pgsbAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Grand%20Duchy%20of%20Cracow%22%201846&pg=PA679|url-status=live}}</ref>
	<ref name="Bratislawa">{{cite web|url=http://www.bratislava-city.sk/bratislava-twin-towns |title=''Bratislava City – Twin Towns'' |publisher=2003–2008 Bratislava-City.sk |accessdate=26 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728183628/http://www.bratislava-city.sk/bratislava-twin-towns |archivedate=28 July 2013 }}</ref>
			<ref name="Clark">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3FV3puE5hdQC&q=first+non-Italian+pope+in+455+years&pg=PA171|title=The Judge: William P. Clark, Ronald Reagan's Top Hand|publisher=Ignatius Press|access-date=19 July 2009|first1=Paul|last1=Kengor|first2=Patricia|last2=Clark Doerner|isbn=978-1-58617-183-4|date=October 2007|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018210605/https://books.google.com/books?id=3FV3puE5hdQC&q=first+non-Italian+pope+in+455+years&pg=PA171#v=snippet&q=first%20non-Italian%20pope%20in%20455%20years&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>
	<ref name="Cawley">Charles Cawley, {{MLCC|warning=1|url=http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/POLAND.htm#MieszkoIdied992|title=Poland. Mieszko I, 966–992.|title-date=August 2012|date=August 2012}} Medieval Lands Project, 2006. Cite #51: Dzięcioł, Witold (1963) ''The Origins of Poland'' (Veritas, London), p. 148. Retrieved 17 March 2011.</ref>
			<ref name="CloseRelations">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl/en/miasto/wizytowka/?id=wspolpraca.html|title=Foreign co-operation|access-date=1 November 2007|archive-date=15 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215030234/http://www.krakow.pl/en/miasto/wizytowka/?id=wspolpraca.html|url-status=live}} from the municipality official website</ref>
	<ref name="Census">{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/krak/ASSETS_05m05_01.pdf|title=Microsoft Word - 13_DZIA. 05.doc|language=pl|accessdate=9 November 2010}}</ref>
			<ref name="Dylewski">Adam Dylewski, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412162337/http://www.diapozytyw.pl/en/site/slady_i_judaica/krakow/ |date=12 April 2009 }} website created under the aegis of the Adam Mickiewicz Institute, Warsaw; chief editor: Piotr M. A. Cywinski. Editorial assistance: Anna Marta Szczepan-Wojnarska, and Kaja Wieczorek from Jewish Historical Institute, Warsaw</ref>
	<ref name="Chambers's encyclopaedia: a... - Google Books">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=pgsbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA679&dq=%22Grand+Duchy+of+Cracow%22+1846&q=%22Grand%20Duchy%20of%20Cracow%22%201846|title=Chambers's Encyclopaedia: A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge for the People, Volume 4|publisher=W. and R. Chambers|accessdate=14 August 2009|year=1862}}</ref>
			<ref name="Eastern Europe: an introduction to... - Google Books">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C&q=Polish%20Liquidation%20Committee%20October%201918&pg=PA23|title=Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture, Volume 1|publisher=ABC-CLIO|access-date=14 August 2009|last=Frucht|first=Richard C.|isbn=978-1-57607-800-6|year=2005|archive-date=6 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206045430/https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C&q=Polish%20Liquidation%20Committee%20October%201918&pg=PA23|url-status=live}}</ref>
	<ref name="Clark">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=3FV3puE5hdQC&pg=PA171&dq=first+non-Italian+pope+in+455+years|title=The Judge: William P. Clark, Ronald Reagan's Top Hand|publisher=Ignatius Press|accessdate=19 July 2009|first1=Paul|last1=Kengor|author2=Patricia Clark Doerner |isbn=978-1-58617-183-4|date=October 2007}}</ref>
			<ref name="Edinburgh">{{cite web|url=http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/internet/city_living/CEC_twin_and_partner_cities |title=''Edinburgh – Twin and Partner Cities'' |access-date=21 December 2008 |publisher=2008 The City of Edinburgh Council, City Chambers, High Street, Edinburgh, EH1 1YJ Scotland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328001653/http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/internet/city_living/CEC_twin_and_partner_cities |archive-date=28 March 2008 }}</ref>
	<ref name="CloseRelations">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl/en/miasto/wizytowka/?id=wspolpraca.html|title=Foreign co-operation|accessdate=1 November 2007}} from the municipality official website</ref>
			<ref name="Encyclopedia of Rusyn history and... - Google Books">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofru0000mago|url-access=registration|page=|title=Encyclopedia of Rusyn history and Culture|publisher=University of Toronto Press|access-date=14 August 2009|first1=Paul R.|last1=Magocsi|first2=Ivan|last2=Pop|isbn=978-0-8020-3566-0|year=2002}}</ref>
	<!-- not used
	<ref name="Krakow's Historic centre - UNESCO World Heritage centre">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/29|title=Krakow's Historic centre – UNESCO World Heritage centre|publisher=whc.unesco.org|accessdate=20 July 2009}}</ref>
	-->
			<ref name="European Capital of Culture in Poland again">{{cite web|url=http://opinia.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=323:european-capital-of-culture-in-poland-again&catid=50:newsculture&Itemid=193|title=European Capital of Culture in Poland again|publisher=opinia.co.uk|access-date=19 July 2009|archive-date=1 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201174844/http://opinia.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=323:european-capital-of-culture-in-poland-again&catid=50:newsculture&Itemid=193|url-status=live}}</ref>
	<ref name="Current statistics">{{in lang|pl}} Level of unemployment in Poland by region, 31 May 2007. {{cite web|url=http://www.bezrobocie.net/stat_powiaty.php|title=Current statistics|accessdate=14 September 2007}}</ref>
			<ref name="Frankfurt">{{cite web|url=http://www.frankfurt.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=502645 |title=''Frankfurt -Partner Cities'' |publisher=Stadt Frankfurt am Main |year=2008 |access-date=5 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107080201/http://www.frankfurt.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=502645 |archive-date= 7 November 2007 }}</ref>
	<ref name="Dylewski">Adam Dylewski, website created under the aegis of the Adam Mickiewicz Institute, Warsaw; chief editor: Dr. Piotr M. A. Cywinski. Editorial assistance: Dr. Anna Marta Szczepan-Wojnarska, and Kaja Wieczorek from Jewish Historical Institute, Warsaw</ref>
	<ref name="Eastern Europe: an introduction to... - Google Books">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=lVBB1a0rC70C&pg=PA23&dq=Polish+Liquidation+Committee+October+1918&q=Polish%20Liquidation%20Committee%20October%201918|title=Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture, Volume 1|publisher=ABC-CLIO|accessdate=14 August 2009|last=Frucht|first=Richard C.|isbn=978-1-57607-800-6|year=2005}}</ref>		<ref name="Frommer">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780470697108|url-access=registration|page=|title=Frommer's Kraków Day by Day: 20 Smart Ways to See the City|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|access-date=14 August 2009|last=Cresswell|first=Peterjon|isbn=978-0-470-69710-8|date=12 May 2009}}</ref>
	<ref name="Edinburgh">{{cite web|url=http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/internet/city_living/CEC_twin_and_partner_cities |title=''Edinburgh – Twin and Partner Cities'' |accessdate=21 December 2008 |publisher=2008 The City of Edinburgh Council, City Chambers, High Street, Edinburgh, EH1 1YJ Scotland |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328001653/http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/internet/city_living/CEC_twin_and_partner_cities |archivedate=28 March 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>		<ref name="GR">{{cite web|url=http://www.polskiedzieje.pl/artykul,idart-139,t-Insurekcja-kosciuszkowska |title=Insurekcja kościuszkowska 1764–1798 |access-date=26 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926220627/http://www.polskiedzieje.pl/artykul%2Cidart-139%2Ct-Insurekcja-kosciuszkowska |archive-date=26 September 2007 }}</ref>
			<ref name="Gustafson">Ingrid Gustafson, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404225032/https://books.google.com/books?id=d48cOs21Vk4C&dq=%22Royal+Road%22+Krakow&pg=PA444 |date=4 April 2023 }} Published by Macmillan, page 444. Let's Go Publications, 2008.</ref>
	<ref name="Encyclopedia of Rusyn history and... - Google Books">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofru0000mago|url-access=registration|page=|title=Encyclopedia of Rusyn history and Culture|publisher=University of Toronto Press|accessdate=14 August 2009|first1=Paul R.|last1=Magocsi|first2=Ivan|last2=Pop|isbn=978-0-8020-3566-0|year=2002}}</ref>
			<ref name="Haller">Harold B. Segel, ''Renaissance Culture in Poland: The Rise of Humanism, 1470–1543'', ], 1989, {{ISBN|0-8014-2286-8}}, </ref>
	<ref name="European Capital of Culture in Poland again">{{cite web|url=http://opinia.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=323:european-capital-of-culture-in-poland-again&catid=50:newsculture&Itemid=193|title=European Capital of Culture in Poland again|publisher=opinia.co.uk|accessdate=19 July 2009}}</ref>
	<ref name="Frankfurt">{{cite web|url=http://www.frankfurt.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=502645 |title=''Frankfurt -Partner Cities'' |publisher=Stadt Frankfurt am Main |year=2008 |accessdate=5 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107080201/http://www.frankfurt.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=502645 |archivedate= 7 November 2007 }}</ref>		<ref name="HansDur">{{cite web|url=http://www.pilsudski.org/English/Gallery/Painting.htm |title=Painting in Poland – A brief summary |access-date=11 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927005227/http://www.pilsudski.org/English/Gallery/Painting.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>
			<ref name="History of AGH-UST">Antoni S. Kleczkowski, ]. {{cite web|url=http://www.agh.edu.pl/english/historia.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003161914/http://www.agh.edu.pl/english/historia.php |archive-date=3 October 2006 |title=History of AGH-UST |access-date=11 September 2007 }}</ref>
	<ref name="Frommer">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780470697108|url-access=registration|page=|title=Frommer's Kraków Day by Day: 20 Smart Ways to See the City|publisher=John WIley & Sons|accessdate=14 August 2009|last=Cresswell|first=Peterjon|isbn=978-0-470-69710-8|date=12 May 2009}}</ref>
	<ref name="GR">{{cite web|url=http://www.polskiedzieje.pl/artykul,idart-139,t-Insurekcja-kosciuszkowska |title=Insurekcja kościuszkowska 1764–1798 |accessdate=26 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926220627/http://www.polskiedzieje.pl/artykul%2Cidart-139%2Ct-Insurekcja-kosciuszkowska |archivedate=26 September 2007 }}</ref>		<ref name="History of the Akademia Muzyczna">{{cite web|url=http://www.amuz.krakow.pl/en/?web=historia/|title=History of the Akademia Muzyczna|access-date=23 August 2010|archive-date=17 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317131701/http://www.amuz.krakow.pl/en/?web=historia/|url-status=live}}</ref>
			<ref name="History, philosophy and photographs">{{cite web|url=http://www.grodzka.net.pl/travel/jordan_park.php |title=History, philosophy and photographs |access-date=15 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930094731/http://www.grodzka.net.pl/travel/jordan_park.php |archive-date=30 September 2007 }}</ref>
	<ref name="Gustafson">Ingrid Gustafson, Published by Macmillan, page 444. Let's Go Publications, 2008.</ref>
			<ref name="Institutional Capital: Building Post-communist Government Performance">Laura Brunell, {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R1Faumf7JMMC&q=history+of+Krakow+Cracow+after+1945&pg=PA50|title=Institutional Capital: Building Post-communist Government Performance|access-date=5 September 2007|first=Laura|last=Brunell|isbn=978-0-7618-2956-0|year=2005|publisher=University Press of America|archive-date=7 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407063126/https://books.google.com/books?id=R1Faumf7JMMC&q=history+of+Krakow+Cracow+after+1945&pg=PA50|url-status=live}} University Press of America, ], 2005, {{ISBN|0-7618-2956-3}}.</ref>
	<ref name="Haller">Harold B. Segel, ''Renaissance Culture in Poland: The Rise of Humanism, 1470–1543'', ], 1989, {{ISBN|0-8014-2286-8}}, </ref>
	<ref name="HansDur">{{cite web|url=http://www.pilsudski.org/English/Gallery/Painting.htm |title=Painting in Poland – A brief summary |accessdate=11 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927005227/http://www.pilsudski.org/English/Gallery/Painting.htm |archivedate=27 September 2007 }}</ref>		<ref name="International railway connections from Kraków">{{in lang|pl}} ''Magiczny Kraków'', city's official website. {{cite web |url=http://www.krakow.pl//turystyka/?id=praktyczne/12.html |title=International railway connections from Kraków |access-date=15 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060626153508/http://www.krakow.pl/turystyka/?id=praktyczne%2F12.html |archive-date=26 June 2006 }}</ref>
			<ref name="JPKelly">The oldest mention of Kraków ''hejnał'' dates back to 1392 (see: {{cite web |url=http://www.krakow.come2europe.eu/o_miescie/legendy/hejnal-mariacki/ |title=Legenda o Hejnale Mariackim |first=Katarzyna|last=Górska |access-date=2 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317062351/http://www.krakow.come2europe.eu/o_miescie/legendy/hejnal-mariacki |archive-date=17 March 2011 }}) "...&nbsp;though there is probably no direct link (wrote Chris Hann) between this ] and a historical event in 1241, this does not detract from its meaning for Polish people today" (see: {{cite web |access-date=19 December 2007 |url=http://www.era.anthropology.ac.uk/Teach-yourself/chap3.html |title=Discovering Social Anthropology in Galicia |first=Chris |last=Hann |author-link=Chris Hann |archive-date=21 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021100011/http://era.anthropology.ac.uk/Teach-yourself/chap3.html |url-status=live }}).</ref>
	<ref name="History of AGH-UST">Professor Antoni S. Kleczkowski, ]. {{cite web|url=http://www.agh.edu.pl/english/historia.php |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003161914/http://www.agh.edu.pl/english/historia.php |archivedate=3 October 2006 |title=History of AGH-UST |accessdate=11 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
			<ref name="Jagiellonian University ranking among world universities">QS Quacquarelli Symonds. Source: ] Higher Education Supplement. QS ]. {{cite web|url=http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/results/2006/rankings_1520/?start=201&end=100 |title=Jagiellonian University ranking among world universities |access-date=11 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825194905/http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/results/2006/rankings_1520/?start=201&end=100 |archive-date=25 August 2007 }}</ref>
	<ref name="History of the Akademia Muzyczna">{{cite web|url=http://www.amuz.krakow.pl/en/?web=historia/|title=History of the Akademia Muzyczna|accessdate=23 August 2010}}</ref>
	<ref name="History, philosophy and photographs">{{cite web|url=http://www.grodzka.net.pl/travel/jordan_park.php |title=History, philosophy and photographs |accessdate=15 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930094731/http://www.grodzka.net.pl/travel/jordan_park.php |archivedate=30 September 2007 }}</ref>		<ref name="KP">{{cite web|url=http://www.filharmonia.krakow.pl/index_en_no.html|title=Krakow Philharmonic|publisher=Filharmonia Krakowska|year=2010|access-date=30 October 2009|archive-date=11 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011111005/http://www.filharmonia.krakow.pl/index_en_no.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
			<ref name="Kalendarium">{{in lang|pl}} Artur Turyna, {{cite web|url=http://www.wawel.net/kalendarz4.htm|title=Kraków – najważniejsze daty – Okres IV – od początku XX wieku do dziś|access-date=12 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050114120007/http://wawel.net/kalendarz4.htm|archive-date=14 January 2005|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
	<ref name="Institutional Capital: Building Post-communist Government Performance">Laura Brunell, {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=R1Faumf7JMMC&pg=PA50&dq=history+of+Krakow+Cracow+after+1945|title=Institutional Capital: Building Post-communist Government Performance|accessdate=5 September 2007|first=Laura|last=Brunell|isbn=978-0-7618-2956-0|year=2005|publisher=University Press of America}} University Press of America, ], 2005, {{ISBN|0-7618-2956-3}}.</ref>
	<ref name="International railway connections from Kraków">{{in lang|pl}} ''Magiczny Kraków'', city's official website. {{cite web |url=http://www.krakow.pl//turystyka/?id=praktyczne/12.html |title=International railway connections from Kraków |accessdate=15 September 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060626153508/http://www.krakow.pl/turystyka/?id=praktyczne%2F12.html |archivedate=26 June 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref>		<ref name="Knowledge and Innovation Community EIT, at">{{cite web|url=http://eit.europa.eu/home.html |title=Knowledge and Innovation Community EIT, at |work=Europa (web portal) |date=3 June 2010 |access-date=9 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328175502/http://eit.europa.eu/home.html |archive-date=28 March 2010 }}</ref>
			<ref name="Kolodziejczyk">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.catholicity.com/encyclopedia/p/poland.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060316170338/http://www.catholicity.com/encyclopedia/p/poland.html|archive-date=16 March 2006|title=Poland. Geography, political history and the position of the church|encyclopedia=]|access-date=19 May 2011|first=Edmund|last=Kolodziejczyk|quote=For the Overview of historic events see: ''Tartar raids''}}</ref>
	<ref name="JPKelly">The oldest mention of Kraków ''hejnał'' dates back to 1392 (see: {{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.come2europe.eu/o_miescie/legendy/hejnal-mariacki/ |title=Legenda o Hejnale Mariackim |author=Katarzyna Górska |accessdate=2 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317062351/http://www.krakow.come2europe.eu/o_miescie/legendy/hejnal-mariacki |archivedate=17 March 2011 }}) "...&nbsp;though there is probably no direct link (wrote Chris Hann) between this ] and a historical event in 1241, this does not detract from its meaning for Polish people today" (see: {{cite web|accessdate=19 December 2007 |url=http://www.era.anthropology.ac.uk/Teach-yourself/chap3.html |title=Discovering Social Anthropology in Galicia |author=Chris Hann |author-link=Chris Hann }}).</ref>
			<ref name="krakow.pl-2">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl/english/5423,artykul,history.html|title=History of Kraków|first=Magiczny|last=Kraków|date=May 2012|publisher=Official website of the City of Kraków|access-date=23 December 2012|archive-date=23 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123072331/http://www.krakow.pl/english/5423,artykul,history.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
	<ref name="Jagiellonian University ranking among world universities">QS Quacquarelli Symonds. Source: ] Higher Education Supplement. QS ]. {{cite web|url=http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/results/2006/rankings_1520/?start=201&end=100 |title=Jagiellonian University ranking among world universities |accessdate=11 September 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825194905/http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/results/2006/rankings_1520/?start=201&end=100 |archivedate=25 August 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
	<ref name="KP">{{cite web|url=http://www.filharmonia.krakow.pl/index_en_no.html|title=Krakow Philharmonic|publisher=Filharmonia Krakowska|year=2010|accessdate=30 October 2009}}</ref>		<ref name="Krakow Day Trips">{{cite web|url=http://www.cracow-life.com/poland/krakow-day-trips|title=Krakow Day Trips|access-date=12 October 2007|archive-date=31 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031004155/http://www.cracow-life.com/poland/krakow-day-trips|url-status=live}}</ref>
	<ref name="Kalendarium">{{in lang|pl}} Artur Turyna, {{cite web|url=http://www.wawel.net/kalendarz4.htm|title=Kraków – najważniejsze daty – Okres IV – od początku XX wieku do dziś|accessdate=12 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050114120007/http://wawel.net/kalendarz4.htm|archive-date=14 January 2005|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>		<ref name="Krakow Sport Information Guide">{{cite web|url=http://www.cracow-life.com/poland/krakow-sport|title=Krakow Sport Information Guide|work=Cracow Life|access-date=19 July 2009|archive-date=14 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014232256/http://www.cracow-life.com/poland/krakow-sport|url-status=live}}</ref>
	<ref name="Knowledge and Innovation Community EIT, at">{{cite web|url=http://eit.europa.eu/home.html |title=Knowledge and Innovation Community EIT, at |work=Europa (web portal) |date=3 June 2010 |accessdate=9 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328175502/http://eit.europa.eu/home.html |archivedate=28 March 2010 }}</ref>		<ref name="Krakow old scenes, including historical photographs">Eilat Gordin Levitan, {{cite web|url=http://www.eilatgordinlevitan.com/krakow/krkw_pages/krkw_old_scenes.html|title=Krakow old scenes, including historical photographs|access-date=1 September 2007|archive-date=26 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126194244/http://eilatgordinlevitan.com/krakow/krkw_pages/krkw_old_scenes.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
			<ref name="Krakow">{{cite web|website=eDiplomat.com|url=http://www.ediplomat.com/np/post_reports/pr_pl.htm|title=Poland - Post Report|date=24 September 2003|access-date=15 September 2007|archive-date=20 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720152835/http://www.ediplomat.com/np/post_reports/pr_pl.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
	<ref name="Kolodziejczyk">{{cite web|url=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:YwNjZ_neCKQJ:www.catholicity.com/encyclopedia/p/poland.html+Tatar+invasions+in+1241,+1259+and+1287&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=62|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209183646/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:YwNjZ_neCKQJ:www.catholicity.com/encyclopedia/p/poland.html+Tatar+invasions+in+1241,+1259+and+1287&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=62|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 December 2012|title=Poland. Geography, political history and the position of the church|encyclopedia=]|accessdate=19 May 2011|author=Edmund Kolodziejczyk|quote=For the Overview of historic events see: ''Tartar raids''}}</ref>
			<ref name="Krakow, Auschwitz and Warsaw">Rick Steves, "Poland Rediscovered:." Published in '']' Eastern Europe'', 2005 edition. {{cite web|url=http://www.ricksteves.com/tvr/polandrse310_details.htm|title=Krakow, Auschwitz and Warsaw|access-date=12 September 2007|archive-date=26 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080126112618/http://www.ricksteves.com/tvr/polandrse310_details.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
	<ref name="Krak or Krakus?">{{in lang|pl}} ], ]. Historical forum, {{cite web|url=http://www.historycy.org/index.php?showtopic=20414|title=Krak or Krakus?|accessdate=10 June 2007}}</ref>
	<ref name="krakow.pl-2">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl/english/5423,artykul,history.html|title=History of Kraków|author=Magiczny Kraków|date=May 2012|publisher=Official website of the City of Kraków|accessdate=23 December 2012}}</ref>		<ref name="krakow fil">{{cite web|url=http://www.filharmonia.krakow.pl/index.php?PID=1&m=1|title=Home – Filharmonia Krakowska im. Karola Szymanowskiego|website=filharmonia.krakow.pl|access-date=10 December 2011|archive-date=2 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111202001819/http://www.filharmonia.krakow.pl/index.php?PID=1&m=1|url-status=live}}</ref>
	<ref name="Krakow Day Trips">{{cite web|url=http://www.cracow-life.com/poland/krakow-day-trips|title=Krakow Day Trips|accessdate=12 October 2007}}</ref>		<ref name="Krakow. Varied Means of Transportation">Marek Strzala, {{cite web|url=http://www.krakow-info.com/transpor.htm|title=Krakow. Varied Means of Transportation|access-date=12 May 2007|archive-date=19 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070519013455/http://www.krakow-info.com/transpor.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
	<ref name="Krakow Sport Information Guide">{{cite web|url=http://www.cracow-life.com/poland/krakow-sport|title=Krakow Sport Information Guide|work=Cracow Life|accessdate=19 July 2009}}</ref>		<ref name="Krakowski Festiwal Filmowy">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakowfilmfestival.pl/o_festiwalu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530054811/http://www.krakowfilmfestival.pl/o_festiwalu |archive-date=30 May 2009 |title=Krakowski Festiwal Filmowy |publisher=krakowfilmfestival.pl |access-date=20 July 2009 }}</ref>
			<ref name="Kraków University of Economics homepage">{{cite web|url=http://www.ae.krakow.pl/|title=Kraków University of Economics homepage|access-date=12 May 2007|archive-date=17 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717001246/http://www.ae.krakow.pl/}}</ref>
	<ref name="Krakow old scenes, including historical photographs">Eilat Gordin Levitan, {{cite web|url=http://www.eilatgordinlevitan.com/krakow/krkw_pages/krkw_old_scenes.html|title=Krakow old scenes, including historical photographs|accessdate=1 September 2007}}</ref>
			<ref name="Kulmbach">Emil Kren and Daniel Marx, "Artists' biographies." {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926071832/http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?%2Fbio%2Fk%2Fkulmbach%2Fbiograph.html |date=26 September 2022 }}; ] Museum, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911041707/http://www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artMakerDetails?maker=532 |date=11 September 2013 }}; also, Agnieszka Janczyk, Kazimierz Kuczman, Joanna Winiewicz-Wolska, {{cite web|url=http://www.wawel.krakow.pl/en/index.php?op=19,33|title=Wawel Royal Castle, The National Art Collection (homepage)|access-date=11 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927225104/http://www.wawel.krakow.pl/en/index.php?op=19,33|archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref>
	<ref name="Krakow">Global Portal of Diplomats at eDiplomat.com. Notes on Poland including recreation, entertainment, social and religious life, {{cite web|url=http://www.ediplomat.com/np/post_reports/pr_pl.htm|title=Krakow|accessdate=15 September 2007}}</ref>
	<ref name="Krakow, Auschwitz and Warsaw">Rick Steves, "Poland Rediscovered:." Published in '']' Eastern Europe'', 2005 edition. {{cite web|url=http://www.ricksteves.com/tvr/polandrse310_details.htm|title=Krakow, Auschwitz and Warsaw|accessdate=12 September 2007}}</ref>
	<ref name="krakow fil">{{cite web|url=http://www.filharmonia.krakow.pl/index.php?PID=1&m=1|title=Home – Filharmonia Krakowska im. Karola Szymanowskiego|author=|date=|work=filharmonia.krakow.pl}}</ref>
	<ref name="Krakow. Varied Means of Transportation">Marek Strzala, {{cite web|url=http://www.krakow-info.com/transpor.htm|title=Krakow. Varied Means of Transportation|accessdate=12 May 2007}}</ref>
	<ref name="Krakowski Festiwal Filmowy">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakowfilmfestival.pl/o_festiwalu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530054811/http://www.krakowfilmfestival.pl/o_festiwalu |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 May 2009 |title=Krakowski Festiwal Filmowy |publisher=krakowfilmfestival.pl |accessdate=20 July 2009 }}</ref>
	<ref name="Kraków University of Economics homepage">{{cite web|url=http://www.ae.krakow.pl/|title=Kraków University of Economics homepage|accessdate=12 May 2007}}</ref>
	<ref name="Kulmbach">Emil Kren and Daniel Marx, "Artists' biographies."; ] Museum, ; also, Agnieszka Janczyk, Kazimierz Kuczman, Joanna Winiewicz-Wolska, {{cite web|url=http://www.wawel.krakow.pl/en/index.php?op=19,33|title=Wawel Royal Castle, The National Art Collection (homepage)|accessdate=11 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927225104/http://www.wawel.krakow.pl/en/index.php?op=19,33|archive-date=27 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>
	<ref name="Kurtz">{{cite book|last=Kurtz|first=Michael J.|title=America and the return of Nazi contraband|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2006|page=25}}</ref>		<ref name="Kurtz">{{cite book|last=Kurtz|first=Michael J.|title=America and the return of Nazi contraband|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2006|page=25}}</ref>
	<ref name="Leipzig">{{cite web|url=http://www.leipzig.de/int/en/int_messen/partnerstaedte/krakow/ |title=Leipzig – International Relations |publisher=2009 Leipzig City Council, Office for European and International Affairs |accessdate=17 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629111302/http://www.leipzig.de/int/en/int_messen/partnerstaedte/krakow/ |archivedate=29 June 2009 }}</ref>		<ref name="Leipzig">{{cite web|url=http://www.leipzig.de/int/en/int_messen/partnerstaedte/krakow/ |title=Leipzig – International Relations |publisher=2009 Leipzig City Council, Office for European and International Affairs |access-date=17 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629111302/http://www.leipzig.de/int/en/int_messen/partnerstaedte/krakow/ |archive-date=29 June 2009 }}</ref>
	<ref name="LukZaw">Jerzy Lukowski, Hubert Zawadzki, ''A Concise History of Poland'', Cambridge University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|0-521-85332-X}}, </ref>		<ref name="LukZaw">Jerzy Lukowski, Hubert Zawadzki, ''A Concise History of Poland'', Cambridge University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|0-521-85332-X}}, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404225028/https://books.google.com/books?id=HMylRh-wHWEC&dq=Krakow+World+War+damage&pg=PA66 |date=4 April 2023 }}</ref>
	<ref name="Marathon">{{cite web|url=http://www.cracoviamaraton.pl/subp.php?idp=p2&id=7&tpl=txt&PHPSESSID=ecb5d9a3a395febb5cee498df1068254 |publisher=Urząd Miasta Krakowa |title=History of "Cracovia Marathon" |accessdate=12 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070627044611/http://www.cracoviamaraton.pl/subp.php?idp=p2&id=7&tpl=txt&PHPSESSID=3fa449987ac268e46c75ced0763d7a8e |archivedate=27 June 2007 }}</ref>		<ref name="Marathon">{{cite web|url=http://www.cracoviamaraton.pl/subp.php?idp=p2&id=7&tpl=txt&PHPSESSID=ecb5d9a3a395febb5cee498df1068254 |publisher=Urząd Miasta Krakowa |title=History of "Cracovia Marathon" |access-date=12 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070627044611/http://www.cracoviamaraton.pl/subp.php?idp=p2&id=7&tpl=txt&PHPSESSID=3fa449987ac268e46c75ced0763d7a8e |archive-date=27 June 2007 }}</ref>
	<ref name="Members of Polish Sejm elected from Kraków constituency - VisWiki">{{cite web|url=http://viswiki.com/en/Members_of_Polish_Sejm_elected_from_Krak%C3%B3w_constituency|title=Members of Polish Sejm elected from Kraków constituency – VisWiki|publisher=viswiki.com|accessdate=20 July 2009|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903234818/http://viswiki.com/en/Members_of_Polish_Sejm_elected_from_Krak%C3%B3w_constituency|archivedate=3 September 2015}}</ref>		<ref name="Members of Polish Sejm elected from Kraków constituency - VisWiki">{{cite web|url=http://viswiki.com/en/Members_of_Polish_Sejm_elected_from_Krak%C3%B3w_constituency|title=Members of Polish Sejm elected from Kraków constituency – VisWiki|publisher=viswiki.com|access-date=20 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903234818/http://viswiki.com/en/Members_of_Polish_Sejm_elected_from_Krak%C3%B3w_constituency|archive-date=3 September 2015}}</ref>
	<ref name="Mikos">], ''Polish Renaissance Literature: An Anthology''. Ed. Michael J. Mikoś. Columbus, Ohio/Bloomington, Indiana: Slavica Publishers. 1995. {{ISBN|978-0-89357-257-0}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927020417/http://staropolska.gimnazjum.com.pl/ang/renaissance/Mikos_renaissance/index.html |date=27 September 2007 }}, Retrieved on 25 September 2007</ref>		<ref name="Mikos">], ''Polish Renaissance Literature: An Anthology''. Ed. Michael J. Mikoś. Columbus, Ohio/Bloomington, Indiana: Slavica Publishers. 1995. {{ISBN|978-0-89357-257-0}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927020417/http://staropolska.gimnazjum.com.pl/ang/renaissance/Mikos_renaissance/index.html |date=27 September 2007 }}, Retrieved on 25 September 2007</ref>
	<ref name="Milan">{{cite web|url=http://www.comune.milano.it/portale/wps/portal/CDM?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/ContentLibrary/In%20Comune/In%20Comune/Citt%20Gemellate|title=''Milano – Città Gemellate''|publisher=2008 Municipality of Milan (Comune di Milano)|accessdate=5 December 2008}}</ref>		<ref name="Milan">{{cite web|url=http://www.comune.milano.it/portale/wps/portal/CDM?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=%2Fwps%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2FContentLibrary%2FIn%20Comune%2FIn%20Comune%2FCitt%20Gemellate|title=''Milano – Città Gemellate''|publisher=2008 Municipality of Milan (Comune di Milano)|access-date=5 December 2008|archive-date=10 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410020744/http://www.comune.milano.it/portale/wps/portal/CDM?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=%2Fwps%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2FContentLibrary%2FIn%20Comune%2FIn%20Comune%2FCitt%20Gemellate}}</ref>
	<ref name="Municipality, Mayor">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl/en/samorzad/prezydent/?id=jacek_majchrowski.html|title=Municipality, Mayor, www.krakow.pl|publisher=krakow.pl|accessdate=20 July 2009}}</ref>		<ref name="Municipality, Mayor">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl/en/samorzad/prezydent/?id=jacek_majchrowski.html|title=Municipality, Mayor, www.krakow.pl|publisher=krakow.pl|access-date=20 July 2009|archive-date=22 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622124931/http://www.krakow.pl/en/samorzad/prezydent/?id=jacek_majchrowski.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
	<ref name="NH-anthology">Jerzy Aleksander Karnasiewicz, '']'' (''Nowa Huta. Crumbs of Life and the Meanders of History''), photo anthology; Wydawnictwo Towarzystwo Slowaków w Polsce, Kraków, 2003; {{ISBN|83-89186-67-5}}</ref>		<ref name="NH-anthology">Jerzy Aleksander Karnasiewicz, '']'' (''Nowa Huta. Crumbs of Life and the Meanders of History''), photo anthology; Wydawnictwo Towarzystwo Slowaków w Polsce, Kraków, 2003; {{ISBN|83-89186-67-5}}</ref>
	<ref name="Norman Davies, God's Playground, vol.1, chapter 5">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=b912JnKpYTkC&pg=PA118&dq=%22Golden+Age%22+author:%22norman+davies%22|title=Norman Davies, God's Playground, vol.1, chapter 5|accessdate=9 November 2010|isbn=978-0-19-925339-5|year=2005|last1=Davies|first1=Norman}}</ref>		<ref name="Norman Davies, God's Playground, vol.1, chapter 5">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b912JnKpYTkC&q=%22Golden+Age%22+author:%22norman+davies%22&pg=PA118|title=Norman Davies, God's Playground, vol.1, chapter 5|access-date=9 November 2010|isbn=978-0-19-925339-5|year=2005|last=Davies|first=Norman|publisher=OUP Oxford|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130132138/https://books.google.com/books?id=b912JnKpYTkC&q=%22Golden+Age%22+author:%22norman+davies%22&pg=PA118|url-status=live}}</ref>
	<ref name="NormanDavies">{{cite book|last=Davies|first=Norman|title=God's Playground: A History of Poland|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-925339-5|url=https://books.google.com/?id=b912JnKpYTkC&pg=PA118&dq=%22Norman+Davies%22+%22God%27s+Playground%22+%22Golden+Age%22|accessdate=21 January 2008}}p.118. {{nowrap|See vol.1, chapter 5.}}</ref>
	<ref name="Oskar Schindler: The Untold Account... - Google Books">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=EYOu2o3h1OwC&pg=PA193&dq=Oskar+Schindler+krakow+ghetto|title=Oskar Schindler: The Untold Account of His Life, Wartime Activities, and the True Story Behind the List|publisher=Basic Books|accessdate=20 July 2009|last=Crowe|first=David|isbn=978-0-465-00253-5|date=7 May 2007}}</ref>
			<ref name="NormanDavies">{{cite book|last=Davies|first=Norman|title=God's Playground: A History of Poland|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-925339-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b912JnKpYTkC&q=%22Norman+Davies%22+%22God%27s+Playground%22+%22Golden+Age%22&pg=PA118|access-date=21 January 2008|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130132150/https://books.google.com/books?id=b912JnKpYTkC&q=%22Norman+Davies%22+%22God%27s+Playground%22+%22Golden+Age%22&pg=PA118|url-status=live}}p.118. {{nowrap|See vol.1, chapter 5.}}</ref>
	<ref name="PAIiIZ"> Polish Information and Foreign Investment Agency, 26 July 2011.</ref>
			<ref name="Oskar Schindler: The Untold Account... - Google Books">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EYOu2o3h1OwC&q=Oskar+Schindler+krakow+ghetto&pg=PA193|title=Oskar Schindler: The Untold Account of His Life, Wartime Activities, and the True Story Behind the List|publisher=Basic Books|access-date=20 July 2009|last=Crowe|first=David|isbn=978-0-465-00253-5|date=7 May 2007|archive-date=6 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206065238/https://books.google.com/books?id=EYOu2o3h1OwC&q=Oskar+Schindler+krakow+ghetto&pg=PA193|url-status=live}}</ref>
	<ref name="Papieska Akademia Teologiczna, homepage in English">{{cite web|url=http://www.pat.krakow.pl/eng/ |title=Papieska Akademia Teologiczna, homepage in English |accessdate=12 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070422142838/http://www.pat.krakow.pl/eng/ |archivedate=22 April 2007 }}</ref>
			<ref name="PAIiIZ"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911192446/http://www.paiz.gov.pl/20110726/unctad_world_investment_report_2011 |date=11 September 2011 }} Polish Information and Foreign Investment Agency, 26 July 2011.</ref>
	<ref name="Pattern of karst landscape of the Cracow Upland (South Poland)">Witold Stefan Alexandrowicz and Zofia Alexandrowicz, Acta Carsologica, Slovenian Academy Of Sciences {{cite web|url=http://carsologica.zrc-sazu.si/?stran=article&id=185 |title=Pattern of karst landscape of the Cracow Upland (South Poland) |accessdate=12 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926223856/http://carsologica.zrc-sazu.si/?stran=article&id=185 |archivedate=26 September 2007 }}</ref>
			<ref name="Papieska Akademia Teologiczna, homepage in English">{{cite web|url=http://www.pat.krakow.pl/eng/ |title=Papieska Akademia Teologiczna, homepage in English |access-date=12 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070422142838/http://www.pat.krakow.pl/eng/ |archive-date=22 April 2007 }}</ref>
	<ref name="Radni Miasta Krakowa V kadencji (''Kraków City Councillors of the 5th term'')">'']'' (Bulletin of Public Information), {{cite web|url=http://www.bip.krakow.pl/?mmi=9859|title=Radni Miasta Krakowa V kadencji (''Kraków City Councillors of the 5th term'')|accessdate=15 September 2007}}</ref>
			<ref name="Pattern of karst landscape of the Cracow Upland (South Poland)">Witold Stefan Alexandrowicz and Zofia Alexandrowicz, Acta Carsologica, Slovenian Academy Of Sciences {{cite web|url=http://carsologica.zrc-sazu.si/?stran=article&id=185 |title=Pattern of karst landscape of the Cracow Upland (South Poland) |access-date=12 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926223856/http://carsologica.zrc-sazu.si/?stran=article&id=185 |archive-date=26 September 2007 }}</ref>
	<ref name="Stary Teatr w Krakowie, homepage in Polish">{{cite web|url=http://www.stary-teatr.krakow.pl/|title=Stary Teatr w Krakowie, homepage in Polish|accessdate=12 May 2007}}</ref>
			<ref name="Radni Miasta Krakowa V kadencji (''Kraków City Councillors of the 5th term'')">'']'' (Bulletin of Public Information), {{cite web|url=http://www.bip.krakow.pl/?mmi=9859|title=Radni Miasta Krakowa V kadencji (''Kraków City Councillors of the 5th term'')|access-date=15 September 2007|archive-date=28 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928163614/http://www.bip.krakow.pl/?mmi=9859|url-status=live}}</ref>
	<ref name="Strzala1">Marek Strzala, {{cite web|url=http://www.krakow-info.com/planty.htm|title=The green belt of Kraków Planty|accessdate=15 September 2007}}</ref>
	<ref name="Strzala2">Marek Strzala, {{cite web|url=http://www.krakow-info.com/750th.htm|title=Krakow's oldest known City Charter dates back to 1257|accessdate=12 May 2007}}</ref>		<ref name="Stary Teatr w Krakowie, homepage in Polish">{{cite web|url=http://www.stary-teatr.krakow.pl/|title=Stary Teatr w Krakowie, homepage in Polish|access-date=12 May 2007|archive-date=10 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510072119/http://www.stary-teatr.krakow.pl/|url-status=live}}</ref>
	<!-- unused ref <ref name="Szara">{{cite web|url=http://www.dziennik.com/www/dziennik/kult/archiwum/01-06-01/pp-04-06-04.html |title=Miedzy dwoma swiatami czyli powrot do przeszlosci. |accessdate=18 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928043736/http://www.dziennik.com/www/dziennik/kult/archiwum/01-06-01/pp-04-06-04.html |archivedate=28 September 2007 }}</ref>-->		<ref name="Strzala1">Marek Strzala, {{cite web|url=http://www.krakow-info.com/planty.htm|title=The green belt of Kraków Planty|access-date=15 September 2007|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225031129/http://www.krakow-info.com/planty.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
			<ref name="Strzala2">Marek Strzala, {{cite web|url=http://www.krakow-info.com/750th.htm|title=Krakow's oldest known City Charter dates back to 1257|access-date=12 May 2007|archive-date=28 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128062503/http://www.krakow-info.com/750th.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
	<ref name="THES">Times Higher Education Supplement (THES). {{cite web|url=http://www.ui.ac.id/indonesia/extra/tabelqs.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202104733/http://www.ui.ac.id/indonesia/extra/tabelqs.pdf |archivedate=2 December 2007 |title=Jagiellonian University ranking among world universities |accessdate=11 September 2007 |url-status=dead }} Rank 287 worldwide as the first Polish university listed among the top 500 in 2006.</ref>
			<ref name="THES">Times Higher Education Supplement (THES). {{cite web|url=http://www.ui.ac.id/indonesia/extra/tabelqs.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202104733/http://www.ui.ac.id/indonesia/extra/tabelqs.pdf |archive-date=2 December 2007 |title=Jagiellonian University ranking among world universities |access-date=11 September 2007 }} Rank 287 worldwide as the first Polish university listed among the top 500 in 2006.</ref>
	<ref name="The-Kraków_Ghetto_1940-1943">Bieberstein: Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie. Kraków 1985. J. Kast, B. Siegler, P. Zinke: Das Tagebuch der Partisanin Justyna. Jüdischer Widerstand in Krakau. Berlin 1999. Articles from Kraków newspapers (mostly from the local "]") published in March 2003 on the 60th anniversary of the liquidation of the Kraków ghetto. Featuring historical maps. {{cite web|url=http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/holocaust/h-krak-beg.htm|title=The Kraków Ghetto 1940–1943|accessdate=11 September 2007}}</ref>
			<ref name="The-Kraków_Ghetto_1940-1943">Bieberstein: Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie. Kraków 1985. J. Kast, B. Siegler, P. Zinke: Das Tagebuch der Partisanin Justyna. Jüdischer Widerstand in Krakau. Berlin 1999. Articles from Kraków newspapers (mostly from the local "]") published in March 2003 on the 60th anniversary of the liquidation of the Kraków ghetto. Featuring historical maps. {{cite web|url=http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/holocaust/h-krak-beg.htm|title=The Kraków Ghetto 1940–1943|access-date=11 September 2007|archive-date=8 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408022249/http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/holocaust/h-krak-beg.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
	<ref name="The Polish struggle for freedom">{{cite web|url=http://www.louisiana.edu/Academic/Sciences/CMPS/Conferences/iticse99/Cracow/History.html |title=The Polish struggle for freedom |accessdate=12 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924202831/http://www.louisiana.edu/Academic/Sciences/CMPS/Conferences/iticse99/Cracow/History.html |archivedate=24 September 2008 }}</ref>
	<ref name="The establishment of a university">Sharon & Peter Pfeiffer, "Krakow. A brief history." {{cite web|url=http://www.magma.ca/~pfeiffer/poland/kra_history.htm|title=The establishment of a university|accessdate=12 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416092852/http://www.magma.ca/~pfeiffer/poland/kra_history.htm|archive-date=16 April 2007|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>		<ref name="The Polish struggle for freedom">{{cite web|url=http://www.louisiana.edu/Academic/Sciences/CMPS/Conferences/iticse99/Cracow/History.html |title=The Polish struggle for freedom |access-date=12 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924202831/http://www.louisiana.edu/Academic/Sciences/CMPS/Conferences/iticse99/Cracow/History.html |archive-date=24 September 2008 }}</ref>
	<ref name="The forms of nature protection within the city limits">Institute of Environmental Sciences of the ], {{cite web|url=http://www.eko.uj.edu.pl/przyrodakrakowa/formy_e.htm|title=The forms of nature protection within the city limits|accessdate=12 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824022636/http://www.eko.uj.edu.pl/przyrodakrakowa/formy_e.htm|archive-date=24 August 2007|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>		<ref name="The establishment of a university">Sharon & Peter Pfeiffer, "Krakow. A brief history." {{cite web|url=http://www.magma.ca/~pfeiffer/poland/kra_history.htm|title=The establishment of a university|access-date=12 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416092852/http://www.magma.ca/~pfeiffer/poland/kra_history.htm|archive-date=16 April 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
	<ref name="Top 10 things to do in Kraków">Starwood, "Explore Krakow". {{cite web|url=http://poland.destinations.starwoodhotels.com/krakow_must_do.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061129205545/http://poland.destinations.starwoodhotels.com/krakow_must_do.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 November 2006 |title=Top 10 things to do in Kraków |accessdate=15 September 2007 }}</ref>		<ref name="The forms of nature protection within the city limits">Institute of Environmental Sciences of the ], {{cite web|url=http://www.eko.uj.edu.pl/przyrodakrakowa/formy_e.htm|title=The forms of nature protection within the city limits|access-date=12 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824022636/http://www.eko.uj.edu.pl/przyrodakrakowa/formy_e.htm|archive-date=24 August 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
			<ref name="Top 10 things to do in Kraków">Starwood, "Explore Krakow". {{cite web|url=http://poland.destinations.starwoodhotels.com/krakow_must_do.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061129205545/http://poland.destinations.starwoodhotels.com/krakow_must_do.htm |archive-date=29 November 2006 |title=Top 10 things to do in Kraków |access-date=15 September 2007 }}</ref>
	<ref name="Treasures of the Jagiellonian Library">Jagiellonian University, {{cite web|url=http://www.bj.uj.edu.pl/o_bib/skarby_BJ_en_.php|title=Treasures of the Jagiellonian Library|accessdate=11 September 2007}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
	<ref name="Twin">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/?LANG=UK&MENU=l&TYPE=ART&ART_ID=16|title=Kraków otwarty na świat|publisher=krakow.pl|accessdate=19 July 2009}}</ref>		<ref name="Treasures of the Jagiellonian Library">Jagiellonian University, {{cite web|url=http://www.bj.uj.edu.pl/o_bib/skarby_BJ_en_.php|title=Treasures of the Jagiellonian Library|access-date=11 September 2007}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
			<ref name="Twin">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/?LANG=UK&MENU=l&TYPE=ART&ART_ID=16|title=Kraków otwarty na świat|publisher=krakow.pl|access-date=19 July 2009|archive-date=13 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813032716/http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/?LANG=UK&MENU=l&TYPE=ART&ART_ID=16|url-status=live}}</ref>
	<ref name="Urb 171-172">{{in lang|pl}} ], {{cite book|title=Józef Piłsudski: marzyciel i strateg (''Józef Piłsudski: Dreamer and Strategist'')|publisher=Wydawnictwo ALFA, Warsaw, 1997|isbn=978-83-7001-914-3|pages=171–172|author=Bohdan Urbankowski|year=1997}}</ref>
			<ref name="Urb 171-172">{{in lang|pl}} ], {{cite book|title=Józef Piłsudski: marzyciel i strateg (''Józef Piłsudski: Dreamer and Strategist'')|publisher=Wydawnictwo ALFA, Warsaw, 1997|isbn=978-83-7001-914-3|pages=171–172|first=Bohdan|last=Urbankowski|year=1997}}</ref>
	<ref name="Van Dongen">{{cite web|url=http://www.pl-info.net/poland/major-cities/cracow/castle.html |title=The royal castle in Kraków |accessdate=19 May 2011 |author=Krystyna and Frank Van Dongen |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724015940/http://www.pl-info.net/poland/major-cities/cracow/castle.html |archivedate=24 July 2011 }}</ref>
	<ref name="Wawel Kraków">{{cite web|url=http://www.cracow-life.com/poland/wawel-krakow-castle|title=Wawel Kraków|accessdate=12 September 2007}} Wawel Hill past and present</ref>		<ref name="Van Dongen">{{cite web|url=http://www.pl-info.net/poland/major-cities/cracow/castle.html |title=The royal castle in Kraków |access-date=19 May 2011 |first1=Krystyna |last1=Van Dongen |first2=Frank |last2=Van Dongen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724015940/http://www.pl-info.net/poland/major-cities/cracow/castle.html |archive-date=24 July 2011 }}</ref>
	<ref name="Wieslaw Wydra 88">Wieslaw Wydra, "Die ersten in polnischer Sprache gedruckten Texte, 1475–1520", '']'', Vol. 62 (1987), pp.88–94 (88)</ref>		<ref name="Wieslaw Wydra 88">Wieslaw Wydra, "Die ersten in polnischer Sprache gedruckten Texte, 1475–1520", '']'', Vol. 62 (1987), pp.88–94 (88)</ref>
	<ref name="Wislawa Szymborska, Nobel Prize in Literature 1996">The ]. {{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1996/szymborska-bio.html |title=Wislawa Szymborska, Nobel Prize in Literature 1996 |accessdate=11 September 2007 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130113074410/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1996/szymborska-bio.html |archivedate=13 January 2013 }}</ref>		<ref name="Wislawa Szymborska, Nobel Prize in Literature 1996">{{cite web|website=]|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1996/szymborska-bio.html |title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 1996, Wisława Szymborska - Biographical|access-date=11 September 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630085425/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1996/szymborska/biographical/ |archive-date=30 June 2019}}</ref>
	<ref name="Zagreb Twinning">{{cite web|url=http://www1.zagreb.hr/mms/en/index.html|title=Intercity and International Cooperation of the City of Zagreb|publisher=2006–2009 City of Zagreb|accessdate=23 June 2009}}</ref>		<ref name="Zagreb Twinning">{{cite web|url=http://www1.zagreb.hr/mms/en/index.html|title=Intercity and International Cooperation of the City of Zagreb|publisher=2006–2009 City of Zagreb|access-date=23 June 2009|archive-date=7 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707200910/http://www1.zagreb.hr/mms/en/index.html}}</ref>
	<ref name="agh">Countrywide ranking of Polish universities, Newsweek (''Polish edition''), 22 March 2004, {{cite web|url=http://www.agh.edu.pl/dokumenty/komunikaty/ranking/ranking.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070627102511/http://www.agh.edu.pl/dokumenty/komunikaty/ranking/ranking.html |archivedate=27 June 2007 |title=Uczelnie w/g typu. Politechniki |accessdate=11 September 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref>		<ref name="agh">Countrywide ranking of Polish universities, Newsweek (''Polish edition''), 22 March 2004, {{cite web|url=http://www.agh.edu.pl/dokumenty/komunikaty/ranking/ranking.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070627102511/http://www.agh.edu.pl/dokumenty/komunikaty/ranking/ranking.html |archive-date=27 June 2007 |title=Uczelnie w/g typu. Politechniki |access-date=11 September 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref>
	<ref name="architecture72">Jeffrey Zuehlke, {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/polandinpictures0000zueh/page/72|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|title=Poland in Pictures|page=|accessdate=15 September 2007|first=Jeffrey|last=Zuehlke|isbn=978-0-8225-2676-6|date=2005-12-15}}</ref>		<ref name="architecture72">Jeffrey Zuehlke, {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/polandinpictures0000zueh/page/72|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|title=Poland in Pictures|page=|access-date=15 September 2007|first=Jeffrey|last=Zuehlke|isbn=978-0-8225-2676-6|date=15 December 2005}}</ref>
	<ref name="autonomy">{{cite web|url=http://www.cracow-science.welcome.com.pl/Jagiellonian-University,WidokDzialArtykulyArtykul,78,195.html |title=Science & Higher Education in Cracow 2007 |accessdate=23 November 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212014550/http://www.cracow-science.welcome.com.pl/Jagiellonian-University%2CWidokDzialArtykulyArtykul%2C78%2C195.html |archivedate=12 December 2007 }}</ref>		<ref name="autonomy">{{cite web|url=http://www.cracow-science.welcome.com.pl/Jagiellonian-University,WidokDzialArtykulyArtykul,78,195.html |title=Science & Higher Education in Cracow 2007 |access-date=23 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212014550/http://www.cracow-science.welcome.com.pl/Jagiellonian-University%2CWidokDzialArtykulyArtykul%2C78%2C195.html |archive-date=12 December 2007 }}</ref>
	<ref name="capgemini">{{cite web|url=http://www.capgemini.com/locations/europe/poland/ |title=Capgemini offices in Poland |accessdate=11 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818045018/http://www.capgemini.com/locations/europe/poland |archivedate=18 August 2007 }}</ref>		<ref name="capgemini">{{cite web|url=http://www.capgemini.com/locations/europe/poland/ |title=Capgemini offices in Poland |access-date=11 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818045018/http://www.capgemini.com/locations/europe/poland |archive-date=18 August 2007 }}</ref>
	<ref name="communist era">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-421313/article-9056415 |title=Nowa Huta (section of Kraków, Poland) |accessdate=23 November 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212023212/http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-421313/article-9056415 |archivedate=12 December 2007 }}</ref>		<ref name="communist era">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-421313/article-9056415 |title=Nowa Huta (section of Kraków, Poland) |access-date=23 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212023212/https://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-421313/article-9056415 |archive-date=12 December 2007 }}</ref>
	<ref name="cuidadhermanas">{{cite web|url=http://www.municusco.gob.pe/ver.php?id=6 |title=Ciudades Hermanas (Sister Cities) |publisher=Municipalidad del Cusco |language=Spanish |accessdate=23 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012234407/http://www.municusco.gob.pe/ver.php?id=6 |archivedate=12 October 2011 }}</ref>		<ref name="cuidadhermanas">{{cite web|url=http://www.municusco.gob.pe/ver.php?id=6 |title=Ciudades Hermanas (Sister Cities) |publisher=Municipalidad del Cusco |language=es |access-date=23 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012234407/http://www.municusco.gob.pe/ver.php?id=6 |archive-date=12 October 2011 }}</ref>
	<ref name="culture">Maria Prussak, ] Institute, April 2006. Profiles. Visual arts, literature, theatre: {{cite web|url=http://www.culture.pl/en/culture/artykuly/os_wyspianski_stanislaw|title=Stanisław Wyspiański.|accessdate=2 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930171206/http://www.culture.pl/en/culture/artykuly/os_wyspianski_stanislaw|archive-date=30 September 2007|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>		<ref name="culture">Maria Prussak, ], April 2006. Profiles. Visual arts, literature, theatre: {{cite web|url= https://culture.pl/en/artist/stanislaw-wyspianski|title=Stanisław Wyspiański.|access-date=26 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930171206/http://www.culture.pl/en/culture/artykuly/os_wyspianski_stanislaw|archive-date=30 September 2007|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
	<ref name="dept"> 15 February 2008. Retrieved 12 October 2008. Also in: Richard Thompson, ''Boston Globe'', 12 October 2008. Retrieved 12 October 2008.</ref>		<ref name="dept"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630122217/http://www.cambridgema.gov/deptann.cfm?story_id=1597 |date=30 June 2017 }}, 15 February 2008. Retrieved 12 October 2008. Also in: Richard Thompson, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213617/http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2008/10/12/looking_to_strengthen_family_ties_with_sister_cities/?page=full |date=3 March 2016 }}, ''Boston Globe'', 12 October 2008. Retrieved 12 October 2008.</ref>
	<ref name="diecezja">Józef Szymon Wroński (2007), Archidiecezja Krakowska. Retrieved 23 December 2012. {{in lang|pl}}</ref>		<ref name="diecezja">Józef Szymon Wroński (2007), Archidiecezja Krakowska. Retrieved 23 December 2012. {{in lang|pl}}</ref>
	<ref name="districts">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow-info.com/district.htm|title=Boroughs of Kraków |publisher=krakow-info.com|accessdate=24 July 2009}}</ref>		<ref name="districts">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow-info.com/district.htm|title=Boroughs of Kraków|publisher=krakow-info.com|access-date=24 July 2009|archive-date=3 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103093314/http://krakow-info.com/district.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
	<ref name="dzwon">"The Warsaw Voice", 11 April 1999. {{cite web|url=http://www.warsawvoice.pl/archiwum.phtml/9344/|title=Bell Woman of Wawel Hill|accessdate=11 September 2007}}</ref>		<ref name="dzwon">"The Warsaw Voice", 11 April 1999. {{cite web|url=http://www.warsawvoice.pl/archiwum.phtml/9344/|title=Bell Woman of Wawel Hill|access-date=11 September 2007|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130132142/https://www.warsawvoice.pl/archiwum.phtml/9344/|url-status=live}}</ref>
	<ref name="e-krakow"> on www.e-krakow.com {{in lang|pl}}</ref>		<ref name="e-krakow"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412123037/http://www.e-krakow.com/e-krakow/lotnisko-pyrzowice |date=12 April 2010 }} on www.e-krakow.com {{in lang|pl}}</ref>
	<ref name="encyklopedia">See "Ludność" "Population" in ''Encyklopedia Krakowa''. Kraków: PWN, 2000 {{in lang|pl}}</ref>		<ref name="encyklopedia">See "Ludność" "Population" in ''Encyklopedia Krakowa''. Kraków: PWN, 2000 {{in lang|pl}}</ref>
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	<ref name="europa">. Designated Knowledge and Innovation Community, 16 December 2009. Retrieved 26 December 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222225533/http://eit.europa.eu/fileadmin/Content/Downloads/PDF/news_items/Summary_InnoEnergy.pdf |date=22 December 2009 }}</ref>		<ref name="europa">. Designated Knowledge and Innovation Community, 16 December 2009. Retrieved 26 December 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222225533/http://eit.europa.eu/fileadmin/Content/Downloads/PDF/news_items/Summary_InnoEnergy.pdf |date=22 December 2009 }}</ref>
	<ref name="google">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=5h2zXFFr2j4C&pg=PT83&dq=%22painter+Jan+Matejko%22+cracow|title=Cracow: City of Treasures|author=Beata Moore|publisher=Pgw|date=25 August 2006|accessdate=9 November 2010|isbn=978-0-7112-2571-8}}</ref>		<ref name="google">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5h2zXFFr2j4C&q=%22painter+Jan+Matejko%22+cracow&pg=PT83|title=Cracow: City of Treasures|first=Beata|last=Moore|publisher=Pgw|date=25 August 2006|access-date=9 November 2010|isbn=978-0-7112-2571-8|archive-date=3 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203042148/https://books.google.com/books?id=5h2zXFFr2j4C&q=%22painter+Jan+Matejko%22+cracow&pg=PT83|url-status=live}}</ref>
	<ref name="gosp">&nbsp;{{in lang|pl|en}}</ref>		<ref name="gosp"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524051326/http://www.krakow.pl/en/gospodarka/html/rn_2005.pdf |date=24 May 2012 }}&nbsp;{{in lang|pl|en}}</ref>
			<ref name="hejnal">O.J's Music, Trumpet Page: including music notations and sound samples in MP3 and Midi version. {{cite web|url=http://abel.hive.no/trumpet/articles/hejnal/|title=Hejnal Mariacki – The Kraków Bugle Call|access-date=14 September 2007|archive-date=13 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013132011/http://abel.hive.no/trumpet/articles/hejnal/}}</ref>
	<ref name="grozny">{{cite web|url=http://grozny-virtual.su|title=Сайт Грозный Виртуальный при перепечатке материалов в онлайн проектах|publisher=Grozny Official Website|accessdate=1 November 2008}}&nbsp;{{in lang|ru}}</ref>
			<ref name="infosyn">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow-info.com/synagog.htm |title=Old Synagogue in Kraków's Kazimierz district |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010123709/http://www.krakow-info.com/synagog.htm |archive-date=10 October 2022 |url-status=live |access-date=25 September 2007 |website=krakow-info.com}}</ref>
	<ref name="hejnal">O.J's Music, Trumpet Page: including music notations and sound samples in MP3 and Midi version. {{cite web|url=http://abel.hive.no/trumpet/articles/hejnal/|title=Hejnal Mariacki – The Kraków Bugle Call|accessdate=14 September 2007}}</ref>
	<ref name="infosyn">, Retrieved on 25 September 2007.</ref>
	<ref name="jagiellonian"> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114000129/http://www.uj.edu.pl/dispatch.jsp?item=uniwersytet%2Fhistoria%2Fkalendarium.jsp&lang=en |date=14 November 2007 }}</ref>		<ref name="jagiellonian"> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114000129/http://www.uj.edu.pl/dispatch.jsp?item=uniwersytet%2Fhistoria%2Fkalendarium.jsp&lang=en |date=14 November 2007 }}</ref>
	<ref name="krakow">'']'' (Bulletin of Public Information). Raport o stanie miasta, 2001. {{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl/gospodarka/html/raport-2001/bezpiecz.html |title=BEZPIECZEŃSTWO PUBLICZNE |accessdate=5 September 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715204454/http://www.krakow.pl/gospodarka/html/raport-2001/bezpiecz.html |archivedate=15 July 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>		<ref name="krakow">'']'' (Bulletin of Public Information). Raport o stanie miasta, 2001. {{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl/gospodarka/html/raport-2001/bezpiecz.html |title=BEZPIECZEŃSTWO PUBLICZNE |access-date=5 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715204454/http://www.krakow.pl/gospodarka/html/raport-2001/bezpiecz.html |archive-date=15 July 2007 }}</ref>
	<ref name="krakow-info">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow-info.com/sights.htm|title=Krakow Landmarks &#124; Historical monuments in Krakow|publisher=krakow-info.com|accessdate=19 July 2009}}</ref>		<ref name="krakow-info">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow-info.com/sights.htm|title=Krakow Landmarks &#124; Historical monuments in Krakow|publisher=krakow-info.com|access-date=19 July 2009|archive-date=22 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122072855/http://krakow-info.com/sights.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
	<ref name="krakow.pl-1">Municipality Of Kraków Press Office, {{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl/en/kalendarium/?MODE=kalim&TYPE=find|title=Calendar of Annual Events, 2007|accessdate=15 September 2007}}</ref>		<ref name="krakow.pl-1">Municipality Of Kraków Press Office, {{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl/en/kalendarium/?MODE=kalim&TYPE=find|title=Calendar of Annual Events, 2007|access-date=15 September 2007|archive-date=12 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012161826/http://www.krakow.pl/en/kalendarium/?MODE=kalim&TYPE=find|url-status=live}}</ref>
	<ref name="krakow1">Original Kraków City Hall bylaw Nr XXI/143/91 (unpublished) introduced on 27 March 1991; current municipal borders established according to City bylaw Nr XVI/192/95 for 19 April 1995. Source: {{cite web|url=http://www.cyfronet.krakow.pl/mk/bip/rada/uchwaly/show_pdf.php?id=2112|archive-url=https://archive.today/20091205092607/http://www.cyfronet.krakow.pl/mk/bip/rada/uchwaly/show_pdf.php?id=2112|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 December 2009|title=Gazeta Urzędowa Miasta Krakowa Nr 10, poz. 84|accessdate=14 September 2007|format=PDF}}</ref>		<ref name="krakow1">Original Kraków City Hall bylaw Nr XXI/143/91 (unpublished) introduced on 27 March 1991; current municipal borders established according to City bylaw Nr XVI/192/95 for 19 April 1995. Source: {{cite web|url=http://www.cyfronet.krakow.pl/mk/bip/rada/uchwaly/show_pdf.php?id=2112|archive-url=https://archive.today/20091205092607/http://www.cyfronet.krakow.pl/mk/bip/rada/uchwaly/show_pdf.php?id=2112|archive-date=5 December 2009|title=Gazeta Urzędowa Miasta Krakowa Nr 10, poz. 84|access-date=14 September 2007|format=PDF}}</ref>
	<ref name="krakow2">{{in lang|pl}} Biuro Informacji Publicznej (''Office of Public Information''). {{cite web|url=http://www.bip.krakow.pl/zalaczniki/dokumenty/n/75694/karta|title=Budżet Miasta Krakowa na rok 2011}}</ref>		<ref name="krakow2">{{in lang|pl}} Biuro Informacji Publicznej (''Office of Public Information''). {{cite web|url=http://www.bip.krakow.pl/zalaczniki/dokumenty/n/75694/karta|title=Budżet Miasta Krakowa na rok 2011|access-date=25 June 2011|archive-date=2 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002032938/http://www.bip.krakow.pl/zalaczniki/dokumenty/n/75694/karta|url-status=live}}</ref>
	<ref name="krakow4">{{cite web|url=http://www.pwst.krakow.pl/historia.jsp |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080210001616/http://www.pwst.krakow.pl/historia.jsp |archivedate=10 February 2008 |title=Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Teatralna, homepage. Historical outline |accessdate=12 May 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref>		<ref name="krakow4">{{cite web|url=http://www.pwst.krakow.pl/historia.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080210001616/http://www.pwst.krakow.pl/historia.jsp |archive-date=10 February 2008 |title=Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Teatralna, homepage. Historical outline |access-date=12 May 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref>
	<ref name="krakow5">Andrzej Chwalba. ''Krakow w latach 1939–1945'' (Cracow, 1939–1945). Dzieje Krakowa tom 5. Cracow: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 2002. (In Polish.){{cite web|url=http://letters.krakow.pl/books/cracow_german_occupation.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=23 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203151743/http://letters.krakow.pl/books/cracow_german_occupation.html |archivedate= 3 December 2007 }}</ref>		<ref name="krakow5">Andrzej Chwalba. ''Krakow w latach 1939–1945'' (Cracow, 1939–1945). Dzieje Krakowa tom 5. Cracow: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 2002. (In Polish.){{cite web|url=http://letters.krakow.pl/books/cracow_german_occupation.html |title=Cracow under German Occupation, 1939-1945 |access-date=23 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203151743/http://letters.krakow.pl/books/cracow_german_occupation.html |archive-date= 3 December 2007 }}</ref>
	<ref name="krakow_history">] centre for European Studies, see: {{cite web|url=http://www.ces.uj.edu.pl/european/krakow/krakow_history.htm |title="Worker's paradise" of concrete |accessdate=12 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090312094359/http://www.ces.uj.edu.pl/european/krakow/krakow_history.htm |archivedate=12 March 2009 }}</ref>		<ref name="krakow_history">] centre for ], see: {{cite web|url=http://www.ces.uj.edu.pl/european/krakow/krakow_history.htm |title="Worker's paradise" of concrete |access-date=12 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090312094359/http://www.ces.uj.edu.pl/european/krakow/krakow_history.htm |archive-date=12 March 2009 }}</ref>
	<ref name="krakplgosp">, Magiczny Kraków</ref>		<ref name="krakplgosp"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817235239/http://krakow.pl/english/5666,artykul,krakow_advantages.html |date=17 August 2011 }}, Magiczny Kraków</ref>
	<ref name="ordinance">{{in lang|pl}} </ref>		<ref name="ordinance">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bip.krakow.pl/?dok_id=167&sub_dok_id=167&sub=uchwala&query=id=15375&typ=u&vReg=1&metka=1|title=Uchwala- Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej Miasta Krakowa – BIP MK|website=www.bip.krakow.pl|access-date=5 November 2020|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112201704/https://www.bip.krakow.pl/?dok_id=167&sub_dok_id=167&sub=uchwala&query=id=15375&typ=u&vReg=1&metka=1|url-status=live}}</ref>
	<ref name="pbs"> PBS ''Wide Angle'', WNET.ORG, 13 September 2005.</ref>		<ref name="pbs"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311065436/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/episodes/1-800-india/map-the-global-future-of-outsourcing/73/ |date=11 March 2011 }} PBS ''Wide Angle'', WNET.ORG, 13 September 2005.</ref>
	<ref name="pbworks.com">{{cite web|url=http://krakowit.pbworks.com/FrontPage|title=Krakow IT Companies / FrontPage|publisher=Krakowit.pbworks.com|date=11 January 2010|accessdate=25 January 2010}}</ref>
	<ref name="poloniahans"> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813232941/http://www.poloniatoday.com/explore10.htm |date=13 August 2007 }}, Polonia Online, Retrieved on 25 September 2007.</ref>		<ref name="poloniahans"> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813232941/http://www.poloniatoday.com/explore10.htm |date=13 August 2007 }}, Polonia Online, Retrieved on 25 September 2007.</ref>
Line 875:		Line 1,333:
	<ref name="sonderaktion">{{in lang|pl}} Edward Burek, (editor). "Sonderaktion Krakau" in Encyklopedia Krakowa. Krakow: PWM, 2000</ref>		<ref name="sonderaktion">{{in lang|pl}} Edward Burek, (editor). "Sonderaktion Krakau" in Encyklopedia Krakowa. Krakow: PWM, 2000</ref>
	<ref name="twierdza">{{in lang|pl}} Paweł Stachnik, ], 21 September 2004. {{cite web|url=http://www.twierdza.art.pl/a_okrzyk.htm|title=Okrzyk na cześć cesarza.|accessdate=1 September 2007}}</ref>		<ref name="twierdza">{{in lang|pl}} Paweł Stachnik, ], 21 September 2004. {{cite web|url=http://www.twierdza.art.pl/a_okrzyk.htm|title=Okrzyk na cześć cesarza.|access-date=1 September 2007|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225180755/http://www.twierdza.art.pl/a_okrzyk.htm}}</ref>
	<ref name="unesco-02com"> UNESCO World Heritage Committee. Washington, D.C. 5–8 September 1978.</ref>		<ref name="unesco-02com"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123041252/https://whc.unesco.org/en/sessions/02COM |date=23 January 2023 }} UNESCO World Heritage Committee. Washington, D.C. 5–8 September 1978.</ref>
	<ref name="unescoancient">, UNESCO report, retrieved on 4 October 2007</ref>		<ref name="unescoancient">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/periodicreporting/EUR/cycle01/section2/29-summary.pdf |title=State of Conservation of World Heritage Properties in Europe: Poland – Cracow's Historic centre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130132144/https://whc.unesco.org/archive/periodicreporting/EUR/cycle01/section2/29-summary.pdf |archive-date=30 January 2023 |url-status=dead |website=] |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=4 October 2007 |year=2006}}</ref>
	<ref name="welcome">{{cite web|url=http://www.cracow.welcome.com.pl/Krak%C3%B3w-%E2%80%93-Office-Power-,WidokDzialArtykulyArtykul,72,1259.html |title=Kraków – Office Power – CRACOW & MAŁOPOLSKA |first=Wojciech |last=Małota |work=welcome.com.pl |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306210503/http://www.cracow.welcome.com.pl/Krak%C3%B3w-%E2%80%93-Office-Power-%2CWidokDzialArtykulyArtykul%2C72%2C1259.html |archivedate=6 March 2012 }}</ref>		<ref name="welcome">{{cite web|url=http://www.cracow.welcome.com.pl/Krak%C3%B3w-%E2%80%93-Office-Power-,WidokDzialArtykulyArtykul,72,1259.html |title=Kraków – Office Power – CRACOW & MAŁOPOLSKA |first=Wojciech |last=Małota |website=welcome.com.pl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306210503/http://www.cracow.welcome.com.pl/Krak%C3%B3w-%E2%80%93-Office-Power-%2CWidokDzialArtykulyArtykul%2C72%2C1259.html |archive-date=6 March 2012}}</ref>
	<ref name="wse.krakow">{{cite web|url=http://www.wse.krakow.pl/pl/Krakow_okiem_tischnerowskim_ |title=Kraków okiem 'tischnerowskim' |publisher=Wyższa Szkoła Europejska im. ks. Józefa Tischnera |work=Informacje ogólne |year=2008 |accessdate=4 October 2012 |author=Agnieszka Wiewióra |language=Polish, English |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121124082145/http://www.wse.krakow.pl/pl/Krakow_okiem_tischnerowskim_ |archivedate=24 November 2012 }}</ref>		<ref name="wse.krakow">{{cite web|url=http://www.wse.krakow.pl/pl/Krakow_okiem_tischnerowskim_ |title=Kraków okiem 'tischnerowskim' |publisher=Wyższa Szkoła Europejska im. ks. Józefa Tischnera |work=Informacje ogólne |year=2008 |access-date=4 October 2012 |first=Agnieszka |last=Wiewióra |language=pl, en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121124082145/http://www.wse.krakow.pl/pl/Krakow_okiem_tischnerowskim_ |archive-date=24 November 2012 }}</ref>
	<ref name=USHMM-Ghettos-Encyclopedia-VolII>{{cite web |title=Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933-1945 - Vol. II: Ghettos in German-Occupied Eastern Europe |website=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |url=https://www.ushmm.org/research/publications/encyclopedia-camps-ghettos }}</ref>		<ref name=USHMM-Ghettos-Encyclopedia-VolII>{{cite web |title=Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945 – Vol. II: Ghettos in German-Occupied Eastern Europe |website=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |url=https://www.ushmm.org/research/publications/encyclopedia-camps-ghettos |access-date=5 May 2018 |archive-date=9 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409085305/https://www.ushmm.org/research/publications/encyclopedia-camps-ghettos |url-status=live }}</ref>
	<ref name=USHMM-Holocaust-Encyclopedia-Krakow>{{cite web |title=Holocaust Encyclopedia - Krakow |website=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/krakow-cracow}}</ref>		<ref name=USHMM-Holocaust-Encyclopedia-Krakow>{{cite web |title=Holocaust Encyclopedia – Krakow |website=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/krakow-cracow |access-date=3 March 2019 |archive-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412142918/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/krakow-cracow |url-status=live }}</ref>
	}}		}}
	==References==		==Bibliography==
	* {{cite book |author1=Martin C. Dean |author2=Mel Hecker |author3=Geoffrey P. Megargee |author-link1=Martin C. Dean |author-link3=Geoffrey P. Megargee |year=2012 |title=Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945 |volume=Vol. II - Ghettos in German-Occupied Eastern Europe |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum / Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-35599-7 |ref=harv |title-link=Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945 }}		* {{cite book |author1=Martin C. Dean |author2=Mel Hecker |author3=Geoffrey P. Megargee |author-link1=Martin C. Dean |author-link3=Geoffrey P. Megargee |year=2012 |title=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. ], Volume II: Ghettos in German-Occupied Eastern Europe |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-35599-7}}
	* Jane Hardy, Al Rainnie, ''Restructuring Krakow: Desperately Seeking Capitalism''. Published 1996 by Mansell Publishing, 285 pages. Business, economics, finance. {{ISBN|0-7201-2231-7}}.		* Jane Hardy, Al Rainnie, ''Restructuring Krakow: Desperately Seeking Capitalism''. Published 1996 by Mansell Publishing, 285 pages. Business, economics, finance. {{ISBN|0-7201-2231-7}}.
	* Edward Hartwig, ''Kraków'', with Jerzy Broszkiewicz (contributor). Published 1980, by Sport i Turystyka, 239 pages. {{ISBN|83-217-2321-7}}.		* Edward Hartwig, ''Kraków'', with Jerzy Broszkiewicz (contributor). Published 1980, by Sport i Turystyka, 239 pages. {{ISBN|83-217-2321-7}}.
	* Bolesław T. Łaszewski, ''Kraków: karta z dziejów dwudziestolecia''. Published 1985, by Bicentennial Pub. Corp. (original from the ]), 132 pages. {{ISBN|0-912757-08-6}}		* Bolesław T. Łaszewski, ''Kraków: karta z dziejów dwudziestolecia''. Published 1985, by Bicentennial Pub. Corp. (original from the ]), 132 pages. {{ISBN|0-912757-08-6}}.
	* {{cite book |last=Longerich |first=Peter |year=2010 |title=Holocaust - The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-019280436-5 |ref=harv }}		* {{cite book |last=Longerich |first=Peter |year=2010 |title=Holocaust – The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-280436-5 }}
	* Joanna Markin, Bogumiła Gnypowa, ''Kraków: The Guide''. Published 1996 by Pascal Publishing, 342 pages. {{ISBN|83-87037-28-1}}.		* Joanna Markin, Bogumiła Gnypowa, ''Kraków: The Guide''. Published 1996 by Pascal Publishing, 342 pages. {{ISBN|83-87037-28-1}}.
	* Tim Pepper, Andrew Beattie, ''Krakow''. Published 2007 by Hunter Pub Inc., 160 pages. {{ISBN|1-84306-308-5}}. The book includes description of public art galleries and museums.		* Tim Pepper, Andrew Beattie, ''Krakow''. Published 2007 by Hunter Pub Inc., 160 pages. {{ISBN|1-84306-308-5}}. The book includes description of public art galleries and museums.
	* Scott Simpson, ''Krakow''. Published 2003 by ], 192 pages. Transport, geography, sightseeing, history, and culture. Includes weblinks CD. {{ISBN|1-84157-187-3}}.		* Scott Simpson, ''Krakow''. Published 2003 by ], 192 pages. Transport, geography, sightseeing, history, and culture. Includes weblinks CD. {{ISBN|1-84157-187-3}}.
	* {{Cite book |last1=Simpson |first1=Scott |last2=Zukowska |first2=Helena |title=Travellers Kraków, 3rd: Guides to Destinations Worldwide |url=https://books.google.com/?id=dXlPGgAACAAJ |accessdate=11 March 2010 |edition=Fourth |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=] |location=Peterborough, United Kingdom |isbn=978-1-84157-901-6 |ref=Simpson69}}		* {{Cite book |last1=Simpson |first1=Scott |last2=Zukowska |first2=Helena |title=Travellers Kraków, 3rd: Guides to Destinations Worldwide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXlPGgAACAAJ |access-date=11 March 2010 |edition=fourth |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=] |location=Peterborough, United Kingdom |isbn=978-1-84157-901-6 |ref=Simpson69}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
	* Dorota Wąsik, Emma Roper-Evans, ''Krakow''. Published 2002 by Somerset. Cultural guidebook series, 160 pages. {{ISBN|963-00-5930-4}}.		* Dorota Wąsik, Emma Roper-Evans, ''Krakow''. Published 2002 by Somerset. Cultural guidebook series, 160 pages. {{ISBN|963-00-5930-4}}.
	* Richard Watkins, ''Best of Kraków'', Published 2006, by ], 64 pages, complemented by fold-out maps. {{ISBN|1-74104-822-2}}.		* Richard Watkins, ''Best of Kraków'', Published 2006, by ], 64 pages, complemented by fold-out maps. {{ISBN|1-74104-822-2}}.
	==External links==		==External links==
	{{Commons|Kraków}}		{{Commons category|Kraków}}
	{{Wikivoyage|Kraków}}		{{Wikivoyage|Kraków}}
	{{Wiktionary|Kraków}}		{{Wiktionary|Kraków}}
	{{Collier's Poster|Cracow|year=1921}}		{{Collier's poster|Cracow|year=1921}}
			* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Cracow|volume=7|pages=359&ndash;360|short=1}}
	*		*
	* {{in lang|pl}}		* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330202833/http://www.krakowmiasto.pl/ |date=30 March 2010 }} {{in lang|pl}}
	* on Virtual Shtetl		* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314140001/http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/city/krakow/ |date=14 March 2012 }} on Virtual Shtetl
	* {{JewishGen-LocalityPage|510625|Kraków, Poland}}		* {{JewishGen-LocalityPage|510625|Kraków, Poland}}
	*		* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908133300/https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&oe=UTF8&msa=0&msid=110492122926717540230.00047c4b8af2b0a68cde9&ll=50.05273,19.937954&spn=0.075281,0.107632&z=13 |date=8 September 2014 }}
	* – ] maps of Kraków {{in lang|pl}}		* – ] maps of Kraków {{in lang|pl}}
	** (in yellow on city map)		** (in yellow on city map)
	** from 1785 year		** from 1785 year
	*		* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029205149/http://culture.pl/en/article/beatniks-and-beyond-an-alternative-guide-to-krakow |date=29 October 2014 }}
	*		* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914072549/http://www.ourpoland.com/visit-krakow/things-to-do-in-krakow/ |date=14 September 2016 }}
	*		* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924113806/https://cityon.pl/krakow |date=24 September 2019 }}
	*		* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704122228/https://studies.pl/10-must-see-things-in-krakow/ |date=4 July 2019 }}
			* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311104351/https://krakow.wiki/ |date=11 March 2021 }} – biggest knowledge base about Krakow in English
			* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614150636/https://www.rosotravel.com/tours/krakow-tours/ |date=14 June 2021 }}
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	{{Historical capitals of Poland}}		{{Historical capitals of Poland}}
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City in Poland "Krakow" and "Cracow" redirect here. For other uses, see Krakow (disambiguation) and Cracow (disambiguation).

Place in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Poland

Kraków Cracow
Royal Capital City of Kraków Polish: Stołeczne Królewskie Miasto Kraków
St. Mary's Basilica and the Mickiewicz MonumentWawel CathedralSaints Peter and Paul ChurchWawel CastleFloriańska StreetCloth Hall at Main Square
FlagCoat of armsBrandmark
Motto(s): Cracovia urbs celeberrima (Kraków, the most famous city)
KrakówLocation of Kraków in Poland
Coordinates: 50°03′41″N 19°56′14″E / 50.06139°N 19.93722°E / 50.06139; 19.93722
Country	Poland
Voivodeship	Lesser Poland
City rights	5 June 1257
City Hall	Wielopolski Palace
Districts	18 districts
Government
• Type	Mayor–council government
• Body	Kraków City Council
• City mayor	Aleksander Miszalski [pl] (KO)
Area
• City	326.8 km (126.2 sq mi)
• Metro	4,065.11 km (1,569.55 sq mi)
Highest elevation	383 m (1,257 ft)
Lowest elevation	187 m (614 ft)
Population
• City	804,237 (2nd)
• Density	2,461/km (6,370/sq mi)
• Metro	1,498,499
• Metro density	370/km (950/sq mi)
Demonym(s)	Cracovian (en) krakowianin (male) krakowianka (female) (pl)
GDP
• City	€18.031 billion (2020)
• Metro	€25.534 billion (2020)
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code	30-024 to 31–963
Area code	+48 12
International airport	Kraków John Paul II (KRK)
Website	www.krakow.pl
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Official name	Historic Centre of Kraków
Type	Cultural
Criteria	IV
Designated	1978 (2nd session)
Reference no.	29
UNESCO region	Europe

Kraków (Polish: [ˈkrakuf] ), also spelled as Cracow or Krakow, is the second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, the city has a population of 804,237 (2023), with approximately 8 million additional people living within a 100 km (62 mi) radius. Kraków was the official capital of Poland until 1596, and has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic, cultural, and artistic life. Cited as one of Europe's most beautiful cities, its Old Town was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1978, one of the world's first sites granted the status.

The city began as a hamlet on Wawel Hill and was a busy trading centre of Central Europe in 985. In 1038, it became the seat of Polish monarchs from the Piast dynasty, and subsequently served as the centre of administration under Jagiellonian kings and of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until the late 16th century, when Sigismund III transferred his royal court to Warsaw. With the emergence of the Second Polish Republic in 1918, Kraków reaffirmed its role as the nucleus of a national spirit. After the invasion of Poland, at the start of World War II, the newly defined Distrikt Krakau became the seat of Nazi Germany's General Government. The Jewish population was forced into the Kraków Ghetto, a walled zone from where they were sent to Nazi extermination camps such as the nearby Auschwitz, and Nazi concentration camps like Płaszów. However, the city was spared from destruction. In 1978, Karol Wojtyła, archbishop of Kraków, was elevated to the papacy as Pope John Paul, the first non-Italian pope in 455 years.

The Old Town and historic centre of Kraków, along with the nearby Wieliczka Salt Mine, are Poland's first World Heritage Sites. Its extensive cultural and architectural legacy across the epochs of Gothic, Renaissance, and Baroque architecture includes Wawel Cathedral and Wawel Royal Castle on the banks of the Vistula, St. Mary's Basilica, Saints Peter and Paul Church, and the largest medieval market square in Europe, Rynek Główny. Kraków is home to Jagiellonian University, one of the oldest universities in the world and often considered Poland's most reputable academic institution of higher learning. The city also hosts a number of institutions of national significance, including the National Museum, Kraków Opera, Juliusz Słowacki Theatre, National Stary Theatre, and the Jagiellonian Library.

Kraków is classified as a global city with the ranking of "high sufficiency" by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. The city is served by John Paul II International Airport, the country's second busiest airport and the most important international airport for the inhabitants of south-eastern Poland. In 2000, Kraków was named European Capital of Culture. In 2013, Kraków was officially approved as a UNESCO City of Literature. The city hosted World Youth Day in 2016, and the European Games in 2023.

Etymology

The name of Kraków is traditionally derived from Krakus (Krak, Grakch), the legendary founder of Kraków and a ruler of the tribe of Vistulans. In Polish, Kraków is an archaic possessive form of Krak and essentially means "Krak's (town)". The true origin of the name is highly disputed among historians, with many theories in existence and no unanimous consensus. The first recorded mention of Prince Krakus (then written as Grakch) dates back to 1190, although the town existed as early as the seventh century, when it was inhabited by the tribe of Vistulans. It is possible that the name of the city is derived from the word kruk, meaning 'crow' or 'raven'.

The city's full official name is Stołeczne Królewskie Miasto Kraków, which can be translated as "Royal Capital City of Kraków". In English, a person born or living in Kraków is a Cracovian (Polish: krakowianin or krakus). Until the 1990s the English version of the name was often written as Cracow, but now the most widespread modern English version is Krakow.

History

Main article: History of Kraków For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Kraków.

Origins and middle ages

Kraków's early history begins with evidence of a Stone Age settlement on the present site of the Wawel Hill. A legend attributes Kraków's founding to the mythical ruler Krakus, who built it above a cave occupied by a dragon, Smok Wawelski. The first written record of the city's name dates back to 965, when Kraków was described as a notable commercial centre controlled first by Moravia (876–879), but captured by a Bohemian duke Boleslaus I in 955. The first acclaimed ruler of Poland, Mieszko I, took Kraków from the Bohemians and incorporated it into the holdings of the Piast dynasty towards the end of his reign.

In 1038, Kraków became the seat of the Polish government. By the end of the tenth century, the city was a leading centre of trade. Brick buildings were constructed, including the Royal Wawel Castle with St. Felix and Adaukt Rotunda, Romanesque churches such as St. Andrew's Church, a cathedral, and a basilica. The city was sacked and burned during the Mongol invasion of 1241. It was rebuilt practically identically, based on new location act and incorporated in 1257 by the high duke Bolesław V the Chaste who following the example of Wrocław, introduced city rights modelled on the Magdeburg law allowing for tax benefits and new trade privileges for the citizens. In 1259, the city was again ravaged by the Mongols. A third attack in 1287 was repelled thanks in part to the newly built fortifications. In 1315 a large alliance of Poland, Denmark, Norway and Sweden was formed in Kraków.

In 1335, King Casimir III the Great (Polish: Kazimierz) declared the two western suburbs to be a new city named after him, Kazimierz (Latin: Casimiria). The defensive walls were erected around the central section of Kazimierz in 1362, and a plot was set aside for the Augustinian order next to Skałka. The city rose to prominence in 1364, when Casimir founded the University of Kraków, the second oldest university in central Europe after the Charles University in Prague.

The city continued to grow under the Jagiellonian dynasty. As the capital of the Kingdom of Poland and a member of the Hanseatic League, the city attracted many craftsmen from abroad, businesses, and guilds as science and the arts began to flourish. The royal chancery and the university ensured a first flourishing of Polish literary culture in the city.

Early modern period

The 15th and 16th centuries were known as Poland's Złoty Wiek or Golden Age. Many works of Polish Renaissance art and architecture were created, including ancient synagogues in Kraków's Jewish quarter located in the north-eastern part of Kazimierz, such as the Old Synagogue. During the reign of Casimir IV, various artists came to work and live in Kraków, and Johann Haller established a printing press in the city after Kasper Straube had printed the Calendarium Cracoviense, the first work printed in Poland, in 1473.

In 1520, the most famous church bell in Poland, named Zygmunt after Sigismund I of Poland, was cast by Hans Behem. At that time, Hans Dürer, a younger brother of artist and thinker Albrecht Dürer, was Sigismund's court painter. Hans von Kulmbach made altarpieces for several churches. In 1553, the Kazimierz district council gave the Jewish Qahal (council of a Jewish self-governing community) a licence for the right to build their own interior walls across the western section of the already existing defensive walls. The walls were expanded again in 1608 due to the growth of the community and influx of Jews from Bohemia. In 1572, King Sigismund II, the last of the Jagiellons, died childless. The Polish throne passed to Henry III of France and then to other foreign-based rulers in rapid succession, causing a decline in the city's importance. Furthermore, in 1596, Sigismund III of the House of Vasa moved the administrative capital of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from Kraków to Warsaw. The city was destabilised by pillaging in the 1650s during the Swedish invasion, especially during the 1655 siege. Later in 1707, the city underwent an outbreak of bubonic plague that left 20,000 of the city's residents dead.

View of Kraków (Cracovia) near the end of the 16th century

19th century

Already weakened during the 18th century, by the mid-1790s the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth had twice been partitioned by its neighbors: Russia, the Habsburg empire and Prussia. In 1791, the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II changed the status of Kazimierz as a separate city and made it into a district of Kraków. The richer Jewish families began to move out. However, because of the injunction against travel on the Sabbath, most Jewish families stayed relatively close to the historic synagogues. In 1794, Tadeusz Kościuszko initiated an unsuccessful insurrection in the town's Main Square which, in spite of his victorious Battle of Racławice against a numerically superior Russian army, resulted in the third and final partition of Poland. As a result, Kraków fell under Habsburg rule.

In 1802, German became the town's official language. Of the members appointed by the Habsburgs to the municipal council only half were Polish. From 1796 to 1809, the population of the city rose from 22,000 to 26,000 with an increasing percentage of nobles and officials. In 1809, Napoleon Bonaparte captured former Polish territories from Austria and made the town part of the Duchy of Warsaw. During the time of the Duchy of Warsaw, requirements to upkeep the Polish army followed by tours of Austrian, Polish and Russian troops, plus Russian occupation and a flood in the year 1813 all added up to the adverse development of the city with a high debt burden on public finances and many workshops and trading houses needing to close their activities.

Following Napoleon's defeat, the 1815 Congress of Vienna restored the pre-war boundaries but also created the partially independent and neutral Free City of Kraków. In addition to the historic city of Kraków itself, the Free City included the towns of Chrzanow, Trzebinia and Nowa Gora and 224 villages. Outside the city, mining and metallurgy started developing. The population of Kraków itself grew in this time from 23,000 to 43,000; that of the overall republic from 88,000 to 103,000. The population of the city had an increasing number of Catholic clergy, officials and intelligentsia with which the rich townspeople sympathised. They were opposed to the conservative landed aristocracy who also were drawn more and more to the city real estates even though their income still mainly came from their agricultural possessions in the Republic, the Kingdom of Poland and Galicia. The percentage of the Jewish population in the city also increased in this time from 20.8% to 30.4%. However, nationalist sentiment and other political issues led to instability; this culminated in the Kraków uprising of 1846, which was crushed by the Austrian authorities. The Free City was therefore annexed into the Austrian Empire as the Grand Duchy of Kraków (Polish: Wielkie Księstwo Krakowskie, German: Großherzogtum Krakau), which was legally separate from but administratively part of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria (more simply Austrian Galicia).

During the era of the free city, a free trade zone led to positive economic development. But because of the unstable political situation and insecurity about the future, not much of the accumulated wealth was invested. Through the increase of taxes, customs and regulations, prices soared and the city fell into a recession. From 1844 to 1850 the population was diminished by over 4,000 inhabitants.

In 1866, Austria granted a degree of autonomy to Galicia after its own defeat in the Austro-Prussian War. Kraków, being politically freer than the Polish cities under Prussian (later German) and Russian rule, became a Polish national symbol and a centre of culture and art, known frequently as the "Polish Athens" (Polskie Ateny). Many leading Polish artists of the period resided in Kraków, among them the seminal painter Jan Matejko, laid to rest at Rakowicki Cemetery, and the founder of modern Polish drama, Stanisław Wyspiański. Fin de siècle Kraków evolved into a modern metropolis; running water and electric streetcars were introduced in 1901, and between 1910 and 1915, Kraków and its surrounding suburban communities were gradually combined into a single administrative unit called Greater Kraków (Wielki Kraków).

At the outbreak of World War I on 3 August 1914, Józef Piłsudski formed a small cadre military unit, the First Cadre Company—the predecessor of the Polish Legions—which set out from Kraków to fight for the liberation of Poland. The city was briefly besieged by Russian troops in November 1914. Austrian rule in Kraków ended in 1918 when the Polish Liquidation Committee assumed power.

20th century to the present

Following the emergence of the Second Polish Republic in 1918, Kraków resumed its role as a major Polish academic and cultural centre, with the establishment of new universities such as the AGH University of Science and Technology and the Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts, as well as several new and essential vocational schools. The city became an important cultural centre for Polish Jews, including both Zionist and Bundist groups. Kraków was also an influential centre of Jewish spiritual life, with all its manifestations of religious observance—from Orthodox to Hasidic and Reform Judaism—flourishing side by side.

Following the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany in September 1939, the city of Kraków became part of the General Government, a separate administrative region of the Third Reich. On 26 October 1939, the Nazi régime set up Distrikt Krakau, one of four districts within the General Government. On the same day, the city of Kraków became the capital of the administration. The General Government was ruled by Governor-General Hans Frank, who was based in the city's Wawel Castle. The Nazis envisioned turning Kraków into a completely Germanised city; after removal of all Jews and Poles, renaming of locations and streets into the German language, and sponsorship of propaganda portraying the city as historically German. On 28 November 1939, Frank set up Judenräte ('Jewish Councils') to be run by Jewish citizens for the purpose of carrying out orders for the Nazis. These orders included the registration of all Jewish people living in each area, the collection of taxes, and the formation of forced-labour groups. The Polish Home Army maintained a parallel underground administrative system.

At the outbreak of World War II, some 56,000 Jews resided in Kraków—almost one-quarter of a total population of about 250,000; by November 1939, the Jewish population of the city had grown to approximately 70,000. According to German statistics from 1940, over 200,000 Jews lived within the entire Kraków District, comprising more than 5 percent of the district's total population. However, these statistics probably underestimate the situation. In November 1939, during an operation known as Sonderaktion Krakau ('special operation Kraków'), the Germans arrested more than 180 university professors and academics, and sent them to the Sachsenhausen and Dachau concentration camps, though the survivors were later released on the request of prominent Italians.

Before the formation of ghettos, which began in the Kraków District in December 1939, Jews were encouraged to flee the city. For those who remained, the German authorities decided in March 1941 to allocate a then-suburban neighborhood, Podgórze District, to become Kraków's ghetto, where many Jews subsequently died of illness or starvation. Initially, most ghettos were open and Jews were allowed to enter and exit freely, but as security became tighter the ghettos were generally closed. From autumn 1941, the SS developed the policy of extermination through labour, which further worsened the already bleak conditions for Jews. The inhabitants of the Kraków Ghetto were later murdered or sent to German extermination camps, including Bełżec and Auschwitz, and to Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp. The largest deportations within the Distrikt occurred from June to September 1942. More specifically, mass deportation from Kraków's ghetto occurred in the first week of June 1942, and the ghetto was finally liquidated in March 1943.

The film director Roman Polanski survived the Kraków Ghetto. Oskar Schindler selected employees from the ghetto to work in his enamelware factory Deutsche Emailwarenfabrik, saving them from the camps. Similarly, many men capable of physical labor were saved from deportation to extermination camps and instead sent to labor camps across the General Government. By September 1943, the last of the Jews from the Kraków Ghetto had been deported. Although looted by occupational authorities, Kraków remained relatively undamaged at the end of World War II, with most of the city's historical and architectural legacy spared. Soviet forces under the command of Marshal Ivan Konev entered the city on 18 January 1945, and began arresting Poles loyal to the Polish government-in-exile or those who had served in the Home Army.

After the war, under the Polish People's Republic (officially declared in 1952), the intellectual and academic community of Kraków came under complete political control. The universities were soon deprived of their printing rights and autonomy. The Stalinist government of Poland ordered the construction of the country's largest steel mill in the newly created suburb of Nowa Huta. The creation of the giant Lenin Steelworks (now Sendzimir Steelworks owned by Mittal) sealed Kraków's transformation from a university city into an industrial centre.

In an effort that spanned two decades, Karol Wojtyła, the cardinal archbishop of Kraków from 1964 to 1978, successfully lobbied for permission to build the first churches in the newly industrialized suburbs. In 1978, the Catholic Church elevated Wojtyła to the papacy as John Paul II, the first non-Italian pope in over 450 years. In the same year, UNESCO, following the application of local authorities, placed Kraków Old Town on the first list of World Heritage Sites.

Geography

Kraków lies in the southern part of Poland, on the Vistula River, approximately 219 m (719 ft) above sea level. The city is located on the border between different physiographic regions: the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland in the north-western parts of the city, the Małopolska Upland in the north-east, the Sandomierz Basin (east) and the Western Beskidian Foothills of the Carpathians (south).

There are five nature reserves in Kraków, with a combined area of ca. 48.6 hectares (120 acres). Due to their ecological value, these areas are legally protected. The western part of the city, along its northern and north-western side, borders an area of international significance known as the Jurassic Bielany-Tyniec refuge. The main motives for the protection of this area include plant and animal wildlife and the area's geomorphological features and landscape. Another part of the city is located within the ecological 'corridor' of the Vistula River valley. This corridor is also assessed as being of international significance as part of the Pan-European ecological network.

Climate

Kraków has a humid continental climate, denoted by Köppen classification as Dfb, somewhat boardering on an oceanic climate (Cfb); with climate change winters are rapidly becoming milder, and hot summers days above 30C are increasingly common, but with winter temperatures on average still below freezing, it is perhaps best defined as having a semicontinental climate. In older reference periods it was classified as a warm summer continental climate (Dfb). By classification of Wincenty Okołowicz, it has a warm temperate climate in the centre of continental Europe with the "fusion" of different features.

Due to its geographic location, the city may be under marine influence, sometimes Arctic influence, but without direct influence, giving the city variable meteorological conditions over short spaces of time. The city lies in proximity to the Tatra Mountains and there are often occurrences of a foehn wind called halny, causing temperatures to rise rapidly. In relation to Warsaw, temperatures are very similar for most of the year, except that in the colder months southern Poland has a larger daily temperature range, more moderate winds, generally more rainy days and with greater chances of clear skies on average, especially in winter. The higher sun angle also allows for a longer growing season. In addition, for older data there was less sun than the capital of the country, about 30 minutes daily per year, but both have small differences in relative humidity and the direction of the winds is northeast.

The climate table below presents weather data with averages from 1991 to 2020, sunshine ranges from 1971 to 2000, and valid extremes from 1951 to the present day:

Climate data for Kraków-Airport (KRK), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	16.6 (61.9)	19.8 (67.6)	24.1 (75.4)	30.0 (86.0)	32.6 (90.7)	34.2 (93.6)	35.7 (96.3)	37.3 (99.1)	34.8 (94.6)	27.1 (80.8)	22.5 (72.5)	19.3 (66.7)	37.3 (99.1)
Mean maximum °C (°F)	10.0 (50.0)	12.3 (54.1)	18.0 (64.4)	24.3 (75.7)	27.9 (82.2)	31.1 (88.0)	32.5 (90.5)	32.2 (90.0)	27.6 (81.7)	23.4 (74.1)	17.3 (63.1)	10.9 (51.6)	33.8 (92.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	1.6 (34.9)	3.7 (38.7)	8.4 (47.1)	15.1 (59.2)	19.8 (67.6)	23.2 (73.8)	25.3 (77.5)	25.0 (77.0)	19.5 (67.1)	14.0 (57.2)	7.6 (45.7)	2.7 (36.9)	13.8 (56.8)
Daily mean °C (°F)	−1.6 (29.1)	−0.2 (31.6)	3.5 (38.3)	9.3 (48.7)	14.0 (57.2)	17.6 (63.7)	19.3 (66.7)	18.9 (66.0)	13.9 (57.0)	8.8 (47.8)	3.8 (38.8)	−0.5 (31.1)	8.9 (48.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	−4.7 (23.5)	−3.7 (25.3)	−0.8 (30.6)	3.7 (38.7)	8.5 (47.3)	12.2 (54.0)	13.8 (56.8)	13.4 (56.1)	9.2 (48.6)	4.7 (40.5)	0.6 (33.1)	−3.4 (25.9)	4.5 (40.1)
Mean minimum °C (°F)	−15.7 (3.7)	−13.0 (8.6)	−8.0 (17.6)	−3.0 (26.6)	1.9 (35.4)	6.6 (43.9)	8.3 (46.9)	7.7 (45.9)	2.8 (37.0)	−3.2 (26.2)	−7.3 (18.9)	−13.5 (7.7)	−18.0 (−0.4)
Record low °C (°F)	−29.9 (−21.8)	−29.5 (−21.1)	−26.7 (−16.1)	−7.5 (18.5)	−3.2 (26.2)	−0.1 (31.8)	5.4 (41.7)	2.7 (36.9)	−3.1 (26.4)	−7.4 (18.7)	−17.2 (1.0)	−29.5 (−21.1)	−29.9 (−21.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	37.9 (1.49)	32.3 (1.27)	38.1 (1.50)	46.4 (1.83)	79.0 (3.11)	77.0 (3.03)	98.2 (3.87)	72.5 (2.85)	65.8 (2.59)	51.2 (2.02)	41.4 (1.63)	33.4 (1.31)	673.0 (26.50)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches)	7.6 (3.0)	6.5 (2.6)	2.7 (1.1)	0.9 (0.4)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.3 (0.1)	2.7 (1.1)	4.1 (1.6)	7.6 (3.0)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)	16.93	15.71	15.00	12.87	14.97	13.37	15.00	12.00	12.07	13.40	14.67	15.77	171.74
Average snowy days (≥ 0 cm)	17.9	14.1	5.5	0.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.3	4.3	11.9	54.8
Average relative humidity (%)	85.8	82.5	76.3	69.9	72.0	72.7	73.2	74.5	80.2	83.8	87.7	87.5	78.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours	43.3	63.2	100.5	136.9	200.8	193.5	210.5	200.7	125.4	97.7	48.8	32.1	1,453.4
Source 1: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
Source 2: Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020, sunshine 1971–2000)

Climate data for Kraków-Observatory, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	17.3 (63.1)	21.0 (69.8)	24.7 (76.5)	31.2 (88.2)	33.7 (92.7)	36.0 (96.8)	36.7 (98.1)	38.3 (100.9)	35.8 (96.4)	27.9 (82.2)	24.0 (75.2)	19.9 (67.8)	38.3 (100.9)
Mean maximum °C (°F)	10.9 (51.6)	13.3 (55.9)	18.9 (66.0)	25.3 (77.5)	28.9 (84.0)	32.1 (89.8)	33.4 (92.1)	33.2 (91.8)	28.4 (83.1)	24.4 (75.9)	17.8 (64.0)	11.6 (52.9)	34.7 (94.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	2.3 (36.1)	4.4 (39.9)	9.1 (48.4)	15.8 (60.4)	20.6 (69.1)	24.0 (75.2)	26.0 (78.8)	25.8 (78.4)	20.2 (68.4)	14.6 (58.3)	8.2 (46.8)	3.3 (37.9)	14.5 (58.1)
Daily mean °C (°F)	−1.0 (30.2)	0.4 (32.7)	4.1 (39.4)	9.8 (49.6)	14.6 (58.3)	18.3 (64.9)	20.0 (68.0)	19.3 (66.7)	14.2 (57.6)	9.2 (48.6)	4.4 (39.9)	0.2 (32.4)	9.5 (49.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	−3.5 (25.7)	−2.6 (27.3)	0.3 (32.5)	4.8 (40.6)	9.5 (49.1)	13.2 (55.8)	14.9 (58.8)	14.4 (57.9)	10.1 (50.2)	5.7 (42.3)	1.7 (35.1)	−2.2 (28.0)	5.5 (41.9)
Mean minimum °C (°F)	−14.0 (6.8)	−11.4 (11.5)	−6.4 (20.5)	−1.6 (29.1)	3.0 (37.4)	8.1 (46.6)	9.9 (49.8)	9.2 (48.6)	3.8 (38.8)	−1.8 (28.8)	−5.8 (21.6)	−11.6 (11.1)	−16.4 (2.5)
Record low °C (°F)	−26.1 (−15.0)	−26.8 (−16.2)	−23.2 (−9.8)	−4.6 (23.7)	−1.8 (28.8)	2.3 (36.1)	6.6 (43.9)	4.5 (40.1)	−2.6 (27.3)	−5.7 (21.7)	−16.1 (3.0)	−25.7 (−14.3)	−26.8 (−16.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	37.9 (1.49)	33.3 (1.31)	38.3 (1.51)	48.4 (1.91)	82.6 (3.25)	81.1 (3.19)	98.6 (3.88)	75.1 (2.96)	70.3 (2.77)	53.1 (2.09)	41.8 (1.65)	32.4 (1.28)	693.0 (27.28)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)	16.9	15.2	14.9	12.9	14.6	13.8	14.7	12.4	12.0	13.6	14.7	16.3	172.0
Average relative humidity (%)	82.2	78.9	73.0	66.1	68.4	68.9	70.0	72.4	79.3	82.7	84.8	83.9	75.9
Source: https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne

Cityscape

Kraków provides a showcase setting for many historic forms of architecture developed over the ten centuries, especially Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque styles. Renowned artisans and skilled craftsmen from present-day Italy and Germany were brought and sponsored by kings or nobles who contributed to architectural wealth and diversity. The Brick Gothic manner as well as countless structural elements such as the Renaissance attics with decorative pinnacles became recognisable features of historical buildings in Kraków. Built from its earliest nucleus outward, the city's monuments can be seen in historical order by walking from the city centre out, towards its newer districts.

Kraków's historic centre, which includes the Old Town (Stare Miasto), the Main Market Square (Rynek Główny), the Cloth Hall (Sukiennice), the Barbican (Barbakan), St. Florian's Gate, Kazimierz and the Wawel Castle, was included as the first of its kind on the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1978. The central core surrounded by Planty Park remains the most prominent example of an old town in the country, with the medieval street layout still in existence. Kraków was the royal capital of Poland for many centuries, until Sigismund III Vasa relocated the court to Warsaw in 1596. The district is bisected by the Royal Road, the coronation route traversed by the Kings of Poland. Several important monuments were lost in the course of history, notably the Ratusz town hall. However, the Gothic Town Hall Tower measuring 70 m (229 ft 8 in) in height remains standing.

In addition to the old town, the city's district of Kazimierz is particularly notable for its many renaissance buildings and picturesque streets, as well as the historic Jewish quarter located in the north-eastern part of Kazimierz. Kazimierz was founded in the 14th century to the south-east of the city centre and soon became a wealthy, well-populated area where construction of imposing properties became commonplace. Perhaps the most important feature of medieval Kazimierz was the only major, permanent bridge (Pons Regalis) across the northern arm of the Vistula. This natural barrier used to separate Kazimierz from the Old Town for several centuries, while the bridge connected Kraków to the Wieliczka Salt Mine and the lucrative Hungarian trade route. The last structure at this location (at the end of modern Stradom Street) was dismantled in 1880 when the northern arm of the river was filled in with earth and rock, and subsequently built over.

By the 1930s, Kraków had 120 officially registered synagogues and prayer houses that spanned across the old city. Much of Jewish intellectual life had moved to new centres like Podgórze. This, in turn, led to the redevelopment and renovation of much of Kazimierz and the development of new districts in Kraków. Most historic buildings in central Kazimierz today are preserved in their original form. Some old buildings, however, were not repaired after the devastation brought by the Second World War, and have remained empty. Most recent efforts at restoring the historic neighborhoods gained new impetus around 1993. Kazimierz is now a well-visited area, seeing a booming growth in Jewish-themed restaurants, bars, bookstores and souvenir shops.

As the city of Kraków began to expand further under the rule of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the new architectural styles also developed. Key buildings from the 19th and early 20th centuries in Kraków include the Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts, the directorate of the Polish State Railways as well as the original complex of Kraków Główny railway station and the city's Academy of Economics. It was also at around that time that Kraków's first radial boulevards began to appear, with the city undergoing a large-scale program aimed at transforming the ancient Polish capital into a sophisticated regional centre of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. New representative government buildings and multi-story tenement houses were built at around that time. Much of the urban-planning beyond the walls of the Old Town was done by Polish architects and engineers trained in Vienna. Some major projects of the era include the development of the Jagiellonian University's new premises and the building of the Collegium Novum just west of the Old Town. The imperial style planning of the city's further development continued until the return of Poland's independence, following the First World War. Early modernist style in Kraków is represented by such masterpieces as the Palace of Art by Franciszek Mączyński and the 'House under the Globe'. Secession style architecture, which had arrived in Kraków from Vienna, became popular towards the end of the Partitions.

With Poland's regained independence came the major change in the fortunes of Kraków—now the second most important city of a sovereign nation. The state began to make new plans for the city development and commissioned a number of representative buildings. The predominant style for new projects was modernism with various interpretations of the art-deco style. Important buildings constructed in the style of Polish modernism include the Feniks 'LOT' building on Basztowa Street, the Feniks department store on the Main Square and the Municipal Savings Bank on Szczepański Square. The Józef Piłsudski house is also of note as a particularly good example of interwar architecture in the city.

After the Second World War, new Communist government adopted Stalinist monumentalism. The doctrine of Socialist realism in Poland, as in other countries of the Eastern Bloc, was enforced from 1949 to 1956. It involved all domains of art, but its most spectacular achievements were made in the field of urban design. The guidelines for this new trend were spelled-out in a 1949 resolution of the National Council of Party Architects. Architecture was to become a weapon in establishing the new social order by the communists. The ideological impact of urban design was valued more than aesthetics. It aimed at expressing persistence and power. This form of architecture was implemented in the new industrial district of Nowa Huta with apartment blocks constructed according to a Stalinist blueprint, with repetitious courtyards and wide, tree-lined avenues.

Since the style of the Renaissance was generally regarded as the most revered in old Polish architecture, it was also used for augmenting Poland's Socialist national format. However, in the course of incorporating the principles of Socialist realism, there were quite a few deviations introduced by the communists. From 1953, critical opinions in the Party were increasingly frequent, and the doctrine was given up in 1956 marking the end of Stalinism. The soc-realist centre of Nowa Huta is considered to be a meritorious monument of the times. This period in postwar architecture was followed by the mass-construction of large Panel System apartment blocks, most of which were built outside the city centre and thus do not encroach upon the beauty of the old or new towns. Some examples of the new style (e.g., Hotel Cracovia) recently listed as heritage monuments were built during the latter half of the 20th century in Kraków.

After the Revolutions of 1989 and the birth of the Third Republic in the latter half of the 20th century, a number of new architectural projects were completed, including the construction of large business parks and commercial facilities such as the Galeria Krakowska, or infrastructure investments like the Kraków Fast Tram. A good example of this would be the Manggha Museum of Japanese Art and Technology designed by Arata Isozaki, the 2007-built Pawilon Wyspiański 2000, which is used as a multi-purpose information and exhibition space, or the Małopolski Garden of Arts (Małopolski Ogród Sztuki), a multi-purpose exhibition and theatre complex located in the historic Old Town.

Further information: Main Post Office and Stained Glass Museum, Kraków

Parks and gardens

There are about 40 parks in Kraków, including dozens of gardens and forests. Several, like the Planty Park, Botanical Garden, Zoological Garden, Royal Garden, Park Krakowski, Jordan Park and Błonia Park are located in the centre of the city; with others, such as Zakrzówek, Wanda Green Ravine Park, Wolski forest, Strzelecki Park and Lotników Park in the surrounding districts. Parks cover about 318.5 hectares (787 acres; 1.23 sq mi) of the city.

The best-known park in Kraków is the Planty Park. Established between 1822 and 1830 in place of the old city walls, it forms a green belt around the Old Town and consists of a chain of smaller gardens designed in various styles and adorned with monuments. The park has an area of 21 hectares (52 acres) and a length of 4 kilometres (2.5 mi), forming a scenic walkway popular with Cracovians.

Jordan Park, founded in 1889 by Henryk Jordan, was the first public park of its kind in Europe. Built on the banks of the Rudawa, the park was equipped with running and exercise tracks, playgrounds, a swimming pool, amphitheatre, pavilions, and a pond for boat rowing and water bicycles. It is located in the grounds of one of the city's larger parks, Błonia Park. The less prominent Park Krakowski, founded in 1885 by Stanisław Rehman, was a popular destination point for Cracovians at the end of the 19th century, but has since been greatly reduced in size because of rapid real estate development.

Environment

There are five nature reserves in Kraków with a total area of 48.6 hectares (120 acres). Smaller green zones constitute parts of the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland Jurassic Landscape Parks' Board, which deals with the protection areas of the Polish Jura. Under its jurisdiction are: the Bielany-Tyniec Landscape Park (Park Bielańsko-Tyniecki), Tenczynek Landscape Park (Park Tencziński) and Kraków Valleys Landscape Park (Park Krajobrazowy Dolinki Krakowskie), with their watersheds. The natural reserves of the Polish Jura Chain are part of the CORINE biotopes programme due to their unique flora, fauna, geomorphology and landscape. The western part of Kraków constitutes the so-called Obszar Krakowski ecological network, including the ecological corridor of the Vistula. The southern slopes of limestone hills provide conditions for the development of thermophilous vegetation, grasslands and shrubs.

The city is spaced along an extended latitudinal transect of the Vistula River Valley with a network of tributaries including its right tributary Wilga, and left: Rudawa, Białucha, Dłubnia and Sanka. The rivers and their valleys along with bodies of water are some of the most interesting natural wonders of Kraków.

Kraków and its environment, surrounded by mountains, suffer from Europe's dirtiest air pollution because of smog, caused by burning coal for heating, especially in winter.

Governance

Further information: Local government in Kraków

The Kraków City Council has 43 elected members, one of whom is the mayor, or President of Kraków, elected every four years. The election of the City Council and of the local head of government, which takes place at the same time, is based on legislation introduced on 20 June 2002. The President of Kraków, re-elected for his fourth term in 2014, is Jacek Majchrowski. Several members of the Polish national Parliament (Sejm) are elected from the Kraków constituency. The city's official symbols include a coat of arms, a flag, a seal, and a banner.

Responsibilities of Kraków's president include drafting and implementing resolutions, enacting city bylaws, managing the city budget, employing city administrators, and preparing against floods and natural disasters. The president fulfills his duties with the help of the City Council, city managers and city inspectors. In the 1990s, the city government was reorganised to better differentiate between its political agenda and administrative functions. As a result, the Office of Public Information was created to handle inquiries and foster communication between city departments and citizens at large.

In 2000, the city government introduced a new long-term program called "Safer City" in cooperation with the Police, Traffic, Social Services, Fire, Public Safety, and the Youth Departments. Subsequently, the number of criminal offences dropped by 3 percent between 2000 and 2001, and the rate of detection increased by 1.4 percent to a total of 30.2 percent in the same period. The city is receiving help in carrying out the program from all educational institutions and the local media, including TV, radio and the press.

Districts

Main article: Districts of Kraków

Kraków is divided into 18 administrative districts (dzielnica) or boroughs, each with a degree of autonomy within its own municipal government. Prior to March 1991, the city had been divided into four quarters which still give a sense of identity to Kraków: the towns of Podgórze, Nowa Huta and Krowodrza, which were amalgamated into the city as it expanded; and the ancient town centre of Kraków itself.

The oldest neighborhoods of Kraków were incorporated into the city before the late 18th century. These include the Old Town (Stare Miasto), once contained within the city defensive walls and now encircled by the Planty park; the Wawel District, which is the site of the Royal Castle and the cathedral; Stradom and Kazimierz with its historic Jewish quarter, the latter originally divided into Christian and Jewish quarters; and the ancient town of Kleparz.

Major districts added in the 19th and 20th centuries include Podgórze—until 1915, a separate town on the southern bank of the Vistula—and Nowa Huta, to the east of the city centre, which was built after World War II.

Among the most notable historic districts of the city are: Wawel Hill, home to Wawel Castle and Wawel Cathedral, where many historic Polish kings are buried; the medieval Old Town, with its 200-metre-square (660 ft) Main Market Square; dozens of old churches and museums; the 14th-century buildings of the Jagiellonian University; and Kazimierz, the historical centre of Kraków's Jewish social and religious life.

The Old Town district of Kraków is home to about six thousand historic sites and more than two million works of art. Its rich variety of heritage architecture includes Romanesque (e.g. St. Andrew's Church), Renaissance (e.g. Kraków Cloth Hall), Baroque (e.g. Saints Peter and Paul Church) and Gothic buildings. Kraków's palaces, churches, theatres and mansions display a great variety of color, architectural details, stained glass, paintings, sculptures, and furnishings.

In the Market Square stands the Gothic St. Mary's Basilica (Kościół Mariacki). Rebuilt in the 14th century, it features the famous wooden altar (Altarpiece of Veit Stoss), the largest Gothic altarpiece in the world, carved by Veit Stoss. A trumpet call (hejnał mariacki) is sounded every hour from the church's main tower. The melody, which used to announce the opening and closing of city gates, ends unexpectedly in midstream. According to legend, the tune was played during the 13th-century Tatar invasion by a guard warning citizens against the attack. Whilst playing, he was shot by an archer of the invading Tatar forces and the bugle call broke off at the moment he died. The story is recounted in Eric P. Kelly's 1928 book The Trumpeter of Krakow, which won a Newbery Award.

District	Population	Area (2009)
Stare Miasto (I)	41,121	559.29 ha (5.5929 km)
Grzegórzki (II)	30,441	586.18 ha (5.8618 km)
Prądnik Czerwony (III)	46,621	638.82 ha (6.3882 km)
Prądnik Biały (IV)	66,649	2,370.55 ha (23.7055 km)
Krowodrza (V)	34,467	538.32 ha (5.3832 km)
Bronowice (VI)	22,467	957.98 ha (9.5798 km)
Zwierzyniec (VII)	20,243	2,866.9 ha (28.669 km)
Dębniki (VIII)	56,258	4,671.11 ha (46.7111 km)
Łagiewniki-Borek Fałęcki (IX)	15,014	573.9 ha (5.739 km)
Swoszowice (X)	20,641	2,416.73 ha (24.1673 km)
Podgórze Duchackie (XI)	52,522	1,065.24 ha (10.6524 km)
Bieżanów-Prokocim (XII)	63,270	1,846.93 ha (18.4693 km)
Podgórze (XIII)	32,050	2,516.07 ha (25.1607 km)
Czyżyny (XIV)	26,169	1,229.44 ha (12.2944 km)
Mistrzejowice (XV)	54,276	547.82 ha (5.4782 km)
Bieńczyce (XVI)	44,237	369.43 ha (3.6943 km)
Wzgórza Krzesławickie (XVII)	20,234	2,375.82 ha (23.7582 km)
Nowa Huta (XVIII)	58,320	6,552.52 ha (65.5252 km)
Total	760,700	32,680.00 ha (326.8000 km)

The current divisions were introduced by the Kraków City Hall on 19 April 1995. The districts were each assigned a Roman numeral as well as a name: Stare Miasto (I), Grzegórzki (II), Prądnik Czerwony (III), Prądnik Biały (IV), Krowodrza (V), Bronowice (VI), Zwierzyniec (VII), Dębniki (VIII), Łagiewniki-Borek Fałęcki (IX), Swoszowice (X), Podgórze Duchackie (XI), Bieżanów-Prokocim (XII), Podgórze (XIII), Czyżyny (XIV), Mistrzejowice (XV), Bieńczyce (XVI), Wzgórza Krzesławickie (XVII), and Nowa Huta (XVIII).

Map of districts of the City of Kraków

IV VI VII V I II IX III XVII X VIII XI XII XIII XIV XVIII XV XVI Vistula (Wisła)

Interactive map. For more information, click on district number.

Economy

Kraków is one of Poland's most important economic centres and the economic hub of the Lesser Poland (Małopolska) region. Since the fall of communism, the private sector has been growing steadily. There are about 50 large multinational companies in the city, including Google, Uber, IBM, Shell, UBS, HSBC, Motorola, Aptiv, MAN, General Electric, ABB, Aon, Akamai, Cisco, Hitachi, Altria, Capgemini, and Sabre Holdings, along with other British, German and Scandinavian-based firms. The city is also the global headquarters for Comarch, an enterprise software house. Kraków is the second most-visited city in Poland (after Warsaw). According to the World Investment Report 2011 by the UN Conference for Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Kraków is also the most emergent city location for investment in global BPO projects (Business Process Outsourcing) in the world.

In 2011, the city budget, which is presented by the Mayor of Kraków on 15 November annually, has a projected revenue of 3,500,000,000 złoty. The primary sources of revenue were as follows: 14% from the municipal taxation on real estate properties and the use of amenities, 30% in transfers from the national budget, and 34% in state subsidies. Projected expenditures, totaling 3,520,000,000 złoty, included 21% in city development costs and 79% in city maintenance costs. Of the maintenance costs, as much as 39% were spent on education and childcare. The City of Kraków's development costs included; 41% toward construction of roads, transport, and communication (combined), and 25% for the city's infrastructure and environment. The city has a high bond credit rating, and some 60% of the population is under the age of 45.

Unity Tower was completed in 2020 after almost 30 years, creating a new business and residential centre. It is the second-tallest building in the city after K1.

Knowledge and innovation community

Kraków is one of the co-location centres of Knowledge and Innovation Community (Sustainable Energy) of The European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT).

InnoEnergy is an integrated alliance of reputable organisations from the education, research and industry sectors. It was created based on long standing links of cooperation as well as the principles of excellence. The partners have jointly developed a strategy to tackle the weaknesses of the European innovation landscape in the field of sustainable energy.

Transport

Main article: Transport in Kraków

Public transport is based on a fairly dense network of tram and bus routes operated by a municipal company, supplemented by a number of private minibus operators. There is no rapid transit system in Kraków, but metro line is planned. First works are expected to commence in 2028. Local trains connect some of the suburbs. The bulk of the city's historic area has been turned into a pedestrian zone with rickshaws and horse-drawn carriages; however, the trams run within a three-block radius. The historic means of transportation in the city can be examined at the Museum of Municipal Engineering in the Kazimierz district, with many old trams, cars and buses.

Railway connections are available to most Polish cities, e.g. Katowice, Częstochowa, Szczecin, Gdynia and Warsaw. International destinations include Bratislava, Budapest, Vienna, Prague, Berlin, Hamburg, Lviv, Kyiv, and Odesa (June–September). The main railway station is located just outside the Old Town District and is well-served by public transport.

Kraków's airport, officially named Kraków John Paul II International Airport (IATA: KRK), is located 11 km (7 mi) west of the city. Direct trains cover the route between Kraków Główny train station and the airport in 20 minutes. Kraków Airport served around 5,800,000 passengers in 2017. Also, the Katowice International Airport is located 80 kilometres (50 miles) or about 75 minutes from Kraków.

In Autumn 2016 Poland's oldest Bicycle-sharing system was modernized and now offers 1,500 bikes at 169 stations under the name of Wavelo (pl), which is owned by BikeU of the French multinational company Egis.

Demographics

See also: Urban demographics of Poland

Kraków had a recorded population of 774,839 in 2019, which increased to 804,237 in 2023. Selected demographic indicators are presented in a table (below), compiled on the basis of only the population living in Kraków permanently. The larger metropolitan area of the city encompasses a territory in which (in 2010) 1,393,893 inhabitants live.

Already in the Middle Ages, the population of Kraków consisting of numerous ethnic groups, began to grow rapidly. It doubled between 1100 and 1300 from 5,000 to 10,000, and in 1400 counted 14,000 inhabitants. By 1550, the population of metropolitan Kraków was 18,000; although it decreased to 15,000 in the next fifty years due to calamity. By the early 17th century the Kraków population had reached 28,000 inhabitants.

In the historical 1931 census preceding World War II, 78.1% of Cracovians declared Polish as their primary language, with Yiddish or Hebrew at 20.9%, Ukrainian 0.4%, German 0.3%, and Russian 0.1%. The ravages of history have greatly reduced the percentage of ethnic minorities living in Kraków.

In the last two decades, Kraków has seen a large growth of immigrant population. In the 2002 census, only 0.25% of respondents living in the city declared a non-Polish nationality primarily Ukrainian and Russian. As of 2019, it was estimated that foreigners accounted for as much as 10% of the city's population, with Ukrainians being the most numerous group (between 11,000 and 50,000).

Foreign residents (2023)

Nationality	Population
Ukraine	45,100
Belarus	5,975
Georgia	3,640
India	2,636
Russia	2,221
Italy	1,512

Population growth in Kraków since 1791

Religion

Main articles: Churches of Kraków and Synagogues of Kraków

Religion in Krakow (2021)

  Catholicism (58%)  Protestantism (0.5%)  Other Christian (0.2%)  Other (0.01%)  Irreligion (14%)  Undeclared (27%)

The metropolitan city of Kraków is known as the city of churches. The abundance of historic landmark temples along with the plenitude of monasteries and convents earned the city a countrywide reputation as the "Northern Rome" in the past. The churches of Kraków comprise over 120 places of worship (2007) of which over 65 were built in the 20th century. More are still being added. In addition to Roman Catholicism, other denominations present include Jehovah's Witnesses, Mariavite Church, Polish Catholic Church, Polish Orthodox Church, Protestantism and Latter-Day Saints. As of 2017, weekly Mass attendance in the Archdiocese of Kraków was 49.9 percent, above the national Polish average of 38.3 percent.

Kraków contains also an outstanding collection of monuments of Jewish sacred architecture unmatched anywhere in Poland. Kraków was an influential centre of Jewish spiritual life before the outbreak of World War II, with all its manifestations of religious observance from Orthodox to Hasidic and Reform flourishing side by side. There were at least 90 synagogues in Kraków active before the Nazi German invasion of Poland, serving its burgeoning Jewish community of 60,000–80,000 (out of the city's total population of 237,000), established since the early 12th century.

Most synagogues of Kraków were ruined during World War II by the Nazis who despoiled them of all ceremonial objects, and used them as storehouses for ammunition, firefighting equipment, as general storage facilities and stables. The post-Holocaust Jewish population of the city had dwindled to about 5,900 before the end of the 1940s. Poland was the only Eastern Bloc country to allow free Jewish aliyah (emigration to Israel) without visas or exit permits upon the conclusion of World War II. In recent time, thanks to efforts of the local Jewish and Polish organisations including foreign financial aid from the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, many synagogues underwent major restorations and serve religious and tourist purposes.

Education

Main article: Education in Kraków

Kraków is a major centre of education. Twenty-four institutions of higher education offer courses in the city, with more than 200,000 students. Jagiellonian University, the oldest university in Poland and ranked by the Times Higher Education Supplement as the second-best university in the country, was founded in 1364 as Studium Generale and renamed in 1817 to commemorate the royal Jagiellonian dynasty of Poland and Lithuania. Its principal academic asset is the Jagiellonian Library, with more than 4 million volumes, including a large collection of medieval manuscripts like Copernicus' De Revolutionibus and the Balthasar Behem Codex. With 42,325 students (2005) and 3,605 academic staff, the Jagiellonian University is also one of the leading research centres in Poland. Famous historical figures connected with the university include Saint John Cantius, Jan Długosz, Nicolaus Copernicus, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski, Jan Kochanowski, King John III Sobieski, Pope John Paul II and Nobel laureates Ivo Andrić and Wisława Szymborska.

AGH University of Science and Technology, established in 1919, is the largest technical university in Poland, with more than 15 faculties and student enrollment exceeding 30,000. It was ranked by the Polish edition of Newsweek as the best technical university in the country in 2004. During its 80-year history, more than 73,000 students graduated from AGH with master's or bachelor's degrees. Some 3,600 persons were granted the degree of Doctor of Science, and about 900 obtained the qualification of Doctor habilitatus.

Other institutions of higher learning include Academy of Music in Kraków first conceived as conservatory in 1888, one of the oldest and most prestigious conservatories in Central Europe and a major concert venue; Kraków University of Economics, established in 1925; Pedagogical University, in operation since 1946; Agricultural University of Kraków, offering courses since 1890 (initially as a part of Jagiellonian University); Academy of Fine Arts, the oldest Fine Arts Academy in Poland, founded by the Polish painter Jan Matejko; Ludwik Solski Academy for the Dramatic Arts; The Pontifical Academy of Theology; AGH University of Science and Technology and Kraków University of Technology, which has more than 37,000 graduates.

Scientific societies and their branches in Kraków conduct scientific and educational work in local and countrywide scale. The Academy of Learning, Association of Law Students' Library of the Jagiellonian University, Polish Copernicus Society of Naturalists and the Polish Section of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers all have their main seats in Kraków.

Culture

Main articles: Culture of Kraków, Events in Kraków, and Kraków Old Town

Kraków was named the official European Capital of Culture for the year 2000 by the European Union. Major landmarks include the Main Market Square with St. Mary's Basilica and the Sukiennice Cloth Hall, the Wawel Castle, the National Art Museum, the Sigismund Bell at the Wawel Cathedral, and the medieval St. Florian's Gate with the Barbican along the Royal Coronation Route. Among them is the Czartoryski Museum featuring works by Leonardo da Vinci and Rembrandt as well as the Archaeological Museum of Kraków whose collection highlights include the Zbruch Idol and the Bronocice Pot.

Museums and national art galleries

As of 2023, Kraków hosts approximately 82 museums and various museum branches; the city also has a number of art collections and public art galleries. The National Museum, established in 1879, as well as the National Art Collection on Wawel Hill, are all accessible to the general public.

The Royal Chambers at Wawel feature art, period furniture, Polish and European paintings, collectibles, and a major collection of 16th-century monumental Flemish tapestries. Wawel Treasury and Armoury features Polish royal memorabilia, jewels, applied art, and 15th- to 18th-century arms. The Wawel Eastern Collection features Turkish tents and military accessories. The National Museum holds the largest body of artworks in the country with collections consisting of several hundred thousand items kept mostly in the Main Building at 3 Maja Street, although there are eleven other separate divisions of the museum in the city, one of the most popular being the Gallery of 19th Century Polish Art at Sukiennice which houses a collection of some of the best-known paintings and sculptures of the Young Poland movement. Inaugurated in 2013, the latest division of the National Museum is the Europeum, with works by Brueghel among a hundred Western European paintings.

Other notable museums in Kraków include the Manggha Museum of Japanese Art and Technology (at M. Konopnickiej 26), Stanisław Wyspiański Museum (at 11 Szczepanska St), Jan Matejko Manor House in Krzesławice, the Emeryk Hutten-Czapski Museum, devoted to the master painter and his life, and Józef Mehoffer Manor.

The Rynek Underground museum, situated under the city's main square, showcases Kraków's more than 1,000-year history through its streets, activities and artifacts. The construction of the museum was preceded by extensive excavations starting in 2005, and continuing eventually until 2010, as more and more physical evidence was uncovered.

Krakil, the Museum of illusions, is a space where illusions are combined with scientific inventions and the arts. Physics and optics are displayed together with artworks and classical riddles.

The Polish Aviation Museum, considered one of the world's best aviation museums by CNN, features over 200 aircraft including a Sopwith Camel among other First World War biplanes, a comprehensive display of aero engines, and a complete collection of airplane types developed by Poland after 1945. Activities of smaller museums around Kraków and in the Lesser Poland region are promoted and supported by the Małopolska Institute of Culture, which organises annual Małopolska Heritage Days.

Performing arts

The city has several famous theatres, including the Narodowy Stary Teatr (the National Old Theatre), the Juliusz Słowacki Theatre, the Bagatela Theatre, the Ludowy Theatre, and the Groteska Theatre of Puppetry, as well as the Opera Krakowska and Kraków Operetta. The city's principal concert hall and the home of the Kraków Philharmonic Orchestra is the Kraków Philharmonic (Filharmonia Krakowska) built in 1931.

Kraków hosts many annual and biannual artistic events, some of international significance such as the Misteria Paschalia (Baroque music), Sacrum-Profanum (contemporary music), the Kraków Screen Festival (popular music), the Festival of Polish Music (classical music), Dedications (theatre), the Kraków Film Festival (one of Europe's oldest short films events), Etiuda&Anima International Film Festival (the oldest international art-film event in Poland), Biennial of Graphic Arts, and the Jewish Culture Festival. Kraków was the residence of two Polish Nobel laureates in literature, Wisława Szymborska and Czesław Miłosz; a third Nobel laureate, the Yugoslav writer Ivo Andrić, lived and studied in Kraków. Other former longtime residents include internationally renowned Polish film directors Andrzej Wajda and Roman Polanski, both of whom are Academy Award winners.

Music

Opera Krakowska one of the leading national opera companies, stages 200 performances each year including ballet, operettas and musicals. It has, in its main repertoire, the greatest world and Polish opera classics. The Opera moved into its first permanent House in the autumn of 2008. It is in charge also of the Summer Festival of Opera and Operetta.

Kraków is home to two major Polish festivals of early music presenting forgotten Baroque oratorios and operas: Opera Rara, and Misteria Paschalia. Meanwhile, Capella Cracoviensis runs the Music in Old Krakow International Festival.

Academy of Music in Kraków, founded in 1888, is known worldwide as the alma mater of the contemporary Polish composer Krzysztof Penderecki and it is also the only one in Poland to have two winners of the International Chopin Competition in Warsaw among its alumni. The academy organises concerts of its students and guests throughout the whole year.

Music organisations and venues include: Kraków Philharmonic, Sinfonietta Cracovia (a.k.a. the Orchestra of the Royal City of Kraków), the Polish Radio Choir of Kraków, Organum Academic Choir, the Mixed Mariański Choir (Mieszany Chór Mariański), Kraków Academic Choir of the Jagiellonian University, the Kraków Chamber Choir, Amar Corde String Quartet, Consortium Iagellonicum Baroque Orchestra of the Jagiellonian University, Brass Band of T. Sendzimir Steelworks, and Camerata Chamber Orchestra of Radio Kraków.

Tourism

According to official statistics, in 2019 Kraków was visited by over 14 million tourists including 3.3 million foreign travellers. The visitors spent over 7.5 billion zloty (ca. €1.7 billion) in the city (without travel costs and pre-booked accommodation). Most foreign tourists came from Germany (14.2%), United Kingdom (13.9%), Italy (11.5%), France (11.2%), Spain (10.4%) and Ukraine (5.4%). The Kraków tour-guide from the Lesser Poland Visitors Bureau indicated that not all statistics are recorded due to the considerable number of those who come, staying in readily available private rooms paid for by cash, especially from Eastern Europe.

The main reasons for visiting the city are: its historical monuments, recreation as well as relatives and friends (placing third in the ranking), religion and business. There are 120 quality hotels in Kraków (usually about half full) offering 15,485 overnight accommodations. The average stay lasts for about 4 to 7 nights. The survey conducted among the travelers showed that they enjoyed the city's friendliness most, with 90% of Polish tourists and 87% foreigners stating that they would recommend visiting it. Notable points of interest outside the city include the Wieliczka Salt Mine, the Tatra Mountains 100 km (62 mi) to the south, the historic city of Częstochowa (north-west), the well-preserved former Nazi concentration camp at Auschwitz, and Ojcowski National Park, which includes the Renaissance Castle at Pieskowa Skała. Kraków has been awarded a number of top international rankings such as the 1st place in the Top city-break destinations 2014 survey conducted by the British consumer association Which?.

Sports

Football is the most popular sport in the city. The two football teams with the largest following are thirteen-time Polish champion Wisła Kraków, and five-time champion Cracovia, both founded in 1906 as the oldest still existing in Poland. They have been involved in the most intense rivalry in the country and one of the most intense in all of Europe, known as the Holy War (Święta Wojna). Other football clubs include Hutnik Kraków, Wawel Kraków, Wieczysta Kraków and one-time Polish champion Garbarnia Kraków. There is also the first-league rugby club Juvenia Kraków. Kraków has a number of additional, equally valued sports teams including twelve-time Polish ice hockey champions Cracovia and the twenty-time women's basketball champions Wisła Kraków. The Cracovia Marathon, with thousands of participants from two dozen countries annually, has been held in the city since 2002.

The construction of a new Tauron Arena Kraków began in May 2010; for concerts, indoor athletics, hockey, basketball, futsal and other events. The facility has an area of 61,434 m, with a maximum arena court area of 4,546 m. The average capacity is 18,000 for concerts, and 15,000 for sport events, with the maximum number of spectators being 22,000. The Arena boasts Poland's largest LED media façade, with a total surface of 5,200 m of LED strip lighting, wrapping around the stadium, and one of Europe's largest LED screens, measuring over 540 m.

Kraków was the host city of the 2014 FIVB Men's Volleyball World Championship and 2016 European Men's Handball Championship. It was also selected as the European City of Sport for 2014. Kraków was bidding to host the 2022 Winter Olympics with Jasná but the bid was rejected by a majority (69.72%) of the vote in a referendum on 16 May 2014. Krakow and the Malopolska region hosted the 2023 European Games from 21 June to 2 July 2023. More than 7,000 athletes representing 49 countries participated.

Notable people

Further information: List of people from Kraków

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

Consulates

From top, left to right: consulates general of the United States, Hungary, Austria and France

There are eight consulates general in Kraków – Austria, France, Germany, Hungary, Russia, Slovakia, Ukraine, United States, three honorary consulates general – India, Japan, Turkey, 24 honorary consulates – Belgium, Bulgaria, Chile, Colombia, Croatia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Indonesia, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, Mongolia, Netherlands, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Uruguay, and a Representative of the Government of Kurdistan Region.

Contemporary foreign names for the city

Kraków is referred to by various names in different languages. An old English name for the city is Cracow; though it has become less common in recent decades, some sources still use it. The city is known in Czech, Slovak and Serbian as Krakov, in Hungarian as Krakkó, in Lithuanian as Krokuva, in Finnish as Krakova, in German and Dutch as Krakau, in Latin, Spanish and Italian as Cracovia, in French as Cracovie, in Portuguese as Cracóvia and in Russian as Краков. Ukrainian and Yiddish languages refer to it as Krakiv (Краків) and Kroke (קראָקע) respectively.

See also: Names of Kraków in different languages

Twin towns and sister cities

Kraków is twinned, or maintains close relations, with 36 cities around the world:

• Batu, Indonesia (2000)
• Bordeaux, France (1993)
• Bratislava, Slovakia
• Budapest, Hungary (2005)
• Cambridge, Massachusetts, US (1989)
• Curitiba, Brazil (1993)
• Cusco, Peru
• Edinburgh, Scotland (1995)
• Fes, Morocco (2004)
• Florence, Italy (1992)
• Frankfurt, Germany (1991)
• Göteborg, Sweden (1990)
• Guadalajara, Mexico
• Innsbruck, Austria (1998)
• Kyiv, Ukraine (1993)
• La Serena, Chile (1995)
• Leipzig, Germany (1995)
• Leuven, Belgium (1991)
• Lviv, Ukraine (1995)
• Malang, Indonesia (1997)
• Milan, Italy (2003)
• Nuremberg, Germany (1991)
• Orléans, France (1992)
• Pécs, Hungary (1998)
• Quito, Ecuador
• Rochester, New York, US (1973)
• Liège, Belgium (1978)
• Rome, Italy
• San Francisco, US (2009)
• Seville, Spain (2002)
• Solothurn, Switzerland (1990)
• Split, Croatia
• Tbilisi, Georgia
• Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria (1975)
• Vilnius, Lithuania
• Zagreb, Croatia (1975)

Notes

1. Pronunciation:
   • English: /ˈkrækaʊ, -oʊ/ KRAK-ow, -⁠oh
     • US: /ˈkreɪkaʊ, ˈkrɑː-/ KRAY-kow, KRAH-
     • UK: /ˈkrækɒf/ KRAK-of
   • Latin: Cracovia
   • German: Krakau, pronounced [ˈkʁaːkaʊ̯]
   • Ukrainian: Краків, romanized: Krakiv, pronounced [krɐkiu̯]

See also

• Cracow Circle Thomism – Philosophical system originating from Thomas AquinasPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
• Tourism in Poland
• Lesser Poland – Historical region of Poland
• List of cities and towns in Poland
• Dworzec Główny Tunel

References

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Bibliography

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External links

• "Cracow" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 359–360.
• Protect Kraków Heritage Campaign
• krakowmiasto.pl Archived 30 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine (in Polish)
• Jewish Community in Kraków Archived 14 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine on Virtual Shtetl
• Kraków, Poland at JewishGen
• Map: Kraków Heritage Under Threat Archived 8 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine
• Municipal spatial information system – GIS maps of Kraków (in Polish)
  • Cultural heritage of Kraków (in yellow on city map)
  • Kraków old map from 1785 year
• Beatniks and Beyond: An Alternative Guide to Kraków Archived 29 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine
• Things to do in Kraków Archived 14 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine
• Interesting places to visit in Kraków Archived 24 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine
• 10 must-see things in Krakow Archived 4 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
• Krakow.wiki Archived 11 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine – biggest knowledge base about Krakow in English
• Must See Attractions & Activities in Krakow Archived 14 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine

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v t e Kraków Districts Stare Miasto (I) Grzegórzki (II) Prądnik Czerwony (III) Prądnik Biały (IV) Krowodrza (V) Bronowice (VI) Zwierzyniec (VII) Dębniki (VIII) Łagiewniki-Borek Fałęcki (IX) Swoszowice (X) Podgórze Duchackie (XI) Bieżanów-Prokocim (XII) Podgórze (XIII) Czyżyny (XIV) Mistrzejowice (XV) Bieńczyce (XVI) Wzgórza Krzesławickie (XVII) Nowa Huta (XVIII) Neighborhoods: Old Town Wawel Kleparz Kazimierz Bielany Attractions Wawel Kazimierz National Museum Sigismund Bell Sukiennice Basilica of Saint Mary Veit Stoss altarpiece Saints Peter and Paul Church Collegium Maius Museums Wawel Castle Historical Museum of Kraków Manggha Museum of Insurances Archaeological Museum of Kraków Archdiocesal Museum in Kraków Museum of Independence Movement Museum of the Armed Act Ethnographic Museum of Kraków Geomogical museum Museum of the History of Photography Museum of Municipal Engineering John Paul II Cathedral Museum National Museum, Kraków Czartoryski Museum Jan Matejko Manor House Sukiennice Museum Polish Aviation Museum Armia Krajowa Museum Museum of Contemporary Art Galicia Jewish Museum History Timeline Jewish Kraków Ghetto Judaica Foundation v t e Historical capitals of Poland Gniezno (10th century–1038) Poznań (10th century–1038) Kraków (1038-1079) Płock (1079-1138) Kraków (1138-1290) Poznań (1290-1296) Kraków (1296-1795) Warsaw (1596-1795) Warsaw (since 1918) Capitals of the Duchy of Warsaw Warsaw (1807-1815) Toruń (1809) De facto capitals Łowicz (1572-1573) Lublin (1944-1945) Łódź (1945-1947) temporary capital v t e Cities of Poland 1,000,000+ Warsaw 750,000+ Kraków 500,000+ Wrocław Łódź Poznań 250,000+ Gdańsk Szczecin Bydgoszcz Lublin Białystok Katowice 100,000+ Gdynia Częstochowa Radom Rzeszów Toruń Sosnowiec Kielce Gliwice Olsztyn Zabrze Bielsko-Biała Bytom Zielona Góra Rybnik Ruda Śląska Opole Tychy Gorzów Wielkopolski Elbląg Dąbrowa Górnicza Płock Wałbrzych Włocławek Tarnów Chorzów Koszalin 50,000+ Kalisz Legnica Grudziądz Jaworzno Słupsk Jastrzębie-Zdrój Nowy Sącz Jelenia Góra Siedlce Mysłowice Piła Konin Piotrków Trybunalski Ostrów Wielkopolski Lubin Inowrocław Suwałki Stargard Gniezno Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski Siemianowice Śląskie Głogów Pabianice Żory Pruszków Leszno Zamość Łomża Ełk Tomaszów Mazowiecki Chełm Mielec Tczew Kędzierzyn-Koźle Przemyśl Stalowa Wola Biała Podlaska Bełchatów Świdnica Będzin Zgierz Piekary Śląskie Racibórz Legionowo Ostrołęka 35,000+ Świętochłowice Wejherowo Zawiercie Skierniewice Starachowice Wodzisław Śląski Starogard Gdański Puławy Tarnobrzeg Kołobrzeg Krosno Radomsko Otwock Skarżysko-Kamienna Ciechanów Kutno Sieradz Zduńska Wola Świnoujście Żyrardów Bolesławiec Nowa Sól Knurów Oświęcim Sopot The list includes the 107 urban municipalities governed by a city mayor (prezydent miasta) instead of a town mayor (burmistrz) · Cities with powiat rights are in italics · Voivodeship cities are in bold v t e Counties of Lesser Poland Voivodeship City counties Kraków (capital) Nowy Sącz Tarnów Land counties Bochnia Brzesko Chrzanów Dąbrowa Gorlice Kraków Limanowa Miechów Myślenice Nowy Sącz Nowy Targ Olkusz Oświęcim Proszowice Sucha Tarnów Tatra Wadowice Wieliczka v t e World Heritage Sites in Poland Cultural Auschwitz-Birkenau German Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camp (1940–1945) Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork Centennial Hall, Wrocław Churches of Peace in Jawor and Świdnica Historic Centre of Warsaw Kalwaria Zebrzydowska: the Mannerist Architectural and Park Landscape Complex and Pilgrimage Park Krakow's Historic Centre Krzemionki Prehistoric Striped Flint Mining Region Medieval Town of Toruń Muskauer Park / Park Mużakowski Old City of Zamość Tarnowskie Góry Lead-Silver-Zinc Mine and its Underground Water Management System Wieliczka and Bochnia Royal Salt Mines Wooden churches of Southern Lesser Poland Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine Natural Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe Bieszczady National Park Białowieża Forest / Belovezhskaya Pushcha shared with Germany shared with Ukraine shared with 17 other countries shared with Belarus v t e Kraków County Urban-rural gminas Gmina Krzeszowice Gmina Skała Gmina Skawina Gmina Słomniki Gmina Świątniki Górne Rural gminas Gmina Czernichów Gmina Igołomia-Wawrzeńczyce Gmina Iwanowice Gmina Jerzmanowice-Przeginia Gmina Kocmyrzów-Luborzyca Gmina Liszki Gmina Michałowice Gmina Mogilany Gmina Sułoszowa Gmina Wielka Wieś Gmina Zabierzów Gmina Zielonki Seat (not part of the county) Kraków v t e European Capitals of Culture 1985 Athens 1986 Florence 1987 Amsterdam 1988 West Berlin 1989 Paris 1990 Glasgow 1991 Dublin 1992 Madrid 1993 Antwerp 1994 Lisbon 1995 Luxembourg City 1996 Copenhagen 1997 Thessaloniki 1998 Stockholm 1999 Weimar 2000 Reykjavík Bergen Helsinki Brussels Prague Kraków Santiago de Compostela Avignon Bologna 2001 Rotterdam Porto 2002 Bruges Salamanca 2003 Graz Plovdiv 2004 Genoa Lille 2005 Cork 2006 Patras 2007 Luxembourg City Sibiu 2008 Liverpool Stavanger 2009 Linz Vilnius 2010 Essen Istanbul Pécs 2011 Turku Tallinn 2012 Maribor Guimarães 2013 Košice Marseille 2014 Umeå Riga 2015 Mons Plzeň 2016 San Sebastián Wrocław 2017 Aarhus Paphos 2018 Valletta Leeuwarden 2019 Plovdiv Matera 2020-April 2021 Rijeka Galway 2022 Kaunas Esch-sur-Alzette Novi Sad 2023 Veszprém Timișoara Elefsina 2024 Tartu Bad Ischl Bodø 2025 Nova Gorica / Gorizia Chemnitz 2026 Oulu Trenčín 2027 Liepāja v t e Members of the Hanseatic League by quarter, and trading posts of the Hanseatic League Chief cities shown in smallcaps. Free Imperial Cities of the Holy Roman Empire shown in italics. Wendish Lübeck Anklam Demmin Greifswald Hamburg Kolberg (Kołobrzeg) Lüneburg Rostock Rügenwalde (Darłowo) Stettin (Szczecin) Stolp (Słupsk) Stargard Stockholm Stralsund Visby Wismar Saxon Brunswick Magdeburg Berlin Bremen Erfurt Frankfurt an der Oder Goslar Mühlhausen Nordhausen Baltic Danzig (Gdańsk) Breslau (Wrocław) Dorpat (Tartu) Elbing (Elbląg) Königsberg (Kaliningrad) Cracow (Kraków) Reval (Tallinn) Riga (Rīga) Thorn (Toruń) Westphalian Cologne Dortmund Deventer Groningen Kampen Münster Osnabrück Soest Zutphen Zwolle Kontore Bryggen (Bergen) Kontor of Bruges Bruges Antwerp  Steelyard (London) Peterhof (Novgorod) Vitten Falsterbo Malmö Factories Bishop's Lynn Bristol Boston Ipswich Kaunas Leith Herford Hull Newcastle Polotsk Pskov Yarmouth York Cologne and Dortmund were both chief city of the Westphalian Quarter at different times. The kontor was moved to Antwerp once Bruges became inaccessible due to the silting of the Zwin channel. v t e Vistula River Tributaries Brda Bzura Drwęca Dunajec Narew Nida Pilica San Wda Wieprz Wisłoka Cities Gdańsk Elbląg Tczew Grudziądz Bydgoszcz Toruń Włocławek Płock Warsaw Sandomierz Kraków Notable crossings Anna Jagiellon Bridge Cross-City Bridge Gdańsk Bridge General Stefan Grot-Rowecki Bridge John Paul II Bridge Łazienki Bridge Maria Skłodowska-Curie Bridge Poniatowski Bridge Siekierki Bridge Silesian–Dąbrowa Bridge Solidarity Bridge Świętokrzyski Bridge Third Millennium John Paul II Bridge Channels and artificial waterways Augustów Canal Przekop Wisły Vistula Spit canal Bydgoszcz Canal Historical and prehistoric inhabitants Oksywie culture Przeworsk culture Wielbark culture Lusatian culture Vistulans Polans Pomeranians Vistula Veneti Vistula delta Mennonites Vistula Germans Related articles Vistula–Bug offensive Vistula–Oder offensive Vistula, Indiana (likely named after the Vistula) Vistula Land Vistula Spit Vistula Lagoon Vistula University

Categories:

• Kraków
• City counties of Poland
• Cities and towns in Lesser Poland Voivodeship
• Former capitals of Poland
• Historic Jewish communities
• World Heritage Sites in Poland
• Members of the Hanseatic League
• Magdeburg rights
• Holocaust locations in Poland