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{{multiple images|border=infobox|perrow=1 2|total_width=270px|align=center | {{multiple images|border=infobox|perrow=1 2|total_width=270px|align=center | ||
| image1 = Sheffield skyline at night, June 2013..JPG | |||
|caption1= Central Sheffield skyline at night | |caption1= Central Sheffield skyline at night | ||
| image2 = Sheffield Town Hall (geograph 6354874).jpg | |||
| caption2 = ] in the ] | |||
| image3 = The Moor Market, Sheffield (geograph 6580271).jpg | |||
| caption3 = ] | |||
| image4 = Sheffield Cathedral (geograph 6906981).jpg | |||
| caption4 = ] | |||
| image5 = St Paul's Place (geograph 7050524).jpg | |||
| caption5 = St Paul's Place | |||
| image6 = Sheffield City Hall - geograph.org.uk - 4704362.jpg | | image6 = Sheffield City Hall - geograph.org.uk - 4704362.jpg | ||
| caption6 = ] on ] | |||
| image7 = Winter Garden - Sheffield (geograph 7050537).jpg | |||
| caption7 = ] | |||
}} | |||
| static_image_2 = Coat of arms of Sheffield City Council.svg | | static_image_2 = Coat of arms of Sheffield City Council.svg | ||
| static_image_2_caption = Coat of arms | | static_image_2_caption = Coat of arms | ||
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'''Sheffield''' is a ]{{Efn|The area that is the subject of this article does not have legal city status of itself, but is widely regarded as a city since it is the main and nominate settlement in the City of Sheffield local government area.}} in ], England, |
'''Sheffield''' is a ]{{Efn|The area that is the subject of this article does not have legal city status of itself, but is widely regarded as a city since it is the main and nominate settlement in the City of Sheffield local government area.}} in ], England, situated {{convert|29|mi|adj=off}} south of ] and {{convert|32|mi|adj=off}} east of ]. Its name derives from the ] which runs through it. The city serves as the administrative centre of the ]. It is ] part of the ] and some of its southern suburbs were transferred from ] to the city council. It is the largest settlement in South Yorkshire.<ref>{{cite news |title=Here's Yorkshire in a Nutshell |url=https://yorkshiretimes.co.uk/facts.php |access-date=30 December 2021 |work=Yorkshire Times |archive-date=30 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230170242/https://yorkshiretimes.co.uk/facts.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Most populated districts in Yorkshire {{!}} Yorkshire guide gazetteer of cities, towns and villages |url=https://yorkshire.guide/content.pl?action=populations |website=yorkshire.guide |access-date=30 December 2021 |archive-date=30 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230170242/https://yorkshire.guide/content.pl?action=populations |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Yorkshire Facts and Statistics |url=https://www.yorkshirenetwork.co.uk/yorkshire/yorkshire-facts-and-statistics/ |website=Yorkshire Enterprise Network |access-date=30 December 2021 |archive-date=30 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230170243/https://www.yorkshirenetwork.co.uk/yorkshire/yorkshire-facts-and-statistics/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
The city is in the eastern foothills of the ] and the valleys of the ] with its four tributaries: the ], the ], the ] and the ]. Sixty-one per cent of Sheffield's entire area is green space and a third of the city lies within the ] ] and is the fifth |
The city is in the eastern foothills of the ] and the valleys of the ] with its four tributaries: the ], the ], the ] and the ]. Sixty-one per cent of Sheffield's entire area is green space and a third of the city lies within the ] ] and is the fifth-largest city in England.<ref name="sheffgeog">{{cite web |url=https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/your-city-council/sheffield-profile/introduction.html |title=City Profile Introduction |date=31 January 2013 |publisher=Sheffield City Council |access-date=13 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019173822/https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/your-city-council/sheffield-profile/introduction.html |archive-date=19 October 2014}}</ref> There are more than 250 parks, woodlands and gardens in the city,<ref name="sheffgeog"/> which is estimated to contain around 4.5 million trees.<ref name="GEO_treecount">{{cite news |last=Sofos |first=Dino |title=Sheffield tree-felling: Gove will 'do anything' to end row |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-43492887 |work=BBC News |date=23 March 2018 |access-date=24 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326022242/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-43492887 |archive-date=26 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
Sheffield played a crucial role in the ], |
Sheffield played a crucial role in the ], developing many significant technologies. In the 19th century, the city saw a huge expansion of its traditional cutlery trade, when processes for high-quality ] and ] were invented based on previous discoveries elsewhere. This fuelled an almost tenfold increase in the population. Sheffield received its ] in 1843, becoming the City of Sheffield in 1893. International competition in iron and steel caused a decline in these industries in the 1970s and 1980s, coinciding with the collapse of coal mining in the area. The Yorkshire ] became counties in their own right in 1889; the ] county was disbanded in 1974. The city then became part of the county of ]; this has been made up of separately governed ] since 1986. The 21st century has seen extensive ] in Sheffield, consistent with other British cities. Sheffield's ] (GVA) has increased by 60% since 1997, standing at £11.3 billion in 2015. The economy has experienced steady growth, averaging around 5% annually, which is greater than that of the broader region of Yorkshire and the Humber.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/your-city-council/sheffield-facts-figures/sheffield-economy/income--wealth |title=Income & Wealth |date=30 November 2007 |publisher=] |access-date=7 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521085049/http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/your-city-council/sheffield-facts-figures/sheffield-economy/income--wealth |archive-date=21 May 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
Sheffield had a population of 556,500 at the 2021 census, making it the second |
Sheffield had a population of 556,500 at the 2021 census, making it the second-largest city in the ] region. The ], of which the Sheffield sub-division is the largest part, had a population of 685,369 also including the town of ]. The ], governed from the city, had a population of {{English district population|GSS=E08000019}} at the mid-2019 estimate, making it the ]-most-populous district in England. It is one of eleven British cities that make up the ].<ref>{{cite news |title=What is Core Cities UK? |url=https://www.corecities.com/about-us/what-core-cities-uk |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=CoreCities.com |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809133235/https://www.corecities.com/about-us/what-core-cities-uk |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2011, the unparished area had a population of 490,070.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/uk/yorkshireandthehumber/admin/sheffield/E43000173__sheffield/ |title=Sheffield |publisher=City Population |access-date=12 May 2022 |archive-date=25 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725162107/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/uk/yorkshireandthehumber/admin/sheffield/E43000173__sheffield/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
The city has a long sporting heritage and is home both to the world's oldest football club, ],<ref name="celebration">{{cite news |title=Pelé joins Sheffield celebrations |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/7081034.stm |agency=BBC |date=24 June 2015 |work=BBC News |first=Jonathan |last=Rawcliffe |access-date=24 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112151430/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/7081034.stm |archive-date=12 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the world's oldest football ground, ]. Matches between the two professional clubs, ] and ], are known as the ]. The city is also home to the ] and the ], the UK's first professional ice hockey team. | The city has a long sporting heritage and is home both to the world's oldest football club, ],<ref name="celebration">{{cite news |title=Pelé joins Sheffield celebrations |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/7081034.stm |agency=BBC |date=24 June 2015 |work=BBC News |first=Jonathan |last=Rawcliffe |access-date=24 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112151430/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/7081034.stm |archive-date=12 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the world's oldest football ground, ]. Matches between the two professional clubs, ] and ], are known as the ]. The city is also home to the ] and the ], the UK's first professional ice hockey team. | ||
==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
The name ''Sheffield'', has its origins in ] and derives from the name of a principal river in the city, the ]. This name, in turn, is a corruption of ''shed'' or ''sheth'', which refers to a ''divide'' or ''separation''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Goodall |first=Armitage C. |title=Place-Names of South-West Yorkshire; that is, of so much of the West Riding as lies south of the Aire from Keighley onwards |year=1913 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924028042962 |pages=253–254}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Addy |first=Sidney Oldall |author-link=Sidney Oldall Addy |title=A Glossary of Words Used in the Neighbourhood of Sheffield. Including a Selection of Local Names, and Some Notices of Folk-Lore, Games, and Customs |year=1888 |publisher=Trubner & Co. for the English Dialect Society |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/glossaryofwordsu00addyuoft |pages=xxviii–xxxiv}}</ref> The second half of the name Sheffield refers to a field, or forest clearing.<ref>{{Harvnb|Goodall|1913|p=138}}</ref> Combining the two words, it is believed that the name refers to an ] settlement in a clearing by the confluence of the ] and River Sheaf.<ref name=VICKERS1>{{Harvnb|Vickers|1999|loc=part 1}}</ref> | The name ''Sheffield'', has its origins in ] and derives from the name of a principal river in the city, the ]. This name, in turn, is a corruption of ''shed'' or ''sheth'', which refers to a ''divide'' or ''separation''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Goodall |first=Armitage C. |title=Place-Names of South-West Yorkshire; that is, of so much of the West Riding as lies south of the Aire from Keighley onwards |year=1913 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924028042962 |pages=253–254}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Addy |first=Sidney Oldall |author-link=Sidney Oldall Addy |title=A Glossary of Words Used in the Neighbourhood of Sheffield. Including a Selection of Local Names, and Some Notices of Folk-Lore, Games, and Customs |year=1888 |publisher=Trubner & Co. for the English Dialect Society |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/glossaryofwordsu00addyuoft |pages=xxviii–xxxiv}}</ref> The second half of the name Sheffield refers to a field, or forest clearing.<ref>{{Harvnb|Goodall|1913|p=138}}</ref> Combining the two words, it is believed that the name refers to an ] settlement in a clearing by the confluence of the ] and River Sheaf.<ref name=VICKERS1>{{Harvnb|Vickers|1999|loc=part 1}}</ref> In historical ], Sheffield is recorded with the ] name ''Sefelda''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stenton |first=Frank Merry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bYTRAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA50&dq=%22sefelda%22+sheffield&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjw8cfQ4JyKAxXffjABHapiAhgQ6AF6BAgGEAI#v=onepage&q=%22sefelda%22%20sheffield&f=false |title=The Place-names of Berkshire: An Essay |date=1911 |publisher=University College |language=en}}</ref> | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
{{Main|History of Sheffield}} | {{Main|History of Sheffield}} | ||
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| quote = {{flagicon|Kingdom of England}} ] c. 12th century – 1707<br> | ||
{{flagicon|Kingdom of Great Britain}} ] 1707–1801<br> | {{flagicon|Kingdom of Great Britain}} ] 1707–1801<br> | ||
{{flagicon|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} ] 1801–1922<br> | {{flagicon|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} ] 1801–1922<br> | ||
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===Early history=== | ===Early history=== | ||
] ruins as they appeared {{circa|1819}}]] | ] ruins as they appeared {{circa|1819}}]] | ||
The area now occupied by the City of Sheffield is believed to have been inhabited since at least the late ], about 12,800 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pike |first1=Alistair W. |
The area now occupied by the City of Sheffield is believed to have been inhabited since at least the late ], about 12,800 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pike |first1=Alistair W. G. |last2=Gilmour |first2=Mabs |last3=Pettitt |first3=Paul |last4=Jacobid |first4=Roger |last5=Ripoll |first5=Sergio |last6=Bahn |first6=Paul |last7=Muñoz |first7=Francisco |year=2005 |title=Verification of the age of the Palaeolithic cave art at Creswell Crags, UK |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=32 |issue=11 |pages=1649–1655 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2005.05.002|bibcode=2005JArSc..32.1649P }}</ref> The earliest evidence of human occupation in the Sheffield area was found at ] to the east of the city. In the ] the area became the southernmost territory of the ] tribe called the ]. It is this tribe who are thought to have constructed several ]s in and around Sheffield.<ref name=VICKERS/> | ||
Following the departure of the Romans, the Sheffield area may have been the southern part of the ] kingdom of ], with the rivers Sheaf and Don forming part of the boundary between this kingdom and the kingdom of ].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cox |first=Tony |year=2003 |title=The Ancient Kingdom of Elmet |journal=The Barwicker |volume=39 |page=43 |url=http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesBritain/BritishElmet.htm |access-date=17 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001181311/http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesBritain/BritishElmet.htm |archive-date=1 October 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> Gradually, ] settlers pushed west from the kingdom of ]. A Britonnic presence within the Sheffield area is evidenced by two settlements called ] and Waleswood close to Sheffield.<ref>The word ''Wales'' derives from the Germanic word '']'', and was originally used by the Anglo-Saxons to refer to the native Britons. In reference to the villages of Wales and Waleswood, ], in his ''A Glossary of Words Used in the Neighbourhood of Sheffield'', p. 274, states "The Anglo-Saxon invaders or settlers called the old inhabitants or aborigines of this country wealas, or foreigners." See also, "Welsh" in {{cite book |title=] |year=1989 |publisher=] |isbn=0-19-210019-X |last1=Simpson |first1=Jacqueline |last2=Roud |first2=Stephen}}</ref> The settlements that grew and merged to form Sheffield, however, date from the second half of the first millennium, and are of ] and ] origin.<ref name="VICKERS">{{cite book |last=Vickers |first=J. Edward |title=Old Sheffield Town. An Historical Miscellany |year=1999 |edition=2nd |publisher=The Hallamshire Press Limited |isbn=1-874718-44-X}}</ref> In Anglo-Saxon times, the Sheffield area straddled the border between the kingdoms of ] and ]. The '']'' reports that ] submitted to ] at the hamlet of ] (now a suburb of Sheffield) in 829,<ref>In an entry dated 827, the '']'' states "Egbert led an army against the Northumbrians as far as Dore, where they met him, and offered terms of obedience and subjection, on the acceptance of which they returned home" ( {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413124643/http://mcllibrary.org/Anglo/part2.html |date=13 April 2018 }}). Most sources (for example Vickers, ''Old Sheffield Town'') state that the date given in the chronicle is incorrect, and that 829 is the more likely date for this event.</ref> a key event in the unification of the kingdom of England under the ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Fry |first=Plantagenet Somerset |title=The Kings & Queens of England & Scotland |year=1990 |publisher=Grove Atlantic Press |isbn=0-8021-1386-9 |author-link=Plantagenet Somerset Fry |page= |url=https://archive.org/details/kingsqueensofeng00some/page/11}}</ref> | Following the departure of the Romans, the Sheffield area may have been the southern part of the ] kingdom of ], with the rivers Sheaf and Don forming part of the boundary between this kingdom and the kingdom of ].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cox |first=Tony |year=2003 |title=The Ancient Kingdom of Elmet |journal=The Barwicker |volume=39 |page=43 |url=http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesBritain/BritishElmet.htm |access-date=17 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001181311/http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesBritain/BritishElmet.htm |archive-date=1 October 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> Gradually, ] settlers pushed west from the kingdom of ]. A Britonnic presence within the Sheffield area is evidenced by two settlements called ] and Waleswood close to Sheffield.<ref>The word ''Wales'' derives from the Germanic word '']'', and was originally used by the Anglo-Saxons to refer to the native Britons. In reference to the villages of Wales and Waleswood, ], in his ''A Glossary of Words Used in the Neighbourhood of Sheffield'', p. 274, states "The Anglo-Saxon invaders or settlers called the old inhabitants or aborigines of this country wealas, or foreigners." See also, "Welsh" in {{cite book |title=] |year=1989 |publisher=] |isbn=0-19-210019-X |last1=Simpson |first1=Jacqueline |last2=Roud |first2=Stephen}}</ref> The settlements that grew and merged to form Sheffield, however, date from the second half of the first millennium, and are of ] and ] origin.<ref name="VICKERS">{{cite book |last=Vickers |first=J. Edward |title=Old Sheffield Town. An Historical Miscellany |year=1999 |edition=2nd |publisher=The Hallamshire Press Limited |isbn=1-874718-44-X}}</ref> In Anglo-Saxon times, the Sheffield area straddled the border between the kingdoms of ] and ]. The '']'' reports that ] submitted to ] at the hamlet of ] (now a suburb of Sheffield) in 829,<ref>In an entry dated 827, the '']'' states "Egbert led an army against the Northumbrians as far as Dore, where they met him, and offered terms of obedience and subjection, on the acceptance of which they returned home" ( {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413124643/http://mcllibrary.org/Anglo/part2.html |date=13 April 2018 }}). Most sources (for example Vickers, ''Old Sheffield Town'') state that the date given in the chronicle is incorrect, and that 829 is the more likely date for this event.</ref> a key event in the unification of the kingdom of England under the ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Fry |first=Plantagenet Somerset |title=The Kings & Queens of England & Scotland |year=1990 |publisher=Grove Atlantic Press |isbn=0-8021-1386-9 |author-link=Plantagenet Somerset Fry |page= |url=https://archive.org/details/kingsqueensofeng00some/page/11}}</ref> | ||
After the ], ] was built to protect the local settlements, and a small town developed that is the nucleus of the modern city.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hunter |first=Joseph |title=]: The History and Topography of the Parish of Sheffield in the County of York |publisher=Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mayor, and Jones |year=1819 |pages=24–29 |chapter=Sheffield under ] and ]}}</ref> By 1296, a market had been established at what is now known as ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/business-economy/markets/history-and-visits/history-of-the-markets-in-sheffield/markets-history---1700s-and-before |title=Markets history – 1700s and before |access-date=7 October 2008 |publisher=Sheffield City Council |date=30 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611230740/http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/business-economy/markets/history-and-visits/history-of-the-markets-in-sheffield/markets-history---1700s-and-before |archive-date=11 June 2011}}</ref> and Sheffield subsequently grew into a small ]. In the 14th century, Sheffield was already noted for the production of ], as mentioned in ]'s '']'',<ref>] in ] from his book '']'' wrote: "Ther was no man, for peril, dorste hym touche. A Sheffeld thwitel baar he in his hose. Round was his face, and camus was his nose"</ref> and by the early 1600s it had become the main centre of ] manufacture in England outside London, overseen by the ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hey |first=David |title=Mesters to Masters: a History of the Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire |editor-first=Clyde |editor-last=Binfield |editor2-first=David |editor2-last=Hey |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1997 |pages=12–25 |chapter=The Establishment of the Cutlers Company |isbn=0-19-828997-9}}</ref> From 1570 to 1584, ], was imprisoned in Sheffield Castle and ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Leader |first=John Daniel |title=Mary queen of Scots in captivity: a narrative of events from January 1569, to December, 1584, whilst George Earl of Shrewsbury was the guardian of the Scottish Queen |url=https://archive.org/details/maryqueenofscots00lead_0 |publisher=Leader & Sons |year=1880 |oclc=57701910 |isbn=1-177-40664-0}}</ref> | After the ], ] was built to protect the local settlements, and a small town developed that is the nucleus of the modern city.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hunter |first=Joseph |title=]: The History and Topography of the Parish of Sheffield in the County of York |publisher=Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mayor, and Jones |year=1819 |pages=24–29 |chapter=Sheffield under ] and ]}}</ref> By 1296, a market had been established at what is now known as ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/business-economy/markets/history-and-visits/history-of-the-markets-in-sheffield/markets-history---1700s-and-before |title=Markets history – 1700s and before |access-date=7 October 2008 |publisher=Sheffield City Council |date=30 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611230740/http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/business-economy/markets/history-and-visits/history-of-the-markets-in-sheffield/markets-history---1700s-and-before |archive-date=11 June 2011}}</ref> and Sheffield subsequently grew into a small ]. In the 14th century, Sheffield was already noted for the production of ], as mentioned in ]'s '']'',<ref>] in ] from his book '']'' wrote: "Ther was no man, for peril, dorste hym touche. A Sheffeld thwitel baar he in his hose. Round was his face, and camus was his nose"</ref> and by the early 1600s it had become the main centre of ] manufacture in England outside London, overseen by the ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hey |first=David |title=Mesters to Masters: a History of the Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire |editor-first=Clyde |editor-last=Binfield |editor2-first=David |editor2-last=Hey |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1997 |pages=12–25 |chapter=The Establishment of the Cutlers Company |isbn=0-19-828997-9}}</ref> From 1570 to 1584, ], was imprisoned in Sheffield Castle and ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Leader |first=John Daniel |title=Mary queen of Scots in captivity: a narrative of events from January 1569, to December, 1584, whilst George Earl of Shrewsbury was the guardian of the Scottish Queen |url=https://archive.org/details/maryqueenofscots00lead_0 |publisher=Leader & Sons |year=1880 |oclc=57701910 |isbn=1-177-40664-0}}</ref> | ||
===Industrial Revolution=== | ===Industrial Revolution=== | ||
] | ] | ||
] during WW2, owing to the city's industrial importance. The bombing campaign became known as the ].]] | ] during WW2, owing to the city's industrial importance. The bombing campaign became known as the ].]] | ||
During the 1740s, a form of the ] process was discovered that allowed the manufacture of a better quality of steel than had previously been possible.<ref name="Tweedale1986">{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/3105143 |last=Tweedale |first=Geoffrey |year=1986 |title=Metallurgy and Technological Change: A Case Study of Sheffield Specialty Steel and America, 1830–1930 |jstor=3105143 |journal=Technology and Culture |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press on behalf of the Society for the History of Technology |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=189–222|s2cid=112532430 }}</ref> In about the same period, a technique was developed for fusing a thin sheet of silver onto a copper ingot to produce silver plating, which became widely known as ].<ref>{{cite ODNB |last=Phillips |first=Helen L. |title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |edition=online |year=2004 |chapter=Boulsover, Thomas (1705–1788) |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/53918}}</ref> These innovations spurred Sheffield's growth as an industrial town,<ref>{{cite book |last=Southall |first=Aidan William |title=The city in time and space |url=https://archive.org/details/citytimespace00sout_491 |url-access=limited |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |pages=–419 |chapter=The transformation of the city: from the Feudal to the Capitalist mode of production, and on to the apocalypse |isbn=0-521-78432-8}}</ref> but the loss of some important export markets led to a recession in the late 18th and early 19th |
During the 1740s, a form of the ] process was discovered that allowed the manufacture of a better quality of steel than had previously been possible.<ref name="Tweedale1986">{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/3105143 |last=Tweedale |first=Geoffrey |year=1986 |title=Metallurgy and Technological Change: A Case Study of Sheffield Specialty Steel and America, 1830–1930 |jstor=3105143 |journal=Technology and Culture |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press on behalf of the Society for the History of Technology |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=189–222|s2cid=112532430 }}</ref> In about the same period, a technique was developed for fusing a thin sheet of silver onto a copper ingot to produce silver plating, which became widely known as ].<ref>{{cite ODNB |last=Phillips |first=Helen L. |title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |edition=online |year=2004 |chapter=Boulsover, Thomas (1705–1788) |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/53918}}</ref> These innovations spurred Sheffield's growth as an industrial town,<ref>{{cite book |last=Southall |first=Aidan William |title=The city in time and space |url=https://archive.org/details/citytimespace00sout_491 |url-access=limited |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |pages=–419 |chapter=The transformation of the city: from the Feudal to the Capitalist mode of production, and on to the apocalypse |isbn=0-521-78432-8}}</ref> but the loss of some important export markets led to a recession in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The resulting poor conditions culminated in a ] epidemic that killed 402 people in 1832.<ref name="VICKERS"/> The population of the town grew rapidly throughout the 19th century; increasing from 60,095 in 1801 to 451,195 by 1901.<ref name="VICKERS"/> The ] was constructed in 1838, connecting the two towns. The town was incorporated as a ] in 1842, and was granted ] by ] in 1893.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/your-city-council/roles-who/lord-mayor/history-of-lord-mayor.html |title=History of the Lord Mayor |access-date=13 October 2013 |publisher=Sheffield City Council |date=17 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019173804/https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/your-city-council/roles-who/lord-mayor/history-of-lord-mayor.html |archive-date=19 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=26374|date=21 February 1893|page=944}}</ref> The influx of people also led to demand for better water supplies, and a number of new reservoirs were constructed on the outskirts of the town. | ||
The collapse of the dam wall of one of these reservoirs in 1864 resulted in the ], which killed 270 people and devastated large parts of the town.<ref>{{cite book |last=Harrison |first=Samuel |title=A complete history of the great flood at Sheffield on March 11 & 12, 1864 |publisher=S. Harrison |year=1864 |oclc=2905832 |isbn=0-904293-01-7}}</ref> The growing population led to the construction of many back-to-back dwellings that, along with severe pollution from the factories, inspired ] in 1937 to write: "Sheffield, I suppose, could justly claim to be called the ugliest town in the ]".<ref>{{cite book |last=Orwell |first=George |author-link=George Orwell |title=] |year=1937 |chapter=Chapter 7 |publisher=] |page=72 |isbn=0-905712-45-5}}</ref> | The collapse of the dam wall of one of these reservoirs in 1864 resulted in the ], which killed 270 people and devastated large parts of the town.<ref>{{cite book |last=Harrison |first=Samuel |title=A complete history of the great flood at Sheffield on March 11 & 12, 1864 |publisher=S. Harrison |year=1864 |oclc=2905832 |isbn=0-904293-01-7}}</ref> The growing population led to the construction of many back-to-back dwellings that, along with severe pollution from the factories, inspired ] in 1937 to write: "Sheffield, I suppose, could justly claim to be called the ugliest town in the ]".<ref>{{cite book |last=Orwell |first=George |author-link=George Orwell |title=] |year=1937 |chapter=Chapter 7 |publisher=] |page=72 |isbn=0-905712-45-5}}</ref> | ||
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===Blitz=== | ===Blitz=== | ||
{{Main|Sheffield Blitz}} | {{Main|Sheffield Blitz}} | ||
] hit the city in the 1930s, but as international tensions increased and the ] became imminent; Sheffield's steel factories were set to work manufacturing weapons and ammunition for the war effort. As a result, the city became a target for bombing raids, the heaviest of which occurred on the nights of 12 and 15 December 1940, now known as the ]. The city was partially protected by barrage balloons managed from ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sites.google.com/site/rafnortonaerodrome/ |title=RAF Norton |website=sites.google.com |access-date=2 November 2020 |archive-date=15 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015185815/https://sites.google.com/site/rafnortonaerodrome/ |url-status=live }}</ref> More than 660 people died and many buildings were destroyed or left badly damaged, including the Marples Hotel, which was hit directly by a |
] hit the city in the 1930s, but as international tensions increased and the ] became imminent; Sheffield's steel factories were set to work manufacturing weapons and ammunition for the war effort. As a result, the city became a target for bombing raids, the heaviest of which occurred on the nights of 12 and 15 December 1940, now known as the ]. The city was partially protected by barrage balloons managed from ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sites.google.com/site/rafnortonaerodrome/ |title=RAF Norton |website=sites.google.com |access-date=2 November 2020 |archive-date=15 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015185815/https://sites.google.com/site/rafnortonaerodrome/ |url-status=live }}</ref> More than 660 people died and many buildings were destroyed or left badly damaged, including the Marples Hotel, which was hit directly by a 500-pound bomb, killing over 70 people.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Walton |first1=Mary |last2=Lamb |first2=Joseph Percy |title=Raiders over Sheffield: the story of the air raids of 12th & 15th December 1940 |publisher=Sheffield City Libraries |year=1980 |isbn=0-900660-55-4 |oclc=7273086}}</ref> | ||
===Post-Second World War=== | ===Post-Second World War=== | ||
{{See also|Brutalism in Sheffield}} | |||
], an example of 1950s and 1960s council housing estates in Sheffield]] | ], an example of 1950s and 1960s council housing estates in Sheffield]] | ||
In the 1950s and 1960s, many of the city's slums were demolished, and replaced with housing schemes such as the ]. Large parts of the city centre were also cleared to make way for a new system of roads.<ref name="VICKERS"/> In February 1962, the city was devastated by the ]; winds of up to {{cvt|97|mph |
In the 1950s and 1960s, many of the city's slums were demolished, and replaced with housing schemes such as the ]. Large parts of the city centre were also cleared to make way for a new system of roads.<ref name="VICKERS"/> In February 1962, the city was devastated by the ]; winds of up to {{cvt|97|mph}} killed four people and damaged 150,000 houses, more than two-thirds of the city's housing stock at the time.<ref name="rmets">{{cite web |last=Eden |first=Philip |title=The Sheffield Gale of 1962 |url=https://www.rmets.org/sites/default/files/hisnews1201.pdf |website=Royal Meteorological Society |access-date=1 February 2022 |archive-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121220023/https://www.rmets.org/sites/default/files/hisnews1201.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Increased automation and competition from abroad resulted in the ]. The 1980s saw the worst of this run-down of Sheffield's industries, along with those of many other areas of the UK.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=Ian R. |last2=Evans |first2=Karen |last3=Fraser |first3=Penny |title=A tale of two cities: global change, local feeling and everyday life in the North of England : a study in Manchester and Sheffield |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1996 |pages=63–72 |chapter=The catastrophic decline of Sheffield's industrial district |isbn=0-415-13829-9}}</ref> The building of the ] on the site of a former steelworks in 1990 was a mixed blessing, creating much-needed jobs but hastening the decline of the city centre. Attempts to regenerate the city were kick-started when the city hosted the 1991 ], which saw the construction of new sporting facilities such as the ], ] and the ] complex.<ref name="VICKERS"/> | ||
===21st century=== | ===21st century=== | ||
Sheffield is changing rapidly as new projects regenerate some of the more run-down parts of the city. One such, the ''Heart of the City Project'', has initiated a number of public works in the city centre: the ] were renovated in 1998, the ] opened in April 2001, the ] were opened in May 2003, and a public space to link these two areas, the ], was opened in May 2006. Additional developments included the remodelling of ], in front of the refurbished railway station: the square contains "The Cutting Edge", a sculpture designed by Si Applied Ltd<ref>{{cite web |url=http://public-art.shu.ac.uk/sheffield/kni420.html |title=SI (Chris Knight, Keith Tyssen and Brett Payne) with Keiko Mukaide 'Cutting Edge', 2006 |access-date=15 March 2007 |work=Public Art Research Archive |publisher=Sheffield Hallam University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316114003/http://public-art.shu.ac.uk/sheffield/kni420.html |archive-date=16 March 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> and made from Sheffield steel. Recent development known as the 'Heart of the City' includes the restoration of the listed Leah's Yard complex.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cy0rvnvgjwqo |title=New independent retail hub opens its doors |work=BBC News |last=Modak |first=Naj |date=24 August 2024}}</ref> | Sheffield is changing rapidly as new projects regenerate some of the more run-down parts of the city. One such, the ''Heart of the City Project'', has initiated a number of public works in the city centre: the ] were renovated in 1998, the ] opened in April 2001, the ] were opened in May 2003, and a public space to link these two areas, the ], was opened in May 2006. Additional developments included the remodelling of ], in front of the refurbished railway station: the square contains "The Cutting Edge", a sculpture designed by Si Applied Ltd<ref>{{cite web |url=http://public-art.shu.ac.uk/sheffield/kni420.html |title=SI (Chris Knight, Keith Tyssen and Brett Payne) with Keiko Mukaide 'Cutting Edge', 2006 |access-date=15 March 2007 |work=Public Art Research Archive |publisher=Sheffield Hallam University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316114003/http://public-art.shu.ac.uk/sheffield/kni420.html |archive-date=16 March 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> and made from Sheffield steel. Recent development known as the 'Heart of the City' includes the restoration of the listed Leah's Yard complex.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cy0rvnvgjwqo |title=New independent retail hub opens its doors |work=BBC News |last=Modak |first=Naj |date=24 August 2024}}</ref> | ||
Sheffield was particularly hard hit during the ] and the ]. Many landmark buildings such as Meadowhall and the ] flooded due to being close to rivers that flow through the city. In 2010, 5,000 properties in Sheffield were identified as still being at risk of flooding. In 2012 the city narrowly escaped another flood, despite extensive work by the Environment Agency to clear local river channels since the 2007 event. In 2014 Sheffield Council's cabinet approved plans to further reduce the possibility of flooding by adopting plans to increase water catchment on tributaries of the River Don.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-29245851 |title=£55m flood scheme plans backed |date=17 September 2014 |work=BBC News |access-date=2 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106214822/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-29245851 |archive-date=6 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.floodprotectionsheffield.com/pages/foreword |title=Foreword {{!}} Protecting Sheffield from Flooding |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103055647/http://www.floodprotectionsheffield.com/pages/foreword |archive-date=3 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/289379/River_Don_Catchment_Flood_Management_Plan.pdf |title=River Don Catchment Flood Management Plan |date=December 2010 |website=assets.publishing.service.gov.uk |access-date=2 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103004919/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/289379/River_Don_Catchment_Flood_Management_Plan.pdf |archive-date=3 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> ], resulting in shoppers being contained in Meadowhall Shopping Centre.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sheffield flooding: Torrential rain leaves city flooded |work=BBC News |date=8 November 2019 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-50333233 |access-date=12 July 2020 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128084103/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-50333233 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | |
Sheffield was particularly hard hit during the ] and the ]. Many landmark buildings such as Meadowhall and the ] flooded due to being close to rivers that flow through the city. In 2010, 5,000 properties in Sheffield were identified as still being at risk of flooding. In 2012 the city narrowly escaped another flood, despite extensive work by the Environment Agency to clear local river channels since the 2007 event. In 2014 Sheffield Council's cabinet approved plans to further reduce the possibility of flooding by adopting plans to increase water catchment on tributaries of the River Don.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-29245851 |title=£55m flood scheme plans backed |date=17 September 2014 |work=BBC News |access-date=2 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106214822/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-29245851 |archive-date=6 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.floodprotectionsheffield.com/pages/foreword |title=Foreword {{!}} Protecting Sheffield from Flooding |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103055647/http://www.floodprotectionsheffield.com/pages/foreword |archive-date=3 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/289379/River_Don_Catchment_Flood_Management_Plan.pdf |title=River Don Catchment Flood Management Plan |date=December 2010 |website=assets.publishing.service.gov.uk |access-date=2 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103004919/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/289379/River_Don_Catchment_Flood_Management_Plan.pdf |archive-date=3 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> ], resulting in shoppers being contained in Meadowhall Shopping Centre.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sheffield flooding: Torrential rain leaves city flooded |work=BBC News |date=8 November 2019 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-50333233 |access-date=12 July 2020 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128084103/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-50333233 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gillett |first=Francesca |title=UK flooding: Dozens spend night in Sheffield Meadowhall shopping centre |work=BBC News |date=8 November 2019 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-50341846 |access-date=12 July 2020 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108232639/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-50341846 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
Between 2014 and 2018, there were ] between the city council and residents over the fate of the city's 36,000 highway trees. Around 4,000 highway trees have since been felled as part of the 'Streets Ahead' ] (PFI) contract signed in 2012 by the city council, ] and the ] to maintain the city streets.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kirby |first=Dean |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/sheffield-residents-in-bitter-row-with-council-over-tree-felling-proposals-a6698471.html |title=Sheffield residents are involved bitter row with the council over tree-felling |work=The Independent |access-date=17 November 2015 |date=17 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118085113/http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/sheffield-residents-in-bitter-row-with-council-over-tree-felling-proposals-a6698471.html |archive-date=18 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The tree fellings have resulted in many arrests of residents and other protesters across the city even though most felled trees in the city have been replanted, including those historically felled and not previously replanted.<ref>{{cite web |title=New trees take root on Sheffield highways |url=http://www.sheffieldnewsroom.co.uk/newstreettreestakeroot/ |website=Sheffield News Room |publisher=Sheffield City Council |access-date=6 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207005324/http://www.sheffieldnewsroom.co.uk/newstreettreestakeroot/ |archive-date=7 February 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The protests eventually stopped in 2018 after the council paused the tree felling programme as part of a new approach developed by the council for the maintenance of street trees in the city.<ref>{{cite news |last=Halliday |first=Josh |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/mar/26/sheffield-council-pauses-tree-felling-scheme-after-criticism |title=Sheffield council pauses tree-felling scheme after criticism |date=26 March 2018 |work=The Guardian |access-date=20 August 2021 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=30 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830105004/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/mar/26/sheffield-council-pauses-tree-felling-scheme-after-criticism |url-status=live }}</ref> | Between 2014 and 2018, there were ] between the city council and residents over the fate of the city's 36,000 highway trees. Around 4,000 highway trees have since been felled as part of the 'Streets Ahead' ] (PFI) contract signed in 2012 by the city council, ] and the ] to maintain the city streets.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kirby |first=Dean |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/sheffield-residents-in-bitter-row-with-council-over-tree-felling-proposals-a6698471.html |title=Sheffield residents are involved bitter row with the council over tree-felling |work=The Independent |access-date=17 November 2015 |date=17 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118085113/http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/sheffield-residents-in-bitter-row-with-council-over-tree-felling-proposals-a6698471.html |archive-date=18 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The tree fellings have resulted in many arrests of residents and other protesters across the city even though most felled trees in the city have been replanted, including those historically felled and not previously replanted.<ref>{{cite web |title=New trees take root on Sheffield highways |url=http://www.sheffieldnewsroom.co.uk/newstreettreestakeroot/ |website=Sheffield News Room |publisher=Sheffield City Council |access-date=6 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207005324/http://www.sheffieldnewsroom.co.uk/newstreettreestakeroot/ |archive-date=7 February 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The protests eventually stopped in 2018 after the council paused the tree felling programme as part of a new approach developed by the council for the maintenance of street trees in the city.<ref>{{cite news |last=Halliday |first=Josh |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/mar/26/sheffield-council-pauses-tree-felling-scheme-after-criticism |title=Sheffield council pauses tree-felling scheme after criticism |date=26 March 2018 |work=The Guardian |access-date=20 August 2021 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=30 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830105004/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/mar/26/sheffield-council-pauses-tree-felling-scheme-after-criticism |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
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===Local authority=== | ===Local authority=== | ||
] | ] | ||
⚫ | Sheffield is governed at the local level by ] and is led by Councillor Tom Hunt (Assumed office 16 May 2023).<ref>{{cite news |last=Wright |first=Oliver |date=17 May 2023 |title=Sheffield City Council: Labour's Tom Hunt elected as new leader |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-65621912 |access-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518203759/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-65621912 |archive-date=18 May 2023}}</ref> It consists of 84 councillors elected to represent 28 ]: three councillors per ward. Following the ], the distribution of council seats is ] 36, ] 27, the ] 14, ] 0 and ] 7. The city also has a ]; though now simply a ceremonial position, in the past the office carried considerable authority, with executive powers over the finances and affairs of the city council. The position of Lord Mayor is elected on an annual basis. | ||
Sheffield is governed at the local level by ] and is led by Councillor Tom Hunt (Assumed office | |||
⚫ | 16 May 2023).<ref>{{cite news |last=Wright |first=Oliver |date=17 May 2023 |title=Sheffield City Council: Labour's Tom Hunt elected as new leader |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-65621912 |access-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518203759/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-65621912 |archive-date=18 May 2023}}</ref> It consists of 84 councillors elected to represent 28 ]: three councillors per ward. Following the ], the distribution of council seats is ] 36, ] 27, the ] 14, ] 0 and ] 7. The city also has a ]; though now simply a ceremonial position, in the past the office carried considerable authority, with executive powers over the finances and affairs of the city council. The position of Lord Mayor is elected on an annual basis. | ||
For much of its history the council was controlled by the Labour Party, and was noted for its ] sympathies; during the 1980s, when Sheffield City Council was led by ], the area gained the epithet the "]".<ref>{{cite book |last=Price |first=David |title=Sheffield Troublemakers: Rebels and Radicals in Sheffield History |publisher=Phillimore & Co. Ltd |year=2008 |pages=149–160 |chapter=Blunkett and the Socialist Republic of South Yorkshire |isbn=978-1-86077-569-7}}</ref> However, the Liberal Democrats controlled the Council between 1999 and 2001 and took control again from 2008 to 2011. | For much of its history the council was controlled by the Labour Party, and was noted for its ] sympathies; during the 1980s, when Sheffield City Council was led by ], the area gained the epithet the "]".<ref>{{cite book |last=Price |first=David |title=Sheffield Troublemakers: Rebels and Radicals in Sheffield History |publisher=Phillimore & Co. Ltd |year=2008 |pages=149–160 |chapter=Blunkett and the Socialist Republic of South Yorkshire |isbn=978-1-86077-569-7}}</ref> However, the Liberal Democrats controlled the Council between 1999 and 2001 and took control again from 2008 to 2011. | ||
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===Parliamentary Representation=== | ===Parliamentary Representation=== | ||
The city returns five members of parliament to the ], with a sixth, the Member of Parliament for ] representing parts of Sheffield and Barnsley.<ref>{{cite web |last=Harston |first=Jonathan G. |title=Sheffield Parliamentary Boundary Review |url=http://mdfs.net/User/JGH/Docs/Politics/ParlReview/per2.htm |work=MDFS |publisher=Jonathan G. Harston |access-date=18 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229214632/http://mdfs.net/User/JGH/Docs/Politics/ParlReview/per2.htm |archive-date=29 December 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> The former Deputy Prime Minister ] was an MP for Sheffield, representing ] from ] until he was unseated ], when the seat returned a Labour MP for the first time in its history.<ref>{{cite web | |
The city returns five members of parliament to the ], with a sixth, the Member of Parliament for ] representing parts of Sheffield and Barnsley.<ref>{{cite web |last=Harston |first=Jonathan G. |title=Sheffield Parliamentary Boundary Review |url=http://mdfs.net/User/JGH/Docs/Politics/ParlReview/per2.htm |work=MDFS |publisher=Jonathan G. Harston |access-date=18 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229214632/http://mdfs.net/User/JGH/Docs/Politics/ParlReview/per2.htm |archive-date=29 December 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> The former Deputy Prime Minister ] was an MP for Sheffield, representing ] from ] until he was unseated ], when the seat returned a Labour MP for the first time in its history.<ref>{{cite web |last=Perraudin |first=Frances |title=Nick Clegg loss surprises Lib Dems and Labour alike |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jun/10/nick-clegg-loss-surprises-lib-dems-and-labour-alike |website=The Guardian |date=10 June 2017 |access-date=28 August 2020 |archive-date=10 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200910125857/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jun/10/nick-clegg-loss-surprises-lib-dems-and-labour-alike |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
==Geography== | ==Geography== | ||
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Sheffield is located at {{coord|53.38297|-1.4659|format=dms|region:GB-SHF_type:city_source:wikidata|display=inline}}. It lies directly beside ], from which it is separated largely by the ]. Although ] also borders Sheffield to the north, the town itself is a few miles further away. The southern and western borders of the city are shared with ]; in the first half of the 20th century Sheffield extended its borders south into Derbyshire, annexing a number of villages,<ref name="derbyshire_expansion">{{cite web |url=http://mdfs.net/Docs/Sheffield/Borders/ |title=The borders of Sheffield from 1843 to 1994 |access-date=26 December 2005 |last=Harston |first=Jonathan G. |year=2005 |publisher=MDFS |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060327011104/http://www.mdfs.net/Docs/Sheffield/Borders/ |archive-date=27 March 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref> including ], ] and the area now known as ] Townships. | Sheffield is located at {{coord|53.38297|-1.4659|format=dms|region:GB-SHF_type:city_source:wikidata|display=inline}}. It lies directly beside ], from which it is separated largely by the ]. Although ] also borders Sheffield to the north, the town itself is a few miles further away. The southern and western borders of the city are shared with ]; in the first half of the 20th century Sheffield extended its borders south into Derbyshire, annexing a number of villages,<ref name="derbyshire_expansion">{{cite web |url=http://mdfs.net/Docs/Sheffield/Borders/ |title=The borders of Sheffield from 1843 to 1994 |access-date=26 December 2005 |last=Harston |first=Jonathan G. |year=2005 |publisher=MDFS |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060327011104/http://www.mdfs.net/Docs/Sheffield/Borders/ |archive-date=27 March 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref> including ], ] and the area now known as ] Townships. | ||
]]] | ]]] | ||
Sheffield is a geographically diverse city.<ref name="GEO_diverse">{{cite web |url=http://www.greenstructureplanning.eu/COSTC11/sheffield.htm |title=Greenstructure and Urban Planning – Case Study – Sheffield, UK |access-date=17 July 2010 |work=Greenstructures and Urban Planning |publisher=European Cooperation in the field of Scientific and Technical Research |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229084359/http://www.map21ltd.com/COSTC11/sheffield-case.htm |archive-date=29 December 2007}}</ref> It nestles in the eastern foothills of the ],<ref>{{cite web |title=A Short History of Sheffield |url=https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/content/dam/sheffield/docs/libraries-and-archives/archives-and-local-studies/research/Short-History--PDF--428-KB-.pdf |publisher=Sheffield City Council |access-date=20 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820100137/https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/content/dam/sheffield/docs/libraries-and-archives/archives-and-local-studies/research/Short-History--PDF--428-KB-.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> between the main upland range and ] to the west, and the lower-lying ] to the east. It lies at the confluence of five rivers: ], ], ], ] and ]. As such, much of the city is built on hillsides with views into the city centre or out to the countryside. Blake Street, in the S6 postcode area, is the third |
Sheffield is a geographically diverse city.<ref name="GEO_diverse">{{cite web |url=http://www.greenstructureplanning.eu/COSTC11/sheffield.htm |title=Greenstructure and Urban Planning – Case Study – Sheffield, UK |access-date=17 July 2010 |work=Greenstructures and Urban Planning |publisher=European Cooperation in the field of Scientific and Technical Research |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229084359/http://www.map21ltd.com/COSTC11/sheffield-case.htm |archive-date=29 December 2007}}</ref> It nestles in the eastern foothills of the ],<ref>{{cite web |title=A Short History of Sheffield |url=https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/content/dam/sheffield/docs/libraries-and-archives/archives-and-local-studies/research/Short-History--PDF--428-KB-.pdf |publisher=Sheffield City Council |access-date=20 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820100137/https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/content/dam/sheffield/docs/libraries-and-archives/archives-and-local-studies/research/Short-History--PDF--428-KB-.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> between the main upland range and ] to the west, and the lower-lying ] to the east. It lies at the confluence of five rivers: ], ], ], ] and ]. As such, much of the city is built on hillsides with views into the city centre or out to the countryside. Blake Street, in the S6 postcode area, is the third-steepest residential street in England, with a gradient of 16.6°.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-38568893 |title=Where is England's steepest street? |last=Meierhans |first=Jennifer |date=19 March 2017 |work=BBC News |access-date=19 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319021931/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-38568893 |archive-date=19 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The highest point in the City of Sheffield is {{cvt|548|m|0}} near ] and ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Bathurst |first=David |year=2012 |title=Walking the county high points of England |location=Chichester |publisher=Summersdale |isbn=978-1-84-953239-6 |pages=192–201}}</ref> The city's lowest point is just {{cvt|29|m|0}} above sea level near ]. However, 79% of the housing in the city is between {{cvt|100|and|200|m}} above sea level<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.map21ltd.com/COSTC11/arb-sheff.htm |title=Sheffield Metropolitan District – Major Greenspace and other Land Use Statistics |last=Beer |first=A. R. |year=2000 |work=Greenstructure and Greenspace in Urban Planning |publisher=Map21 Ltd. |access-date=19 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080104062412/http://www.map21ltd.com/COSTC11/arb-sheff.htm |archive-date=4 January 2008}}</ref> and the highest residential street is Redmires Lane at {{cvt|302|m|0}}.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kessen |first=David |title=Highest streets in Sheffield: These are the four sky-scraping city streets closest to the clouds |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/environment/highest-streets-in-sheffield-these-are-the-four-sky-scraping-city-streets-closest-to-the-clouds-4744634 |access-date=1 September 2024 |work=The Star |date=16 August 2024}}</ref> This variation of altitudes across Sheffield has led to frequent claims, particularly among locals, that the city was built on Seven Hills. As this claim is disputed, it likely originated as a joke referencing the ].<ref name="number of hills">It is often stated that Sheffield is built on seven hills (for an example, see ]'s '']''). However, {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225034634/http://mdfs.net/Docs/Sheffield/Hills/ |date=25 February 2011 }} found there to be eight.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The myth surrounding the seven hills of Sheffield and if they actually exist |url=https://www.examinerlive.co.uk/news/local-news/do-sheffield-seven-hills-exist-17962063 |website=Yorkshire Live |date=28 March 2020 |access-date=10 November 2020 |archive-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515230225/https://www.examinerlive.co.uk/news/local-news/do-sheffield-seven-hills-exist-17962063 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
] Valley, demonstrating the hilly terrain within the city]] | ] Valley, demonstrating the hilly terrain within the city]] | ||
Estimated to contain around 4.5 million trees,<ref name="GEO_treecount"/> Sheffield has more trees per person than any other city in Europe and is considered to be one of the greenest cities in England and the UK,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/tourist-information/visitor-attractions/green-spaces-gardens |title=Gardens and Open Spaces |publisher=Sheffield City Council |access-date=28 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611231238/http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/tourist-information/visitor-attractions/green-spaces-gardens |archive-date=11 June 2011}}</ref><ref name="The four best UK cities for green space">{{cite web |title=The four best UK cities for green space |url=https://strike.co.uk/latest-news/the-four-best-uk-cities-for-green-space |website=Strike |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123172608/https://strike.co.uk/latest-news/the-four-best-uk-cities-for-green-space |url-status=live }}</ref> which was further reinforced when it won the 2005 ] competition. With more than 250 parks, woodlands and gardens, it has over 170 woodlands (covering {{cvt|10.91| |
Estimated to contain around 4.5 million trees,<ref name="GEO_treecount"/> Sheffield has more trees per person than any other city in Europe and is considered to be one of the greenest cities in England and the UK,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/tourist-information/visitor-attractions/green-spaces-gardens |title=Gardens and Open Spaces |publisher=Sheffield City Council |access-date=28 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611231238/http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/tourist-information/visitor-attractions/green-spaces-gardens |archive-date=11 June 2011}}</ref><ref name="The four best UK cities for green space">{{cite web |title=The four best UK cities for green space |url=https://strike.co.uk/latest-news/the-four-best-uk-cities-for-green-space |website=Strike |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123172608/https://strike.co.uk/latest-news/the-four-best-uk-cities-for-green-space |url-status=live }}</ref> which was further reinforced when it won the 2005 ] competition. With more than 250 parks, woodlands and gardens, it has over 170 woodlands (covering {{cvt|10.91|mi2|km2|1|disp=or}}), 78 public parks (covering {{cvt|7.07|mi2|km2|1|disp=or}}) and 10 public gardens. Added to the {{cvt|52.0|mi2|1}} of national park and {{cvt|4.20|mi2|1}} of water this means that 61% of the city is ]. Despite this, about 64% of Sheffield householders live further than {{cvt|300|m|yd|0}} from their nearest greenspace, although access is better in less affluent neighbourhoods across the city.<ref name="sheffgeog"/><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.04.004 |last1=Barbosa |first1=O. |last2=Tratalos |first2=Jamie A. |last3=Armsworth |first3=Paul R. |last4=Davies |first4=Richard G. |last5=Fuller |first5=Richard A. |last6=Johnson |first6=Pat |last7=Gaston |first7=Kevin J. |year=2007 |title=Who benefits from access to green space? A case study from Sheffield, UK. |journal=Landscape and Urban Planning |volume=83 |issue=2–3 |pages=187–195|bibcode=2007LUrbP..83..187B }}</ref> Sheffield also has a very wide variety of ], comparing favourably with any city in the United Kingdom: urban, parkland and woodland, agricultural and arable land, moors, meadows and freshwater-based habitats. There are six areas within the city that are designated as ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/parks-woodlands--countryside/trees--woodlands/about-the-trees--woodlands-section |title=About Us – Trees & Woodlands Section |publisher=Sheffield City Council |access-date=21 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209051213/http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/parks-woodlands--countryside/trees--woodlands/about-the-trees--woodlands-section |archive-date=9 February 2010}}</ref> | ||
The present city boundaries were set in 1974 (with slight modification in 1994), when the former ] of Sheffield merged with ] ] and two parishes from the ].<ref name="sheffgeog" |
The present city boundaries were set in 1974 (with slight modification in 1994), when the former ] of Sheffield merged with ] ] and two parishes from the ].<ref name="sheffgeog"/> This area includes a significant part of the countryside surrounding the main urban region. Roughly a third of Sheffield lies in the ]. No other English city had parts of a national park within its boundary,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.peakdistrict.gov.uk/index/news/news-display-page.htm?id=19530 |title=New village officer will boost rural communities |date=22 June 2009 |publisher=Peak District National Park Authority |access-date=7 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720112718/http://www.peakdistrict.gov.uk/index/news/news-display-page.htm?id=19530 |archive-date=20 July 2011}}</ref> until the creation in March 2010 of the ], part of which lies within ]. | ||
{{Geographic Location | {{Geographic Location | ||
|title = Neighbouring towns and cities | |title = Neighbouring towns and cities | ||
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===Climate=== | ===Climate=== | ||
According to the ], Sheffield has a ] ] (''Cfb'') like the rest of the United Kingdom. The uplands of the ] to the west can create a cool, gloomy and wet environment, but they also provide shelter from the prevailing westerly winds, casting a "]" across the area.<ref name="Met NE England">{{cite web |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/ne/ |title=North East England: climate |publisher=Met Office |access-date=18 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105223816/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/ne/ |archive-date=5 November 2013}}</ref> Between 1971 and 2000 Sheffield averaged {{cvt|824.7|mm |
According to the ], Sheffield has a ] ] (''Cfb'') like the rest of the United Kingdom. The uplands of the ] to the west can create a cool, gloomy and wet environment, but they also provide shelter from the prevailing westerly winds, casting a "]" across the area.<ref name="Met NE England">{{cite web |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/ne/ |title=North East England: climate |publisher=Met Office |access-date=18 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105223816/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/ne/ |archive-date=5 November 2013}}</ref> Between 1971 and 2000 Sheffield averaged {{cvt|824.7|mm}} of rain per year; December was the wettest month with {{cvt|91.9|mm}} and July the driest with {{cvt|51.0|mm}}. July was also the hottest month, with an average maximum temperature of {{cvt|20.8|C}}. The highest temperature ever recorded in the city of Sheffield was {{cvt|39.4|C}}, on 19 July 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/heatwave-uk-weather-forecast-today-met-office-b2126158.html |title=UK weather news – live: Thunderstorms sweep in after fire destroys homes on 40C day |date=19 July 2022 |website=The Independent |publisher=Met Office |access-date=20 July 2022 |archive-date=19 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719205937/https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/heatwave-uk-weather-forecast-today-met-office-b2126158.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The average minimum temperature in January and February was {{cvt|1.6|C}},<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gcqzwt994 |title=Sheffield 1981–2010 averages |access-date=23 October 2015 |publisher=Met Office |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222162108/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gcqzwt994 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> though the lowest temperatures recorded in these months can be between {{cvt|-10|and|-15|C}}, although since 1960, the temperature has never fallen below {{cvt|-9.2|C}},<ref>{{cite web |publisher=] |url=http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=7&year=1982&indexid=TNn&stationid=1848 |title=1982 temperature |access-date=8 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605185326/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=7&year=1982&indexid=TNn&stationid=1848 |archive-date=5 June 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> suggesting that urbanisation around the Weston Park site during the second half of the 20th century may prevent temperatures below {{cvt|-10|C}} occurring. | ||
The coldest temperature to be recorded was {{cvt|-8.2|C |
The coldest temperature to be recorded was {{cvt|-8.2|C}} in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=] |url=http://metofficenews.wordpress.com/2010/12/21/ |title=2010 temperature |access-date=8 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120050250/http://metofficenews.wordpress.com/2010/12/21/ |archive-date=20 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> (Note: The official Weston Park Weather Station statistics, which can also be viewed at ], has the temperature at {{cvt|-8.7|C}}, recorded on 20 December, and states that to be the lowest December temperature since 1981.) The coldest temperature ever recorded in the city of Sheffield at ], since records began in 1882, is {{cvt|-14.6|C}}, registered in February 1895.<ref>{{cite web |title=Coldest night in Sheffield's winter marked last month |url=https://www.sheffieldtelegraph.co.uk/news/coldest-night-in-sheffield-s-winter-marked-last-month-1-7135746 |website=Sheffield Telegraph |access-date=29 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430045516/https://www.sheffieldtelegraph.co.uk/news/coldest-night-in-sheffield-s-winter-marked-last-month-1-7135746 |archive-date=30 April 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The lowest daytime maximum temperature in the city since records began is {{cvt|-5.6|C}}, also recorded in February 1895.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}} More recently, {{cvt|-4.4|C}} was recorded as a daytime maximum at Weston Park, on 20 December 2010 (from the Weston Park Weather Station statistics, which also can be viewed at Sheffield Central Library.) On average, through the winter months of December to March, there are 67 days during which ground frost occurs.<ref name="Met NE England"/> | ||
{{Weather box | {{Weather box | ||
|location = Sheffield (])<br>]: 99107; coordinates {{coord|53.38139|N|1.49137|W|type:landmark_region:GB|name=Sheffield Cdl|format=dms}}; elevation: {{cvt|131|m |
|location = Sheffield (])<br>]: 99107; coordinates {{coord|53.38139|N|1.49137|W|type:landmark_region:GB|name=Sheffield Cdl|format=dms}}; elevation: {{cvt|131|m|0}}; 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1882–present | ||
|metric first = Yes | |metric first = Yes | ||
|single line = Yes | |single line = Yes | ||
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===Green belt=== | ===Green belt=== | ||
{{further|South and West Yorkshire Green Belt|Geography of Sheffield}} | {{further|South and West Yorkshire Green Belt|Geography of Sheffield}} | ||
Sheffield is within a ] region that extends into the wider surrounding counties, and is in place to reduce ], prevent the towns and areas in the ] conurbation from further convergence, protect the identity of outlying communities, encourage ] reuse, and preserve nearby countryside. This is achieved by restricting inappropriate development within the designated areas, and imposing stricter conditions on permitted building.<ref name="belt1">{{cite web |title=Green Belt Review |url=https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/content/sheffield/home/planning-development/green-belt-review.html |website= |
Sheffield is within a ] region that extends into the wider surrounding counties, and is in place to reduce ], prevent the towns and areas in the ] conurbation from further convergence, protect the identity of outlying communities, encourage ] reuse, and preserve nearby countryside. This is achieved by restricting inappropriate development within the designated areas, and imposing stricter conditions on permitted building.<ref name="belt1">{{cite web |title=Green Belt Review |url=https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/content/sheffield/home/planning-development/green-belt-review.html |website=sheffield.gov.uk |access-date=24 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322143056/https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/content/sheffield/home/planning-development/green-belt-review.html |archive-date=22 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="belt2">{{cite web |title=Adopted Sheffield Local Plan |url=https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/content/sheffield/home/planning-development/sheffield-plan.html |website=sheffield.gov.uk |access-date=24 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322143241/https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/content/sheffield/home/planning-development/sheffield-plan.html |archive-date=22 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The main urban area and larger villages of the borough are exempt from the green belt area, but surrounding smaller villages, hamlets and rural areas are 'washed over' with the designation. A subsidiary aim of the green belt is to encourage recreation and leisure interests,<ref name="belt1"/> with many rural landscape features and facilities included. | ||
===Subdivisions=== | ===Subdivisions=== | ||
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The population of Sheffield peaked in 1951 at 577,050, and has since declined steadily. However, the mid-2007 population estimate was 530,300, representing an increase of about 17,000 residents since 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/Product.asp?vlnk=15106 |title=Population estimates for UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland |work=National Statistics Online |publisher=Office for National Statistics |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216083533/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/Product.asp?vlnk=15106 |archive-date=16 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> | The population of Sheffield peaked in 1951 at 577,050, and has since declined steadily. However, the mid-2007 population estimate was 530,300, representing an increase of about 17,000 residents since 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/Product.asp?vlnk=15106 |title=Population estimates for UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland |work=National Statistics Online |publisher=Office for National Statistics |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216083533/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/Product.asp?vlnk=15106 |archive-date=16 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
Although a city, Sheffield is informally known as "the ]",<ref name="BaldwinBottomsWalker" |
Although a city, Sheffield is informally known as "the ]",<ref name="BaldwinBottomsWalker"/><ref name="Binfield"/><ref name="BurgoyneClark"/> because of a combination of topographical isolation and demographic stability.<ref name="BaldwinBottomsWalker"/> It is relatively geographically isolated, being cut off from other places by a ring of hills.<ref name="Hampton"/><ref name="TaylorEvansFraser"/> Local folklore insists that, like Rome, Sheffield was built "on seven hills".<ref name="TaylorEvansFraser"/> The land surrounding Sheffield was unsuitable for industrial use,<ref name="BaldwinBottomsWalker"/> and now includes several protected ] areas.<ref name="Mann"/> These topographical factors have served to restrict urban spread,<ref name="Mann"/> resulting in a relatively stable population size and a low degree of mobility. | ||
<!--Removing per discussion on talk page until someone can consult the original source --> | <!--Removing per discussion on talk page until someone can consult the original source --> | ||
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]'s analysis of the 1851 Census data caused him to describe Sheffield as "the most proletarian city in England" at the time, it has more people per 100,000 employed in manufacturing occupations (188 for Sheffield, as compared to 146 for Leeds) and fewer people per 100,000 employed in professional occupations (41 for Sheffield, as compared to 66 for Birmingham, and 43 for Leeds).{{dubious|date=July 2012}} He attributed this to the cutlery trade in the city, which was organised not on polarised Capital-versus-Labour lines, but as a complex network of contracts between cutlery workshops, craftsmen and merchants, whose positive influence on community cohesion and equality lasted through the rise of the steel industry in the city later in the 19th century. Even by 1981, social polarisation (as defined by the Census and Registrar-General) in Sheffield was far lower than in many other cities, with only 4% of the population having professional occupations, as opposed to 62% classified as skilled or unskilled manual laborers.<ref name=TaylorEvansFraser |
]'s analysis of the 1851 Census data caused him to describe Sheffield as "the most proletarian city in England" at the time, it has more people per 100,000 employed in manufacturing occupations (188 for Sheffield, as compared to 146 for Leeds) and fewer people per 100,000 employed in professional occupations (41 for Sheffield, as compared to 66 for Birmingham, and 43 for Leeds).{{dubious|date=July 2012}} He attributed this to the cutlery trade in the city, which was organised not on polarised Capital-versus-Labour lines, but as a complex network of contracts between cutlery workshops, craftsmen and merchants, whose positive influence on community cohesion and equality lasted through the rise of the steel industry in the city later in the 19th century. Even by 1981, social polarisation (as defined by the Census and Registrar-General) in Sheffield was far lower than in many other cities, with only 4% of the population having professional occupations, as opposed to 62% classified as skilled or unskilled manual laborers.<ref name=TaylorEvansFraser/> --> | ||
==Economy== | ==Economy== | ||
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After many years of decline, the Sheffield economy is going through a strong revival. The 2004 ] Financial Planning study<ref>{{cite news |title=Wealth hotspots 'outside London' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3871857.stm |work=BBC News |date=7 July 2004 |access-date=4 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100711214408/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3871857.stm |archive-date=11 July 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> revealed that, in 2003, the Sheffield district of Hallam was the highest ranking area outside London for overall wealth, the proportion of people earning over £60,000 a year standing at almost 12%. A survey by ]<ref>{{cite news |title=Sheffield 'hotbed' for investment |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/south_yorkshire/4314628.stm |work=BBC News |date=6 November 2005 |access-date=4 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110306074300/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/south_yorkshire/4314628.stm |archive-date=6 March 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> revealed that Sheffield was the fastest-growing city outside London for office and residential space and rents during the second half of 2004. This can be seen in a surge of redevelopments, including the ] and accompanying ], Velocity Living and the Moor redevelopment,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffieldtelegraph.co.uk/commercial/Metamorphosis-of-The-Moor.3637645.jp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130114045148/http://www.sheffieldtelegraph.co.uk/commercial/Metamorphosis-of-The-Moor.3637645.jp |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 January 2013 |title=Metamorphosis of The Moor |work=Sheffield Telegraph |access-date=22 June 2009}}</ref> the forthcoming ] and the ], ], ] and many projects completed under the ] redevelopment agency. The Sheffield economy grew from £5.6 billion in 1997 (1997 ])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/gva1208.pdf |title=Office for National Statistics GVA figures 2006, released 2008 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |access-date=13 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326083726/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/gva1208.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2009}}</ref> to £9.2 billion in 2007 (2007 GVA).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/gva1209.pdf |title=Office for National Statistics GVA figures 2007, released 2009 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |date=December 2009 |access-date=18 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100703022257/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/gva1209.pdf |archive-date=3 July 2010}}</ref> | After many years of decline, the Sheffield economy is going through a strong revival. The 2004 ] Financial Planning study<ref>{{cite news |title=Wealth hotspots 'outside London' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3871857.stm |work=BBC News |date=7 July 2004 |access-date=4 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100711214408/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3871857.stm |archive-date=11 July 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> revealed that, in 2003, the Sheffield district of Hallam was the highest ranking area outside London for overall wealth, the proportion of people earning over £60,000 a year standing at almost 12%. A survey by ]<ref>{{cite news |title=Sheffield 'hotbed' for investment |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/south_yorkshire/4314628.stm |work=BBC News |date=6 November 2005 |access-date=4 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110306074300/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/south_yorkshire/4314628.stm |archive-date=6 March 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> revealed that Sheffield was the fastest-growing city outside London for office and residential space and rents during the second half of 2004. This can be seen in a surge of redevelopments, including the ] and accompanying ], Velocity Living and the Moor redevelopment,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffieldtelegraph.co.uk/commercial/Metamorphosis-of-The-Moor.3637645.jp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130114045148/http://www.sheffieldtelegraph.co.uk/commercial/Metamorphosis-of-The-Moor.3637645.jp |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 January 2013 |title=Metamorphosis of The Moor |work=Sheffield Telegraph |access-date=22 June 2009}}</ref> the forthcoming ] and the ], ], ] and many projects completed under the ] redevelopment agency. The Sheffield economy grew from £5.6 billion in 1997 (1997 ])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/gva1208.pdf |title=Office for National Statistics GVA figures 2006, released 2008 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |access-date=13 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326083726/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/gva1208.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2009}}</ref> to £9.2 billion in 2007 (2007 GVA).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/gva1209.pdf |title=Office for National Statistics GVA figures 2007, released 2009 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |date=December 2009 |access-date=18 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100703022257/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/gva1209.pdf |archive-date=3 July 2010}}</ref> | ||
The "UK Cities Monitor 2008" placed Sheffield among the top ten "best cities to locate a business today", the city occupying third and fourth places respectively for best office location and best new ] location. The same report places Sheffield in third place regarding "greenest reputation" and second in terms of the availability of financial incentives.<ref>{{cite book |title=UK Cities Monitor 2008 |publisher=Cushman & Wakefield |year=2008}}</ref> | The "UK Cities Monitor 2008" placed Sheffield among the top ten "best cities to locate a business today", the city occupying third and fourth places, respectively, for best office location and best new ] location. The same report places Sheffield in third place regarding "greenest reputation" and second in terms of the availability of financial incentives.<ref>{{cite book |title=UK Cities Monitor 2008 |publisher=Cushman & Wakefield |year=2008}}</ref> | ||
=== Heavy industries and metallurgy === | === Heavy industries and metallurgy === | ||
] and the birthplace of ] at the former ] ]] | ] and the birthplace of ] at the former ] ]] | ||
Sheffield has an international reputation for metallurgy and steel-making.<ref>There are numerous sources showing the international reputation of Sheffield for metallurgy, and in particular steel and cutlery manufacture. Some examples are: the ], which begins its entry for ''Sheffield'', "The name of a manufacturing city of Yorkshire, famous for cutlery"; and the '']'', which in its entry for "Sheffield" states that by 1830 Sheffield had earned "recognition as the world centre of high-grade steel manufacture". ] in the preface to his 1997 book ''Mesters to Masters: A History of the Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire.'' (], {{ISBN|0-19-828997-9}}) states "It (Sheffield) was known for its cutlery wares long before the incorporation of the ] in 1624, and long before it acquired an international reputation as the steel capital of the world."</ref> The earliest official record of cutlery production, for which Sheffield is particularly well known, is from 1297 when a tax return for 'Robert the Cutler' was submitted.<ref name="welcometosheffield.co.uk">{{cite web |url=http://www.welcometosheffield.co.uk/invest/engineering-and-manufacturing/made-in-sheffield |title=Welcome to Sheffield | Made In Sheffield |website= |
Sheffield has an international reputation for metallurgy and steel-making.<ref>There are numerous sources showing the international reputation of Sheffield for metallurgy, and in particular steel and cutlery manufacture. Some examples are: the ], which begins its entry for ''Sheffield'', "The name of a manufacturing city of Yorkshire, famous for cutlery"; and the '']'', which in its entry for "Sheffield" states that by 1830 Sheffield had earned "recognition as the world centre of high-grade steel manufacture". ] in the preface to his 1997 book ''Mesters to Masters: A History of the Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire.'' (], {{ISBN|0-19-828997-9}}) states "It (Sheffield) was known for its cutlery wares long before the incorporation of the ] in 1624, and long before it acquired an international reputation as the steel capital of the world."</ref> The earliest official record of cutlery production, for which Sheffield is particularly well known, is from 1297 when a tax return for 'Robert the Cutler' was submitted.<ref name="welcometosheffield.co.uk">{{cite web |url=http://www.welcometosheffield.co.uk/invest/engineering-and-manufacturing/made-in-sheffield |title=Welcome to Sheffield | Made In Sheffield |website=welcometosheffield.co.uk |access-date=2 November 2020 |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026165456/http://www.welcometosheffield.co.uk/invest/engineering-and-manufacturing/made-in-sheffield |url-status=live }}</ref> A key reason for Sheffield's success in the production of cutlery lies in its geographic makeup. The abundance of streams in the area provided water power and the geological formations in the ], in particular, provided sufficient grit stones for grinding wheels.<ref name="welcometosheffield.co.uk"/> In the 17th century, the ], which oversaw the booming cutlery industry in the area and remains to this day, was established and focused on markets outside the Sheffield area, leading to the gradual establishment of Sheffield as a respected producer of cutlery.<ref name="welcometosheffield.co.uk"/> this gradually developed from a national reputation into an international one.<ref name="welcometosheffield.co.uk"/> | ||
Playing a crucial role in the ], the city became an industrial powerhouse in the 18th century, and was dubbed "]".<ref name="Steel BBC">{{cite news |title=Made in Great Britain, Series 1, Steel |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0bpz4ks |access-date=28 March 2019 |agency=BBC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328125550/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0bpz4ks |archive-date=28 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Many innovations in these fields have been made in Sheffield, for example ] discovered the ] in the 1740s at his workshop in ].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mezenin |first=N. |year=1972 |title=Huntsman |journal=Metallurgist |publisher=Springer |volume=16 |issue=7 |pages=510–512 |doi=10.1007/BF00731738}}</ref> This process was rendered obsolete in 1856 by ]'s invention of the ]. ] invented ] (silver-plated copper) in the early 18th century. | Playing a crucial role in the ], the city became an industrial powerhouse in the 18th century, and was dubbed "]".<ref name="Steel BBC">{{cite news |title=Made in Great Britain, Series 1, Steel |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0bpz4ks |access-date=28 March 2019 |agency=BBC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328125550/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0bpz4ks |archive-date=28 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Many innovations in these fields have been made in Sheffield, for example ] discovered the ] in the 1740s at his workshop in ].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mezenin |first=N. |year=1972 |title=Huntsman |journal=Metallurgist |publisher=Springer |volume=16 |issue=7 |pages=510–512 |doi=10.1007/BF00731738}}</ref> This process was rendered obsolete in 1856 by ]'s invention of the ]. ] invented ] (silver-plated copper) in the early 18th century. | ||
] was invented by ] in 1912, bringing affordable ] to the masses.<ref name="Steel BBC" |
] was invented by ] in 1912, bringing affordable ] to the masses.<ref name="Steel BBC"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tilthammer.com/bio/brear.html |title=Harry Brearley 1871–1948 |access-date=30 December 2006 |work=Tilt Hammer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061121041226/http://www.tilthammer.com/bio/brear.html |archive-date=21 November 2006}}</ref> The work of ] and T. Gladman throughout the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s was fundamental to the development of modern high-strength low-alloy steels.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Llewellyn |first1=D. T. |last2=Hudd |first2=Roger C. |title=Steels: metallurgy and applications |url=https://archive.org/details/steelsmetallurgy00scie_222 |url-access=limited |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |year=1998 |isbn=0-7506-3757-9 |pages=–290}}</ref> Further innovations continue, with new advanced manufacturing technologies and techniques being developed on the ], situated just over the boundary in the borough of Rotherham, by Sheffield's universities and other independent research organisations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thestar.co.uk/business/Hitech-centre-celebrates-a-year.3710800.jp |title=Hi-tech centre celebrates a year of success |last=Rae |first=Bob |work=The Star |date=25 January 2008 |access-date=21 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417061059/http://www.thestar.co.uk/business/Hitech-centre-celebrates-a-year.3710800.jp |archive-date=17 April 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Organisations located on the AMP include the Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre (AMRC, a research partnership between the ] and the ]), Castings Technology International (CTI), ] (TWI),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.attheamp.com/the-amp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502185232/http://www.attheamp.com/the-amp |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 May 2009 |title=The AMP |work=Advanced Manufacturing Park website |publisher=Advanced Manufacturing Park |access-date=13 October 2013}}</ref> ] and ]. | ||
] steel works in Sheffield. The site was formerly run by ] which was founded in Sheffield in 1828 and became one of the most prominent engineering companies in the world.]] ], founded in 1805, is the sole remaining independent ] in the world and dominates the north-east of Sheffield around the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffieldforgemasters.com/sfm/history/1800s |title=History: 19th century |publisher=Sheffield Forgemasters International |access-date=26 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823040943/http://www.sheffieldforgemasters.com/sfm/history/1800s |archive-date=23 August 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The firm has a global reputation for producing the largest and most complex steel forgings and castings and is certified to produce critical nuclear components, with recent projects including the ]'s {{sclass|Astute|submarine|0}} submarines.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffieldforgemasters.com/sfm/overview |title=Overview – Sheffield Forgemasters International Ltd. |publisher=Sheffield Forgemasters International |access-date=26 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823033426/http://www.sheffieldforgemasters.com/sfm/overview |archive-date=23 August 2010}}</ref> The firm also has the capacity for pouring the largest single ingot (570 tonnes) in Europe and is currently in the process of expanding its capabilities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffieldforgemasters.com/sfm/overview |publisher=Sheffield Forgemasters International |title=Steel forgings, steel castings and engineering solutions |access-date=24 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823033426/http://www.sheffieldforgemasters.com/sfm/overview |archive-date=23 August 2010}}</ref> In July 2021 Forgemasters was bought outright by the UK ] for £2.56 million, with the intention of investing a further £400 million over the next decade.<ref name="theguardian1">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/jul/28/sheffield-forgemasters-nationalised-after-takeover-ministry-of-defence |title=Sheffield Forgemasters nationalised after £2.6m takeover by MoD |first=Jasper |last=Jolly |date=28 July 2021 |newspaper=] |location=London |issn=0261-3077 | |
] steel works in Sheffield. The site was formerly run by ] which was founded in Sheffield in 1828 and became one of the most prominent engineering companies in the world.]] ], founded in 1805, is the sole remaining independent ] in the world and dominates the north-east of Sheffield around the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffieldforgemasters.com/sfm/history/1800s |title=History: 19th century |publisher=Sheffield Forgemasters International |access-date=26 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823040943/http://www.sheffieldforgemasters.com/sfm/history/1800s |archive-date=23 August 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The firm has a global reputation for producing the largest and most complex steel forgings and castings and is certified to produce critical nuclear components, with recent projects including the ]'s {{sclass|Astute|submarine|0}} submarines.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffieldforgemasters.com/sfm/overview |title=Overview – Sheffield Forgemasters International Ltd. |publisher=Sheffield Forgemasters International |access-date=26 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823033426/http://www.sheffieldforgemasters.com/sfm/overview |archive-date=23 August 2010}}</ref> The firm also has the capacity for pouring the largest single ingot (570 tonnes) in Europe and is currently in the process of expanding its capabilities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffieldforgemasters.com/sfm/overview |publisher=Sheffield Forgemasters International |title=Steel forgings, steel castings and engineering solutions |access-date=24 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823033426/http://www.sheffieldforgemasters.com/sfm/overview |archive-date=23 August 2010}}</ref> In July 2021 Forgemasters was bought outright by the UK ] for £2.56 million, with the intention of investing a further £400 million over the next decade.<ref name="theguardian1">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/jul/28/sheffield-forgemasters-nationalised-after-takeover-ministry-of-defence |title=Sheffield Forgemasters nationalised after £2.6m takeover by MoD |first=Jasper |last=Jolly |date=28 July 2021 |newspaper=] |location=London |issn=0261-3077 |access-date=19 June 2022 |archive-date=18 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618211638/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/jul/28/sheffield-forgemasters-nationalised-after-takeover-ministry-of-defence |url-status=live }}</ref> The decision was based on the important role Forgemasters plays in the construction of the UK nuclear submarine fleet as well other vessels for the ].<ref name="theguardian1"/> | ||
While iron and steel have long been the main industries of Sheffield, ] has also been a major industry, particularly in the outlying areas, and the ] in London was built using ] from ] in the nearby village of ]. | While iron and steel have long been the main industries of Sheffield, ] has also been a major industry, particularly in the outlying areas, and the ] in London was built using ] from ] in the nearby village of ]. | ||
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=== Public sector === | === Public sector === | ||
] | ] | ||
Sheffield has a large public sector workforce, numbering 77,500 workers. During the period |
Sheffield has a large public sector workforce, numbering 77,500 workers. During the period 1995–2008 (a period of growth for the city and many others in the UK), the number of jobs in the city increased by 22% and 50% of these were in the public sector.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.centreforcities.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/11-10-17_Sheffield_Appendix.pdf |title=Appendix: Sheffield data analysis |website=centreforcities.org |access-date=26 July 2021 |archive-date=15 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815043253/https://www.centreforcities.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/11-10-17_Sheffield_Appendix.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Major public sector employers include the ], The University of Sheffield, ], and numerous government departments and agencies including the ] (Visas & Immigration), ] & ]. Recently developed offices in St Paul's Place and ] play host to the aforementioned government departments. | ||
], which is also a major public sector employer in the city, employs over 8,000 people, spread across four different sections (known as portfolios). Sheffield City Council is also the ] (LEA) and as such manages all states schools and their associated staff. As part of its mandate to provide public services, Sheffield City Council maintains contracts with three private |
], which is also a major public sector employer in the city, employs over 8,000 people, spread across four different sections (known as portfolios). Sheffield City Council is also the ] (LEA) and as such manages all states schools and their associated staff. As part of its mandate to provide public services, Sheffield City Council maintains contracts with three private contractors—], ] and ] (contract ending in 2020). Together, these contractors provide additional employment in the city. | ||
=== Leisure and retail === | === Leisure and retail === | ||
Line 431: | Line 432: | ||
] | ] | ||
Sheffield is a major retail centre, and is home to many ] and ]s as well as designer boutiques.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=Ian R. |last2=Evans |first2=Karen |last3=Fraser |first3=Penny |title=A tale of two cities: global change, local feeling and everyday life in the North of England: a study in Manchester and Sheffield |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1996 |pages=115–162 |chapter=Shop 'Til You Drop: The 'Nice Shops' and the Markets in Manchester and Sheffield |isbn=0-415-13829-9}}</ref> The main shopping areas in the city centre are on ] precinct, ], ] and the ]. Department stores in the city centre include ] and ]. Sheffield's main market was once ], built above the remains of the castle. This has since been demolished.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestar.co.uk/news/old-market-site-to-come-down-by-end-of-the-year-1-6515878 |title=Old market site to come down by end of the year |access-date=26 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326025013/http://www.thestar.co.uk/news/old-market-site-to-come-down-by-end-of-the-year-1-6515878 |archive-date=26 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ] opened in 2013 and became the main destination for fresh produce. The market has 196 stalls and includes local and organic produce, as well as international fusion cuisine such as Russian, Jamaican and Thai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.welcometosheffield.co.uk/visit-searchresults/product/757061 |title=Welcome to Sheffield | Results of product |website= |
Sheffield is a major retail centre, and is home to many ] and ]s as well as designer boutiques.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=Ian R. |last2=Evans |first2=Karen |last3=Fraser |first3=Penny |title=A tale of two cities: global change, local feeling and everyday life in the North of England: a study in Manchester and Sheffield |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1996 |pages=115–162 |chapter=Shop 'Til You Drop: The 'Nice Shops' and the Markets in Manchester and Sheffield |isbn=0-415-13829-9}}</ref> The main shopping areas in the city centre are on ] precinct, ], ] and the ]. Department stores in the city centre include ] and ]. Sheffield's main market was once ], built above the remains of the castle. This has since been demolished.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestar.co.uk/news/old-market-site-to-come-down-by-end-of-the-year-1-6515878 |title=Old market site to come down by end of the year |access-date=26 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326025013/http://www.thestar.co.uk/news/old-market-site-to-come-down-by-end-of-the-year-1-6515878 |archive-date=26 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ] opened in 2013 and became the main destination for fresh produce. The market has 196 stalls and includes local and organic produce, as well as international fusion cuisine such as Russian, Jamaican and Thai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.welcometosheffield.co.uk/visit-searchresults/product/757061 |title=Welcome to Sheffield | Results of product |website=welcometosheffield.co.uk |access-date=2 November 2020 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020113749/http://www.welcometosheffield.co.uk/visit-searchresults/product/757061 |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2021 it was announced that the Sheffield branch of ] would close due to falling sales and a move to online shopping, which had increased because of the ]. John Lewis received £3 million of public funding from Sheffield City Council in 2020 to keep the local store open.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 March 2021 |title=John Lewis to close eight more stores, putting 1,500 jobs at risk |url=http://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/mar/24/john-lewis-to-close-eight-more-stores-putting-1500-jobs-at-risk |access-date=28 March 2021 |website=The Guardian |archive-date=28 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328010800/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/mar/24/john-lewis-to-close-eight-more-stores-putting-1500-jobs-at-risk |url-status=live }}</ref> The local ] branches are expected to re-open after the lifting of the 2021 COVID-19 lockdown restrictions, but only to clear existing stock, after which it is expected the stores will close.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bent |first=Lloyd |date=1 December 2020 |title=Debenhams set to close historic Sheffield shop after JD Sports rescue bid collapses |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/business/consumer/debenhams-set-close-historic-sheffield-shop-after-jd-sports-rescue-bid-collapses-3053310 |access-date=28 March 2021 |website=thestar.co.uk |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125133912/https://www.thestar.co.uk/business/consumer/debenhams-set-close-historic-sheffield-shop-after-jd-sports-rescue-bid-collapses-3053310 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hoare |first=Callum |date=24 March 2021 |title=Debenhams tipped for high street surge after lockdown: 'People love to shop!' |url=https://www.express.co.uk/life-style/life/1413579/debenhams-high-street-comeback-store-closure-online-shopping-asos-topshop-topman-spt |access-date=28 March 2021 |website=Express.co.uk |archive-date=27 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327125012/https://www.express.co.uk/life-style/life/1413579/debenhams-high-street-comeback-store-closure-online-shopping-asos-topshop-topman-spt |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
With the decline in high street shopping around the UK, efforts have been made to rejuvenate Sheffield City Centre and improve the retail and leisure offering. Major developments include ], ], St Paul's Place (a mixed use development) and the ] I & II projects. In March 2022 Sheffield City Council announced that a new leisure hub would be constructed at the southern end of Fargate. The £300,000 hub will feature cafes, shops and large |
With the decline in high street shopping around the UK, efforts have been made to rejuvenate Sheffield City Centre and improve the retail and leisure offering. Major developments include ], ], St Paul's Place (a mixed use development) and the ] I & II projects. In March 2022 Sheffield City Council announced that a new leisure hub would be constructed at the southern end of Fargate. The £300,000 hub will feature cafes, shops and large-screen TVs for sports events.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.examinerlive.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/sheffield-city-centre-fargate-attraction-23417724 |title=Sheffield city centre's new cafes, shops and big screen to open in weeks |first=Molly |last=Williams |date=17 March 2022 |website=YorkshireLive |access-date=4 May 2022 |archive-date=14 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514190548/https://www.examinerlive.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/sheffield-city-centre-fargate-attraction-23417724 |url-status=live }}</ref> The development is also related to other efforts to rejuvenate the Fargate area, such as a new mixed-use events and coworking hub at 20–26 Fargate, also overseen by Sheffield City Council.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/politics/sheffield-council-reveals-plans-for-events-central-city-centre-music-venue-with-exhibition-space-3661762 |title=Sheffield Council reveals plans for Events Central city centre music venue with exhibition space |website=thestar.co.uk |date=20 April 2022 |access-date=4 May 2022 |archive-date=22 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422110217/https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/politics/sheffield-council-reveals-plans-for-events-central-city-centre-music-venue-with-exhibition-space-3661762 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
==== Shopping centres ==== | ==== Shopping centres ==== | ||
]]] | ]]] | ||
] shopping centre, located to the |
] shopping centre, located to the north-east of Sheffield close to the boundary with ] and next to the ], is a major regional shopping destination and currently ranked ] in the UK with a floorspace of {{convert|1.5|e6ft2|abbr=unit}}. Attracting over 30 million visitors a year (up from 19 million in its first year), the centre hosts 270 shops, 37 restaurants and a cinema.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |url=http://www.welcometosheffield.co.uk/visit-searchresults/product/758621 |title=Welcome to Sheffield | Results of product |website=welcometosheffield.co.uk |access-date=2 November 2020 |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117212647/http://www.welcometosheffield.co.uk/visit-searchresults/product/758621 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geographypages.co.uk/meadow.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130417183245/http://www.geographypages.co.uk/meadow.htm |archive-date=17 April 2013 |title=How Has Sheffield City Centre Changes Since the Development of Meadowhall? |website=geographypages.co.uk |url-status=dead}}</ref> Many nationally renowned brands have a presence at the centre including ], ] and ]. The centre is connected to the city centre by rail, ] and bus services.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Prior to the opening of Meadowhall, the site was occupied for East Hecla (steel) works, a major employer in the north-east of the city. The opening of Meadowhall in 1990 marked the beginning of major rejuvenation in the ] as the steel industry contracted. In a 2010 survey of forecast expenditure at retail centres in the United Kingdom, Meadowhall was ranked 12th and ] 19th.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caci.co.uk/492.aspx |title=Retail Footprint 2010 reveals Britain's shopping successes and strugglers |date=21 May 2010 |access-date=18 July 2010 |publisher=] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618210926/http://www.caci.co.uk/492.aspx |archive-date=18 June 2010}}</ref> | ||
] | ] | ||
To the South of Meadowhall shopping centre is Meadowhall Retail Park, a {{ |
To the South of Meadowhall shopping centre is Meadowhall Retail Park, a {{convert|190500|ft2|adj=on}} retail park with 13 retail and food units.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://completelyretail.co.uk/scheme/3254 |title=Meadowhall Retail Park, Sheffield |publisher=Completely Retail |date= |access-date=25 June 2022 |archive-date=1 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801160133/https://completelyretail.co.uk/scheme/3254 |url-status=live }}</ref> Next to the retail park is the Sheffield ] store, opened in 2017. The opening ceremony was attended by dignitaries including the Swedish Ambassador to the UK.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insightdiy.co.uk/news/ikea-opens-their-20th-uk-store-in-sheffield/5880.htm#:~:text=The%2035%2C000%20sqm%20store%20will,with%20around%201%2C000%20free%20spaces |title=IKEA opens their 20th UK store in Sheffield |publisher=Insightdiy.co.uk |date=17 June 2022 |access-date=25 June 2022 |archive-date=5 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805191312/https://www.insightdiy.co.uk/news/ikea-opens-their-20th-uk-store-in-sheffield/5880.htm#:~:text=The%2035%2C000%20sqm%20store%20will,with%20around%201%2C000%20free%20spaces |url-status=live }}</ref> The Sheffield store was the 20th opened in the UK and led to the creation of 480 new local jobs. | ||
The second |
The second-largest shopping centre in Sheffield is ], located in the south-east of the city, alongside Drakehouse Retail Park. Both the shopping centre and the retail park opened in 1988 and now attract around 11 million visitors a year.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thestar.co.uk/business/record-number-of-shoppers-pass-through-centre-s-doors-1-6363303 |title=Record number of shoppers pass through centre's doors |work=The Star |access-date=3 December 2016 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220032612/http://www.thestar.co.uk/business/record-number-of-shoppers-pass-through-centre-s-doors-1-6363303 |url-status=live }}</ref> In total there are 101 retailers (including eateries) at Crystal Peaks and Drakehouse, including a range of high street brands. Crystal Peaks also includes a travel interchange which serves as the hub for bus travel in the east and south-east of Sheffield. | ||
==== Suburbs ==== | ==== Suburbs ==== | ||
Line 448: | Line 449: | ||
] | ] | ||
Beyond the city centre there are numerous other leisure and shopping areas. To the south-west of the city centre is ], a major thoroughfare connecting the south-western suburbs to the city centre and lined with bars, restaurants and cafes, as well as housing.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thisissheffield.com/ecclesall/ |title=This Is Ecclesall – Your Guide To Ecclesall & Surrounding Areas |date=7 January 2020 |website= |
Beyond the city centre there are numerous other leisure and shopping areas. To the south-west of the city centre is ], a major thoroughfare connecting the south-western suburbs to the city centre and lined with bars, restaurants and cafes, as well as housing.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thisissheffield.com/ecclesall/ |title=This Is Ecclesall – Your Guide To Ecclesall & Surrounding Areas |date=7 January 2020 |website=thisissheffield.com |access-date=18 June 2022 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803221050/https://www.thisissheffield.com/ecclesall/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The area has a large student community owing to the presence of the Sheffield Hallam University Collegiate Campus adjacent to Ecclesall Road. The leisure section of the road is approximately {{cvt|2.5|km|order=flip}} long, with the south-western end becoming Ecclesall Road South and a predominantly | ||
residential area. Another popular shopping and leisure area is ], to the south of the city centre. The road is famous for its multicultural community which has led to an abundance of international cuisines being served at restaurants along the road. To the west of the city centre is ], a student-centric neighbourhood which also caters for school students as well local university students and NHS staff. To the north-west of the city centre are ], a large retail and sports hub, and ] Fox Valley, a modern leisure and retail centre built on a brownfield industrial site.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.foxvalleysheffield.co.uk/ |title=Welcome to Fox Valley, Sheffield – Retail shopping at Fox Valley, Sheffield |publisher=Foxvalleysheffield.co.uk |date= | |
residential area. Another popular shopping and leisure area is ], to the south of the city centre. The road is famous for its multicultural community which has led to an abundance of international cuisines being served at restaurants along the road. To the west of the city centre is ], a student-centric neighbourhood which also caters for school students as well local university students and NHS staff. To the north-west of the city centre are ], a large retail and sports hub, and ] Fox Valley, a modern leisure and retail centre built on a brownfield industrial site.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.foxvalleysheffield.co.uk/ |title=Welcome to Fox Valley, Sheffield – Retail shopping at Fox Valley, Sheffield |publisher=Foxvalleysheffield.co.uk |date= |access-date=19 June 2022 |archive-date=26 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626014747/https://www.foxvalleysheffield.co.uk/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
In the late 2010s and early 2020s several new developments began to the north of the city centre in the ], an increasingly popular mixed-use development. The area has become known for its independent cafes, restaurants and pubs and has seen significant residential development in recent years. | In the late 2010s and early 2020s several new developments began to the north of the city centre in the ], an increasingly popular mixed-use development. The area has become known for its independent cafes, restaurants and pubs and has seen significant residential development in recent years. | ||
=== Tourism === | === Tourism === | ||
Tourism plays a major role in the city's economy on account of ] |
Tourism plays a major role in the city's economy on account of ]—namely the Peak District, sports events (in particular, the ]) and musical festivals (such as ]). In 2019, the tourism industry in Sheffield was valued at £1.36 billion and supported 15,000 jobs.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/politics/sheffield-facing-5000-tourism-and-hospitality-industry-job-losses-due-coronavirus-2934237 |title=Emergency help plea for Yorkshire's 'crown jewel' tourism sector as thousands of job losses forecast |work=Yorkshire Post |access-date=2 November 2020 |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026215125/https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/politics/sheffield-facing-5000-tourism-and-hospitality-industry-job-losses-due-coronavirus-2934237 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
In 2012, ] was launched to promote development in a number of sites in Sheffield and across the wider region. In March 2014 additional sites were added to the zone.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thebusinessdesk.com/yorkshire/news/588887-sheffield-city-region-enterprise-zone-reveals-expansion-plans.html# |title=Sheffield City Region Enterprise Zone announces expansion plans |last=Newton-Syms |first=Ellie |publisher=The Business Desk |date=11 March 2014 |access-date=12 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123938/http://www.thebusinessdesk.com/yorkshire/news/588887-sheffield-city-region-enterprise-zone-reveals-expansion-plans.html |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> | In 2012, ] was launched to promote development in a number of sites in Sheffield and across the wider region. In March 2014 additional sites were added to the zone.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thebusinessdesk.com/yorkshire/news/588887-sheffield-city-region-enterprise-zone-reveals-expansion-plans.html# |title=Sheffield City Region Enterprise Zone announces expansion plans |last=Newton-Syms |first=Ellie |publisher=The Business Desk |date=11 March 2014 |access-date=12 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123938/http://www.thebusinessdesk.com/yorkshire/news/588887-sheffield-city-region-enterprise-zone-reveals-expansion-plans.html |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
Line 464: | Line 465: | ||
] | ] | ||
Motorways near the city are the ] and ].<ref name="OS">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.com/travelnews/sheffield |title=Travel News: Sheffield and South Yorkshire |publisher=BBC |access-date=13 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121230911/http://www.bbc.com/travelnews/sheffield |archive-date=21 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> ] connects the city centre to the motorways. The M1 skirts the city's north-east and crossing ] near Rotherham. The M18 branches from the M1 close to Sheffield, linking the city with ] and ending at ]. | Motorways near the city are the ] and ].<ref name="OS">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.com/travelnews/sheffield |title=Travel News: Sheffield and South Yorkshire |publisher=BBC |access-date=13 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121230911/http://www.bbc.com/travelnews/sheffield |archive-date=21 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> ] connects the city centre to the motorways. The M1 skirts the city's north-east and crossing ] near Rotherham. The M18 branches from the M1 close to Sheffield, linking the city with ] and ending at ]. | ||
The ] and ]s are the major ]s through Sheffield.<ref name="OS" |
The ] and ]s are the major ]s through Sheffield.<ref name="OS"/> These run east–west and north–south, respectively, crossing in the city centre, from where the other major roads generally radiate spoke-like. An inner ], mostly constructed in the 1970s and extended in 2007 to form a complete ring,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/?pgid=87823&fs=b |title=Project History – The Inner Relief Road |last=Brown |first=Deborah |year=2008 |publisher=Sheffield City Council |access-date=19 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021015428/http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/?pgid=87823&fs=b |archive-date=21 October 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> allows traffic to avoid the city centre, and an ] runs to the east, south-east and north, nearer the edge of the city, but does not serve the western side of Sheffield.<ref name="OS"/> | ||
], served by ]]] ] service]] | ], served by ]]] ] service]] | ||
] is the city's bus main hub; other bus stations are at ], ] and ]. After deregulation in 1986,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bayliss |first=David |year=1997 |title=Bus Privatisation in Great Britain |journal=Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Transport |volume=123 |issue=2 |pages=81–93 |doi=10.1680/itran.1997.29377}}</ref> there were multiple new service providers. Current providers are ], ], ], ] and Sheffield Community Transport. First South Yorkshire, is the largest bus operator.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestar.co.uk/news/Call-for-action-to-halt.1115892.jp |title=Call for action to halt fall in bus passengers |work=The Star |date=16 August 2005 |access-date=7 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126181613/http://www.thestar.co.uk/news/Call-for-action-to-halt.1115892.jp |archive-date=26 January 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestar.co.uk/news/Next-stop-in-bus-protest.1332988.jp |title=Next stop in bus protest campaign |work=The Star |date=31 January 2006 |access-date=7 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126181647/http://www.thestar.co.uk/news/Next-stop-in-bus-protest.1332988.jp |archive-date=26 January 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> There is also the ] route between Sheffield and ] via Rotherham. It was planned as two routes: the Northern route to Rotherham via Meadowhall and ], and the southern route via the developing employment centre and Waverley.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rothbiz.co.uk/2008/04/news-regional-approval-for-rotherham.html |title=Regional approval for Rotherham / Sheffield transport scheme |publisher=Rotherham Business News |date=7 April 2008 |access-date=8 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126101950/http://www.rothbiz.co.uk/2008/04/news-regional-approval-for-rotherham.html |archive-date=26 January 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> The northern route opened in September 2016; it involved an |
] is the city's bus main hub; other bus stations are at ], ] and ]. After deregulation in 1986,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bayliss |first=David |year=1997 |title=Bus Privatisation in Great Britain |journal=Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Transport |volume=123 |issue=2 |pages=81–93 |doi=10.1680/itran.1997.29377}}</ref> there were multiple new service providers. Current providers are ], ], ], ] and Sheffield Community Transport. First South Yorkshire, is the largest bus operator.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestar.co.uk/news/Call-for-action-to-halt.1115892.jp |title=Call for action to halt fall in bus passengers |work=The Star |date=16 August 2005 |access-date=7 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126181613/http://www.thestar.co.uk/news/Call-for-action-to-halt.1115892.jp |archive-date=26 January 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestar.co.uk/news/Next-stop-in-bus-protest.1332988.jp |title=Next stop in bus protest campaign |work=The Star |date=31 January 2006 |access-date=7 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126181647/http://www.thestar.co.uk/news/Next-stop-in-bus-protest.1332988.jp |archive-date=26 January 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> There is also the ] route between Sheffield and ] via Rotherham. It was planned as two routes: the Northern route to Rotherham via Meadowhall and ], and the southern route via the developing employment centre and Waverley.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rothbiz.co.uk/2008/04/news-regional-approval-for-rotherham.html |title=Regional approval for Rotherham / Sheffield transport scheme |publisher=Rotherham Business News |date=7 April 2008 |access-date=8 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126101950/http://www.rothbiz.co.uk/2008/04/news-regional-approval-for-rotherham.html |archive-date=26 January 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> The northern route opened in September 2016; it involved an 800-metre Tinsley Road Link to be built between Meadowhall and the A6178 road.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/16-million-for-yorkshire-bus-services |title=£16 million for Yorkshire bus services |work=Department for Transport |access-date=13 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313214317/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/16-million-for-yorkshire-bus-services |archive-date=13 March 2018 |url-status=live}}<br>{{cite web |url=http://www.constructionenquirer.com/2013/08/27/carillion-wins-tinsley-link-road-job-with-11m-bid/ |title=Carillion wins Tinsley Link road job with £11m bid |work=Construction Enquirer |access-date=13 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313214302/http://www.constructionenquirer.com/2013/08/27/carillion-wins-tinsley-link-road-job-with-11m-bid/ |archive-date=13 March 2018 |url-status=live}}<br>{{cite web |url=http://busandcoach.com/news/articles/2016/steel-link-service-for-new-298million-brt-scheme/ |title=Steel Link service for new £29.8 million BRT scheme |publisher=Bus & Coach Professional |access-date=13 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915090535/http://www.busandcoach.com/news/articles/2016/steel-link-service-for-new-298million-brt-scheme/ |archive-date=15 September 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ], Andrews and the parent company ] formerly operated in the city and were taken-over by ].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thestar.co.uk/news/Anger-over-14-per-cent.1975609.jp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120912112709/http://www.thestar.co.uk/news/Anger-over-14-per-cent.1975609.jp |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 September 2012 |title=Anger over 14 per cent bus fare rise |last=Marsden |first=Richard |date=17 January 2007 |work=The Star |access-date=21 July 2009}}</ref> ] also operates the ] and has an integrated ticketing system with buses and tram.<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611231457/http://www.stagecoachbus.com/tickets.aspx?action=&sid=20100826214621-5659&product_id=14&location_id=17&period_filter=any |date=11 June 2011 }}. Stagecoach Bus. Retrieved 24 August 2011.</ref> | ||
] services running through Sheffield are operated by ] and to a lesser extent ] and ]. National Express services call at ], Meadowhall Interchange and Meadowhead Bus Stop. Megabus and Flixbus services only call at Meadowhall. National Express services 564, 560, 350, 320, 310 and 240 call at Sheffield, as do others on a less frequent basis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalexpress.com/destinations/timetables.cfm |title=Coach Timetables for National Express |date=March 2010 |work=National Express Coaches |publisher=National Express |format=PDF |access-date=26 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516025758/http://www.nationalexpress.com/destinations/timetables.cfm |archive-date=16 May 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> The 560/564 service is a direct connection to London ] via Chesterfield and ], operating 12 times a day in both directions. The 350 and 240 services connect Sheffield to ] and ]/] Airports respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carlberry.co.uk/rfnshowr.asp?RN=NX350B |title=Coach Timetables for National Express 350 service |date=March 2010 |work=Carlberry |access-date=26 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912001805/http://www.carlberry.co.uk/rfnshowr.asp?RN=NX350B |archive-date=12 September 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Two Megabus services, the M12 and M20, call at Sheffield en route to London from ] and ] respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carlberry.co.uk/rfnlistr.asp?O=MEGA |title=List Transport Services |publisher=Carlberry.co.uk |access-date=3 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213302/http://www.carlberry.co.uk/rfnlistr.asp?O=MEGA |archive-date=4 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> | ] services running through Sheffield are operated by ] and to a lesser extent ] and ]. National Express services call at ], Meadowhall Interchange and Meadowhead Bus Stop. Megabus and Flixbus services only call at Meadowhall. National Express services 564, 560, 350, 320, 310 and 240 call at Sheffield, as do others on a less frequent basis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalexpress.com/destinations/timetables.cfm |title=Coach Timetables for National Express |date=March 2010 |work=National Express Coaches |publisher=National Express |format=PDF |access-date=26 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516025758/http://www.nationalexpress.com/destinations/timetables.cfm |archive-date=16 May 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> The 560/564 service is a direct connection to London ] via Chesterfield and ], operating 12 times a day in both directions. The 350 and 240 services connect Sheffield to ] and ]/] Airports, respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carlberry.co.uk/rfnshowr.asp?RN=NX350B |title=Coach Timetables for National Express 350 service |date=March 2010 |work=Carlberry |access-date=26 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912001805/http://www.carlberry.co.uk/rfnshowr.asp?RN=NX350B |archive-date=12 September 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Two Megabus services, the M12 and M20, call at Sheffield en route to London from ] and ], respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carlberry.co.uk/rfnlistr.asp?O=MEGA |title=List Transport Services |publisher=Carlberry.co.uk |access-date=3 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213302/http://www.carlberry.co.uk/rfnlistr.asp?O=MEGA |archive-date=4 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
Although hilly, Sheffield is compact and has few major trunk roads, therefore ] is a popular method of transport. It is on the ], a ] route running from |
Although hilly, Sheffield is compact and has few major trunk roads, therefore ] is a popular method of transport. It is on the ], a ] route running from west to east from ] in Merseyside to ] in the ] and north to south from ] in West Yorkshire to ] in Derbyshire.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.transpenninetrail.org.uk/ |title=Welcome to the Trans Pennine Trail – Home Page |publisher=Trans Pennine Trail |access-date=7 August 2009 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516175804/http://www.transpenninetrail.org.uk/ |archive-date=16 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> There are many cycle routes going along country paths in the woods surrounding the city, and an increasing number of cycle lanes in the city itself. | ||
===Trams, trains and tramtrains=== | ===Trams, trains and tramtrains=== | ||
Line 478: | Line 479: | ||
Train services in Sheffield are operated by ], ], ] and ]. Major railway routes through ] include the ] (to London via the East Midlands), the ] (which runs between eastern Scotland and south-west England) and the lines linking Liverpool and Manchester with {{rws|Hull}} and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/passenger_services/maps/trainoperators.pdf |title=2010 Great Britain National Rail Train Operators |date=May 2009 |work=Network Rail website |publisher=Network Rail |access-date=15 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214201324/http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/passenger_services/maps/trainoperators.pdf |archive-date=14 February 2010}}</ref> With the redevelopment of ] completed, Sheffield has a direct connection to ], via the ], to St Pancras and the ] to France and Belgium.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurostar.com/uk-en/travel-info/your-trip/onward-connection/connecting-in-london |title=Travel information |publisher=Eurostar |access-date=27 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208004906/http://www.eurostar.com/uk-en/travel-info/your-trip/onward-connection/connecting-in-london |archive-date=8 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> East Midlands Railway also operates three premium trains: the '']'', the '']'' and the '']''. | Train services in Sheffield are operated by ], ], ] and ]. Major railway routes through ] include the ] (to London via the East Midlands), the ] (which runs between eastern Scotland and south-west England) and the lines linking Liverpool and Manchester with {{rws|Hull}} and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/passenger_services/maps/trainoperators.pdf |title=2010 Great Britain National Rail Train Operators |date=May 2009 |work=Network Rail website |publisher=Network Rail |access-date=15 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214201324/http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/passenger_services/maps/trainoperators.pdf |archive-date=14 February 2010}}</ref> With the redevelopment of ] completed, Sheffield has a direct connection to ], via the ], to St Pancras and the ] to France and Belgium.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurostar.com/uk-en/travel-info/your-trip/onward-connection/connecting-in-london |title=Travel information |publisher=Eurostar |access-date=27 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208004906/http://www.eurostar.com/uk-en/travel-info/your-trip/onward-connection/connecting-in-london |archive-date=8 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> East Midlands Railway also operates three premium trains: the '']'', the '']'' and the '']''. | ||
] had been planned to serve a city centre station in Sheffield as a spur from the main eastern HS2 line. It was scheduled to be operational by 2033, with four trains an hour, reducing journey times to London and Birmingham to 1 hour 19 minutes and 48 minutes respectively.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-41277560 |title=HS2 'may disrupt city travel for years' |date=15 September 2017 |access-date=20 December 2017 |work=BBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130195338/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-41277560 |archive-date=30 November 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2021, the UK government published the ''Integrated Rail Plan for the North and Midlands'' which announced HS2's eastern spur route (between the East Midlands and Leeds, including Sheffield) had been cancelled. The document announced upgrades to the Midland Mainline, with HS2 trains able to run on this upgraded and electrified route.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1034576/integrated-rail-plan-for-the-north-and-midlands-web-version.pdf |title=Integrated Rail Plan for the North and Midlands |date=November 2021 |work=Department for Transport |access-date=22 November 2021 |archive-date=20 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120010733/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1034576/integrated-rail-plan-for-the-north-and-midlands-web-version.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> | ] had been planned to serve a city centre station in Sheffield as a spur from the main eastern HS2 line. It was scheduled to be operational by 2033, with four trains an hour, reducing journey times to London and Birmingham to 1 hour 19 minutes and 48 minutes, respectively.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-41277560 |title=HS2 'may disrupt city travel for years' |date=15 September 2017 |access-date=20 December 2017 |work=BBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130195338/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-41277560 |archive-date=30 November 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2021, the UK government published the ''Integrated Rail Plan for the North and Midlands'' which announced HS2's eastern spur route (between the East Midlands and Leeds, including Sheffield) had been cancelled. The document announced upgrades to the Midland Mainline, with HS2 trains able to run on this upgraded and electrified route.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1034576/integrated-rail-plan-for-the-north-and-midlands-web-version.pdf |title=Integrated Rail Plan for the North and Midlands |date=November 2021 |work=Department for Transport |access-date=22 November 2021 |archive-date=20 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120010733/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1034576/integrated-rail-plan-for-the-north-and-midlands-web-version.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
There are several local rail routes running along the city's valleys and beyond, connecting it with other parts of ], ], ], ] and ]. These local routes include the ], the ], the ] and the ]. As well as the main stations of ] and Meadowhall, there are five suburban stations at ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/css/NetworkRail_LiverpoolLeedsManchesterSheffieldmap.pdf |title=Liverpool, Leeds, Manchester, Sheffield rail map |work=National Rail Enquiries |publisher=ATOC Limited |access-date=13 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016080739/http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/css/NetworkRail_LiverpoolLeedsManchesterSheffieldmap.pdf |archive-date=16 October 2013}}</ref> As part of improvements to rail services along the Hope Valley Line between Sheffield and Manchester, a new platform, station facilities and track are being built at Dore & Totley Station with the expanded station due to open in 2023.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/transport/picture-shows-work-to-speed-up-sheffield-to-manchester-trains-is-underway-3611856 |title=Picture shows work to speed up Sheffield to Manchester trains is underway |work=The Star | |
There are several local rail routes running along the city's valleys and beyond, connecting it with other parts of ], ], ], ] and ]. These local routes include the ], the ], the ] and the ]. As well as the main stations of ] and Meadowhall, there are five suburban stations at ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/css/NetworkRail_LiverpoolLeedsManchesterSheffieldmap.pdf |title=Liverpool, Leeds, Manchester, Sheffield rail map |work=National Rail Enquiries |publisher=ATOC Limited |access-date=13 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016080739/http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/css/NetworkRail_LiverpoolLeedsManchesterSheffieldmap.pdf |archive-date=16 October 2013}}</ref> As part of improvements to rail services along the Hope Valley Line between Sheffield and Manchester, a new platform, station facilities and track are being built at Dore & Totley Station with the expanded station due to open in 2023.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/transport/picture-shows-work-to-speed-up-sheffield-to-manchester-trains-is-underway-3611856 |title=Picture shows work to speed up Sheffield to Manchester trains is underway |work=The Star |access-date=18 June 2022 |archive-date=7 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707180652/http://www.thestar.co.uk/news/transport/picture-shows-work-to-speed-up-sheffield-to-manchester-trains-is-underway-3611856 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
]]] | ]]] | ||
The ] (not derived from the ]), opened in 1994 and was operated by ]. The opening was shortly after the similar ] scheme in Greater Manchester. The Supertram network consists of {{cvt|37|mi |
The ] (not derived from the ]), opened in 1994 and was operated by ]. The opening was shortly after the similar ] scheme in Greater Manchester. The Supertram network consists of {{cvt|37|mi}} of track and four lines (with all lines running via the city centre): from Halfway to ] (Blue Line), from Meadowhall to ] (Yellow Line), from Cathedral to ] (Purple Line),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.supertram.net/about.html |title=About Us |work=Stagecoach Supertram website |publisher=Stagecoach Group |access-date=19 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704091815/http://www.supertram.net/about.html |archive-date=4 July 2009}}</ref> and the from ] to ] (Black Line). The system contains both on-street and segregated running, depending upon the section and line. The Black Line opened in 2018,<ref>{{cite web |title=Almost three years late and at five times the original cost – Sheffield to Rotherham tram-train finally welcomes passengers |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/transport/almost-three-years-late-and-at-five-times-the-original-cost-sheffield-to-rotherham-tram-train-finally-welcomes-passengers-1-9413564 |work=The Star |date=25 October 2018 |access-date=26 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026143206/https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/transport/almost-three-years-late-and-at-five-times-the-original-cost-sheffield-to-rotherham-tram-train-finally-welcomes-passengers-1-9413564 |archive-date=26 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> with ''tram-trains''; these are trams that are able to share a line with conventional heavy rail trains between Sheffield and Rotherham. | ||
In March 2024, control of the network passed to the South Yorkshire Combined Mayoral Authority.<ref>{{cite web | |
In March 2024, control of the network passed to the South Yorkshire Combined Mayoral Authority.<ref>{{cite web |last=Walsh |first=David |title=Supertram Sheffield: Vital network back in public hands with mayor promising to improve services |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/business/supertram-network-back-in-public-hands-with-mayor-promising-to-improve-services-4564264 |website=Sheffield Star |date=22 March 2024 |publisher=National World Publishing Ltd. |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref> | ||
===Canal=== | ===Canal=== | ||
]]] | ]]] | ||
The ] (S&SY) is a system of navigable inland waterways (]s and canalised rivers) in Yorkshire and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.waterscape.com/canals-and-rivers/sheffield-and-south-yorkshire-navigation/history |title=History of the Sheffield & South Yorkshire Navigation |work=waterscape |publisher=British Waterways |access-date=21 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803071812/http://www.waterscape.com/canals-and-rivers/sheffield-and-south-yorkshire-navigation/history |archive-date=3 August 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> Chiefly based on the ], it runs for a length of {{cvt|43|mi |
The ] (S&SY) is a system of navigable inland waterways (]s and canalised rivers) in Yorkshire and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.waterscape.com/canals-and-rivers/sheffield-and-south-yorkshire-navigation/history |title=History of the Sheffield & South Yorkshire Navigation |work=waterscape |publisher=British Waterways |access-date=21 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803071812/http://www.waterscape.com/canals-and-rivers/sheffield-and-south-yorkshire-navigation/history |archive-date=3 August 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> Chiefly based on the ], it runs for a length of {{cvt|43|mi}} and has 29 ]. It connects Sheffield, ] and ] with the ] at ] and (via the ]) the ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Edwards |first=Lewis A. |title=Inland Waterways of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |publisher=Read Books |year=2007 |pages=269–273 |chapter=Sheffield & South Yorkshire Navigation |isbn=978-1-4067-1470-8}}</ref> The terminus of the canal is at ], a redevelopment mixed-used area adjacent to Park Square in Sheffield City Centre. | ||
===Air=== | ===Air=== | ||
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Due to the topographical nature of the city, Sheffield was not served by its own airport. In May 1990, ] entered into an agreement with A. F. Budge (Mining) Ltd for the construction and operation of the airport and the development of adjacent land. In 1997, ] was opened on land close to the M1 and the Sheffield Parkway. The airport was operated on STOLPORT model similar to ] and operated a limited range of short range business focused flights to destinations in the ] and the ]. The airport fell into decline with the growth of low cost airlines in the late 1990s and the last scheduled flight took place in 2002. The airport closed and lost its ] license in 2008.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/our-towns-and-cities/sheffield/retro-the-rise-and-fall-of-sheffield-airport-1-7797521 |title=RETRO: The rise and fall of Sheffield Airport |work=The Star |access-date=20 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020223802/https://www.thestar.co.uk/our-towns-and-cities/sheffield/retro-the-rise-and-fall-of-sheffield-airport-1-7797521 |archive-date=20 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> | Due to the topographical nature of the city, Sheffield was not served by its own airport. In May 1990, ] entered into an agreement with A. F. Budge (Mining) Ltd for the construction and operation of the airport and the development of adjacent land. In 1997, ] was opened on land close to the M1 and the Sheffield Parkway. The airport was operated on STOLPORT model similar to ] and operated a limited range of short range business focused flights to destinations in the ] and the ]. The airport fell into decline with the growth of low cost airlines in the late 1990s and the last scheduled flight took place in 2002. The airport closed and lost its ] license in 2008.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/our-towns-and-cities/sheffield/retro-the-rise-and-fall-of-sheffield-airport-1-7797521 |title=RETRO: The rise and fall of Sheffield Airport |work=The Star |access-date=20 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020223802/https://www.thestar.co.uk/our-towns-and-cities/sheffield/retro-the-rise-and-fall-of-sheffield-airport-1-7797521 |archive-date=20 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
] (also known as Robin Hood Airport) then became the closest international airport to Sheffield, located {{cvt|18|mi |
] (also known as Robin Hood Airport) then became the closest international airport to Sheffield, located {{cvt|18|mi}} from the city centre. It opened on 28 April 2005 on the former ] site and was served mainly by charter and budget airlines, with about one million passengers a year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.robinhoodairport.com/media-centre/background-information.html |title=Robin Hood Airport Background Information |work=Robin Hood Airport website |publisher=Robin Hood Airport |access-date=21 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223125527/http://www.robinhoodairport.com/media-centre/background-information.html |archive-date=23 December 2010}}</ref> Destinations had included the Canary Islands, Balearics, Greece, Turkey, Poland and the Baltic countries with ] and ] operating from the airport. A link road, called the Great Yorkshire Way, connects Doncaster Sheffield Airport to the M18 motorway, reducing the journey time from Sheffield city centre from 40 to 25 minutes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.doncaster.gov.uk/FARRRS |title=Great Yorkshire Way – driving jobs and growth |website=Doncaster Council |access-date=2 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504221115/http://www.doncaster.gov.uk/farrrs |archive-date=4 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The airport closed in 2022. In June 2023 South Yorkshire's mayor ] handed Doncaster council £3.1 million to help the council build a case for legal action in pursuit of a compulsory purchase order, which it believes will cost up to £6.25 million.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 April 2023 |title=Doncaster Sheffield Airport: Council sets aside money to reopen closed airport |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-65256550 |access-date=5 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=26 September 2022 |title=Doncaster Sheffield Airport to close despite financial lifeline offer |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-63033676 |access-date=5 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=3 July 2023 |title=Council launches Doncaster Sheffield Airport investor search |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-66065390 |access-date=5 July 2023}}</ref> | ||
==Education== | ==Education== | ||
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] manages the museums dedicated to Sheffield's industrial heritage of which there are three.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sheffield Industrial Museums Trust |url=http://www.simt.co.uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110821200732/http://www.simt.co.uk/ |archive-date=21 August 2011 |access-date=24 August 2011 |publisher=Sheffield Industrial Museums Trust}}</ref> ] (located just to the North of the city centre) is located on the site of a 19th-century iron foundry and showcases the city's history of steel manufacturing and includes a range of important historical artifacts, including a preserved ] (which won an Engineering Heritage Award in 2004 from the ]), munitions and mechanical components from WW2 aircraft (Including a crankshaft from a ] which, during the early stages of the war, could only be produced in Sheffield) and a fully functional 12,000 horsepower steam engine dating to the 19th century.<ref>{{cite web |title=About |url=http://www.simt.co.uk/kelham-island-museum/about |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716120240/http://www.simt.co.uk/kelham-island-museum/about |archive-date=16 July 2011 |access-date=24 August 2011 |publisher=Sheffield Industrial Museums Trust}}</ref> The museum is an Anchor Point for the ERIH, ]. ] (in the south of the city) is a Grade I listed building and a ].<ref>{{cite web |title=About |url=http://www.simt.co.uk/abbeydale-industrial-hamlet/about |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716120259/http://www.simt.co.uk/abbeydale-industrial-hamlet/about |archive-date=16 July 2011 |access-date=24 August 2011 |publisher=Sheffield Industrial Museums Trust}}</ref> ] (in the south-East of the city) is a former water-powered grinding ], Grade II listed and a ].<ref>{{cite web |title=What to see |url=http://www.simt.co.uk/shepherd-wheel-workshop/what-to-see |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928010147/http://www.simt.co.uk/shepherd-wheel-workshop/what-to-see |archive-date=28 September 2011 |access-date=24 August 2011 |publisher=Sheffield Industrial Museums Trust}}</ref> Also there are ]. | ] manages the museums dedicated to Sheffield's industrial heritage of which there are three.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sheffield Industrial Museums Trust |url=http://www.simt.co.uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110821200732/http://www.simt.co.uk/ |archive-date=21 August 2011 |access-date=24 August 2011 |publisher=Sheffield Industrial Museums Trust}}</ref> ] (located just to the North of the city centre) is located on the site of a 19th-century iron foundry and showcases the city's history of steel manufacturing and includes a range of important historical artifacts, including a preserved ] (which won an Engineering Heritage Award in 2004 from the ]), munitions and mechanical components from WW2 aircraft (Including a crankshaft from a ] which, during the early stages of the war, could only be produced in Sheffield) and a fully functional 12,000 horsepower steam engine dating to the 19th century.<ref>{{cite web |title=About |url=http://www.simt.co.uk/kelham-island-museum/about |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716120240/http://www.simt.co.uk/kelham-island-museum/about |archive-date=16 July 2011 |access-date=24 August 2011 |publisher=Sheffield Industrial Museums Trust}}</ref> The museum is an Anchor Point for the ERIH, ]. ] (in the south of the city) is a Grade I listed building and a ].<ref>{{cite web |title=About |url=http://www.simt.co.uk/abbeydale-industrial-hamlet/about |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716120259/http://www.simt.co.uk/abbeydale-industrial-hamlet/about |archive-date=16 July 2011 |access-date=24 August 2011 |publisher=Sheffield Industrial Museums Trust}}</ref> ] (in the south-East of the city) is a former water-powered grinding ], Grade II listed and a ].<ref>{{cite web |title=What to see |url=http://www.simt.co.uk/shepherd-wheel-workshop/what-to-see |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928010147/http://www.simt.co.uk/shepherd-wheel-workshop/what-to-see |archive-date=28 September 2011 |access-date=24 August 2011 |publisher=Sheffield Industrial Museums Trust}}</ref> Also there are ]. | ||
In August 2022 the Yorkshire Natural History Museum opened on Holme Lane in Sheffield. Many of the exhibits come from the collection of James Hogg and feature a collection of Jurassic marine life, such as ], ], ] and ]s, many of which were collected from the Lias of the Yorkshire Coast. The museum has Europe's first publicly accessible fossil preparation and conservation laboratory with ultrasonic preparation facilities, an acid preparation laboratory, 3D scanning, CT scanning and 3D printing.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 August 2022 |title=Sheffield: New natural history museum opens in city |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-62520254 |url-status=live |access-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813111420/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-62520254 |archive-date=13 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 August 2022 |title=Brand new Natural History Museum opening in Sheffield – The Geological Curators' Group |url=https://www.geocurator.org/news/574-brand-new-natural-history-museum-opening-in-sheffield |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824052948/https://www.geocurator.org/news/574-brand-new-natural-history-museum-opening-in-sheffield |archive-date=24 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022 |website= |
In August 2022 the Yorkshire Natural History Museum opened on Holme Lane in Sheffield. Many of the exhibits come from the collection of James Hogg and feature a collection of Jurassic marine life, such as ], ], ] and ]s, many of which were collected from the Lias of the Yorkshire Coast. The museum has Europe's first publicly accessible fossil preparation and conservation laboratory with ultrasonic preparation facilities, an acid preparation laboratory, 3D scanning, CT scanning and 3D printing.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 August 2022 |title=Sheffield: New natural history museum opens in city |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-62520254 |url-status=live |access-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813111420/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-62520254 |archive-date=13 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 August 2022 |title=Brand new Natural History Museum opening in Sheffield – The Geological Curators' Group |url=https://www.geocurator.org/news/574-brand-new-natural-history-museum-opening-in-sheffield |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824052948/https://www.geocurator.org/news/574-brand-new-natural-history-museum-opening-in-sheffield |archive-date=24 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022 |website=geocurator.org}}</ref> On the opening day palaeontologist Dean Lomax exmined one of the fossils on display and declared it to be the oldest example of a vertebrate embryo found in Britain and the oldest complete ichthyosaur embryo ever found in Britain.<ref>{{cite web |last=Brown |first=Mark |date=15 August 2022 |title='The whole embryo was there': expert makes rare find on Sheffield museum opening day |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/aug/15/expert-makes-rare-find-sheffield-museum-opening-day-yorkshire-natural-history-museum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815145011/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/aug/15/expert-makes-rare-find-sheffield-museum-opening-day-yorkshire-natural-history-museum |archive-date=15 August 2022 |access-date=16 August 2022 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> | ||
There are also a number of independent museums in the city including the ] and the ], as well as the University of Sheffield's ]. | There are also a number of independent museums in the city including the ] and the ], as well as the University of Sheffield's ]. | ||
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The city's universities are ] and Sheffield Hallam University. The two combined bring about 60,000 students to the city every year.<ref name="HESA citation">{{HESA citation}}</ref> The University of Sheffield is the city's oldest university. It was established in 1897 as University College Sheffield and gained university status in 1905. Its history traces back to Sheffield Medical School found in 1828, Firth College in 1879 and Sheffield Technical School in 1884. The university is one of the original ] and is a member of the ]. | The city's universities are ] and Sheffield Hallam University. The two combined bring about 60,000 students to the city every year.<ref name="HESA citation">{{HESA citation}}</ref> The University of Sheffield is the city's oldest university. It was established in 1897 as University College Sheffield and gained university status in 1905. Its history traces back to Sheffield Medical School found in 1828, Firth College in 1879 and Sheffield Technical School in 1884. The university is one of the original ] and is a member of the ]. | ||
] | ] | ||
Sheffield Hallam University (SHU) is a university on two sites in Sheffield. City Campus is located in the city centre, close to Sheffield railway station, and ] Campus is about {{cvt|2|mi |
Sheffield Hallam University (SHU) is a university on two sites in Sheffield. City Campus is located in the city centre, close to Sheffield railway station, and ] Campus is about {{cvt|2|mi}} away, adjacent to ] in south-west Sheffield. Sheffield Hallam University's history goes back to 1843 with the establishment of the Sheffield School of Design. During the 1960s several independent colleges (including the School of Design) joined to become Sheffield Polytechnic (Sheffield City Polytechnic from 1976) and was finally renamed Sheffield Hallam University in 1992. | ||
] (left) and Sheffield Hallam University (right)]] | ] (left) and Sheffield Hallam University (right)]] | ||
Sheffield has three main ] providers: ], ] and ]. ] is organised on a federal basis and was originally created from the merger of six colleges around the city: Sheffield City (formerly Castle),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffcol.ac.uk/index.cfm?parentid=e69ba9a6-2eff-427f-af5a-2af03712076a |title=Castle College Milestone |date=11 December 2008 |publisher=The Sheffield College |access-date=21 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221093442/http://www.sheffcol.ac.uk/index.cfm?parentid=e69ba9a6-2eff-427f-af5a-2af03712076a |archive-date=21 December 2008}}</ref> Olive Grove and Eyre Street near the city centre, Hillsborough and Fir Vale, serving the north of the city and Peaks to the south.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sheffield College – Campuses |url=http://www.sheffcol.ac.uk/campuses |publisher=The Sheffield College |access-date=9 September 2020 |archive-date=26 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826033231/http://www.sheffcol.ac.uk/campuses |url-status=live }}</ref> | Sheffield has three main ] providers: ], ] and ]. ] is organised on a federal basis and was originally created from the merger of six colleges around the city: Sheffield City (formerly Castle),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffcol.ac.uk/index.cfm?parentid=e69ba9a6-2eff-427f-af5a-2af03712076a |title=Castle College Milestone |date=11 December 2008 |publisher=The Sheffield College |access-date=21 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221093442/http://www.sheffcol.ac.uk/index.cfm?parentid=e69ba9a6-2eff-427f-af5a-2af03712076a |archive-date=21 December 2008}}</ref> Olive Grove and Eyre Street near the city centre, Hillsborough and Fir Vale, serving the north of the city and Peaks to the south.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sheffield College – Campuses |url=http://www.sheffcol.ac.uk/campuses |publisher=The Sheffield College |access-date=9 September 2020 |archive-date=26 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826033231/http://www.sheffcol.ac.uk/campuses |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
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{{See also|List of schools in Sheffield}} | {{See also|List of schools in Sheffield}} | ||
There are 137 primary schools, 26 secondary |
There are 137 primary schools, 26 secondary schools—of which 10 have ]s: (], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/education/our-schools/school-information#typesofschools |title=School Information |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724021142/http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/education/our-schools/school-information#typesofschools |archive-date=24 July 2009 |publisher=Sheffield City Council}}</ref>)—and a sixth-form college, ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/education/our-schools/school-information |title=Types and numbers of schools in Sheffield |publisher=Sheffield City Council |access-date=21 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609170545/http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/education/our-schools/school-information |archive-date=9 June 2009}}</ref> The city's five independent private schools include ] and the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isc.co.uk/isc_YorkshireAreaSouth_Sheffield.htm |title=Independent Private Schools in Sheffield |work=Independent Schools Council (ISC) website |publisher=Independent Schools Council |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616091505/http://www.isc.co.uk/isc_YorkshireAreaSouth_Sheffield.htm |archive-date=16 June 2009}}</ref> There are also 12 special schools and a number of Integrated Resource Units in mainstream schools which are, along with all other schools, managed by Sheffield City Council.<ref name="sheffield2010"> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724021142/http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/education/our-schools/school-information#typesofschools|date=24 July 2009}}</ref> All schools are non-selective, mixed sex schools (apart from ] and Al-Mahad Al-Islami, both all-girls schools).<ref name="sheffield2010"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Al-Mahad Al-Islami - GOV.UK |url=https://www.get-information-schools.service.gov.uk/Establishments/Establishment/Details/131122 |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=get-information-schools.service.gov.uk |language=en}}</ref> The Early Years Education and Childcare Service of Sheffield City Council manages 32 nurseries and children's centres in the city.<ref name="sheffield2010"/> | ||
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Al-Mahad Al-Islami - GOV.UK |url=https://www.get-information-schools.service.gov.uk/Establishments/Establishment/Details/131122 |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=www.get-information-schools.service.gov.uk |language=en}}</ref> The Early Years Education and Childcare Service of Sheffield City Council manages 32 nurseries and children's centres in the city.<ref name="sheffield2010" /> | |||
==Religion== | ==Religion== | ||
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The city also has other churches including ], ], ], ], ] and ]. Other places of worship include the ], ] and Kingfield Synagogue. | The city also has other churches including ], ], ], ], ] and ]. Other places of worship include the ], ] and Kingfield Synagogue. | ||
{{gallery | {{gallery | ||
⚫ | |File:Sheffield Cathedral (28056214926).jpg|], one of the oldest churches in the city and the mother church of the ]. | ||
|File:St Marie Sheffield 2017.jpg|] | |File:St Marie Sheffield 2017.jpg|] | ||
⚫ | |File:Sheffield Cathedral (28056214926).jpg|], one of the oldest churches in the city and the mother church of the ]. | ||
|File:Sheffield's Madina Masjid Mosque - geograph.org.uk - 3711733.jpg|]}} | |File:Sheffield's Madina Masjid Mosque - geograph.org.uk - 3711733.jpg|]}} | ||
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{{Main|Sport in Sheffield}} | {{Main|Sport in Sheffield}} | ||
=== |
===Football=== | ||
⚫ | ], the home of ], is close to the city centre.]] ], the home of ], is the city's largest stadium with a capacity of just under 40,000.]] | ||
====Football codes==== | |||
⚫ | ], the home of ], is close to the city centre.]] ], the home of ], is the city's largest stadium with a capacity of just under 40,000]] | ||
Sheffield has a long sporting heritage, and the city claims to be the birthplace of professional ].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Rory |date=2024-02-14 |title=An English City Gave Soccer to the World. Now It Wants Credit. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/14/world/europe/sheffield-england-football-soccer.html |access-date=2024-08-20 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |url-access=subscription}}</ref> In 1857 a collective of ]ers formed the world's first-ever official football club, ],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/south_yorkshire/7060059.stm |title=Stars mark team's 150th birthday |date=24 November 2007 |work=BBC News |access-date=19 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107182211/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/south_yorkshire/7060059.stm |archive-date=7 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the world's second-ever, ], who also play at the ]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/worlds-oldest-football-ground-sheffield-secures-protected-status-437953 |work=The Star |title=World's oldest football ground in Sheffield secures protected status |date=4 February 2018 |access-date=1 June 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807060306/https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/worlds-oldest-football-ground-sheffield-secures-protected-status-437953 |url-status=live }}</ref> in the suburb of ]. Sheffield and Hallam are today Sheffield's two major non-league sides, although Sheffield now play just outside the city in nearby ], Derbyshire. Sheffield and Hallam contest what has become known as the Sheffield derby. By 1860 there were 15 football clubs in Sheffield, with the first ever amateur league and cup competitions taking place in the city.<ref>{{cite book |last=Harvey |first=Adrian |title=Football: the first hundred years: the untold story |url=https://archive.org/details/footballfirsthun00harv |url-access=limited |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |pages=–125 |chapter=Britain's first football culture—Sheffield 1857–67 |isbn=0-415-35019-0}}</ref> | Sheffield has a long sporting heritage, and the city claims to be the birthplace of professional ].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Rory |date=2024-02-14 |title=An English City Gave Soccer to the World. Now It Wants Credit. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/14/world/europe/sheffield-england-football-soccer.html |access-date=2024-08-20 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |url-access=subscription}}</ref> In 1857 a collective of ]ers formed the world's first-ever official football club, ],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/south_yorkshire/7060059.stm |title=Stars mark team's 150th birthday |date=24 November 2007 |work=BBC News |access-date=19 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107182211/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/south_yorkshire/7060059.stm |archive-date=7 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the world's second-ever, ], who also play at the ]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/worlds-oldest-football-ground-sheffield-secures-protected-status-437953 |work=The Star |title=World's oldest football ground in Sheffield secures protected status |date=4 February 2018 |access-date=1 June 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807060306/https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/worlds-oldest-football-ground-sheffield-secures-protected-status-437953 |url-status=live }}</ref> in the suburb of ]. Sheffield and Hallam are today Sheffield's two major non-league sides, although Sheffield now play just outside the city in nearby ], Derbyshire. Sheffield and Hallam contest what has become known as the Sheffield derby. By 1860 there were 15 football clubs in Sheffield, with the first ever amateur league and cup competitions taking place in the city.<ref>{{cite book |last=Harvey |first=Adrian |title=Football: the first hundred years: the untold story |url=https://archive.org/details/footballfirsthun00harv |url-access=limited |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |pages=–125 |chapter=Britain's first football culture—Sheffield 1857–67 |isbn=0-415-35019-0}}</ref> | ||
Sheffield is best known for its two professional football teams, ], nicknamed ''The Blades'', and ], nicknamed ]. United, who play at ] south of the city centre, compete in the ] and Wednesday, who play at ] in the north-west of the city, compete in the ]. The two clubs contest the ], which is considered by many to be one of the most fierce football rivalries in English Football.<ref>{{cite news |title=The 20 fiercest rivalries in English Football |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/picturegalleries/11197636/The-20-fiercest-rivalries-in-English-football-by-Jonathan-Liew.html?frame=3090046 |newspaper=Daily Telegraph |access-date=7 August 2015 |location=London |date=11 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814202727/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/picturegalleries/11197636/The-20-fiercest-rivalries-in-English-football-by-Jonathan-Liew.html?frame=3090046 |archive-date=14 August 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> | Sheffield is best known for its two professional football teams, ], nicknamed ''The Blades'', and ], nicknamed ]. United, who play at ] south of the city centre, compete in the ] and Wednesday, who play at ] in the north-west of the city, compete in the ]. The two clubs contest the ], which is considered by many to be one of the most fierce football rivalries in English Football.<ref>{{cite news |title=The 20 fiercest rivalries in English Football |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/picturegalleries/11197636/The-20-fiercest-rivalries-in-English-football-by-Jonathan-Liew.html?frame=3090046 |newspaper=Daily Telegraph |access-date=7 August 2015 |location=London |date=11 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814202727/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/picturegalleries/11197636/The-20-fiercest-rivalries-in-English-football-by-Jonathan-Liew.html?frame=3090046 |archive-date=14 August 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
In the pre-war era, both Wednesday and United enjoyed large amounts of success and found themselves two of the country's top clubs; Sheffield Wednesday have been champions of the Football League four |
In the pre-war era, both Wednesday and United enjoyed large amounts of success and found themselves two of the country's top clubs; Sheffield Wednesday have been champions of the Football League four times—in ], ], ] and ], whilst Sheffield United have won it once, in ]. During the 1970s and early 1980s the two sides fell from grace, with Wednesday finding themselves in the ] by the mid-70s and United as far as the ] in ]. Wednesday once again became one of England's high-flying clubs following promotion back to the ] in ], winning the ], competing in the ], and reaching the final of both the ] and ] in the ]. | ||
United and Wednesday were both founding members of the ] in 1992, but The Blades were relegated in ]. The Owls remained until ]. Both clubs had gone into decline in the 21st century, Wednesday twice relegated to ] and United suffering the same fate in ], despite a brief spell in the Premier League in ]. United was promoted to the Premier League in 2019 under manager, and Sheffield United Fan, Chris Wilder. Despite being written off by most football pundits, and declared favourites for relegation from the Premier League, United exceeded expectations and finished in the top half of the table in the 2019–20 season. In the 2020–21 season, United sat at the bottom of the Premier League table by the conclusion of the season and were relegated. | United and Wednesday were both founding members of the ] in 1992, but The Blades were relegated in ]. The Owls remained until ]. Both clubs had gone into decline in the 21st century, Wednesday twice relegated to ] and United suffering the same fate in ], despite a brief spell in the Premier League in ]. United was promoted to the Premier League in 2019 under manager, and Sheffield United Fan, Chris Wilder. Despite being written off by most football pundits, and declared favourites for relegation from the Premier League, United exceeded expectations and finished in the top half of the table in the 2019–20 season. In the 2020–21 season, United sat at the bottom of the Premier League table by the conclusion of the season and were relegated. | ||
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], who play in the Championship, did play their home games in the city between 2008 and 2012, having moved to play at Sheffield's ] in 2008 following a dispute with their previous landlord at their traditional home ground of ], Rotherham. However, in July 2012, the club moved to the new 12,000 seat ] in Rotherham. There are also facilities for golf, ] and bowling, as well as a newly inaugurated national ice-skating arena (]). | ], who play in the Championship, did play their home games in the city between 2008 and 2012, having moved to play at Sheffield's ] in 2008 following a dispute with their previous landlord at their traditional home ground of ], Rotherham. However, in July 2012, the club moved to the new 12,000 seat ] in Rotherham. There are also facilities for golf, ] and bowling, as well as a newly inaugurated national ice-skating arena (]). | ||
===Rugby=== | |||
], home of the ]]] | ], home of the ]]] | ||
] RLFC are the city's professional ] team and play their matches at ]. They currently play in the second tier of the professional league, the ] and won back to back titles in 2012 and 2013. Their most successful moment came in 1998, when, against all the odds they defeated ] in the Challenge Cup final, despite being huge underdogs. The team then hit troubled times before reforming in 2003. Since then they have played their rugby in the Championship (second tier). In 2011, they made the playoffs finishing in fifth place. They made the Grand Final, by defeating ], who were huge favourites in a playoff semi final. In the final, they were comprehensively beaten by ]. Sheffield also put in a bid to be a host city for the ], but their bid was unsuccessful. | ] RLFC are the city's professional ] team and play their matches at ]. They currently play in the second tier of the professional league, the ] and won back to back titles in 2012 and 2013. Their most successful moment came in 1998, when, against all the odds they defeated ] in the Challenge Cup final, despite being huge underdogs. The team then hit troubled times before reforming in 2003. Since then they have played their rugby in the Championship (second tier). In 2011, they made the playoffs finishing in fifth place. They made the Grand Final, by defeating ], who were huge favourites in a playoff semi final. In the final, they were comprehensively beaten by ]. Sheffield also put in a bid to be a host city for the ], but their bid was unsuccessful. | ||
===Other Sports=== | |||
Sheffield has a number of ] clubs that compete in the ], the ], the ], the ] and the ]. These include ] (partnered with ]), ] and ] Hockey Club.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sheffieldhockeyclub.com/|title=Sheffield Hockey Club |access-date=25 September 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.englandhockey.co.uk/clubs/sheffield-hc/teams|title=England Hockey - Sheffield HC|access-date=25 September 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.englandhockey.co.uk/clubs/sheffield-university-bankers-hc|title=England Hockey - Sheffield University Bankers HC|access-date=25 September 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.subhc.co.uk/|title=Sheffield Bankers Hockey Club |access-date=25 September 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://su.sheffield.ac.uk/activities/view/mens-hockey|title=Sheffield Student Union - Clubs & Societies|access-date=25 September 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://su.sheffield.ac.uk/activities/view/womens-hockey?activity=437 | |||
|title=Sheffield Student Union - Clubs & Societies|access-date=25 September 2024 }}</ref> | |||
] are an ] team who play in the ] Premier Division, the highest level of British American Football. | ] are an ] team who play in the ] Premier Division, the highest level of British American Football. | ||
====Ice hockey and roller derby==== | |||
] | ] | ||
Sheffield is home to the ] professional ice hockey team who play out of the 9.300 seater ] and are known as one of the top teams in the UK, regularly selling out the arena. They have the 28th highest average attendance rating in Europe, and the highest in the UK. They play in the 10 team professional ]. Sheffield is also home to the semi-professional ice hockey team Sheffield Steeldogs who play in the NIHL. | Sheffield is home to the ] professional ice hockey team who play out of the 9.300 seater ] and are known as one of the top teams in the UK, regularly selling out the arena. They have the 28th highest average attendance rating in Europe, and the highest in the UK. They play in the 10 team professional ]. Sheffield is also home to the semi-professional ice hockey team Sheffield Steeldogs who play in the NIHL. | ||
The |
The Sheffield Ice Hockey Academy also are based in Sheffield, and play out of ], competing in the EIHA Junior North Leagues and have had one player, ], become the first born and trained British player to be drafted into the NHL, when he was drafted in the ] 189th overall in 2018 by the ]. The ]'s ] was made in Sheffield in 1892. Sheffield is also home to the ], a roller derby team. | ||
===Facilities and events=== | ===Facilities and events=== | ||
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Many of Sheffield's sporting facilities were built for the ], which the city hosted in 1991, including Sheffield Arena and the ] international diving and swimming complex. Ponds Forge is also the home of Sheffield City Swimming Club, a local swimming club competing in the ] league. The former ], once the largest athletics stadium in the UK, was also constructed for the Universiade games.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.runtrackdir.com/details.asp?track=sheffield&country=uk |title=Sheffield: Don Valley Stadium |last=Grose |first=Tim |year=2003 |work=UK Running Track Directory |publisher=Tim Grose |access-date=19 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420013908/http://www.runtrackdir.com/details.asp?track=sheffield&country=uk |archive-date=20 April 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> | Many of Sheffield's sporting facilities were built for the ], which the city hosted in 1991, including Sheffield Arena and the ] international diving and swimming complex. Ponds Forge is also the home of Sheffield City Swimming Club, a local swimming club competing in the ] league. The former ], once the largest athletics stadium in the UK, was also constructed for the Universiade games.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.runtrackdir.com/details.asp?track=sheffield&country=uk |title=Sheffield: Don Valley Stadium |last=Grose |first=Tim |year=2003 |work=UK Running Track Directory |publisher=Tim Grose |access-date=19 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420013908/http://www.runtrackdir.com/details.asp?track=sheffield&country=uk |archive-date=20 April 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
Following the closure and demolition of Don Valley Stadium in 2013, The Sheffield Olympic Legacy Park was established and constructed on the same site, adjacent to the English Institute for Sport. The park is designed to a collaborative project with input from numerous stakeholders including both universities in Sheffield, the English Institute of Sport Sheffield, the NHS and private medical companies.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web |url=http://www.welcometosheffield.co.uk/business/developments/olympic-legacy-park |title=Welcome to Sheffield | Olympic Legacy Park |website= |
Following the closure and demolition of Don Valley Stadium in 2013, The Sheffield Olympic Legacy Park was established and constructed on the same site, adjacent to the English Institute for Sport. The park is designed to a collaborative project with input from numerous stakeholders including both universities in Sheffield, the English Institute of Sport Sheffield, the NHS and private medical companies.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web |url=http://www.welcometosheffield.co.uk/business/developments/olympic-legacy-park |title=Welcome to Sheffield | Olympic Legacy Park |website=welcometosheffield.co.uk |access-date=2 November 2020 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029141951/http://www.welcometosheffield.co.uk/business/developments/olympic-legacy-park |url-status=live }}</ref> A key part of this collaboration is Sheffield Hallam University's £14 million Advanced Well-being Research Centre (AWRC), which was established along similar lines to the University of Sheffield's ]'s (AMRC's).<ref name="ReferenceB"/> The site also includes teaching facilities, a stadium and research & innovation facilities.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> | ||
The ] was the largest artificial ] resort in Europe, before being destroyed in a series of suspected arson attacks in 2012 and 2013. The city also has six indoor climbing centres and is home to a significant community of professional climbers, including Britain's most successful competitive climber ]. Sheffield was the UK's first National City of Sport and is now home to the ], where British athletes trained for the 2012 Olympics.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thestar.co.uk/news/Party-time-as-EIS-celebrates.4823062.jp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120918140540/http://www.thestar.co.uk/news/Party-time-as-EIS-celebrates.4823062.jp |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 September 2012 |title=Party time as EIS celebrates five years |last=Fielder |first=Nancy |date=27 December 2008 |work=The Star |access-date=22 July 2009}}</ref> | The ] was the largest artificial ] resort in Europe, before being destroyed in a series of suspected arson attacks in 2012 and 2013. The city also has six indoor climbing centres and is home to a significant community of professional climbers, including Britain's most successful competitive climber ]. Sheffield was the UK's first National City of Sport and is now home to the ], where British athletes trained for the 2012 Olympics.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thestar.co.uk/news/Party-time-as-EIS-celebrates.4823062.jp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120918140540/http://www.thestar.co.uk/news/Party-time-as-EIS-celebrates.4823062.jp |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 September 2012 |title=Party time as EIS celebrates five years |last=Fielder |first=Nancy |date=27 December 2008 |work=The Star |access-date=22 July 2009}}</ref> | ||
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Sheffield also has close ties with ], with the city's ] being the venue for the ]s.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/snooker/8022313.stm |title=World Snooker to stay at Crucible |date=28 April 2009 |work=BBC Sport |access-date=21 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503120957/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/snooker/8022313.stm |archive-date=3 May 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> The English Institute of Sport hosts most of the top fencing competitions each year, including the National Championships for Seniors, Juniors (U20's) and Cadets (U17's) as well as the 2011 Senior European Fencing Championships. The English ] open is also held in the city every year. The International Open and World Matchplay Championship ] tournaments have both been held at ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldbowlstour.com/tournaments/ |title=Tournament Archive |work=World Bowls Tour website |publisher=World Bowls Tour |access-date=13 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108154204/http://www.worldbowlstour.com/tournaments/ |archive-date=8 January 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> The city also hosts the ] ], ], American Football team the ], basketball, ] ], ] ] and ] ] teams. Sheffield also has many golf courses all around the city. | Sheffield also has close ties with ], with the city's ] being the venue for the ]s.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/snooker/8022313.stm |title=World Snooker to stay at Crucible |date=28 April 2009 |work=BBC Sport |access-date=21 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503120957/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/snooker/8022313.stm |archive-date=3 May 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> The English Institute of Sport hosts most of the top fencing competitions each year, including the National Championships for Seniors, Juniors (U20's) and Cadets (U17's) as well as the 2011 Senior European Fencing Championships. The English ] open is also held in the city every year. The International Open and World Matchplay Championship ] tournaments have both been held at ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldbowlstour.com/tournaments/ |title=Tournament Archive |work=World Bowls Tour website |publisher=World Bowls Tour |access-date=13 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108154204/http://www.worldbowlstour.com/tournaments/ |archive-date=8 January 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> The city also hosts the ] ], ], American Football team the ], basketball, ] ], ] ] and ] ] teams. Sheffield also has many golf courses all around the city. | ||
Sheffield was selected as a candidate host city by the ] as part of the ] on 16 December 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.england2018bid.com/news/158/candidate-host-cities-revealed.aspx |title=Candidate host cities revealed |publisher=england2018bid.com |access-date=17 December 2009 |url-status= |
Sheffield was selected as a candidate host city by the ] as part of the ] on 16 December 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.england2018bid.com/news/158/candidate-host-cities-revealed.aspx |title=Candidate host cities revealed |publisher=england2018bid.com |access-date=17 December 2009 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830193632/http://www.england2018bid.com/news/158/candidate-host-cities-revealed.aspx |archive-date=30 August 2010}}</ref> | ||
] was chosen as the proposed venue for matches in Sheffield.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/internationals/8414235.stm |title=Milton Keynes chosen for England's 2018 World Cup bid |work=BBC Sport|access-date=16 December 2009 |date=16 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091217032444/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/internationals/8414235.stm |archive-date=17 December 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> The bid failed. | ] was chosen as the proposed venue for matches in Sheffield.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/internationals/8414235.stm |title=Milton Keynes chosen for England's 2018 World Cup bid |work=BBC Sport|access-date=16 December 2009 |date=16 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091217032444/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/internationals/8414235.stm |archive-date=17 December 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> The bid failed. | ||
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==Landmarks and parks== | ==Landmarks and parks== | ||
{{Main|Visitor attractions in Sheffield}} | {{Main|Visitor attractions in Sheffield}} | ||
] is a museum telling the stories of Sheffield and its people. The museum was originally opened in 1875.<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Sheffield Museums |title=Western Park Museum |url=https://www.sheffieldmuseums.org.uk/visit-us/weston-park-museum/ | |
] is a museum telling the stories of Sheffield and its people. The museum was originally opened in 1875.<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Sheffield Museums |title=Western Park Museum |url=https://www.sheffieldmuseums.org.uk/visit-us/weston-park-museum/ |access-date= 28 May 2023}}</ref> | ||
]]] | ]]] | ||
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]]] | ]]] | ||
] was built in 1500 and is a ] which is now a museum.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harman |first1=R. |last2=Minnis |first2=J. |year=2004 |title=Pevsner City Guides: Sheffield |page=242 |publisher=New Haven & London: Yale University Press |isbn= 0-300-10585-1 <!--| |
] was built in 1500 and is a ] which is now a museum.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harman |first1=R. |last2=Minnis |first2=J. |year=2004 |title=Pevsner City Guides: Sheffield |page=242 |publisher=New Haven & London: Yale University Press |isbn= 0-300-10585-1 <!--|access-date= 28 May 2023-->}}</ref> | ||
The ] in the City Centre honours famous Sheffield residents past and present in a similar way to the Hollywood version.<ref>. ''The Star''. Retrieved 24 August 2011.</ref> Sheffield also had its own Ferris Wheel known as the ], located atop Fargate shopping precinct. The Wheel was dismantled in October 2010 and moved to London's Hyde Park.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-11409368 |work=BBC News |title=Giant Sheffield wheel to leave city three months early |date=24 September 2010 |access-date=20 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830045636/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-11409368 |archive-date=30 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> | The ] in the City Centre honours famous Sheffield residents past and present in a similar way to the Hollywood version.<ref>. ''The Star''. Retrieved 24 August 2011.</ref> Sheffield also had its own Ferris Wheel known as the ], located atop Fargate shopping precinct. The Wheel was dismantled in October 2010 and moved to London's Hyde Park.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-11409368 |work=BBC News |title=Giant Sheffield wheel to leave city three months early |date=24 September 2010 |access-date=20 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830045636/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-11409368 |archive-date=30 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
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===Greenspace=== | ===Greenspace=== | ||
]]] | ]]] | ||
Sheffield has a reputed 4.5 million trees<ref name="GEO_treecount"/> and is considered to be one of the greenest cities in England and the UK.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/parks-woodlands--countryside/trees--woodlands |title=Trees & Woodlands in Sheffield |publisher=Sheffield City Council |date=January 2010 |access-date=4 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060910010402/http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/parks-woodlands--countryside/trees--woodlands |archive-date=10 September 2006}}</ref><ref name="The four best UK cities for green space"/> There are many parks and woods throughout the city and beyond. Containing more than 250 parks, woodlands and gardens, there are around 78 public parks and 10 public gardens in Sheffield,<ref name="sheffgeog" |
Sheffield has a reputed 4.5 million trees<ref name="GEO_treecount"/> and is considered to be one of the greenest cities in England and the UK.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/parks-woodlands--countryside/trees--woodlands |title=Trees & Woodlands in Sheffield |publisher=Sheffield City Council |date=January 2010 |access-date=4 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060910010402/http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/parks-woodlands--countryside/trees--woodlands |archive-date=10 September 2006}}</ref><ref name="The four best UK cities for green space"/> There are many parks and woods throughout the city and beyond. Containing more than 250 parks, woodlands and gardens, there are around 78 public parks and 10 public gardens in Sheffield,<ref name="sheffgeog"/> including 83 managed parks (13 'City' Parks, 20 'District' Parks and 50 'Local' Parks) located throughout the city.<ref name="About the Parks & Countryside Service">{{cite web |title=About the Parks & Countryside Service |url=https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/home/parks-sport-recreation/parks-countryside-service.html |website=Sheffield City Council |access-date=25 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325232600/https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/home/parks-sport-recreation/parks-countryside-service.html |archive-date=25 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Included in the city parks category are 3 of Sheffield's 6 public gardens (the ], the ] and Hillsborough Walled Gardens, with the ], ] and Lynwood Gardens being the separate entities). | ||
The Sheffield Botanical Gardens are on a 19-acre site located to the south-west of the city centre and date back to 1836. The site includes a large, Grade II listed, Victorian era ]. The Peace Gardens, neighboured next to the ] and forming part of the Heart of the City project, occupy a {{cvt|0.67|hectare||}} site in the centre of the city. The site is dominated by its water features, principal among which is the Goodwin Fountain. Made up of 89 individual jets of water, this fountain lies at the corner of the quarter-circle shaped Peace Gardens and is named after ], a notable Sheffield industrialist. Since their redevelopment in 1998, the Peace gardens have received a number of regional and national accolades.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/parks-woodlands--countryside/gardens/the-peace-gardens/peace-gardens-awards |title=Sheffield City Council – Peace Gardens Awards |publisher=Sheffield.gov.uk |date=4 April 2012 |access-date=3 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005002158/https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/parks-woodlands--countryside/gardens/the-peace-gardens/peace-gardens-awards |archive-date=5 October 2013}}</ref> Hillsborough Walled Garden is located in ], to the north-west of the city centre. The gardens date back to 1779 and have been dedicated to the victims of the ] since the redevelopment of the gardens in the early 1990s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hillsborough Walled Garden at Hillsborough Park |url=http://www.sheffield.visitor-centre.co.uk/thedms.aspx?dms=3&feature=2&venue=2164052 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218090847/http://www.sheffield.visitor-centre.co.uk/thedms.aspx?dms=3&feature=2&venue=2164052 |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 February 2018 |website= |
The Sheffield Botanical Gardens are on a 19-acre site located to the south-west of the city centre and date back to 1836. The site includes a large, Grade II listed, Victorian era ]. The Peace Gardens, neighboured next to the ] and forming part of the Heart of the City project, occupy a {{cvt|0.67|hectare||}} site in the centre of the city. The site is dominated by its water features, principal among which is the Goodwin Fountain. Made up of 89 individual jets of water, this fountain lies at the corner of the quarter-circle shaped Peace Gardens and is named after ], a notable Sheffield industrialist. Since their redevelopment in 1998, the Peace gardens have received a number of regional and national accolades.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/parks-woodlands--countryside/gardens/the-peace-gardens/peace-gardens-awards |title=Sheffield City Council – Peace Gardens Awards |publisher=Sheffield.gov.uk |date=4 April 2012 |access-date=3 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005002158/https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/parks-woodlands--countryside/gardens/the-peace-gardens/peace-gardens-awards |archive-date=5 October 2013}}</ref> Hillsborough Walled Garden is located in ], to the north-west of the city centre. The gardens date back to 1779 and have been dedicated to the victims of the ] since the redevelopment of the gardens in the early 1990s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hillsborough Walled Garden at Hillsborough Park |url=http://www.sheffield.visitor-centre.co.uk/thedms.aspx?dms=3&feature=2&venue=2164052 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218090847/http://www.sheffield.visitor-centre.co.uk/thedms.aspx?dms=3&feature=2&venue=2164052 |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 February 2018 |website=sheffield.visitor-centre.co.uk |access-date=17 February 2018}}</ref> ], lying within the ], is a large wood framed, glass skinned ] housing some 2,500 plants from around the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/parks-woodlands--countryside/gardens/the-winter-garden |title=Sheffield City Council – The Winter Garden |publisher=Sheffield.gov.uk |date=2 July 2012 |access-date=3 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005021615/https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/parks-woodlands--countryside/gardens/the-winter-garden |archive-date=5 October 2013}}</ref> | ||
Also within the city there are a number of ] which when combined occupy {{cvt|1600|acre|km2}} of land.<ref name="sheffield1">{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/parks-woodlands--countryside/trees--woodlands/about-the-trees--woodlands-section |title=Sheffield City Council – About Us – Woodlands and Countryside Section |publisher=Sheffield.gov.uk |date=2 May 2013 |access-date=3 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005043344/https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/parks-woodlands--countryside/trees--woodlands/about-the-trees--woodlands-section |archive-date=5 October 2013}}</ref> There are also 170 ] areas within the city, 80 of which are classed as ancient.<ref name="sheffield1"/> | Also within the city there are a number of ] which when combined occupy {{cvt|1600|acre|km2}} of land.<ref name="sheffield1">{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/parks-woodlands--countryside/trees--woodlands/about-the-trees--woodlands-section |title=Sheffield City Council – About Us – Woodlands and Countryside Section |publisher=Sheffield.gov.uk |date=2 May 2013 |access-date=3 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005043344/https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/parks-woodlands--countryside/trees--woodlands/about-the-trees--woodlands-section |archive-date=5 October 2013}}</ref> There are also 170 ] areas within the city, 80 of which are classed as ancient.<ref name="sheffield1"/> | ||
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<!--expand ===Dance===--> | <!--expand ===Dance===--> | ||
The city is home to thirteen ] |
The city is home to thirteen ] teams—thought to be one of the highest concentration of sides in the country. Nearly all forms of the dance are represented in the city, including ] (Five Rivers Morris,<ref>{{cite web |title=Five Rivers Morris |url=http://www.fiveriversmorris.org.uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910040138/http://www.fiveriversmorris.org.uk/ |archive-date=10 September 2016 |access-date=7 September 2016 |website=fiveriversmorris.org.uk}}</ref> Pecsaetan Morris,<ref>{{cite web |title=Pecsaetan Morris {{!}} The home of Pecsaetan Morris |url=http://www.pecsaetan.co.uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223173311/http://www.pecsaetan.co.uk/ |archive-date=23 December 2016 |access-date=7 September 2016 |website=pecsaetan.co.uk}}</ref> Harthill Morris,<ref>{{cite web |title=Harthill Morris – Cotswold Morris dancers from the most Southerly village in Yorkshire |url=http://harthillmorris.org.uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915120356/http://harthillmorris.org.uk/ |archive-date=15 September 2016 |access-date=7 September 2016 |website=harthillmorris.org.uk}}</ref> Lord Conyer's Morris Men,<ref>{{cite web |title=Lord Conyers |url=http://www.lordconyers.org.uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407210007/http://www.lordconyers.org.uk/ |archive-date=7 April 2016 |access-date=7 September 2016 |website=lordconyers.org.uk}}</ref> Sheffield City Morris,<ref>{{cite web |title=SCMM |url=http://www.scmm.co.uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701110900/http://www.scmm.co.uk/ |archive-date=1 July 2016 |access-date=7 September 2016 |website=scmm.co.uk}}</ref> William Morris<ref>{{cite web |title=William Morris Sheffield {{!}} Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/WilliamMorrisSheffield |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824052947/https://www.facebook.com/WilliamMorrisSheffield |archive-date=24 August 2022 |access-date=7 September 2016 |website=facebook.com}}</ref>), ] (Boggart's Breakfast<ref>{{cite web |title=Boggart's Breakfast |url=http://www.boggartsbreakfast.org.uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518175834/http://www.boggartsbreakfast.org.uk/ |archive-date=18 May 2016 |access-date=7 September 2016 |website=boggartsbreakfast.org.uk}}</ref>), ] (Yorkshire Chandelier,<ref>{{cite web |title=Yorkshire Chandelier |url=http://www.yorkshirechandelier.org.uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013224317/http://www.yorkshirechandelier.org.uk/ |archive-date=13 October 2016 |access-date=7 September 2016 |website=yorkshirechandelier.org.uk}}</ref> Silkstone Greens,<ref>{{cite web |title=Silkstone Greens North West Morris {{!}} Si in dubitatio, circum mamille |url=http://www.silkstonegreens.org.uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914060003/http://www.silkstonegreens.org.uk/ |archive-date=14 September 2016 |access-date=7 September 2016 |website=silkstonegreens.org.uk}}</ref> Lizzie Dripping<ref>{{cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.lizziedripping.org.uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911163012/http://www.lizziedripping.org.uk/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 September 2016 |website=lizziedripping.org.uk}}</ref>), ] (Sheffield Steel Rapper<ref>{{cite web |title="It's like being in a room full of slayers!" |url=http://sheffieldsteelrapper.org.uk/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917035333/http://sheffieldsteelrapper.org.uk/ |archive-date=17 September 2016 |access-date=7 September 2016 |website=Sheffield Steel Rapper }}</ref>) and ]. | ||
<!--expand ===Feativals=== (non-music)--> | <!--expand ===Feativals=== (non-music)--> | ||
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The city is home to several orchestras and choirs, such as the ], the ], the ], the ], the ] and the ] community choir.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csyo.org.uk |title=City of Sheffield Youth Orchestra |publisher=City of Sheffield Youth Orchestra |access-date=13 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724011606/http://www.csyo.org.uk/ |archive-date=24 July 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffieldphil.org/ |title=Home Page of the Sheffield Philharmonic Chorus |publisher=Sheffield Philharmonic Chorus |access-date=11 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216164044/http://www.sheffieldphil.org/ |archive-date=16 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffieldphilharmonic.org.uk/ |title=The Sheffield Philharmonic Orchestra Welcomes You |publisher=Sheffield Philharmonic Orchestra |access-date=11 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214073832/http://www.sheffieldphilharmonic.org.uk/ |archive-date=14 December 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffieldsymphony.org.uk/ |title=Sheffield Symphony Orchestra |publisher=Sheffield Symphony Orchestra |access-date=11 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426154641/http://www.sheffieldsymphony.org.uk/ |archive-date=26 April 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is also home to ], a charitable organisation that exists to promote chamber music. | The city is home to several orchestras and choirs, such as the ], the ], the ], the ], the ] and the ] community choir.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csyo.org.uk |title=City of Sheffield Youth Orchestra |publisher=City of Sheffield Youth Orchestra |access-date=13 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724011606/http://www.csyo.org.uk/ |archive-date=24 July 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffieldphil.org/ |title=Home Page of the Sheffield Philharmonic Chorus |publisher=Sheffield Philharmonic Chorus |access-date=11 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216164044/http://www.sheffieldphil.org/ |archive-date=16 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffieldphilharmonic.org.uk/ |title=The Sheffield Philharmonic Orchestra Welcomes You |publisher=Sheffield Philharmonic Orchestra |access-date=11 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214073832/http://www.sheffieldphilharmonic.org.uk/ |archive-date=14 December 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffieldsymphony.org.uk/ |title=Sheffield Symphony Orchestra |publisher=Sheffield Symphony Orchestra |access-date=11 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426154641/http://www.sheffieldsymphony.org.uk/ |archive-date=26 April 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is also home to ], a charitable organisation that exists to promote chamber music. | ||
Sheffield has a folk music, song and dance community. Singing and music sessions occur weekly in pubs around the city and it also hosts the annual Sheffield Sessions Festival.<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to Sheffield's Seshfest! |url=http://www.sheffieldseshfest.org.uk/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209205800/http://www.sheffieldseshfest.org.uk/ |archive-date=9 December 2016 |access-date=7 September 2016 |website= |
Sheffield has a folk music, song and dance community. Singing and music sessions occur weekly in pubs around the city and it also hosts the annual Sheffield Sessions Festival.<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to Sheffield's Seshfest! |url=http://www.sheffieldseshfest.org.uk/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209205800/http://www.sheffieldseshfest.org.uk/ |archive-date=9 December 2016 |access-date=7 September 2016 |website=sheffieldseshfest.org.uk}}</ref> The University of Sheffield runs a number of courses and research projects dedicated to folk culture.<ref>{{cite web |title=Department of Music |url=http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/music/index |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919021948/http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/music/index |archive-date=19 September 2016}}</ref> | ||
The tradition of singing carols in pubs around Christmas is still kept alive in the city. The Sheffield Carols, as they are known locally, predate modern carols by over a century and are sung with alternative words and verses.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cooper |first=Lewis K. |date=7 December 2011 |title=Sheffield gifts its carols to the country |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/the-northerner/2011/dec/07/sheffield-pub-carols-christmas |url-status=live |access-date=7 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923230509/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/the-northerner/2011/dec/07/sheffield-pub-carols-christmas |archive-date=23 September 2016 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Although there is a core of carols that are sung at most venues, each particular place has its own mini-tradition. The repertoire at two nearby places can vary widely, and woe betide those who try to strike up a 'foreign' carol. Some are unaccompanied, some have a piano or organ, there is a flip chart with the words on in one place, a string quartet (quintet, sextet, septet) accompanies the singing at another, some encourage soloists, others stick to audience participation, a brass band plays at certain events, the choir takes the lead at another.<ref>{{cite web |
The tradition of singing carols in pubs around Christmas is still kept alive in the city. The Sheffield Carols, as they are known locally, predate modern carols by over a century and are sung with alternative words and verses.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cooper |first=Lewis K. |date=7 December 2011 |title=Sheffield gifts its carols to the country |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/the-northerner/2011/dec/07/sheffield-pub-carols-christmas |url-status=live |access-date=7 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923230509/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/the-northerner/2011/dec/07/sheffield-pub-carols-christmas |archive-date=23 September 2016 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Although there is a core of carols that are sung at most venues, each particular place has its own mini-tradition. The repertoire at two nearby places can vary widely, and woe betide those who try to strike up a 'foreign' carol. Some are unaccompanied, some have a piano or organ, there is a flip chart with the words on in one place, a string quartet (quintet, sextet, septet) accompanies the singing at another, some encourage soloists, others stick to audience participation, a brass band plays at certain events, the choir takes the lead at another.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Frazer |last1=Jarvis |first2=Pat |last2=Malham |title=Introduction to Local Carols around Sheffield |url=http://www.localcarols.org.uk/intro.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627121650/http://www.localcarols.org.uk/intro.php |archive-date=27 June 2016 |access-date=7 September 2016 |website=localcarols.org.uk}}</ref> | ||
Sheffield was shortlisted to host the ],<ref>{{cite web |title=BBC announces seven cities shortlisted to host the 2023 Eurovision Song Contest |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/2022/bbc.com/mediacentre/2022/eurovision-2023-host-city-shortlist-announcement/ |access-date=14 May 2023 |website= |
Sheffield was shortlisted to host the ],<ref>{{cite web |title=BBC announces seven cities shortlisted to host the 2023 Eurovision Song Contest |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/2022/bbc.com/mediacentre/2022/eurovision-2023-host-city-shortlist-announcement/ |access-date=14 May 2023 |website=bbc.co.uk }}</ref> which took place between 9 and 13 May 2023 in ]. | ||
===Media=== | ===Media=== | ||
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Sheffield has two commercial newspapers, '']'' and '']'', both published by ], which took over the assets of ]. ''The Star'' has been published daily since 1897; the ''Sheffield Telegraph'', now a weekly publication, originated in 1855.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://catalogue.bl.uk/F/2GIKL9K9C3MVTXQ3N29DDTAMVRTQEUEPEREHL3TM63S5JBBXNX-17584?func=file&file_name=find-b&local_base=NPL |title=British Library Newspaper Catalogue |work=British Library website |publisher=The British Library Board |access-date=19 July 2009 |archive-date=24 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824052950/http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?vid=BLVU1 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Sheffield has two commercial newspapers, '']'' and '']'', both published by ], which took over the assets of ]. ''The Star'' has been published daily since 1897; the ''Sheffield Telegraph'', now a weekly publication, originated in 1855.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://catalogue.bl.uk/F/2GIKL9K9C3MVTXQ3N29DDTAMVRTQEUEPEREHL3TM63S5JBBXNX-17584?func=file&file_name=find-b&local_base=NPL |title=British Library Newspaper Catalogue |work=British Library website |publisher=The British Library Board |access-date=19 July 2009 |archive-date=24 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824052950/http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?vid=BLVU1 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
Sheffield has its own TV station; ], a not-for-profit company which began broadcasting on 23 September 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-29322248 |title=Sheffield Live TV channel launches on Freeview and cable |date=23 September 2014 |work=BBC News |access-date=29 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008115539/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-29322248 |archive-date=8 October 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> SLTV has been awarded a 12-year licence to provide the digital terrestrial broadcasting service.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-20448952 |title=Sheffield TV station licence reconfirmed by Ofcom |work=BBC News |access-date=9 August 2013 |date=22 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904091755/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-20448952 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/consultations/600-mhz-limitation/responses/Sheffield_Local_Television.pdf |title=Sheffield_Local_Television.pdf |work=OFCOM |access-date=9 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222034737/http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/consultations/600-mhz-limitation/responses/Sheffield_Local_Television.pdf |archive-date=22 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffieldlocaltv.co.uk/archives/ofcom-confirms-sltv-licence-award |title=Ofcom confirms SLTV licence award |work=Sheffield local TV website |publisher=Sheffield local TV |access-date=9 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522070608/http://www.sheffieldlocaltv.co.uk/archives/ofcom-confirms-sltv-licence-award |archive-date=22 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Regional broadcasters ] and ] also cover the city |
Sheffield has its own TV station; ], a not-for-profit company which began broadcasting on 23 September 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-29322248 |title=Sheffield Live TV channel launches on Freeview and cable |date=23 September 2014 |work=BBC News |access-date=29 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008115539/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-29322248 |archive-date=8 October 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> SLTV has been awarded a 12-year licence to provide the digital terrestrial broadcasting service.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-20448952 |title=Sheffield TV station licence reconfirmed by Ofcom |work=BBC News |access-date=9 August 2013 |date=22 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904091755/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-20448952 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/consultations/600-mhz-limitation/responses/Sheffield_Local_Television.pdf |title=Sheffield_Local_Television.pdf |work=OFCOM |access-date=9 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222034737/http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/consultations/600-mhz-limitation/responses/Sheffield_Local_Television.pdf |archive-date=22 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffieldlocaltv.co.uk/archives/ofcom-confirms-sltv-licence-award |title=Ofcom confirms SLTV licence award |work=Sheffield local TV website |publisher=Sheffield local TV |access-date=9 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522070608/http://www.sheffieldlocaltv.co.uk/archives/ofcom-confirms-sltv-licence-award |archive-date=22 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Regional broadcasters ] and ] also cover the city. | ||
Local radio stations broadcasting in the city include ] and ] stations ] (formerly ]) & ]. Sheffield is also home to two ] licensed ] stations: ], and Link FM.<ref>{{cite web |title=Link FM community radio licence |url=https://static.ofcom.org.uk/static/radiolicensing/html/radio-stations/community/cr100157ba5linkfm.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216223332/https://static.ofcom.org.uk/static/radiolicensing/html/radio-stations/community/cr100157ba5linkfm.htm |publisher=Ofcom |url-status=live |archive-date=16 December 2023 |access-date=1 December 2024}}</ref> ]-based community station Redroad FM also broadcasts to the east of the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Redroad FM radio coverage map |publisher=Ofcom |url=https://static.ofcom.org.uk/static/radiolicensing/mcamaps/cr000151.pdf |access-date=1 December 2024}}</ref> | |||
Sheffield Hospital Radio |
Sheffield Hospital Radio broadcasts a 24-hour service to the Royal Hallamshire, Northern General and Weston Park hospitals and also offers a dedicated patient visiting service. The charity is operated by volunteers from studios at the Royal Hallamshire Hospital.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sheffield Hospital Radio |url=https://www.sheffieldhospitalradio.co.uk/about.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718152103/https://www.sheffieldhospitalradio.co.uk/about.html |url-status=live |archive-date=18 July 2024 |access-date=1 December 2024}}</ref> | ||
===Film=== | ===Film=== | ||
The films and plays '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'' and '']'' are set in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/List?locations=Sheffield,+South+Yorkshire,+England,+UK&&tv=on |title=Locations: Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England, UK |work=The Internet Movie Database |publisher=Internet Movie Database |access-date=19 July 2009 |archive-date=3 January 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103055653/http://www.imdb.com/List?locations=Sheffield,+South+Yorkshire,+England,+UK&&tv=on |url-status=dead}}</ref> '']'', '']'', '']'' and '']'' also include several scenes filmed in Sheffield and a substantial part of '']''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b80846206 |title=Locations: Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England, UK |publisher=The British Film Institute |access-date=6 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805190106/http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b80846206 |archive-date=5 August 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> was filmed in the city. The documentary festival ] has been run annually since 1994 at the ],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thestar.co.uk/what-s-on/cinema/shefield-doc-fest-2012-film-world-zooms-in-on-city-preview-video-1-4637530 |title=Sheffield Doc/Fest 2012: Film world zooms in on city |date=13 June 2012 |work=The Star |access-date=13 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017090507/http://www.thestar.co.uk/what-s-on/cinema/shefield-doc-fest-2012-film-world-zooms-in-on-city-preview-video-1-4637530 |archive-date=17 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and in 2007 Sheffield hosted the ].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6737805.stm |title=Thousands cheer Bollywood stars |date=10 June 2007 |work=BBC News |access-date=19 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619151648/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6737805.stm |archive-date=19 June 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> The 2018 series of '']'', which features the ] estate and other Sheffield locations, premiered in Sheffield.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk-england-south-yorkshire-45589723 |title=Doctor Who premiere: How Sheffield red carpet happened |work=BBC News |access-date=25 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924140134/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/uk-england-south-yorkshire-45589723 |archive-date=24 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> A follow-up series of the same name, to the 1997 film ''The Full Monty'', which released on ] in 2023 was filmed in Sheffield<ref>{{cite web |date=12 January 2023 |title=More details of new Full Monty series as pictures show filming in Sheffield street |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/people/the-full-monty-more-details-of-disney-series-revealed-as-pictures-show-filming-in-upperthorpe-sheffield-3983421 |access-date=14 May 2023 |website=The Star }}</ref> and Manchester<ref>{{cite web |last=Topping |first=Stephen |date=3 August 2022 |title=Film crews descend on town centre for Disney+ reboot of 90s classic |url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/film-crews-descend-greater-manchester-24657593 |access-date=14 May 2023 |website=Manchester Evening News }}</ref> between 2022 and 2023. Furthermore, scenes in ] miniseries ''],'' starring ] and ], were filmed in Sheffield as well as in ], a stately home in neighbouring ].<ref>{{cite web |date=28 April 2023 |title=Photos show filming taking place around Sheffield for drama starring Kate Winslet and Hugh Grant |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/arts-and-culture/film-and-tv/the-regime-sheffield-first-photos-emerge-of-hbo-drama-starring-kate-winslet-and-hugh-grant-being-filmed-4124160 |access-date=14 May 2023 |website=The Star }}</ref> | The films and plays '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'' and '']'' are set in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/List?locations=Sheffield,+South+Yorkshire,+England,+UK&&tv=on |title=Locations: Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England, UK |work=The Internet Movie Database |publisher=Internet Movie Database |access-date=19 July 2009 |archive-date=3 January 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103055653/http://www.imdb.com/List?locations=Sheffield,+South+Yorkshire,+England,+UK&&tv=on |url-status=dead}}</ref> '']'', '']'', '']'' and '']'' also include several scenes filmed in Sheffield and a substantial part of '']''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b80846206 |title=Locations: Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England, UK |publisher=The British Film Institute |access-date=6 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805190106/http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b80846206 |archive-date=5 August 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> was filmed in the city. The documentary festival ] has been run annually since 1994 at the ],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thestar.co.uk/what-s-on/cinema/shefield-doc-fest-2012-film-world-zooms-in-on-city-preview-video-1-4637530 |title=Sheffield Doc/Fest 2012: Film world zooms in on city |date=13 June 2012 |work=The Star |access-date=13 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017090507/http://www.thestar.co.uk/what-s-on/cinema/shefield-doc-fest-2012-film-world-zooms-in-on-city-preview-video-1-4637530 |archive-date=17 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and in 2007 Sheffield hosted the ].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6737805.stm |title=Thousands cheer Bollywood stars |date=10 June 2007 |work=BBC News |access-date=19 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619151648/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6737805.stm |archive-date=19 June 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> The 2018 series of '']'', which features the ] estate and other Sheffield locations, premiered in Sheffield.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk-england-south-yorkshire-45589723 |title=Doctor Who premiere: How Sheffield red carpet happened |work=BBC News |access-date=25 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924140134/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/uk-england-south-yorkshire-45589723 |archive-date=24 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> A follow-up series of the same name, to the 1997 film ''The Full Monty'', which released on ] in 2023 was filmed in Sheffield<ref>{{cite web |date=12 January 2023 |title=More details of new Full Monty series as pictures show filming in Sheffield street |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/people/the-full-monty-more-details-of-disney-series-revealed-as-pictures-show-filming-in-upperthorpe-sheffield-3983421 |access-date=14 May 2023 |website=The Star }}</ref> and Manchester<ref>{{cite web |last=Topping |first=Stephen |date=3 August 2022 |title=Film crews descend on town centre for Disney+ reboot of 90s classic |url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/film-crews-descend-greater-manchester-24657593 |access-date=14 May 2023 |website=Manchester Evening News }}</ref> between 2022 and 2023. Furthermore, scenes in ] miniseries ''],'' starring ] and ], were filmed in Sheffield as well as in ], a stately home in neighbouring ].<ref>{{cite web |date=28 April 2023 |title=Photos show filming taking place around Sheffield for drama starring Kate Winslet and Hugh Grant |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/arts-and-culture/film-and-tv/the-regime-sheffield-first-photos-emerge-of-hbo-drama-starring-kate-winslet-and-hugh-grant-being-filmed-4124160 |access-date=14 May 2023 |website=The Star }}</ref> | ||
] | ] | ||
], located in the ], is the main out of town leisure complex in Sheffield. It opened in the 1990s and was built on land previously occupied by ] across the road from what is now Sheffield Arena. It is anchored by a 20 screen ] complex which is the largest in the chain and contains the only ] screens and ] screen in Sheffield.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cineworld Sheffield (Formerly UGC Sheffield) – Sheffield |url=http://www.britinfo.net/T/1002387.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302141020/http://www.britinfo.net/T/1002387.htm |archive-date=2 March 2014 |access-date=3 October 2013 |publisher=Britinfo.net}}</ref> Other features of the complex include a ], several chain restaurants, an indoor play area as well as indoor ]. Sheffield has |
], located in the ], is the main out of town leisure complex in Sheffield. It opened in the 1990s and was built on land previously occupied by ] across the road from what is now Sheffield Arena. It is anchored by a 20 screen ] complex which is the largest in the chain and contains the only ] screens and ] screen in Sheffield.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cineworld Sheffield (Formerly UGC Sheffield) – Sheffield |url=http://www.britinfo.net/T/1002387.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302141020/http://www.britinfo.net/T/1002387.htm |archive-date=2 March 2014 |access-date=3 October 2013 |publisher=Britinfo.net}}</ref> Other features of the complex include a ], several chain restaurants, an indoor play area as well as indoor ]. Sheffield has six other cinema complexes, five of which are in the city centre and a one at Meadowhall—], situated on Arundel Gate in the city centre, ], which opened in 2015 in the former Sheffield Banking Company building on George Street,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.curzoncinemas.com/sheffield/info/about |title=Discover Curzon Sheffield |work=Curzon Cinemas |access-date=20 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811073024/http://www.curzoncinemas.com/sheffield/info/about |archive-date=11 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thestar.co.uk/whats-on/cinema/new-sheffield-cinema-to-open-in-january-1-6965923 |title=New Sheffield cinema to open in January. |work=The Star |access-date=20 July 2016 |location=Sheffield |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814200528/http://www.thestar.co.uk/whats-on/cinema/new-sheffield-cinema-to-open-in-january-1-6965923 |archive-date=14 August 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ], located on The Moor and opened in 2017 as part of the regeneration project, and ], located within Meadowhall Shopping Centre, are the three other mainstream cinemas in the city. The ], an independent cinema showing non-mainstream productions, is located in ], close to ]. In 2002 the Showroom was voted as the best Independent cinema in the country by ''Guardian'' readers.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2002/feb/28/2002inreview.features |title=Guardian readers' favourite independent cinemas | Film |work=The Guardian |access-date=3 October 2013 |location=London |date=5 December 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002173336/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2002/feb/28/2002inreview.features |archive-date=2 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
==Public services== | ==Public services== | ||
]]] | ]]] | ||
]]] | ]]] | ||
] HQ]] | ] HQ]] | ||
Sheffield is policed by ] (a ]) whose headquarters are in the city. Sheffield constitutes one of its four District commands (Barnsley, Doncaster and Rotherham being the other three).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.southyorkshire.police.uk/ |title=South Yorkshire Police |publisher=Southyorkshire.police.uk |access-date=3 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004222429/http://www.southyorkshire.police.uk/ |archive-date=4 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The force polices an area of approximately {{cvt| |
Sheffield is policed by ] (a ]) whose headquarters are in the city. Sheffield constitutes one of its four District commands (Barnsley, Doncaster and Rotherham being the other three).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.southyorkshire.police.uk/ |title=South Yorkshire Police |publisher=Southyorkshire.police.uk |access-date=3 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004222429/http://www.southyorkshire.police.uk/ |archive-date=4 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The force polices an area of approximately {{cvt|1554|km2|order=flip}} and is the 13th-largest force in ]. Oversight of South Yorkshire Police is conducted by the Police and Crime Commissioner, ]. | ||
Medical services in Sheffield are provided by three NHS Foundation Trusts: | Medical services in Sheffield are provided by three NHS Foundation Trusts: | ||
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*Sheffield Health and Social Care NHS Foundation Trust | *Sheffield Health and Social Care NHS Foundation Trust | ||
Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust provides healthcare to people (primarily adults) throughout Sheffield and South Yorkshire. The trusts title includes the word 'teaching' because it undertakes training of medical students at the University of Sheffield and has strong links to Sheffield Hallam University as well. The trust has two campuses: The West Campus containing the ], the Jessop Wing (maternity wing), ] (specialist cancer treatment) and ]. The ] is the second 'campus' and is a large facility in the northern suburbs of Sheffield, containing the city's A&E department. Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust provides healthcare for children within the city of Sheffield, South Yorkshire and the UK as a whole.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffieldchildrens.nhs.uk/about-us |title=About Us |publisher=Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust |access-date=13 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004225643/http://www.sheffieldchildrens.nhs.uk/about-us |archive-date=4 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 12 June 2020, 66 confirmed deaths caused by the ] were reported in the ] in the three months up to May 2020. The ] said this was the highest number of coronavirus deaths of any area of England and Wales.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} | Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust provides healthcare to people (primarily adults) throughout Sheffield and South Yorkshire. The trusts title includes the word 'teaching' because it undertakes training of medical students at the University of Sheffield and has strong links to Sheffield Hallam University as well. The trust has two campuses: The West Campus containing the ], the Jessop Wing (maternity wing), ] (specialist cancer treatment) and ]. The ] is the second 'campus' and is a large facility in the northern suburbs of Sheffield, containing the city's A&E department. Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust provides healthcare for children within the city of Sheffield, South Yorkshire and the UK as a whole.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffieldchildrens.nhs.uk/about-us |title=About Us |publisher=Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust |access-date=13 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004225643/http://www.sheffieldchildrens.nhs.uk/about-us |archive-date=4 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 12 June 2020, 66 confirmed deaths caused by the ] were reported in the ] in the three months up to May 2020. The ] said this was the highest number of coronavirus deaths of any area of England and Wales.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 June 2020 |title=Majority of Fir Vale Covid-19 deaths associated with care homes, say NHS officials |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/politics/council/majority-of-fir-vale-covid-19-deaths-associated-with-care-homes-say-nhs-officials-2886422}}</ref> | ||
Sheffield Health and Social Care NHS Foundation Trust provides mental health services, services for people with learning disabilities, substance misuse services, long term neurological conditions, as well as a consortium of GP practises.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sct.nhs.uk/ |title=SHSC – |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20150401090022/http%3A//www.sct.nhs.uk/ |archive-date=1 April 2015}}</ref> The Sheffield Institute for Motor Neurone Disease (also known as Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience – SITraN) has been developed by the University of Sheffield.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sifoundation.com/index.htm |title=SI Foundation MND |publisher=Sifoundation.com |date=13 September 2011 |access-date=3 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716070133/http://www.sifoundation.com/index.htm |archive-date=16 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> | Sheffield Health and Social Care NHS Foundation Trust provides mental health services, services for people with learning disabilities, substance misuse services, long term neurological conditions, as well as a consortium of GP practises.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sct.nhs.uk/ |title=SHSC – |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20150401090022/http%3A//www.sct.nhs.uk/ |archive-date=1 April 2015}}</ref> The Sheffield Institute for Motor Neurone Disease (also known as Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience – SITraN) has been developed by the University of Sheffield.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sifoundation.com/index.htm |title=SI Foundation MND |publisher=Sifoundation.com |date=13 September 2011 |access-date=3 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716070133/http://www.sifoundation.com/index.htm |archive-date=16 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
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== Further reading == | == Further reading == | ||
{{Refbegin}} | {{Refbegin}} | ||
* {{cite journal |doi=10.11141/ia.29.4 |title=Archaeological Investigations at the Upper Chapel, Norfolk Street, Sheffield, UK |journal=Internet Archaeology |issue=29 |year=2011 |last1=Baker |first1=Katherine |last2=Baker |first2=Steve |last3=Symonds |first3=James}} | |||
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013135119/http://oreald.com/book11.html |date=13 October 2011 }} by John Derry, 1915 | * {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013135119/http://oreald.com/book11.html |date=13 October 2011 }} by John Derry, 1915 | ||
* a report by University of Sheffield commissioned by David Blunkett about inequality within the city | * a report by University of Sheffield commissioned by David Blunkett about inequality within the city |
Latest revision as of 06:21, 21 December 2024
City in South Yorkshire, England This article is about the city in South Yorkshire. For other uses, see Sheffield (disambiguation).City in England
Sheffield is a city in South Yorkshire, England, situated 29 miles (47 km) south of Leeds and 32 miles (51 km) east of Manchester. Its name derives from the River Sheaf which runs through it. The city serves as the administrative centre of the City of Sheffield. It is historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire and some of its southern suburbs were transferred from Derbyshire to the city council. It is the largest settlement in South Yorkshire.
The city is in the eastern foothills of the Pennines and the valleys of the River Don with its four tributaries: the Loxley, the Porter Brook, the Rivelin and the Sheaf. Sixty-one per cent of Sheffield's entire area is green space and a third of the city lies within the Peak District national park and is the fifth-largest city in England. There are more than 250 parks, woodlands and gardens in the city, which is estimated to contain around 4.5 million trees.
Sheffield played a crucial role in the Industrial Revolution, developing many significant technologies. In the 19th century, the city saw a huge expansion of its traditional cutlery trade, when processes for high-quality stainless steel and crucible steel were invented based on previous discoveries elsewhere. This fuelled an almost tenfold increase in the population. Sheffield received its municipal charter in 1843, becoming the City of Sheffield in 1893. International competition in iron and steel caused a decline in these industries in the 1970s and 1980s, coinciding with the collapse of coal mining in the area. The Yorkshire ridings became counties in their own right in 1889; the West Riding of Yorkshire county was disbanded in 1974. The city then became part of the county of South Yorkshire; this has been made up of separately governed unitary authorities since 1986. The 21st century has seen extensive redevelopment in Sheffield, consistent with other British cities. Sheffield's gross value added (GVA) has increased by 60% since 1997, standing at £11.3 billion in 2015. The economy has experienced steady growth, averaging around 5% annually, which is greater than that of the broader region of Yorkshire and the Humber.
Sheffield had a population of 556,500 at the 2021 census, making it the second-largest city in the Yorkshire and the Humber region. The Sheffield Built-up Area, of which the Sheffield sub-division is the largest part, had a population of 685,369 also including the town of Rotherham. The district borough, governed from the city, had a population of 566,242 at the mid-2019 estimate, making it the 7th-most-populous district in England. It is one of eleven British cities that make up the Core Cities Group. In 2011, the unparished area had a population of 490,070.
The city has a long sporting heritage and is home both to the world's oldest football club, Sheffield F.C., and the world's oldest football ground, Sandygate. Matches between the two professional clubs, Sheffield United and Sheffield Wednesday, are known as the Steel City derby. The city is also home to the World Snooker Championship and the Sheffield Steelers, the UK's first professional ice hockey team.
Etymology
The name Sheffield, has its origins in Old English and derives from the name of a principal river in the city, the River Sheaf. This name, in turn, is a corruption of shed or sheth, which refers to a divide or separation. The second half of the name Sheffield refers to a field, or forest clearing. Combining the two words, it is believed that the name refers to an Anglo-Saxon settlement in a clearing by the confluence of the River Don and River Sheaf. In historical Latin, Sheffield is recorded with the Latinized name Sefelda.
History
Main article: History of Sheffield Historical affiliationsKingdom of England c. 12th century – 1707
Kingdom of Great Britain 1707–1801
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 1801–1922
United Kingdom 1922–present
Early history
The area now occupied by the City of Sheffield is believed to have been inhabited since at least the late Upper Paleolithic, about 12,800 years ago. The earliest evidence of human occupation in the Sheffield area was found at Creswell Crags to the east of the city. In the Iron Age the area became the southernmost territory of the Pennine tribe called the Brigantes. It is this tribe who are thought to have constructed several hillforts in and around Sheffield.
Following the departure of the Romans, the Sheffield area may have been the southern part of the Brittonic kingdom of Elmet, with the rivers Sheaf and Don forming part of the boundary between this kingdom and the kingdom of Mercia. Gradually, Anglian settlers pushed west from the kingdom of Deira. A Britonnic presence within the Sheffield area is evidenced by two settlements called Wales and Waleswood close to Sheffield. The settlements that grew and merged to form Sheffield, however, date from the second half of the first millennium, and are of Anglo-Saxon and Danish origin. In Anglo-Saxon times, the Sheffield area straddled the border between the kingdoms of Mercia and Northumbria. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reports that Eanred of Northumbria submitted to Egbert of Wessex at the hamlet of Dore (now a suburb of Sheffield) in 829, a key event in the unification of the kingdom of England under the House of Wessex.
After the Norman conquest of England, Sheffield Castle was built to protect the local settlements, and a small town developed that is the nucleus of the modern city. By 1296, a market had been established at what is now known as Castle Square, and Sheffield subsequently grew into a small market town. In the 14th century, Sheffield was already noted for the production of knives, as mentioned in Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, and by the early 1600s it had become the main centre of cutlery manufacture in England outside London, overseen by the Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire. From 1570 to 1584, Mary, Queen of Scots, was imprisoned in Sheffield Castle and Sheffield Manor.
Industrial Revolution
During the 1740s, a form of the crucible steel process was discovered that allowed the manufacture of a better quality of steel than had previously been possible. In about the same period, a technique was developed for fusing a thin sheet of silver onto a copper ingot to produce silver plating, which became widely known as Sheffield plate. These innovations spurred Sheffield's growth as an industrial town, but the loss of some important export markets led to a recession in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The resulting poor conditions culminated in a cholera epidemic that killed 402 people in 1832. The population of the town grew rapidly throughout the 19th century; increasing from 60,095 in 1801 to 451,195 by 1901. The Sheffield and Rotherham railway was constructed in 1838, connecting the two towns. The town was incorporated as a borough in 1842, and was granted city status by letters patent in 1893. The influx of people also led to demand for better water supplies, and a number of new reservoirs were constructed on the outskirts of the town.
The collapse of the dam wall of one of these reservoirs in 1864 resulted in the Great Sheffield Flood, which killed 270 people and devastated large parts of the town. The growing population led to the construction of many back-to-back dwellings that, along with severe pollution from the factories, inspired George Orwell in 1937 to write: "Sheffield, I suppose, could justly claim to be called the ugliest town in the Old World".
Blitz
Main article: Sheffield BlitzThe Great Depression hit the city in the 1930s, but as international tensions increased and the Second World War became imminent; Sheffield's steel factories were set to work manufacturing weapons and ammunition for the war effort. As a result, the city became a target for bombing raids, the heaviest of which occurred on the nights of 12 and 15 December 1940, now known as the Sheffield Blitz. The city was partially protected by barrage balloons managed from RAF Norton. More than 660 people died and many buildings were destroyed or left badly damaged, including the Marples Hotel, which was hit directly by a 500-pound bomb, killing over 70 people.
Post-Second World War
See also: Brutalism in SheffieldIn the 1950s and 1960s, many of the city's slums were demolished, and replaced with housing schemes such as the Park Hill flats. Large parts of the city centre were also cleared to make way for a new system of roads. In February 1962, the city was devastated by the Great Sheffield Gale; winds of up to 97 mph (156 km/h) killed four people and damaged 150,000 houses, more than two-thirds of the city's housing stock at the time. Increased automation and competition from abroad resulted in the closure of many steel mills. The 1980s saw the worst of this run-down of Sheffield's industries, along with those of many other areas of the UK. The building of the Meadowhall Centre on the site of a former steelworks in 1990 was a mixed blessing, creating much-needed jobs but hastening the decline of the city centre. Attempts to regenerate the city were kick-started when the city hosted the 1991 World Student Games, which saw the construction of new sporting facilities such as the Sheffield Arena, Don Valley Stadium and the Ponds Forge complex.
21st century
Sheffield is changing rapidly as new projects regenerate some of the more run-down parts of the city. One such, the Heart of the City Project, has initiated a number of public works in the city centre: the Peace Gardens were renovated in 1998, the Millennium Galleries opened in April 2001, the Winter Gardens were opened in May 2003, and a public space to link these two areas, the Millennium Square, was opened in May 2006. Additional developments included the remodelling of Sheaf Square, in front of the refurbished railway station: the square contains "The Cutting Edge", a sculpture designed by Si Applied Ltd and made from Sheffield steel. Recent development known as the 'Heart of the City' includes the restoration of the listed Leah's Yard complex.
Sheffield was particularly hard hit during the 2007 United Kingdom floods and the 2010 'Big Freeze'. Many landmark buildings such as Meadowhall and the Hillsborough Stadium flooded due to being close to rivers that flow through the city. In 2010, 5,000 properties in Sheffield were identified as still being at risk of flooding. In 2012 the city narrowly escaped another flood, despite extensive work by the Environment Agency to clear local river channels since the 2007 event. In 2014 Sheffield Council's cabinet approved plans to further reduce the possibility of flooding by adopting plans to increase water catchment on tributaries of the River Don. Another flood hit the city in 2019, resulting in shoppers being contained in Meadowhall Shopping Centre.
Between 2014 and 2018, there were disputes between the city council and residents over the fate of the city's 36,000 highway trees. Around 4,000 highway trees have since been felled as part of the 'Streets Ahead' Private Finance Initiative (PFI) contract signed in 2012 by the city council, Amey plc and the Department for Transport to maintain the city streets. The tree fellings have resulted in many arrests of residents and other protesters across the city even though most felled trees in the city have been replanted, including those historically felled and not previously replanted. The protests eventually stopped in 2018 after the council paused the tree felling programme as part of a new approach developed by the council for the maintenance of street trees in the city.
In May 2022, Sheffield was named a "Tree City of the World" in recognition of its work to sustainably manage and maintain urban forests and trees. This honour was given before the release of the independent inquiry's report on the so-called "Sheffield Chainsaw Massacre". The report concluded that "thousands of healthy and loved trees were lost. Many more could have been" and was critical of Sheffield City Council. The latter issued this statement on receipt of the report: "the council has already acknowledged that it got many things wrong in the handling of the street-trees dispute, and we wish to reiterate our previous apologies for our failings".
Governance
See also: Sheffield City Council electionsLocal authority
Sheffield is governed at the local level by Sheffield City Council and is led by Councillor Tom Hunt (Assumed office 16 May 2023). It consists of 84 councillors elected to represent 28 wards: three councillors per ward. Following the 2024 local elections, the distribution of council seats is Labour 36, Liberal Democrats 27, the Green Party 14, Conservative 0 and Independent 7. The city also has a Lord Mayor; though now simply a ceremonial position, in the past the office carried considerable authority, with executive powers over the finances and affairs of the city council. The position of Lord Mayor is elected on an annual basis.
For much of its history the council was controlled by the Labour Party, and was noted for its leftist sympathies; during the 1980s, when Sheffield City Council was led by David Blunkett, the area gained the epithet the "Socialist Republic of South Yorkshire". However, the Liberal Democrats controlled the Council between 1999 and 2001 and took control again from 2008 to 2011.
The majority of council-owned facilities are operated by independent charitable trusts. Sheffield International Venues runs many of the city's sporting and leisure facilities, including Sheffield Arena and the English Institute of Sport, Sheffield. Museums Sheffield and the Sheffield Industrial Museums Trust take care of galleries and museums owned by the council.
Combined authority
Main article: South Yorkshire Mayoral Combined AuthorityThe city of Sheffield is part of the wider South Yorkshire Mayoral Combined Authority, headed by mayor Oliver Coppard since 2022. The combined authority covers the former 1974–1986 South Yorkshire County Council area which functions either went to local or regional authorities.
In 2004, as part of the Moving Forward: The Northern Way document, city regions were created in a collaboration with the three northern regional development agencies. These became independent Local enterprise partnerships in 2011.
The area's partnership retains the Sheffield City Region name, covering the South Yorkshire authorities, as well as Bolsover District, Borough of Chesterfield, Derbyshire Dales, North East Derbyshire and Bassetlaw District. In 2014, the Sheffield City Region Combined authority was formed by the South Yorkshire local authorities with the other councils as non-constituent members and the partnership integrated with the authority structure. In September 2020, the authority changed to its current name.
Parliamentary Representation
The city returns five members of parliament to the House of Commons, with a sixth, the Member of Parliament for Penistone and Stocksbridge representing parts of Sheffield and Barnsley. The former Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg was an MP for Sheffield, representing Sheffield Hallam from 2005 until he was unseated 2017, when the seat returned a Labour MP for the first time in its history.
Geography
Main article: Geography of SheffieldSheffield is located at 53°22′59″N 1°27′57″W / 53.38297°N 1.4659°W / 53.38297; -1.4659. It lies directly beside Rotherham, from which it is separated largely by the M1 motorway. Although Barnsley Metropolitan Borough also borders Sheffield to the north, the town itself is a few miles further away. The southern and western borders of the city are shared with Derbyshire; in the first half of the 20th century Sheffield extended its borders south into Derbyshire, annexing a number of villages, including Totley, Dore and the area now known as Mosborough Townships.
Sheffield is a geographically diverse city. It nestles in the eastern foothills of the Pennines, between the main upland range and Peak District National Park to the west, and the lower-lying South Yorkshire Coalfield to the east. It lies at the confluence of five rivers: Don, Sheaf, Rivelin, Loxley and Porter. As such, much of the city is built on hillsides with views into the city centre or out to the countryside. Blake Street, in the S6 postcode area, is the third-steepest residential street in England, with a gradient of 16.6°. The highest point in the City of Sheffield is 548 m (1,798 ft) near High Stones and Margery Hill. The city's lowest point is just 29 m (95 ft) above sea level near Blackburn Meadows. However, 79% of the housing in the city is between 100 and 200 m (330 and 660 ft) above sea level and the highest residential street is Redmires Lane at 302 m (991 ft). This variation of altitudes across Sheffield has led to frequent claims, particularly among locals, that the city was built on Seven Hills. As this claim is disputed, it likely originated as a joke referencing the Seven Hills of Rome.
Estimated to contain around 4.5 million trees, Sheffield has more trees per person than any other city in Europe and is considered to be one of the greenest cities in England and the UK, which was further reinforced when it won the 2005 Entente Florale competition. With more than 250 parks, woodlands and gardens, it has over 170 woodlands (covering 10.91 sq mi or 28.3 km), 78 public parks (covering 7.07 sq mi or 18.3 km) and 10 public gardens. Added to the 52.0 sq mi (134.7 km) of national park and 4.20 sq mi (10.9 km) of water this means that 61% of the city is greenspace. Despite this, about 64% of Sheffield householders live further than 300 m (328 yd) from their nearest greenspace, although access is better in less affluent neighbourhoods across the city. Sheffield also has a very wide variety of habitat, comparing favourably with any city in the United Kingdom: urban, parkland and woodland, agricultural and arable land, moors, meadows and freshwater-based habitats. There are six areas within the city that are designated as sites of special scientific interest.
The present city boundaries were set in 1974 (with slight modification in 1994), when the former county borough of Sheffield merged with Stocksbridge Urban District and two parishes from the Wortley Rural District. This area includes a significant part of the countryside surrounding the main urban region. Roughly a third of Sheffield lies in the Peak District National Park. No other English city had parts of a national park within its boundary, until the creation in March 2010 of the South Downs National Park, part of which lies within Brighton and Hove.
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Climate
According to the Köppen classification, Sheffield has a temperate oceanic climate (Cfb) like the rest of the United Kingdom. The uplands of the Pennines to the west can create a cool, gloomy and wet environment, but they also provide shelter from the prevailing westerly winds, casting a "rain shadow" across the area. Between 1971 and 2000 Sheffield averaged 824.7 mm (32.47 in) of rain per year; December was the wettest month with 91.9 mm (3.62 in) and July the driest with 51.0 mm (2.01 in). July was also the hottest month, with an average maximum temperature of 20.8 °C (69.4 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded in the city of Sheffield was 39.4 °C (102.9 °F), on 19 July 2022. The average minimum temperature in January and February was 1.6 °C (34.9 °F), though the lowest temperatures recorded in these months can be between −10 and −15 °C (14 and 5 °F), although since 1960, the temperature has never fallen below −9.2 °C (15.4 °F), suggesting that urbanisation around the Weston Park site during the second half of the 20th century may prevent temperatures below −10 °C (14 °F) occurring.
The coldest temperature to be recorded was −8.2 °C (17.2 °F) in 2010. (Note: The official Weston Park Weather Station statistics, which can also be viewed at Sheffield Central Library, has the temperature at −8.7 °C (16.3 °F), recorded on 20 December, and states that to be the lowest December temperature since 1981.) The coldest temperature ever recorded in the city of Sheffield at Weston Park, since records began in 1882, is −14.6 °C (5.7 °F), registered in February 1895. The lowest daytime maximum temperature in the city since records began is −5.6 °C (21.9 °F), also recorded in February 1895. More recently, −4.4 °C (24.1 °F) was recorded as a daytime maximum at Weston Park, on 20 December 2010 (from the Weston Park Weather Station statistics, which also can be viewed at Sheffield Central Library.) On average, through the winter months of December to March, there are 67 days during which ground frost occurs.
Climate data for Sheffield (Weston Park) WMO ID: 99107; coordinates 53°22′53″N 1°29′29″W / 53.38139°N 1.49137°W / 53.38139; -1.49137 (Sheffield Cdl); elevation: 131 m (430 ft); 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1882–present | |||||||||||||
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Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 15.9 (60.6) |
18.2 (64.8) |
23.3 (73.9) |
26.4 (79.5) |
28.9 (84.0) |
30.7 (87.3) |
39.4 (102.9) |
34.3 (93.7) |
32.9 (91.2) |
25.7 (78.3) |
18.9 (66.0) |
17.6 (63.7) |
39.4 (102.9) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.0 (44.6) |
7.7 (45.9) |
10.0 (50.0) |
13.1 (55.6) |
16.4 (61.5) |
19.2 (66.6) |
21.4 (70.5) |
20.8 (69.4) |
17.9 (64.2) |
13.7 (56.7) |
9.8 (49.6) |
7.3 (45.1) |
13.7 (56.7) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.6 (40.3) |
4.9 (40.8) |
6.7 (44.1) |
9.2 (48.6) |
12.1 (53.8) |
15.0 (59.0) |
17.1 (62.8) |
16.7 (62.1) |
14.2 (57.6) |
10.7 (51.3) |
7.3 (45.1) |
5.0 (41.0) |
10.3 (50.5) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.2 (36.0) |
2.2 (36.0) |
3.4 (38.1) |
5.2 (41.4) |
7.8 (46.0) |
10.8 (51.4) |
12.8 (55.0) |
12.6 (54.7) |
10.5 (50.9) |
7.8 (46.0) |
4.8 (40.6) |
2.6 (36.7) |
6.9 (44.4) |
Record low °C (°F) | −13.3 (8.1) |
−14.6 (5.7) |
−9.4 (15.1) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
1.4 (34.5) |
3.5 (38.3) |
4.1 (39.4) |
1.7 (35.1) |
−4.1 (24.6) |
−7.2 (19.0) |
−10.0 (14.0) |
−14.6 (5.7) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 75.7 (2.98) |
67.0 (2.64) |
59.5 (2.34) |
58.8 (2.31) |
54.5 (2.15) |
75.1 (2.96) |
62.2 (2.45) |
65.1 (2.56) |
63.5 (2.50) |
78.7 (3.10) |
84.7 (3.33) |
86.9 (3.42) |
831.6 (32.74) |
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 13.2 | 11.5 | 11.1 | 10.1 | 9.3 | 9.5 | 9.4 | 10.0 | 9.3 | 12.7 | 13.3 | 13.7 | 133.1 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 50.1 | 76.8 | 121.0 | 153.2 | 198.2 | 181.0 | 180.7 | 181.3 | 138.2 | 97.0 | 59.4 | 48.3 | 1,485.2 |
Average ultraviolet index | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
Source 1: Met Office | |||||||||||||
Source 2: KNMI, WeatherAtlas and Meteo Climat |
The Weston Park Weather station, established in 1882, is one of the longest running weather stations in the United Kingdom. It has recorded weather for more than 125 years, and a 2008 report showed that the climate of Sheffield is warming faster than it has at any time during this period, with 1990 and 2006 being the hottest years on record. In collaboration with the Stockholm Environment Institute, Sheffield developed a carbon footprint (based on 2004–05 consumption figures) of 5,798,361 tonnes per year. This compares to the UK's total carbon footprint of 698,568,010 tonnes per year. The factors with the greatest impact are housing (34%), transport (25%), consumer (11%), private services (9%), public services (8%), food (8%) and capital investment (5%). Sheffield City Council has signed up to the 10:10 campaign.
Green belt
Further information: South and West Yorkshire Green Belt and Geography of SheffieldSheffield is within a green belt region that extends into the wider surrounding counties, and is in place to reduce urban sprawl, prevent the towns and areas in the Sheffield built-up area conurbation from further convergence, protect the identity of outlying communities, encourage brownfield reuse, and preserve nearby countryside. This is achieved by restricting inappropriate development within the designated areas, and imposing stricter conditions on permitted building. The main urban area and larger villages of the borough are exempt from the green belt area, but surrounding smaller villages, hamlets and rural areas are 'washed over' with the designation. A subsidiary aim of the green belt is to encourage recreation and leisure interests, with many rural landscape features and facilities included.
Subdivisions
Main article: Areas of SheffieldSheffield is made up of many suburbs and neighbourhoods, many of which developed from villages or hamlets that were absorbed into Sheffield as the city grew. These historical areas are largely ignored by the modern administrative and political divisions of the city; instead it is divided into 28 electoral wards, with each ward generally covering 4–6 areas. These electoral wards are grouped into six parliamentary constituencies. Sheffield is largely unparished, but Bradfield and Ecclesfield have parish councils, and Stocksbridge has a town council.
Demographics
Main article: Demographics of SheffieldYear | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1801 | 60,095 | — |
1821 | 84,540 | +40.7% |
1841 | 134,599 | +59.2% |
1861 | 219,634 | +63.2% |
1881 | 335,953 | +53.0% |
1901 | 451,195 | +34.3% |
1921 | 543,336 | +20.4% |
1941 | 569,884 | +4.9% |
1951 | 577,050 | +1.3% |
1961 | 574,915 | −0.4% |
1971 | 572,794 | −0.4% |
1981 | 530,844 | −7.3% |
1991 | 528,708 | −0.4% |
2001 | 513,234 | −2.9% |
2011 | 551,800 | +7.5% |
2019 | 584,028 | +5.8% |
The United Kingdom Census 2001 reported a resident population for Sheffield of 513,234, a 2% decline from the 1991 census. The city is part of the wider Sheffield urban area, which had a population of 640,720. In 2011 the racial composition of Sheffield's population was 84% White (81% White British, 0.5% White Irish, 0.1% Romani or Irish Traveller, 2.3% Other White), 2.4% of mixed race (1.0% White and Black Caribbean, 0.2% White and Black African, 0.6% White and Asian, 0.6% Other Mixed), 8% Asian (1.1% Indian, 4% Pakistani, 0.6% Bangladeshi, 1.3% Chinese, 1.0% Other Asian), 3.6% Black (2.1% African, 1% Caribbean, 0.5% Other Black), 1.5% Arab and 0.7% of other ethnic heritage. In terms of religion, 53% of the population are Christian, 6% are Muslim, 0.6% are Hindu, 0.4% are Buddhist, 0.2% are Sikh, 0.1% are Jewish, 0.4% belong to another religion, 31% have no religion and 7% did not state their religion. The largest quinary group is 20- to 24-year-olds (9%) because of the large university student population.
The Industrial Revolution served as a catalyst for considerable population growth and demographic change in Sheffield. Large numbers of people were driven to the city as the cutlery and steel industries flourished. The population continued to grow until the mid-20th century, at which point, due to industrial decline, the population began to contract. However, by the early 21st century, the population had begun to grow once again.
The population of Sheffield peaked in 1951 at 577,050, and has since declined steadily. However, the mid-2007 population estimate was 530,300, representing an increase of about 17,000 residents since 2001.
Although a city, Sheffield is informally known as "the largest village in England", because of a combination of topographical isolation and demographic stability. It is relatively geographically isolated, being cut off from other places by a ring of hills. Local folklore insists that, like Rome, Sheffield was built "on seven hills". The land surrounding Sheffield was unsuitable for industrial use, and now includes several protected green belt areas. These topographical factors have served to restrict urban spread, resulting in a relatively stable population size and a low degree of mobility.
Economy
Jobs | Number | % |
---|---|---|
Total employee jobs | 255,700 | — |
Full-time | 168,000 | 65.7% |
Part-time | 87,700 | 34.3% |
Manufact. & Construct. | 40,300 | 15.7% |
Manufacturing | 31,800 | 12.4% |
Construction | 8,500 | 3.3% |
Services | 214,900 | 84.1% |
Distribution, hotels & restaurants | 58,800 | 23.0% |
Transport & communications | 14,200 | 5.5% |
Finance, IT, other business activities | 51,800 | 20.2% |
Public admin, education & health | 77,500 | 30.3% |
Other services | 12,700 | 5.0% |
Tourism-related | 18,400 | 7.2% |
After many years of decline, the Sheffield economy is going through a strong revival. The 2004 Barclays Bank Financial Planning study revealed that, in 2003, the Sheffield district of Hallam was the highest ranking area outside London for overall wealth, the proportion of people earning over £60,000 a year standing at almost 12%. A survey by Knight Frank revealed that Sheffield was the fastest-growing city outside London for office and residential space and rents during the second half of 2004. This can be seen in a surge of redevelopments, including the City Lofts Tower and accompanying St Paul's Place, Velocity Living and the Moor redevelopment, the forthcoming NRQ and the Winter Gardens, Peace Gardens, Millennium Galleries and many projects completed under the Sheffield One redevelopment agency. The Sheffield economy grew from £5.6 billion in 1997 (1997 GVA) to £9.2 billion in 2007 (2007 GVA).
The "UK Cities Monitor 2008" placed Sheffield among the top ten "best cities to locate a business today", the city occupying third and fourth places, respectively, for best office location and best new call centre location. The same report places Sheffield in third place regarding "greenest reputation" and second in terms of the availability of financial incentives.
Heavy industries and metallurgy
Sheffield has an international reputation for metallurgy and steel-making. The earliest official record of cutlery production, for which Sheffield is particularly well known, is from 1297 when a tax return for 'Robert the Cutler' was submitted. A key reason for Sheffield's success in the production of cutlery lies in its geographic makeup. The abundance of streams in the area provided water power and the geological formations in the Hope Valley, in particular, provided sufficient grit stones for grinding wheels. In the 17th century, the Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire, which oversaw the booming cutlery industry in the area and remains to this day, was established and focused on markets outside the Sheffield area, leading to the gradual establishment of Sheffield as a respected producer of cutlery. this gradually developed from a national reputation into an international one.
Playing a crucial role in the Industrial Revolution, the city became an industrial powerhouse in the 18th century, and was dubbed "Steel City". Many innovations in these fields have been made in Sheffield, for example Benjamin Huntsman discovered the crucible technique in the 1740s at his workshop in Handsworth. This process was rendered obsolete in 1856 by Henry Bessemer's invention of the Bessemer converter. Thomas Boulsover invented Sheffield plate (silver-plated copper) in the early 18th century.
Stainless steel was invented by Harry Brearley in 1912, bringing affordable cutlery to the masses. The work of F. B. Pickering and T. Gladman throughout the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s was fundamental to the development of modern high-strength low-alloy steels. Further innovations continue, with new advanced manufacturing technologies and techniques being developed on the Advanced Manufacturing Park, situated just over the boundary in the borough of Rotherham, by Sheffield's universities and other independent research organisations. Organisations located on the AMP include the Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre (AMRC, a research partnership between the Boeing Company and the University of Sheffield), Castings Technology International (CTI), The Welding Institute (TWI), Rolls-Royce plc and McLaren Automotive.
Forgemasters, founded in 1805, is the sole remaining independent steel works in the world and dominates the north-east of Sheffield around the Lower Don Valley. The firm has a global reputation for producing the largest and most complex steel forgings and castings and is certified to produce critical nuclear components, with recent projects including the Royal Navy's Astute-class submarines. The firm also has the capacity for pouring the largest single ingot (570 tonnes) in Europe and is currently in the process of expanding its capabilities. In July 2021 Forgemasters was bought outright by the UK Ministry of Defence for £2.56 million, with the intention of investing a further £400 million over the next decade. The decision was based on the important role Forgemasters plays in the construction of the UK nuclear submarine fleet as well other vessels for the Royal Navy.
While iron and steel have long been the main industries of Sheffield, coal mining has also been a major industry, particularly in the outlying areas, and the Palace of Westminster in London was built using limestone from quarries in the nearby village of Anston.
Public sector
Sheffield has a large public sector workforce, numbering 77,500 workers. During the period 1995–2008 (a period of growth for the city and many others in the UK), the number of jobs in the city increased by 22% and 50% of these were in the public sector. Major public sector employers include the National Health Service, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield Hallam University, and numerous government departments and agencies including the Home Office (Visas & Immigration), Department for Education & Department for Business, Innovation & Skills. Recently developed offices in St Paul's Place and Riverside Exchange play host to the aforementioned government departments.
Sheffield City Council, which is also a major public sector employer in the city, employs over 8,000 people, spread across four different sections (known as portfolios). Sheffield City Council is also the Local Education Authority (LEA) and as such manages all states schools and their associated staff. As part of its mandate to provide public services, Sheffield City Council maintains contracts with three private contractors—Amey, Veolia and Capita (contract ending in 2020). Together, these contractors provide additional employment in the city.
Leisure and retail
City centre
Sheffield is a major retail centre, and is home to many high street and department stores as well as designer boutiques. The main shopping areas in the city centre are on The Moor precinct, Fargate, Orchard Square and the Devonshire Quarter. Department stores in the city centre include Marks and Spencer and Atkinsons. Sheffield's main market was once Castle Market, built above the remains of the castle. This has since been demolished. Sheffield Moor Market opened in 2013 and became the main destination for fresh produce. The market has 196 stalls and includes local and organic produce, as well as international fusion cuisine such as Russian, Jamaican and Thai. In March 2021 it was announced that the Sheffield branch of John Lewis would close due to falling sales and a move to online shopping, which had increased because of the COVID-19 pandemic. John Lewis received £3 million of public funding from Sheffield City Council in 2020 to keep the local store open. The local Debenhams branches are expected to re-open after the lifting of the 2021 COVID-19 lockdown restrictions, but only to clear existing stock, after which it is expected the stores will close.
With the decline in high street shopping around the UK, efforts have been made to rejuvenate Sheffield City Centre and improve the retail and leisure offering. Major developments include Leopold Square, The Moor, St Paul's Place (a mixed use development) and the Heart of the City I & II projects. In March 2022 Sheffield City Council announced that a new leisure hub would be constructed at the southern end of Fargate. The £300,000 hub will feature cafes, shops and large-screen TVs for sports events. The development is also related to other efforts to rejuvenate the Fargate area, such as a new mixed-use events and coworking hub at 20–26 Fargate, also overseen by Sheffield City Council.
Shopping centres
Meadowhall shopping centre, located to the north-east of Sheffield close to the boundary with Rotherham and next to the M1 motorway, is a major regional shopping destination and currently ranked eleventh largest in the UK with a floorspace of 1.5 million sq ft (140,000 m). Attracting over 30 million visitors a year (up from 19 million in its first year), the centre hosts 270 shops, 37 restaurants and a cinema. Many nationally renowned brands have a presence at the centre including Marks & Spencer, Hugo Boss and Jaeger. The centre is connected to the city centre by rail, Supertram and bus services. Prior to the opening of Meadowhall, the site was occupied for East Hecla (steel) works, a major employer in the north-east of the city. The opening of Meadowhall in 1990 marked the beginning of major rejuvenation in the Lower Don Valley as the steel industry contracted. In a 2010 survey of forecast expenditure at retail centres in the United Kingdom, Meadowhall was ranked 12th and Sheffield City Centre 19th.
To the South of Meadowhall shopping centre is Meadowhall Retail Park, a 190,500-square-foot (17,700 m) retail park with 13 retail and food units. Next to the retail park is the Sheffield IKEA store, opened in 2017. The opening ceremony was attended by dignitaries including the Swedish Ambassador to the UK. The Sheffield store was the 20th opened in the UK and led to the creation of 480 new local jobs.
The second-largest shopping centre in Sheffield is Crystal Peaks, located in the south-east of the city, alongside Drakehouse Retail Park. Both the shopping centre and the retail park opened in 1988 and now attract around 11 million visitors a year. In total there are 101 retailers (including eateries) at Crystal Peaks and Drakehouse, including a range of high street brands. Crystal Peaks also includes a travel interchange which serves as the hub for bus travel in the east and south-east of Sheffield.
Suburbs
Beyond the city centre there are numerous other leisure and shopping areas. To the south-west of the city centre is Ecclesall Road, a major thoroughfare connecting the south-western suburbs to the city centre and lined with bars, restaurants and cafes, as well as housing. The area has a large student community owing to the presence of the Sheffield Hallam University Collegiate Campus adjacent to Ecclesall Road. The leisure section of the road is approximately 1.6 mi (2.5 km) long, with the south-western end becoming Ecclesall Road South and a predominantly residential area. Another popular shopping and leisure area is London Road, to the south of the city centre. The road is famous for its multicultural community which has led to an abundance of international cuisines being served at restaurants along the road. To the west of the city centre is Broomhill, a student-centric neighbourhood which also caters for school students as well local university students and NHS staff. To the north-west of the city centre are Hillsborough, a large retail and sports hub, and Stocksbridge Fox Valley, a modern leisure and retail centre built on a brownfield industrial site.
In the late 2010s and early 2020s several new developments began to the north of the city centre in the Kelham Island Quarter, an increasingly popular mixed-use development. The area has become known for its independent cafes, restaurants and pubs and has seen significant residential development in recent years.
Tourism
Tourism plays a major role in the city's economy on account of numerous attractions—namely the Peak District, sports events (in particular, the Snooker World Championships) and musical festivals (such as Tramlines). In 2019, the tourism industry in Sheffield was valued at £1.36 billion and supported 15,000 jobs.
In 2012, Sheffield City Region Enterprise Zone was launched to promote development in a number of sites in Sheffield and across the wider region. In March 2014 additional sites were added to the zone.
Transport
Main article: Transport in SheffieldCars, coaches and cycling
Motorways near the city are the M1 and M18. Sheffield Parkway connects the city centre to the motorways. The M1 skirts the city's north-east and crossing Tinsley Viaduct near Rotherham. The M18 branches from the M1 close to Sheffield, linking the city with Doncaster and ending at Goole. The A57 and A61 roads are the major trunk roads through Sheffield. These run east–west and north–south, respectively, crossing in the city centre, from where the other major roads generally radiate spoke-like. An inner ring road, mostly constructed in the 1970s and extended in 2007 to form a complete ring, allows traffic to avoid the city centre, and an outer ring road runs to the east, south-east and north, nearer the edge of the city, but does not serve the western side of Sheffield.
Sheffield Interchange is the city's bus main hub; other bus stations are at Halfway, Hillsborough and Meadowhall. After deregulation in 1986, there were multiple new service providers. Current providers are First South Yorkshire, Stagecoach Yorkshire, TM Travel, Hulleys of Baslow and Sheffield Community Transport. First South Yorkshire, is the largest bus operator. There is also the Bus Rapid Transit North route between Sheffield and Maltby via Rotherham. It was planned as two routes: the Northern route to Rotherham via Meadowhall and Templeborough, and the southern route via the developing employment centre and Waverley. The northern route opened in September 2016; it involved an 800-metre Tinsley Road Link to be built between Meadowhall and the A6178 road. Yorkshire Terrier, Andrews and the parent company Yorkshire Traction formerly operated in the city and were taken-over by Stagecoach Sheffield. Stagecoach Group also operates the Supertram and has an integrated ticketing system with buses and tram.
Coach services running through Sheffield are operated by National Express and to a lesser extent Megabus and Flixbus. National Express services call at Sheffield Interchange, Meadowhall Interchange and Meadowhead Bus Stop. Megabus and Flixbus services only call at Meadowhall. National Express services 564, 560, 350, 320, 310 and 240 call at Sheffield, as do others on a less frequent basis. The 560/564 service is a direct connection to London Victoria Coach Station via Chesterfield and Milton Keynes, operating 12 times a day in both directions. The 350 and 240 services connect Sheffield to Manchester Airport and Heathrow/Gatwick Airports, respectively. Two Megabus services, the M12 and M20, call at Sheffield en route to London from Newcastle upon Tyne and Inverness, respectively.
Although hilly, Sheffield is compact and has few major trunk roads, therefore cycling in Sheffield is a popular method of transport. It is on the Trans-Pennine Trail, a National Cycle Network route running from west to east from Southport in Merseyside to Hornsea in the East Riding of Yorkshire and north to south from Leeds in West Yorkshire to Chesterfield in Derbyshire. There are many cycle routes going along country paths in the woods surrounding the city, and an increasing number of cycle lanes in the city itself.
Trams, trains and tramtrains
Train services in Sheffield are operated by East Midlands Railway, CrossCountry, TransPennine Express and Northern. Major railway routes through Sheffield station include the Midland Main Line (to London via the East Midlands), the Cross Country Route (which runs between eastern Scotland and south-west England) and the lines linking Liverpool and Manchester with Hull and East Anglia. With the redevelopment of London St Pancras completed, Sheffield has a direct connection to continental Europe, via the East Midlands Railway, to St Pancras and the Eurostar to France and Belgium. East Midlands Railway also operates three premium trains: the Master Cutler, the Sheffield Continental and the South Yorkshireman.
High Speed 2 had been planned to serve a city centre station in Sheffield as a spur from the main eastern HS2 line. It was scheduled to be operational by 2033, with four trains an hour, reducing journey times to London and Birmingham to 1 hour 19 minutes and 48 minutes, respectively. In November 2021, the UK government published the Integrated Rail Plan for the North and Midlands which announced HS2's eastern spur route (between the East Midlands and Leeds, including Sheffield) had been cancelled. The document announced upgrades to the Midland Mainline, with HS2 trains able to run on this upgraded and electrified route.
There are several local rail routes running along the city's valleys and beyond, connecting it with other parts of South Yorkshire, West Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire, Lincolnshire and Derbyshire. These local routes include the Penistone Line, the Dearne Valley Line, the Hope Valley Line and the Hallam Line. As well as the main stations of Sheffield and Meadowhall, there are five suburban stations at Chapeltown, Darnall, Woodhouse and Dore & Totley. As part of improvements to rail services along the Hope Valley Line between Sheffield and Manchester, a new platform, station facilities and track are being built at Dore & Totley Station with the expanded station due to open in 2023.
The Sheffield Supertram (not derived from the previous tramways), opened in 1994 and was operated by Stagecoach. The opening was shortly after the similar Metrolink scheme in Greater Manchester. The Supertram network consists of 37 mi (60 km) of track and four lines (with all lines running via the city centre): from Halfway to Malin Bridge (Blue Line), from Meadowhall to Middlewood (Yellow Line), from Cathedral to Herdings Park (Purple Line), and the from Cathedral to Rotherham Parkgate (Black Line). The system contains both on-street and segregated running, depending upon the section and line. The Black Line opened in 2018, with tram-trains; these are trams that are able to share a line with conventional heavy rail trains between Sheffield and Rotherham.
In March 2024, control of the network passed to the South Yorkshire Combined Mayoral Authority.
Canal
The Sheffield & South Yorkshire Navigation (S&SY) is a system of navigable inland waterways (canals and canalised rivers) in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire. Chiefly based on the River Don, it runs for a length of 43 mi (69 km) and has 29 locks. It connects Sheffield, Rotherham and Doncaster with the River Trent at Keadby and (via the New Junction Canal) the Aire & Calder Navigation. The terminus of the canal is at Victoria Quays, a redevelopment mixed-used area adjacent to Park Square in Sheffield City Centre.
Air
The closest airports are in Leeds Bradford, Humberside, East Midlands (within an hour's drive of the city), Manchester (hourly direct service by TransPennine Express).
Due to the topographical nature of the city, Sheffield was not served by its own airport. In May 1990, Sheffield Development Corporation entered into an agreement with A. F. Budge (Mining) Ltd for the construction and operation of the airport and the development of adjacent land. In 1997, Sheffield City Airport was opened on land close to the M1 and the Sheffield Parkway. The airport was operated on STOLPORT model similar to London City Airport and operated a limited range of short range business focused flights to destinations in the British Isles and the Netherlands. The airport fell into decline with the growth of low cost airlines in the late 1990s and the last scheduled flight took place in 2002. The airport closed and lost its Civil Aviation Authority license in 2008.
Doncaster Sheffield Airport (also known as Robin Hood Airport) then became the closest international airport to Sheffield, located 18 mi (29 km) from the city centre. It opened on 28 April 2005 on the former RAF Finningley site and was served mainly by charter and budget airlines, with about one million passengers a year. Destinations had included the Canary Islands, Balearics, Greece, Turkey, Poland and the Baltic countries with TUI Airways and Wizz Air operating from the airport. A link road, called the Great Yorkshire Way, connects Doncaster Sheffield Airport to the M18 motorway, reducing the journey time from Sheffield city centre from 40 to 25 minutes. The airport closed in 2022. In June 2023 South Yorkshire's mayor Oliver Coppard handed Doncaster council £3.1 million to help the council build a case for legal action in pursuit of a compulsory purchase order, which it believes will cost up to £6.25 million.
Education
Main article: Education in SheffieldWithin the city of Sheffield there are two universities, 141 primary schools and 28 secondary schools.
Museums
Sheffield's museums are managed by two distinct organisations. Museums Sheffield manages the Weston Park Museum (a Grade II* listed Building), Millennium Galleries and Graves Art Gallery. These museums constitute the oldest extant museums in the city, with Graves Art Gallery and Weston Park Museum being gifted to the city by industrialist philanthropists in the 19th and 20th centuries. The Millennium Galleries, being established in the early 2000s, is one of the newest museums and constitutes part of the Heart of the City development, connecting directly to the Winter Garden and Millennium Square. All three museums host a broad range of exhibits which reflect Sheffield's history and numerous other themes, including exhibitions on loan from other major galleries and museums.
Sheffield Industrial Museums Trust manages the museums dedicated to Sheffield's industrial heritage of which there are three. Kelham Island Museum (located just to the North of the city centre) is located on the site of a 19th-century iron foundry and showcases the city's history of steel manufacturing and includes a range of important historical artifacts, including a preserved Bessemer Converter (which won an Engineering Heritage Award in 2004 from the Institution of Mechanical Engineers), munitions and mechanical components from WW2 aircraft (Including a crankshaft from a Spitfire which, during the early stages of the war, could only be produced in Sheffield) and a fully functional 12,000 horsepower steam engine dating to the 19th century. The museum is an Anchor Point for the ERIH, The European Route of Industrial Heritage. Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet (in the south of the city) is a Grade I listed building and a Scheduled Ancient Monument. Shepherd Wheel (in the south-East of the city) is a former water-powered grinding workshop, Grade II listed and a Scheduled Ancient Monument. Also there are Sheffield Archives.
In August 2022 the Yorkshire Natural History Museum opened on Holme Lane in Sheffield. Many of the exhibits come from the collection of James Hogg and feature a collection of Jurassic marine life, such as ammonites, belemnites, plesiosaurs and ichthyosaurs, many of which were collected from the Lias of the Yorkshire Coast. The museum has Europe's first publicly accessible fossil preparation and conservation laboratory with ultrasonic preparation facilities, an acid preparation laboratory, 3D scanning, CT scanning and 3D printing. On the opening day palaeontologist Dean Lomax exmined one of the fossils on display and declared it to be the oldest example of a vertebrate embryo found in Britain and the oldest complete ichthyosaur embryo ever found in Britain.
There are also a number of independent museums in the city including the National Videogame Museum and the National Emergency Services Museum, as well as the University of Sheffield's Turner Museum of Glass.
Universities, colleges and UTCs
The city's universities are the University of Sheffield and Sheffield Hallam University. The two combined bring about 60,000 students to the city every year. The University of Sheffield is the city's oldest university. It was established in 1897 as University College Sheffield and gained university status in 1905. Its history traces back to Sheffield Medical School found in 1828, Firth College in 1879 and Sheffield Technical School in 1884. The university is one of the original red brick universities and is a member of the Russell Group.
Sheffield Hallam University (SHU) is a university on two sites in Sheffield. City Campus is located in the city centre, close to Sheffield railway station, and Collegiate Crescent Campus is about 2 mi (3.2 km) away, adjacent to Ecclesall Road in south-west Sheffield. Sheffield Hallam University's history goes back to 1843 with the establishment of the Sheffield School of Design. During the 1960s several independent colleges (including the School of Design) joined to become Sheffield Polytechnic (Sheffield City Polytechnic from 1976) and was finally renamed Sheffield Hallam University in 1992.
Sheffield has three main further education providers: The Sheffield College, Longley Park Sixth Form and Chapeltown Academy. The Sheffield College is organised on a federal basis and was originally created from the merger of six colleges around the city: Sheffield City (formerly Castle), Olive Grove and Eyre Street near the city centre, Hillsborough and Fir Vale, serving the north of the city and Peaks to the south.
Launched by the coalition government in 2010, the University Technical College program was designed to foster greater interest in STEM subjects amongst students aged 14 to 18. Sheffield currently hosts two UTCs, UTC Sheffield City Centre and UTC Sheffield Olympic Legacy Park. All UTCs, including those in Sheffield, are sponsored by the Baker Dearing Educational Trust, established by Lord Baker. The two UTCs in Sheffield are also sponsored and supported by Sheffield Hallam University. Whilst the UTCs are equivalent to regular secondary schools and sixth forms, their governance structure and curriculum are different, owing to their status as free schools and focusing on STEM, as opposed to a broader curriculum.
Secondary, primary and nursery
See also: List of schools in SheffieldThere are 137 primary schools, 26 secondary schools—of which 10 have sixth forms: (High Storrs, King Ecgberts, King Edward VII, Silverdale, Meadowhead, Tapton, Notre Dame Catholic High and All Saints Catholic High)—and a sixth-form college, Longley Park Sixth Form. The city's five independent private schools include Birkdale School and the Sheffield High School. There are also 12 special schools and a number of Integrated Resource Units in mainstream schools which are, along with all other schools, managed by Sheffield City Council. All schools are non-selective, mixed sex schools (apart from Sheffield High School and Al-Mahad Al-Islami, both all-girls schools). The Early Years Education and Childcare Service of Sheffield City Council manages 32 nurseries and children's centres in the city.
Religion
Sheffield is home to a centre of multicultural events, institutions, and places of worship. Some of the city's most notable buildings include its main Church of England Diocese of Sheffield's cathedral on Church Street and the Roman Catholic Diocese of Hallam's cathedral on Norfolk Row.
The city also has other churches including St Vincent's Church, St Matthew's Church, St Paul's Church, St Paul's Church and Centre, Victoria Hall and Christ Church. Other places of worship include the Madina Mosque, Sheffield & District Reform Jewish Congregation and Kingfield Synagogue.
- Sheffield Cathedral, one of the oldest churches in the city and the mother church of the Diocese of Sheffield.
- Sheffield St Marie Cathedral
- Madina Mosque
Sport
Main article: Sport in SheffieldFootball
Sheffield has a long sporting heritage, and the city claims to be the birthplace of professional association football. In 1857 a collective of cricketers formed the world's first-ever official football club, Sheffield F.C., and the world's second-ever, Hallam F.C., who also play at the world's oldest football ground in the suburb of Crosspool. Sheffield and Hallam are today Sheffield's two major non-league sides, although Sheffield now play just outside the city in nearby Dronfield, Derbyshire. Sheffield and Hallam contest what has become known as the Sheffield derby. By 1860 there were 15 football clubs in Sheffield, with the first ever amateur league and cup competitions taking place in the city.
Sheffield is best known for its two professional football teams, Sheffield United, nicknamed The Blades, and Sheffield Wednesday, nicknamed The Owls. United, who play at Bramall Lane south of the city centre, compete in the Premier League and Wednesday, who play at Hillsborough in the north-west of the city, compete in the EFL Championship. The two clubs contest the Steel City Derby, which is considered by many to be one of the most fierce football rivalries in English Football.
In the pre-war era, both Wednesday and United enjoyed large amounts of success and found themselves two of the country's top clubs; Sheffield Wednesday have been champions of the Football League four times—in 1902–03, 1903–04, 1928–29 and 1929–30, whilst Sheffield United have won it once, in 1897–98. During the 1970s and early 1980s the two sides fell from grace, with Wednesday finding themselves in the Third Division by the mid-70s and United as far as the Fourth Division in 1981. Wednesday once again became one of England's high-flying clubs following promotion back to the First Division in 1984, winning the League Cup in 1991, competing in the UEFA Cup in 1992–93, and reaching the final of both the League Cup and FA Cup in the same season.
United and Wednesday were both founding members of the FA Premier League in 1992, but The Blades were relegated in 1994. The Owls remained until 2000. Both clubs had gone into decline in the 21st century, Wednesday twice relegated to League One and United suffering the same fate in 2011, despite a brief spell in the Premier League in 2006–07. United was promoted to the Premier League in 2019 under manager, and Sheffield United Fan, Chris Wilder. Despite being written off by most football pundits, and declared favourites for relegation from the Premier League, United exceeded expectations and finished in the top half of the table in the 2019–20 season. In the 2020–21 season, United sat at the bottom of the Premier League table by the conclusion of the season and were relegated.
Sheffield was the site of the deadliest sports venue disaster in the United Kingdom, the Hillsborough disaster in 1989, when 97 Liverpool supporters were killed in a stampede and crush during an FA Cup semi-final at the venue.
Rotherham United, who play in the Championship, did play their home games in the city between 2008 and 2012, having moved to play at Sheffield's Don Valley Stadium in 2008 following a dispute with their previous landlord at their traditional home ground of Millmoor, Rotherham. However, in July 2012, the club moved to the new 12,000 seat New York Stadium in Rotherham. There are also facilities for golf, climbing and bowling, as well as a newly inaugurated national ice-skating arena (IceSheffield).
Rugby
Sheffield Eagles RLFC are the city's professional rugby league team and play their matches at Sheffield Olympic Legacy Stadium. They currently play in the second tier of the professional league, the Championship and won back to back titles in 2012 and 2013. Their most successful moment came in 1998, when, against all the odds they defeated Wigan in the Challenge Cup final, despite being huge underdogs. The team then hit troubled times before reforming in 2003. Since then they have played their rugby in the Championship (second tier). In 2011, they made the playoffs finishing in fifth place. They made the Grand Final, by defeating Leigh, who were huge favourites in a playoff semi final. In the final, they were comprehensively beaten by Featherstone Rovers. Sheffield also put in a bid to be a host city for the 2013 Rugby League World Cup, but their bid was unsuccessful.
Other Sports
Sheffield has a number of field hockey clubs that compete in the Men's England Hockey League, the Women's England Hockey League, the North Hockey League, the Yorkshire Hockey Association League and the BUCS leagues. These include Sheffield Hockey Club (partnered with Sheffield Hallam University), Sheffield University Bankers Hockey Club and University of Sheffield Hockey Club.
Sheffield Giants are an American football team who play in the BAFA National Leagues Premier Division, the highest level of British American Football.
Sheffield is home to the Sheffield Steelers professional ice hockey team who play out of the 9.300 seater Sheffield Arena and are known as one of the top teams in the UK, regularly selling out the arena. They have the 28th highest average attendance rating in Europe, and the highest in the UK. They play in the 10 team professional Elite Ice Hockey League. Sheffield is also home to the semi-professional ice hockey team Sheffield Steeldogs who play in the NIHL.
The Sheffield Ice Hockey Academy also are based in Sheffield, and play out of IceSheffield, competing in the EIHA Junior North Leagues and have had one player, Liam Kirk, become the first born and trained British player to be drafted into the NHL, when he was drafted in the NHL entry draft 189th overall in 2018 by the Arizona Coyotes. The National Hockey League's Stanley Cup was made in Sheffield in 1892. Sheffield is also home to the Sheffield Steel Rollergirls, a roller derby team.
Facilities and events
Many of Sheffield's sporting facilities were built for the World Student Games, which the city hosted in 1991, including Sheffield Arena and the Ponds Forge international diving and swimming complex. Ponds Forge is also the home of Sheffield City Swimming Club, a local swimming club competing in the Speedo league. The former Don Valley International Athletics Stadium, once the largest athletics stadium in the UK, was also constructed for the Universiade games.
Following the closure and demolition of Don Valley Stadium in 2013, The Sheffield Olympic Legacy Park was established and constructed on the same site, adjacent to the English Institute for Sport. The park is designed to a collaborative project with input from numerous stakeholders including both universities in Sheffield, the English Institute of Sport Sheffield, the NHS and private medical companies. A key part of this collaboration is Sheffield Hallam University's £14 million Advanced Well-being Research Centre (AWRC), which was established along similar lines to the University of Sheffield's Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre's (AMRC's). The site also includes teaching facilities, a stadium and research & innovation facilities.
The Sheffield Ski Village was the largest artificial ski resort in Europe, before being destroyed in a series of suspected arson attacks in 2012 and 2013. The city also has six indoor climbing centres and is home to a significant community of professional climbers, including Britain's most successful competitive climber Shauna Coxsey. Sheffield was the UK's first National City of Sport and is now home to the English Institute of Sport – Sheffield, where British athletes trained for the 2012 Olympics.
Sheffield also has close ties with snooker, with the city's Crucible Theatre being the venue for the World Snooker Championships. The English Institute of Sport hosts most of the top fencing competitions each year, including the National Championships for Seniors, Juniors (U20's) and Cadets (U17's) as well as the 2011 Senior European Fencing Championships. The English squash open is also held in the city every year. The International Open and World Matchplay Championship bowls tournaments have both been held at Ponds Forge. The city also hosts the Sheffield Tigers rugby union, Sheffield Sharks, American Football team the Sheffield Giants, basketball, Sheffield University Bankers hockey, Sheffield Steelers ice hockey and Sheffield Tigers speedway teams. Sheffield also has many golf courses all around the city.
Sheffield was selected as a candidate host city by the Football Association (FA) as part of the English 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bid on 16 December 2009. Hillsborough Stadium was chosen as the proposed venue for matches in Sheffield. The bid failed.
Sheffield hosted the finish of Stage 2 of the 2014 Tour de France. Within the City limits and located just 4 km (2.5 mi) from the finish, was the ninth and final climb of the stage, the Category 4 Côte de Jenkin Road. The one point in the King of the Mountains competition was claimed by Chris Froome of Team Sky. The climb was just 0.8 km (0.5 mi) long at an average gradient of 10.8%. The stage was won by the eventual overall winner, Vincenzo Nibali of Astana Pro Team.
IceSheffield, an Ice Rink with 2 Olympic sized rinks, was opened in May 2003, and is home to the Sheffield Steeldogs, Sheffield Ice Hockey Academy, and Sutton Sting amongst other teams. It is the host to the yearly EIHA Conference Tournament, EIHA Nationals, and Sheffield Junior Tournament.
The Sheffield Half Marathon is held annually. It has thousands of participants every year.
Landmarks and parks
Main article: Visitor attractions in SheffieldWeston Park Museum is a museum telling the stories of Sheffield and its people. The museum was originally opened in 1875.
Bishops' House was built in 1500 and is a Grade II listed building which is now a museum.
The Sheffield Walk of Fame in the City Centre honours famous Sheffield residents past and present in a similar way to the Hollywood version. Sheffield also had its own Ferris Wheel known as the Wheel of Sheffield, located atop Fargate shopping precinct. The Wheel was dismantled in October 2010 and moved to London's Hyde Park.
Heeley City Farm and Graves Park are home to Sheffield's two farm animal collections, both of which are fully open to the public. Sheffield also has its own zoo; the Tropical Butterfly House, Wildlife & Falconry Centre.
There are about 1,100 listed buildings in Sheffield (including the whole of the Sheffield postal district). Of these, only five are Grade I listed. Sixty-seven are Grade II*, but the overwhelming majority are listed as Grade II. Compared to other English cities, Sheffield has few buildings with the highest Grade I listing: Liverpool, for example, has 26 Grade I listed buildings. This situation led the noted architecture historian Nikolaus Pevsner, writing in 1959, to comment that the city was "architecturally a miserable disappointment", with no pre-19th-century buildings of any distinction. By contrast, in November 2007, Sheffield's Peace and Winter Gardens beat London's South Bank to gain the Royal Institute of British Architects' Academy of Urbanism "Great Place" Award, as an "outstanding example of how cities can be improved, to make urban spaces as attractive and accessible as possible". In the summer of 2016 a public art event across the city occurred called the Herd of Sheffield which raised £410,000 for the Sheffield Children's Hospital.
Greenspace
Sheffield has a reputed 4.5 million trees and is considered to be one of the greenest cities in England and the UK. There are many parks and woods throughout the city and beyond. Containing more than 250 parks, woodlands and gardens, there are around 78 public parks and 10 public gardens in Sheffield, including 83 managed parks (13 'City' Parks, 20 'District' Parks and 50 'Local' Parks) located throughout the city. Included in the city parks category are 3 of Sheffield's 6 public gardens (the Sheffield Botanical Gardens, the Peace Gardens and Hillsborough Walled Gardens, with the Sheffield Winter Gardens, Beauchief Gardens and Lynwood Gardens being the separate entities).
The Sheffield Botanical Gardens are on a 19-acre site located to the south-west of the city centre and date back to 1836. The site includes a large, Grade II listed, Victorian era glasshouse. The Peace Gardens, neighboured next to the Town Hall and forming part of the Heart of the City project, occupy a 0.67 hectares (1.7 acres) site in the centre of the city. The site is dominated by its water features, principal among which is the Goodwin Fountain. Made up of 89 individual jets of water, this fountain lies at the corner of the quarter-circle shaped Peace Gardens and is named after Stuart Goodwin, a notable Sheffield industrialist. Since their redevelopment in 1998, the Peace gardens have received a number of regional and national accolades. Hillsborough Walled Garden is located in Hillsborough Park, to the north-west of the city centre. The gardens date back to 1779 and have been dedicated to the victims of the Hillsborough Disaster since the redevelopment of the gardens in the early 1990s. The Winter Garden, lying within the Heart of the City, is a large wood framed, glass skinned greenhouse housing some 2,500 plants from around the world.
Also within the city there are a number of nature reserves which when combined occupy 1,600 acres (6.5 km) of land. There are also 170 woodland areas within the city, 80 of which are classed as ancient.
The south-west boundary of the city overlaps with the Peak District National Park, the first national park in England (est. 1951). As a consequence, several communities actually reside within both entities. The Peak District is home to many notable, natural, features and also human-made features such as Chatsworth House, the setting for the BBC series Pride and Prejudice.
Sheffield City Council has created a new chain of parks spanning the hillside behind Sheffield Station. The park, known as Sheaf Valley Park, has an open-air amphitheatre and will include an arboretum. The site was once home to a medieval deer park, latterly owned by the Duke of Norfolk.
Theatres
Sheffield has two large theatres, the Lyceum Theatre and the Crucible Theatre, which together with the smaller Studio Theatre make up the largest theatre complex outside London, located in Tudor Square. The Crucible Theatre, a grade II listed building, is the home (since 1977) of the World Snooker Championships, which sees most of Tudor Square and the adjoining Winter Garden used for side events, and hosts many well-known stage productions throughout the year from local, national and international performance groups. The theatre was awarded the Barclays 'Theatre of the Year Award' in 2001. Between 2007 and 2009, the theatre underwent a £15 million refurbishment during which time major internal and external improvements were carried out. The Lyceum, which opened in 1897, serves as a venue for touring West End productions and operas by Opera North, as well as locally produced shows. Sheffield also has the Montgomery Theatre, a small 420 seater theatre located a short distance from Tudor Square, opposite the town hall on Surrey Street. There are also a large number of smaller amateur theatres scattered throughout the city.
Culture and Community
Main article: Culture of SheffieldSheffield made the shortlist for the first city to be designated UK City of Culture, but in July 2010 it was announced that Derry had been selected.
Sheffield has a number of pubs throughout the city. West Street, running through the heart of the West End district of the city centre, is home to pubs, bars and clubs and attracts student visitors. Recent additions to the city's leisure scene include Leopold Square, situated just off the northern end of West Street and Millennium Square, which are home to several restaurants offering international cuisine. Aagrah, an Indian restaurant in the square which serves Kashmiri cuisine, was prior to 2014 voted "Best Restaurant Group in the UK" at the British Curry Awards.
Sheffield was once home to a number of historically important nightclubs in the early dance music scene of the 1980s and 1990s, Gatecrasher One was one of the most popular clubs in the North of England until its destruction by fire on 18 June 2007.
Sheffield has a thriving poetry and spoken word scene: from Wordlife's events across the city to the sustained work of Sheffield Authors; from the vibrant monthly arts night, Verse Matters, at the Moor Theatre Deli to the longstanding work of The Poetry Business, there are always opportunities for new and experienced writers to get writing and to share their work.
The city is home to thirteen morris dance teams—thought to be one of the highest concentration of sides in the country. Nearly all forms of the dance are represented in the city, including Cotswold (Five Rivers Morris, Pecsaetan Morris, Harthill Morris, Lord Conyer's Morris Men, Sheffield City Morris, William Morris), border (Boggart's Breakfast), North West (Yorkshire Chandelier, Silkstone Greens, Lizzie Dripping), rapper (Sheffield Steel Rapper) and Longsword.
Sheffield hosts a number of festivals, including the Festival of Debate, the Grin Up North Sheffield Comedy Festival, the Sensoria Music & Film Festival and the Tramlines Festival.
Music
See also: List of musicians from SheffieldThe Tramlines Festival was launched as an annual music festival in 2009, it is held at Hillsborough Park (the main stage) and at venues throughout Sheffield City Centre, and features local and national artists.
A number of major music acts, including Joe Cocker, Ace, Def Leppard, Paul Carrack, Arctic Monkeys, Bring Me the Horizon, 65daysofstatic, Rolo Tomassi, While She Sleeps, Pulp and Moloko, hail from the city. Indie band the Long Blondes originated from the city, as part of what the NME dubbed the New Yorkshire scene.
Sheffield has been home to several bands and musicians, with a number of synth-pop and other electronic bands originating from the city. These included the Human League, Heaven 17, ABC, Thompson Twins and the more industrially inclined Cabaret Voltaire and Clock DVA. This electronic tradition has continued: techno label Warp Records was a central pillar of the Yorkshire Bleeps and Bass scene of the early 1990s, and has gone on to become one of the UK's oldest and best-loved dance music labels. More recently, other popular genres of electronic music such as bassline house have originated in the city.
In 1999 the National Centre for Popular Music, a museum dedicated to the subject of popular music, was opened in the city. It was not as successful as was hoped, however, and later evolved to become a live music venue; then in February 2005, the unusual steel-covered building became the students' union for Sheffield Hallam University. Live music venues in the city include Leadmill, the Boardwalk, The Cremorne, Corporation, the City Hall, the University of Sheffield Students' Union, the Studio Theatre at the Crucible Theatre, the O2 Academy Sheffield and The Grapes.
The city is home to several orchestras and choirs, such as the Sheffield Symphony Orchestra, the Sheffield Philharmonic Orchestra, the Sheffield Chamber Orchestra, the City of Sheffield Youth Orchestra, the Sheffield Philharmonic Chorus and the Chorus UK community choir. It is also home to Music in the Round, a charitable organisation that exists to promote chamber music.
Sheffield has a folk music, song and dance community. Singing and music sessions occur weekly in pubs around the city and it also hosts the annual Sheffield Sessions Festival. The University of Sheffield runs a number of courses and research projects dedicated to folk culture.
The tradition of singing carols in pubs around Christmas is still kept alive in the city. The Sheffield Carols, as they are known locally, predate modern carols by over a century and are sung with alternative words and verses. Although there is a core of carols that are sung at most venues, each particular place has its own mini-tradition. The repertoire at two nearby places can vary widely, and woe betide those who try to strike up a 'foreign' carol. Some are unaccompanied, some have a piano or organ, there is a flip chart with the words on in one place, a string quartet (quintet, sextet, septet) accompanies the singing at another, some encourage soloists, others stick to audience participation, a brass band plays at certain events, the choir takes the lead at another.
Sheffield was shortlisted to host the 2023 Eurovision Song Contest, which took place between 9 and 13 May 2023 in Liverpool.
Media
Sheffield has two commercial newspapers, The Star and Sheffield Telegraph, both published by JPIMedia, which took over the assets of Johnston Press PLC. The Star has been published daily since 1897; the Sheffield Telegraph, now a weekly publication, originated in 1855.
Sheffield has its own TV station; Sheffield Live TV, a not-for-profit company which began broadcasting on 23 September 2014. SLTV has been awarded a 12-year licence to provide the digital terrestrial broadcasting service. Regional broadcasters BBC Yorkshire and Yorkshire Television also cover the city.
Local radio stations broadcasting in the city include BBC Radio Sheffield and Bauer Group stations Hits Radio South Yorkshire (formerly Hallam FM) & Greatest Hits Radio South Yorkshire. Sheffield is also home to two FM licensed community radio stations: Sheffield Live, and Link FM. Kiveton Park-based community station Redroad FM also broadcasts to the east of the city.
Sheffield Hospital Radio broadcasts a 24-hour service to the Royal Hallamshire, Northern General and Weston Park hospitals and also offers a dedicated patient visiting service. The charity is operated by volunteers from studios at the Royal Hallamshire Hospital.
Film
The films and plays The Full Monty, Threads, Looks and Smiles, When Saturday Comes, Whatever Happened to Harold Smith?, The History Boys and Four Lions are set in the city. F.I.S.T., Kill List, '71 and The Princess Bride also include several scenes filmed in Sheffield and a substantial part of Among Giants was filmed in the city. The documentary festival Sheffield Doc/Fest has been run annually since 1994 at the Showroom Cinema, and in 2007 Sheffield hosted the Awards of the International Indian Film Academy. The 2018 series of Doctor Who, which features the Park Hill estate and other Sheffield locations, premiered in Sheffield. A follow-up series of the same name, to the 1997 film The Full Monty, which released on Disney+ in 2023 was filmed in Sheffield and Manchester between 2022 and 2023. Furthermore, scenes in HBO miniseries The Regime, starring Kate Winslet and Hugh Grant, were filmed in Sheffield as well as in Wentworth Woodhouse, a stately home in neighbouring Rotherham.
Valley Centertainment, located in the Don Valley, is the main out of town leisure complex in Sheffield. It opened in the 1990s and was built on land previously occupied by steel mills across the road from what is now Sheffield Arena. It is anchored by a 20 screen Cineworld complex which is the largest in the chain and contains the only IMAX screens and 4DX screen in Sheffield. Other features of the complex include a bowling alley, several chain restaurants, an indoor play area as well as indoor laser tag. Sheffield has six other cinema complexes, five of which are in the city centre and a one at Meadowhall—Odeon Sheffield, situated on Arundel Gate in the city centre, Curzon, which opened in 2015 in the former Sheffield Banking Company building on George Street, The Light, located on The Moor and opened in 2017 as part of the regeneration project, and Vue, located within Meadowhall Shopping Centre, are the three other mainstream cinemas in the city. The Showroom, an independent cinema showing non-mainstream productions, is located in Sheaf Square, close to Sheffield station. In 2002 the Showroom was voted as the best Independent cinema in the country by Guardian readers.
Public services
Sheffield is policed by South Yorkshire Police (a territorial police force) whose headquarters are in the city. Sheffield constitutes one of its four District commands (Barnsley, Doncaster and Rotherham being the other three). The force polices an area of approximately 600 sq mi (1,554 km) and is the 13th-largest force in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Oversight of South Yorkshire Police is conducted by the Police and Crime Commissioner, Alan Billings.
Medical services in Sheffield are provided by three NHS Foundation Trusts:
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
- Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust
- Sheffield Health and Social Care NHS Foundation Trust
Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust provides healthcare to people (primarily adults) throughout Sheffield and South Yorkshire. The trusts title includes the word 'teaching' because it undertakes training of medical students at the University of Sheffield and has strong links to Sheffield Hallam University as well. The trust has two campuses: The West Campus containing the Royal Hallamshire Hospital, the Jessop Wing (maternity wing), Weston Park Hospital (specialist cancer treatment) and Charles Clifford Dental Hospital. The Northern General Hospital is the second 'campus' and is a large facility in the northern suburbs of Sheffield, containing the city's A&E department. Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust provides healthcare for children within the city of Sheffield, South Yorkshire and the UK as a whole. On 12 June 2020, 66 confirmed deaths caused by the coronavirus were reported in the Crabtree and Fir Vale district in the three months up to May 2020. The Office for National Statistics said this was the highest number of coronavirus deaths of any area of England and Wales.
Sheffield Health and Social Care NHS Foundation Trust provides mental health services, services for people with learning disabilities, substance misuse services, long term neurological conditions, as well as a consortium of GP practises. The Sheffield Institute for Motor Neurone Disease (also known as Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience – SITraN) has been developed by the University of Sheffield.
Ambulances are provided by the Yorkshire Ambulance Service, which itself is an NHS trust. Fire services in Sheffield are provided by South Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service. For the purposes of fire-fighting and rescue, Sheffield is divided into East and West sub-divisions.
Sheffield City Council is responsible for running fifteen libraries within the city and the Hospital Library Service at Weston Park Hospital. A further sixteen are run by community and volunteer groups with over 1,000 volunteers trained by Sheffield City Council. The largest is Sheffield Central Library which is collocated with Graves Art Gallery on Surrey Street, in Sheffield City Centre. The Sheffield Central Library also contains the Local Studies Library with 30,000 items related to local history.
Domestic waste services in Sheffield are provided by Veolia Environmental Services under contract from and on behalf of the council. Council owned/run buildings are maintained by Kier Group Sheffield in partnership with the council.
Sheffield has a District Energy system that exploits the city's domestic waste, by incinerating it and converting the energy from it to electricity. It also provides hot water, which is distributed through over 25 mi (40 km) of pipes under the city, via two networks. These networks supply heat and hot water for many buildings throughout the city. These include not only cinemas, hospitals, shops and offices, but also universities (Sheffield Hallam University and the University of Sheffield), and residential properties. Energy generated in a waste plant produces 60 megawatts of thermal energy and up to 19 megawatts of electrical energy from 225,000 tonnes of waste.
International relations
The Sheffield International Linking Committee promotes Sheffield overseas, especially with six sister cities:
- Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Anshan, Liaoning, China
- Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
- Donetsk, Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine
- Estelí, Estelí Department, Nicaragua
- Khmelnytskyi, Khmelnytskyi Oblast, Ukraine
A further four cities have a Friendship Agreement with Sheffield:
- Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
- Kitwe, Copperbelt Province, Zambia
- Kotli, Pakistan-administered Kashmir
- Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States – This is mainly due to both cities' link with the manufacturing of steel, with both cities being known as "Steel City".
Two roads in Sheffield have been named after sister cities; a section of the A6102 in Norton is named Bochum Parkway; and a road in Hackenthorpe is named Donetsk Way. Likewise in Bochum, Germany, there is a major road called the Sheffield-Ring.
Freedom of the City
The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the City of Sheffield.
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (December 2022) |
Individuals
- Henry Fitzalan-Howard, 15th Duke of Norfolk: 25 October 1899.
- Sir Frederick Mappin: 25 October 1899.
- Sir Henry Stephenson: 25 October 1899.
- Field Marshal 1st Earl Kitchener of Khartoum: 13 August 1902.
- Sir Marcus Samuel: 10 June 1903.
- William Morris Hughes: 26 May 1916.
- Field Marshal Jan Christian Smuts: 10 October 1917.
- Admiral of the Fleet Sir John Jellicoe: 10 October 1917.
- David Lloyd George: 13 August 1919.
- Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig: 13 August 1919.
- Admiral of the Fleet Sir David Beatty: 13 August 1919.
- William Ferguson Massey: 10 August 1921.
- Sir William Edwin Clegg: 21 April 1922.
- William Lyon Mackenzie King : 9 November 1923.
- Stanley Bruce: 9 November 1923.
- Sir Samuel Roberts: 30 July 1924.
- Robert Styring: 30 July 1924.
- William Farewell Wardley: 30 July 1924.
- Sir Henry Coward: 24 March 1926.
- Joseph Gordon Coates: 30 November 1926.
- James Ramsay MacDonald: 4 December 1929.
- John George Graves: 4 December 1929.
- Sir Henry Stephenson: 4 December 1929.
- Cecil Henry Wilson: 4 December 1929.
- Richard Bedford Bennett: 29 October 1930.
- James Henry Scullin: 29 October 1930.
- Leonard Hedley Burrows: 6 June 1939.
- Sir Robert Abbott Hadfield: 6 June 1939.
- Harry Brearley: 6 June 1939.
- Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill: 6 October 1943.
- Frank Thraves: 7 March 1945.
- Harold Warters Jackson: 7 March 1945.
- Alfred James Bailey: 7 March 1945.
- Arthur James Blanchard: 7 March 1945.
- A. V. Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough: 1 October 1947.
- Derek Dooley: 7 April 1993.
- Richard Caborn: 9 May 2023.
Military Units
- A Battery (The Chestnut Troop) Royal Horse Artillery 1st Regiment Royal Horse Artillery: 7 November 2001.
- 38th (City of Sheffield) Signal Regiment (Volunteers): 7 November 2001.
- 212 (Yorkshire) Field Hospital RAMC (Volunteers): 7 November 2001.
- The Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding): 7 November 2001.
- 106 (West Riding) Field Squadron 103 (Tyne Electrical Engineers) Field Squadron: 6 March 2002.
- The Yorkshire Regiment: 6 September 2006.
- 64 (City of Sheffield) Signal Squadron 37th Signal Regiment: 18 October 2014.
See also
- List of metropolitan areas in Europe
- List of people from Sheffield
- List of companies in Sheffield
- People of Sheffield
- Sheffield Gang Wars
- Street names of Sheffield
- Timeline of Sheffield history
- Blackburn Meadows power station
- Neepsend power station
References and notes
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Further reading
- The Story of Sheffield Archived 13 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine by John Derry, 1915
- A tale of two cities: the Sheffield Project a report by University of Sheffield commissioned by David Blunkett about inequality within the city
External links
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Major settlements (cities in italics) |
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Rivers | |
Topics |
Core Cities Group | |
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England | |
Scotland | |
Wales |
Cities of the United Kingdom and overseas territories | |||||||
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England |
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Scotland | |||||||
Wales | |||||||
Northern Ireland | |||||||
Dependent territories |
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