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{{Short description|Princely state in southern India (1724–1948)}}
{{about|the princely state in British India ruled by the ] from 1803 to 1948||Hyderabad (disambiguation)}}
{{About|this princely state in India from 1724–1948|the superseding Indian State from 1948–1956|Hyderabad State (1948–1956)|the modern state|Telangana}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox Former Country
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
|conventional_long_name = State of Hyderabad
{{Infobox former country
|native_name = {{nastaliq| ریاست حیدرآباد}}<br />హైదరాబాద్ రాష్ట్రం<br/>ಹೈದರಾಬಾದ್ ಪ್ರಾಂತ್ಯದ<br/>हैदराबाद राज्य
|common_name = Hyderabad | common_name = Hyderabad State
| religion = ] (81%)<br /> ] (13%)<ref>Mi{{citation|last=O'Dwyer|first=Michael|title=India as I Knew it: 1885–1925|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2dW4yLJNw5oC&pg=PA137|year=1988|publisher=Mittal Publications|pages=137–|id=GGKEY:DB7YTGYWP7W}}</ref><br /> ] and others (6%) (spread among ] population expanding to ] and ]) {{sfn|Smith|1950|pp=27–28}}
|continent = moved from Category:Asia to South Asia
| status = ] of the ] {{small|(''de jure'', 1724–1858)}}<br />] {{small|(1798–1858)}}<br />] of ] {{small|(1858–1947)}}<br />] {{small|(1947–1948)}}
|region = South Asia
| era = <!---Mughal Empire (1724–1798)<br />
|country = India
Kingdom of Hyderabad (1798–1948)<br />
|religion = Islam
Indian Union (1948–1950)<br />
|status = ] of ] (1803–1947)<br>] (1947–1948)
Indian Republic (1950–1956)<br />
|era = <!---Mughal Empire (1724-1803)<br>
Dividing between Andhra Pradesh<br />
KINGDOM OF HYDERABAD (1803-1948)<br>
Merging Telangana part of Hyderabad State with Andhra State<br />
Indian Union (1948-1950)<br>
Mysore and the Bombay States.-->.
Indian Republic (1950-1956)<br>
| government_type = ]
Dividing between Andhra Pradesh<br>
| event_start =
Merging Telanagana part of Hyderabad State with Andhra State<br>
| date_start = 31 July
Mysore and Bombay States.-->
| year_start = 1724
|government_type = Princely State (1803–1948)<br>Province of the ] (1948–1950)<br>State of the ] (1950–1956)
| event_end = ]{{sfn|Benichou, Autocracy to Integration|2000|loc=Chapter 7|ps=: "'Operation Polo', the code name for the armed invasion of Hyderabad"}}
|event_start =
| date_end = 18 September
|date_start =
| year_end = 1948
|year_start = 1803
| event1 = ]
|event_end = ]
| date_event1 = 1946
|date_end = 18 September
| p1 = Hyderabad Subah{{!}}Hyderabad Subah, Mughal Empire
|year_end = 1948
| p2 =
|event1 = ]
| flag_p1 =
|date_event1 = 1946
| border_p1 = no
|event_post = ]
| s1 = Hyderabad State (1948–1956)
|date_post = 1 November 1956
| flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|p1 = Mughal Empire
| image_flag = Asafia flag of Hyderabad State.svg
|p2 = Maratha Empire
| flag_type = ]
|flag_p1 =
| image_coat = State emblem of Hyderabad.svg
|border_p1 = no
| symbol_type = ]
|flag_p2 = Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg
| image_map = Hyderabad princely state 1909.svg
|border_p2= no
| image_map_caption = Hyderabad (dark green) and ], not a part of Hyderabad State but also the Nizam's Dominion between 1853 and 1903 (light green)
|s1 = Union of India
| national_motto = ''Al Azmat Allah''<br/>("Greatness belongs to God")<br />''Ya Osman''<br />("Oh Osman")
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
| capital = ] (1724–1763)<br />] (1763–1948)
|image_flag = Asafia flag of Hyderabad State.png
| today = ]
|image_coat = Hyderabad Coat of Arms.jpg
| common_languages = ] (48.2%)<br /> ] (26.4%)<br /> ] (12.3%)<br /> ] (10.3%){{sfn|Beverley, Hyderabad, British India, and the World|2015|p=110}}{{sfn|Benichou, Autocracy to Integration|2000|p=20}}
|image_map = Hyderabad princely state 1909.svg
| stat_year1 = 1941
|image_map_caption = Hyderabad (dark green) and ] not a part of Hyderabad State but also the Nizam's Dominion between 1853 and 1903 (light green).
| stat_area1 = {{convert|82,698|mi2|km2|0|disp=number}}
|capital = ] 1724 To 1763 ] 1763 To 1948
| ref_area1 = <ref name="1941Census">{{Cite book|last=Husain|first=Mazhar|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.101551/page/n11/mode/2up|title=Census Of India 1941 Vol-xxi H.e.h. The Nizams Dominions (hyd State)|date=1947}}</ref>
|location = '''Present day''':<br/>]<br/>]<br/>]<br/>]
| stat_pop1 = 16,338,534
|common_languages = ], ], ], ],{{cn|date=November 2015}} ]
|stat_area1 = 215339 | ref_pop1 = <ref name="1941Census" />
|currency = ] | currency = ]
|representative1 = Iwaz Khan (first) | representative1 = Iwaz Khan (first)
|representative2 = ] (last) | representative2 = ] (last)
|year_representative1 = 1724–1730 | year_representative1 = 1724–1730
|year_representative2 = 1947–1948 | year_representative2 = 1947–1948
|title_representative = ] | title_representative = ]
|leader1 = ] (first) | leader1 = ] (first)
|leader2 = ] (last) | leader2 = ] (last)
|year_leader1 = 1720–48 | year_leader1 = 1724–1748
|year_leader2 = 1911–48 | year_leader2 = 1911–1948
|title_leader = ] | title_leader = ]
|footnotes= | footnotes =
| official_languages = ] (Court and revenue 1724–1886) and ] (dynastic)<ref>{{cite book |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/733407091|quote=The Nizams from Mīr Qamruíd-Dīn Khān (1724-48) until the sixth ruler of the house Mīr Maḥbūb ʿAlī Khān (1869-1911) used Persian as their court language, in common with the prevailing fashion of their times, though they spoke Urdu at home.|title=Urdu In hyderabad|author=Tariqh Rahman |date=2008 |publisher=Department of Languages and cultures in Asia|page=36}}</ref>
<br />] (For Court and revenue from 1886–1948)
}} }}
{{Princely States topics}} {{Princely States topics}}
'''Hyderabad State''' ({{audio|Hyderabad.ogg|pronunciation}})<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lFgoAAAAYAAJ&q=hyderabad+state+hyderabad+deccan|title=Hyderabad (Deccan) Under Sir Salar Jung|last=Ali|first=Cherágh|date=1886|publisher=Printed at the Education Society's Press|language=en}}</ref> was a ] in the ] of south-central ] with its capital at the city of ]. It is now divided into the present-day state of ], the ] region of ], and the ] of ] in India.
'''Hyderābād State''' {{audio|Hyderabad.ogg|pronunciation}} was an Indian ] located in the south-central region of India, and was ruled, from 1724 until 1948, by a hereditary ]. The capital city was ].


The state was ruled from 1724 to 1948 by the ], who was initially a ] of the ] in the ]. Hyderabad gradually became the first princely state to come under ] signing a ] agreement. During the British rule in 1901, the state had a revenue of {{Indian Rupee}}4,17,00,000.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V13_283.gif |title = Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 13, page 277 – Imperial Gazetteer of India – Digital South Asia Library}}</ref> The native inhabitants of Hyderabad State, regardless of ethnic origin, are called "Mulki" (countryman), a term still used today.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HQCvgavbQjgC&q=mulki+deccan&pg=PA12 |title=Locating Home: India's Hyderabadis Abroad |last=Leonard |first=Karen Isaksen |date=2007 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-5442-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reddy |first=Deepika |date=4 March 2019 |title=The 1952 Mulki agitation |url=https://telanganatoday.com/the-1952-mulki-agitation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211010850/https://telanganatoday.com/the-1952-mulki-agitation |archive-date=11 December 2019 |access-date=11 December 2019 |website=]}}</ref>
The ] was a dynasty of ] origin from the region around ] in modern-day ], who came to India in the late 17th century, and became employees of the ]. The region became part of the ] in the 1680s. When the empire began to weaken in the 18th century, ] defeated a rival Mughal governor's attempt to seize control of the empire's southern provinces, declaring himself Nizam-al-Mulk of Hyderabad in 1724. The Mughal emperor, under renewed attack from the ], was unable to prevent it.
Following the decline of the Mughal power, India saw the rise of ], Nizam himself saw many invasions by the Marathas. Some of the major battles fought between Marathas and Nizam include the ], the ] and the ], all of which resulted in Maratha victory and suzerainty over the territory of Nizam and collection of tributary by the Marathas.<ref name="Jaques2007">{{cite book|author=Tony Jaques|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dh6jydKXikoC|year=2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33538-9}}</ref><ref name="Barua2005">{{cite book|author=Pradeep Barua|title=The State at War in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC|year=2005|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|isbn=0-8032-1344-1}}</ref>


The dynasty declared itself an independent monarchy during the final years of the ]. After the ], Hyderabad signed a ] with the new ], continuing all previous arrangements except for the stationing of Indian troops in the state. Hyderabad's location in the middle of the Indian Union, as well as its diverse cultural heritage led to ] of the state in 1948.<ref>{{citation |last=Sherman |first=Taylor C. |title=The integration of the princely state of Hyderabad and the making of the postcolonial state in India, 1948–56 |journal=The Indian Economic and Social History Review |volume=44 |pages=489–516 |number=4 |year=2007 |doi=10.1177/001946460704400404 |s2cid=145000228 |url=http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/32805/1/Sherman_Integration_princely_state_2007.pdf}}</ref> Subsequently, ], the seventh Nizam, signed an ], joining India.{{sfn|Chandra|Mukherjee|Mukherjee|2008|p=96}}
In 1798 Hyderabad became a princely state under the ]'s suzerainty. By a ] it had ceded to the British East India company the control of its external affairs. In 1903 the ] region of the state was separated and merged into the Central Provinces of ], to form the ].


]
In 1947, at the time of the ], British offered the various princely states in the sub-continent the option of acceding to either India or Pakistan, or staying on as an independent state.
]'' called ] the wealthiest man in the world]]


==History==
At the time of the ], the State of Hyderabad was the largest of all princely states in India. It covered {{convert|82698|sqmi|km2}} of fairly homogenous territory and comprised a population of roughly 16.34 million people (as per the 1941 census) of which a majority (85%) was ]. Hyderabad State had its own army, airline, telecommunication system, railway network, postal system, currency and radio broadcasting service.
===Early history===
Hyderabad State was founded by ] who was the governor of Deccan under the ] from 1713 to 1721. In 1724, he resumed rule from the Mughal provincial capital of Aurangabad, under the title of ''Asaf Jah'' (granted by Mughal Emperor ]). His other title, ''Nizam ul-Mulk'' (Order of the Realm), became the title of his position "Nizam of Hyderabad". By the end of his rule, the Nizam had become independent from the Mughals, and had founded the ].<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web |title=Hyderabad |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Hyderabad-historical-state-India |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Britannica |access-date=8 October 2016}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Heitzman |first=James |title=Emporiums, empire, and the early colonial presence |date=31 March 2008 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203483282-9 |work=The City in South Asia |pages=102 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780203483282-9 |doi-broken-date=14 December 2024 |isbn=9780203483282 |access-date=30 December 2021}}</ref>


Following the decline of the Mughal power, the region of Deccan saw the rise of the ]. The Nizam himself saw many invasions by the Marathas in the 1720s, which resulted in the Nizam paying a regular '']'' (tax) to the Marathas. The major battles fought between the Marathas and the Nizam include ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tW_eEVbVxpEC&pg=PA1049 |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: P-Z |isbn=9780313335396 |last1=Jaques |first1=Tony |year=2007 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&pg=PA64 |title=The State at War in South Asia |isbn=978-0803213449 |last1=Barua |first1=Pradeep |year=2005 |publisher=U of Nebraska Press }}</ref> Following the conquest of Deccan by ] and the imposition of ''Chauth'' by him, Nizam remained a tributary of the Marathas for all intent and purposes.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-kanqrtVhYC&q=anglo+maratha+treaty+1790&pg=PA198 |title=Anglo-Maratha Relations, 1785–96, Volume 2 |first=Sailendra |last=Nath Sen |isbn=9788171547890 |year=1994 |publisher=Popular Prakashan }}</ref>
Nizam decided to keep Hyderabad independent. The leaders of the new Union of India however, were wary of having an independent - and possibly hostile - state in the heart of their new country. Most of the other 565 princely states had already acceded to India or to Pakistan voluntarily. The Indian government was therefore determined to annex Hyderabad into the Indian Union, by force if necessary.


In 1763, the Nizam shifted the capital to the city of ].<ref name=":0" /> From 1778, a British resident and soldiers were installed in his dominions. In 1795, the ] lost some of his territories to the ]. The territorial gains of the Nizam from ] as an ally of the British were ceded to the British to meet the cost of maintaining the British soldiers.<ref name="Britannica" />
In September 1948, India launched a military operation named '']'', led by ], then ] and ]. The ] invaded the State of Hyderabad and overthrew Nizam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=K/KtVO4bQNg=&ParentID=a2GSpnDbruI=|title=Official Website of Indian Army|publisher=|accessdate=13 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hyderabad.co.uk/policeaction.htm|title=Hyderabad on the Net|work=hyderabad.co.uk}}</ref>


===British suzerainty===
Seven Nizams had ruled Hyderabad State for two centuries until the Indian conquest of Hyderabad in 1948 brought about the end of the dynasty. The Asaf Jahi rulers were great patrons of ], ], ], ], ], and ]. The Nizams patronized aspects of a ] from their Turco-Mongol Mughal overlords, and which became central{{cn|date=November 2015}} to the ] identity.{{cn|date=November 2015}} They also introduced electricity, developed the railways and the roads, air communications, irrigation and reservoirs. The last Nizam was well known for his huge wealth and jewelry collection; he had been the richest man in the world until the end of his reign.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.instash.com/top-10-richest-men-of-all-time|title=Top ten richest men of all time|work=inStash|accessdate=13 September 2014}}</ref> Indeed, all major public buildings in Hyderabad City were built during his reign, while the ] was supreme. He pushed education, science, and the establishment of ].
{{See also|Northern Circars}}
In 1768, the Nizam signed the ''Treaty of Masulipatam'' <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/facts/Treaty-of-Masulipatam|publisher=Britannica, The Information Architects of Encyclopaedia, Encyclopedia Britannica|title="Treaty of Masulipatam"|access-date=2024-12-03}}</ref>ceding the ] to British. Later in 1779, the Nizams along with Marathas and Hyder Ali Mysore came together and formed an alliance against the British. This resulted in British defeating the alliance and subsequently Nizam in 1788 had to cede ] to British. Subsequently the Nizams had to sign various treaties, the most important of this was the signing of Treaty of Subsidiary Alliance under which Nizams had ceded most of the power to the British. Gradually the entire coastal areas were lost to the British and Hyderabad became a landlocked kingdom.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.siasat.com/masulipatnam-a-forgotten-hook-in-shaping-hyderabads-destiny-2428927/|newspaper=]|title=Masulipatnam–A forgotten hook in shaping Hyderabad's destiny|first=Salma|last=Ahmed Farooqui|date=2022-10-06|access-date=2024-12-03}}</ref>
In 1798, ] (Asaf {{nowrap|Jah II}}) was forced to enter into an agreement that put Hyderabad under British protection. He was the first Indian prince to sign such an agreement. (Consequently, the ruler of Hyderabad rated a 23-gun ] during the period of ].){{Citation needed|date=July 2023}} The Crown retained the right to intervene in case of misrule.<ref name="Britannica" />


Hyderabad under ] was a British ally in the second and third ] (1803–05, 1817–19), ], and would remain loyal to the British during the ] (1857–58).<ref name="Britannica" />{{sfn|Briggs|1861|pp=79}}
==Early history==
{{no footnotes|date=November 2015}}
The ] was earlier the Mughal Viceroy of the Deccan. The ] was a dynasty of ] origin from the region around ] in modern-day ], who came to India in the late 17th century, and became employees of the ]. As the ] Mughals were great patrons of Persian culture, language, literature: the family found a ready patronage. However, with the decline of the Mughals the Deccan attained independence, though the first Nizam continued to owe allegiance to the ]. The Deccan territories were thus the last survivors of the Mughal empire, along with the Princely state of Awadh (in North India). These territories soon came to be known as the 'Nizam's Dominions', which (in the year 1760) included areas from south of Maharashtra to the southern end of Tamil Nadu, encompassing vast territories in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana. The Nawab of the Carnatic, who accepted the suzerainty of the Nizam, ruled southern territories that are now part of Tamil Nadu and southern Andhra Pradesh. However, Hyder Ali administered the regions in and around Mysore and did not owe any allegiance to the Nizam.


His son, ] (known as ''Sikandar Jah'') ruled from 1803 to 1829. During his rule, a British cantonment was built in Hyderabad and the area was named in his honour, ].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/h/hyderabad.html | title=The University of Queensland Homepage}}</ref> The British Residency at ] was also built during his reign by the then British Resident ].{{sfnp|Dalrymple|2003|p=xxxv}}
With the Mughal empire in disarray, this was a time when the French and British were competing for supremacy in the Indian sub-continent. The French exercised considerable influence in the Deccan from their stronghold of Pondicherry. In fact, the Nizam had a French regent stationed at Hyderabad in the later years of the 18th century as an important adviser, and there remains to this day a street of Hyderabad city named Troop Bazaar, which recalls where the French originally had their ] The Nizam's dominions were at their greatest territorial extent at the time of the first Nizam, Nizam-ul-mulk, Asaf Jah-I. However, after his death there arose a succession struggle, with the British and French supporting competing factions. This resulted in a period of internal instability as two Nizams (Nasir Jung and Muzaffar Jung) ruled in rapid succession, each being assassinated by a rival faction. The combined duration of their rule was just four years. The fourth Nizam, Mir Ali Salabat Jung, came to the throne on French instigation and his rule prevailed for 12 years. This period marked the height of French influence in the Nizam's dominions.


Sikander Jah was succeeded by ], who ruled from 1829 to 1857 and was succeeded by his son ].{{sfn|Briggs|1861|pp=104–115}}
Mir Ali Salabat Jung's successor was Nizam Ali Khan Asaf Jah II, who gained the territories of Aurangabad, Bidar and Sholapur in various battles with the Marathas. Though Asaf Jah-II ruled for over 50 years, the Nizam's dominions lost considerable power and more importantly, land to both the British and the French due to infighting and debts owed to the foreign powers. He ceded the territory of Northern Circars (present day ] region of the state of Andhra Pradesh) to the French as a gift 'for perpetuity', while British, French and Hyder Ali annexed the Carnatic regions. The Nizam was criticized for failing to form an alliance with Hyder Ali of the Kingdom of Mysore, a move which could have countered the increasing influence of the British in the Deccan. In this time, with the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte at Waterloo, the British also replaced the French as the supreme colonial power in the Indian sub-continent. The British also fought a war with Mysore, which increased its clout in the Deccan and, by 1800, the Nizam's dominions came into a state of near-suzerainty under the British.


==During the British Raj== ==== Asaf Jah V ====
]'s reign from 1857 to 1869 was marked by reforms by his ] ]. Before this time, there was no regular or systematic form of administration, and the duties were in the hands of the ''Diwan'' (Prime Minister), and corruption was thus widespread.{{sfn|Briggs|1861|pp=155–158}}
{{see also|Northern Circars}}
]
By 1801, the Nizam's dominion assumed the shape it is now remembered for: that of a ] ] with territories in central Deccan, bounded on all sides by British India, whereas 150 years earlier it had considerable coastline on the Bay of Bengal.


In 1867, the State was divided into five divisions and seventeen districts, and subedars (governors) were appointed for the five Divisions and ''talukdars'' and ''tehsildars'' for the districts. The judicial, public works, medical, educational, municipal, and police departments were re-organised.{{sfn|Law|1914|pp=31–37}} In 1868, ''sadr-i-mahrams'' (Assistant Ministers) were appointed for the Judicial, Revenue, Police, and Miscellaneous Departments. {{sfn|Law|1914|pp=140–143}}
During the Mutiny of 1857, Salar Jung chose to side with the British, thereby earning the title of 'Faithful Ally' for Hyderabad. This action causes some regret among modern patriots, because had the Nizam's dominions sided with the rebel forces, the British would have been greatly weakened. Hyderabad was as important to the South of India as Delhi was to the North. However, this did not happen and Hyderabad was one of several independent kingdoms of India to side with the British. In 1857, when the rule of the ] came to an end and British India came under the direct rule of ], Hyderabad continued to be one of the most important of the princely states. Twenty years later, Queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India.


Later on, Asaf Jah VI succeeded the position.
The senior-most (23-gun) ] during the period of ], Hyderabad was an 82,000 square mile (212,000&nbsp;km²) region in the ], ruled by the head of the Asif Jahi dynasty, who had the title of Nizam and on whom was bestowed the style of "His Exalted Highness" by the British. Development within the state of Hyderabad grew as Salar Jung and the Nizams founded schools, colleges, madrasas and a university that imparted education in ]. Inspired by the elite and prestigious ], the Nizam founded the ]. The pace with which the last Nizam, Osman Ali Khan, amassed wealth made him one of the world's richest men in the 1930s.<ref>] dated 22 February 1937, cover story</ref> Carrying a gift, called Nazrana, in accordance with one's net worth while meeting the Nizam, was a ''de facto'' necessity.


==== Asaf Jah VI ====
==Hyderabad State (1803–1947)==
] became the Nizam at the age of three years. His ]s were ] and Shams-ul-Umra III and later on ] and ]. He assumed full rule at the age of 17 and ruled until he died in 1911.{{sfn|Law|1914|pp=26–28}}<ref>, ''New York Times'', 30 August 1911</ref>{{sfn|Lynton, Days of the Beloved|1987|pp=13–19}} His reign saw the official language of Hyderabad State shift from Persian to Urdu, a change implemented in the 1880s during the short tenure of Prime Minister ].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite book |last=Tariq |first=Rahman |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/733407091 |title=Urdu in Hyderabad State |date=10 September 2008 |publisher=Department of Languages and Cultures of Asia, UW-Madison |pages=36 & 46 |oclc=733407091}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
! width=8% | Image
! width=15% | Titular Name
! width=15% | Personal Name
! width=8% | Date of birth
! width=8% | Nizam From
! width=8% | Nizam Until
! width=8% | Date of death
|-
| ]
| align="center"| '''Sikander Jah, Asaf Jah III'''<br>{{Nastaliq|سکندر جاہ ،آصف جاہ تریہم}}
| align="center"| ''']'''
| align="center"| 11 November 1768
| align="center"| 6 August 1803
| align="center" colspan="2"| 21 May 1829
|-
| ]
| align="center"| '''Nasir-ud-Daula, Asaf Jah IV'''<br>{{Nastaliq|ناصر الدولہ ،آصف جاہ چارہم}}
|align="center"| ''']'''
| align="center"| 25 April 1794
| align="center"| 21 May 1829
| align="center" colspan="2"| 16 May 1857
|-
| ]
| align="center"| '''Afzal-ud-Daula, Asaf Jah V'''<br>{{Nastaliq|افضال الدولہ ،آصف جاہ پنجم}}
| align="center"| ''']'''
| align="center"| 11 October 1827
| align="center"| 16 May 1857
| align="center" colspan="2"| 26 February 1869
|-
| ]
| align="center"| '''Asaf Jah VI'''<br>{{Nastaliq|آصف جاہ شیشم}}
| align="center"| ''']'''
| align="center"| 17 August 1866
| align="center"| 26 February 1869
| align="center" colspan="2"| 29 August 1911
|-
| ]
| align="center"| '''Asaf Jah VII'''<br>{{Nastaliq|آصف جاہ ہفتم}}
| align="center"| ''']'''
| align="center"| 6 April 1886
| align="center"| 29 August 1911
| align="center"| 17 September 1948<br />(''deposed'')
| align="center"| 24 February 1967
|-
|}


The ] was established during his reign to connect Hyderabad State to the rest of ]. It was headquartered at ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://steamindex.com/people/inspoff.htm#pringle |title=Inspecting Officers (Railways) |at=Pringle, John Wallace |website=steamindex.com |access-date=10 July 2011}}</ref><ref>Nayeem, M. A.; ''The Splendour of Hyderabad''; Hyderabad ²2002 ; {{ISBN|81-85492-20-4}}; S. 221</ref> The ] marked the beginning of industry in Hyderabad, and factories were built in Hyderabad city.{{sfn|Law|1914|pp=26–28}}{{sfn|Lynton, Days of the Beloved|1987|pp=56–57}}
==Infrastructure==
]]]
During the period of Nizam rule, Hyderabad State became the richest. ] and his family including Salar Jung I were taught by Nawab Sarwar Ul Mulk and Agha Mirza Baig ] Bahadur, who was his political advisor,<ref>{{cite news|title=Hyderabad:silver jubilee durbar|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,770599,00.html|newspaper=]|date=22 February 1937|accessdate=15 September 2011}}</ref> and the senior-most ] among the Indian ]s. It was spread over {{Convert|223000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} in the Deccan, ruled by the Asaf Jahi dynasty. The Nizam's were conferred with the title of ], and "Faithful Ally of the British Government" by the imperial-colonial British government for their collaborating rôle in the wars against Tipu Sultan of Mysore, the Great Revolt of 1857–1858.,<ref name="TimesMag"/> becoming the only Indian prince to be given both these statuses.<ref name="thedailystar.net">{{cite news|title=Richest Indian in history!|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=147820|newspaper=]|date=23 July 2010|accessdate=15 September 2011}}
*{{cite news|title=Making money the royal way|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-04-23/news/27703352_1_richest-man-mir-osman-ali-khan-forbes-list|newspaper=]|date=23 April 2008|accessdate=15 September 2011}}</ref> The rule of the Nizams brought cultural and economic growth for Hyderabad city. One example of the wealth of Nizam rule is the ], which is an international tourist attraction occasionally displayed in ]. In 1948 Hyderabad state had an estimated population of 17 million (1.7 ]), and it generated an estimated annual revenue of £90,029,000.<ref name="TimesMag">{{cite news|title=Hyderabad:the holdout|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,799076-1,00.html|newspaper=]|date=30 August 1948|accessdate=10 October 2011}}</ref> The state had its own currency known as the ], until 1951.<ref name="guardian.co.uk">{{cite news|title=Jewel in the crown: a palace fit for a Nizam|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2011/feb/20/taj-falaknuma-palace-nizam|newspaper=] |date=20 February 2011|accessdate=15 September 2011}}</ref> The pace at which the last Nizam ] amassed wealth made him one of the world's richest men in 1937 and he was also known for his miserliness.<ref name="thedailystar.net"/> He was estimated to be worth {{INR}}660 crores (roughly {{USD}}2 billion by the then exchange rates<ref>]</ref>). According to the ''] All-Time Wealthiest List'' of 2008, Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan is the fifth richest man in recorded history as per the figures, with an estimated worth of {{USD}}210.8 billion (adjusted by Forbes as per the growth of the US GDP since that period and the present exchange-rate of the US dollar against the Indian rupee).<ref name="guardian.co.uk"/> The Nizams set up numerous institutions in the name of the dynasty including hospitals and schools, colleges, universities that imparted education in Urdu.<ref name="guardian.co.uk"/> Inspired by the ], the Nizams established the ] and built large reservoirs. Survey work on the ] was initiated during this time, though the actual work was completed by the ] in 1969.<ref name="Mahmood">{{cite book|title=A policeman ponders: memories and melodies of a varied life|publisher=A.P.H.Publishing Corporation|page=19|year=1999|isbn=978-81-7648-026-0|first=Muhammad|last=Mahmood Bin|accessdate=10 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Tribes of India:ongoing challenges|publisher=MD Publication Pvt Ltd|page=310|year=1996|isbn=81-7533-007-4|first=Mann|last=Rann Singh|accessdate=10 October 2011}}.
*{{cite book|title=The state of Rayalaseema|publisher=Naurang Rai, Mittal Publication|page=5|year=2003|isbn=978-81-7099-814-3|first=Reddy|last=A.Ranga|accessdate=10 October 2011}}
*{{cite book|title=Marathwada Under the Nizams, 1724–1948|publisher=Mittal Publications|pages=23–47|year=1987|isbn=81-7099-017-3|first=Kate|last=P.V|accessdate=12 June 2012}}</ref>


During his rule, the ] struck the city of Hyderabad, which killed an estimated 50,000 people. The Nizam opened all his palaces for public asylum.{{sfn|Law|1914|pp=84–86}}<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/hyderabad-observe-104th-anniversary-musi-flood-349446/ |title=Hyderabad to observe 104th anniversary of Musi flood |newspaper=The Siasat Daily |date=20 September 2012 |access-date=31 July 2018}}</ref>{{sfn|Lynton, Days of the Beloved|1987|pp=13–15}}
==Industries in Hyderabad under the Nizams==
Various major industries emerged in various parts of the State of Hyderabad before its incorporation into the Union of India, especially during the first half of the twentieth century. Hyderabad city had a separate powerplant for electricity. However, the Nizams focused industrial development on the region of ], housing a number of industries there with transportation facilities by both road and rail.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/br/2009/08/25/stories/2009082550041600.htm | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Kaleidoscopic view of Deccan | date=25 August 2009}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Industries in pre-Independence Hyderabad
! Company!!Year
|-
| ] || 1920
|-
| ] || 1921
|-
| ] || 1930
|-
| ] || 1934
|-
| ] || 1937
|-
| ] || 1942
|-
|]|| 1943
|-
| ] || 1945
|-
|]
|1946
|-
|]
|1946
|}


He also abolished ] where women used to jump into their husband's burning pyre, by issuing a royal ].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/100618/letters-leave-a-rich-legacy-of-rulers.html |title=Letters leave a rich legacy of rulers |first=CR Gowri |last=Shanker |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |date=10 June 2018}}</ref>
===Banking===
The ] opened a branch in Hyderabad in 1868, and a second branch in ] in 1906. ] opened its branch in Hyderabad in 1918 and a second branch in Secunderabad in 1925.


==== Asaf Jah VII ====
Until 1948, ], now part of ] state, was part of Hyderabad state. Saraswati Bank, established in ] in 1918, had a branch in Hyderabad. The Gulbarga Banking Company, established in 1930, however, did not.
The last ] ] ruled the state from 1911 until 1948. He was given the title "Faithful Ally of the British Empire".<ref name="Britannica" />


The Nizam also established ]. Hyderabad was the only independent state in ] subcontinent that had its currency, the ].<ref>Pagdi, Raghavendra Rao (1987) Short History of Banking in Hyderabad District, 1879–1950. In M. Radhakrishna Sarma, K.D. Abhyankar, and V.G. Bilolikar, eds. ''History of Hyderabad District, 1879-1950AD (Yugabda 4981–5052)''. (Hyderabad : Bharatiya Itihasa Sankalana Samiti), Vol. 2, pp.85–87.</ref> The ] was established in the 1930s with formation of ] by the Nizam. Initially, it was used as a domestic and international airport for Nizam's ], the earliest airline in British India. The terminal building was created in 1937.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Museum/Begumpet.html |title=Begumpeet Airport History |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051221081504/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Museum/Begumpet.html |archive-date=21 December 2005}}</ref>
In 1935 Raja Pannalal Pitti founded the Mercantile Bank of Hyderabad.


To prevent another ], the Nizam also constructed two lakes, namely the ] and ]. The ], ], ] (then known as ''Asifia Kutubkhana'') and ] (then known as ''Bagh e Aam'') were constructed during this period.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://spaceandculture.in/index.php/spaceandculture/article/view/121/78 |title=View of Changing Facets of Hyderabadi Tehzeeb: Are we missing anything? |journal=Space and Culture, India |date=18 June 2015 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=17–29 |doi=10.20896/saci.v3i1.121 |access-date=12 December 2018 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/h/hyderabad.html |title=Changing Facets of Hyderabadi Tehzeeb: Are We Missing Anything? |last=Pandey |first=Dr. Vinita}}</ref>
In 1942 the Nizam established ] to conduct treasury operations for the state government, and other banking. In 1947 there was a proposal that Hyderabad State Bank would be allowed to establish a branch in Karachi, and that as a quid-pro-quo ] would be allowed to establish a branch in Hyderabad. Partition and ], the Indian invasion of Hyderabad that annexed Hyderabad to India, put an end to this idea. Then in 1952-53, Hyderabad State Bank acquired Mercantile Bank. Next, in 1956 ] took over Hyderabad State Bank, which in 1959 became ], a subsidiary bank of State Bank of India.


==After Indian Independence (1947–48)== ===After Indian Independence (1947–1948)===
{{Main|Operation Polo}} {{Main|Operation Polo}}
In 1947 ] gained independence and ] came into existence; the British left the local rulers of the ] the choice of whether to join one or the other, or to remain independent. On 11 June 1947, the Nizam issued a declaration to the effect that he had decided not to participate in the Constituent Assembly of either Pakistan or India. In 1947 ] gained independence and ] came into existence. The British left the local rulers of the ] the choice of whether to join one or the other or to remain independent. On 11 June 1947, the Nizam issued a declaration to the effect that he had decided not to participate in the Constituent Assembly of either Pakistan or India.


However, the Nizams were Muslim ruling over a predominantly Hindu population.<ref name="Britannica" />
On 9 July 1947, in a letter to the Crown Representative, the Nizam requested that Hyderabad be accorded dominion status. This was, however, problematical. Given the Nizam's determination not to join India, this would leave Hyderabad as an independent country entirely surrounded by the new Union of India. The Nizam was a Muslim but the Hindus outnumbered the Muslims by about eight to one in the State.<ref>Lucien D. Benichou, ''From autocracy to integration: political developments in Hyderabad State, 1938-1948'' (2000), p. 19</ref>
India insisted that the great majority of residents wanted to join India.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Purushotham |first1 = Sunil |year = 2015 |title = Internal Violence: The "Police Action" in Hyderabad |journal = Comparative Studies in Society and History |volume = 57 |issue = 2 |pages = 435–466 |doi=10.1017/s0010417515000092 |s2cid = 145147551 }}</ref>


The Nizam was in a weak position as his army numbered only 24,000 men, of whom only some 6,000 were fully trained and equipped.{{sfn|Benichou, Autocracy to Integration|2000|p=229}}
Keeping in mind Hyderabad's geographical position and the existence of a Hindu majority in his state, and countering India's insistence on accession, pending a settlement the Nizam signed a Stand-still Agreement with India on 29 November 1947. The Agreement was to remain in force for a period of one year. The Agreement provided that disputes arising out of it could be referred to the arbitration of two arbitrators, one appointed by each of the parties, and an umpire appointed by those arbitrators.
The Nizam was in a weak position as his army numbered only 24,000 men, of whom only some 6,000 were fully trained and equipped.<ref>Benichou (2000), p. 229</ref> The Indian government refused to accept Hyderabad's independence and prepared to carry out a so-called "Hyderabad Police Action" against the Nizam.


On 21 August 1948, the Secretary-General of the Hyderabad Department of External Affairs requested the President of the United Nations's Security Council, under Article 35(2) of the ], to consider the "grave dispute, which, unless settled in accordance with ] and justice, is likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace and security."<ref>{{cite web|title=The Hyderabad Question|url=http://www.un.org/en/sc/repertoire/46-51/Chapter%208/46-51_08-19-The%20Hyderabad%20question.pdf|website=United Nations|accessdate=23 September 2014}}</ref> On 21 August 1948, the Secretary-General of the Hyderabad Department of External Affairs requested the President of the United Nations Security Council, under Article 35(2) of the ], to consider the "grave dispute, which, unless settled by ] and justice, is likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace and security".<ref>{{cite web |title=The Hyderabad Question |url=https://www.un.org/en/sc/repertoire/46-51/Chapter%208/46-51_08-19-The%20Hyderabad%20question.pdf |website=United Nations |access-date=23 September 2014}}</ref>{{primary source inline |date=October 2016}}


On 4 September the Prime Minister of Hyderabad ] announced to the Hyderabad Assembly that a delegation was about to leave for ], headed by ].<ref>Benichou (2000), p. 230</ref> The Nizam also appealed, without success, to the British ] and to ] for assistance, to fulfill their obligations and promises to Hyderabad by "immediate intervention". Hyderabad only had the support of ] and the British ].<ref>Benichou (2000), p. 231</ref> On 4 September the Prime Minister of Hyderabad ] announced to the Hyderabad Assembly that a delegation was about to leave for ], headed by ].{{sfn|Benichou, Autocracy to Integration|2000|p=230}} The Nizam also appealed, without success, to the British ] and to ] for assistance, to fulfil their obligations and promises to Hyderabad by "immediate intervention". Hyderabad only had the support of ] and the British ].{{sfn|Benichou, Autocracy to Integration|2000|p=231}}
] (at right) offers his surrender of the Hyderabad State Forces to Major General (later General and Army Chief) ] at ].]] ], ] and army chief ] after Hyderabad's accession to India]]
] in 1956 (in yellowish-green). After the reorganisation in 1956, Regions of the state west of Red and Blue lines merged with ] and ]s respectively and the rest of the state (]) was merged with ] to form the state of ].]]


At 4 a.m. on 13 September 1948, India's ], code-named "]" by the ], began. Indian troops invaded Hyderabad from all points of the compass. On 13 September 1948, the Secretary-General of the Hyderabad Department of External Affairs in a cablegram informed the United Nations Security Council that Hyderabad was being invaded by Indian forces and that hostilities had broken out. The Security Council took notice of it on 16 September in Paris. The representative of Hyderabad called for immediate action by the Security Council under chapter VII of the United Nations Charter. The Hyderabad representative responded to India's excuse for the intervention by pointing out that the Stand-still Agreement between the two countries had expressly provided that nothing in it should give India the right to send in troops to assist in the maintenance of internal order.<ref>United Nations Document S/986</ref> At 4 a.m. on 13 September 1948, India's Hyderabad Campaign, code-named "]" by the ], began. Indian troops invaded Hyderabad from all points of the compass. On 13 September 1948, the Secretary-General of the Hyderabad Department of External Affairs in a cablegram informed the United Nations Security Council that Hyderabad was being invaded by Indian forces and that hostilities had broken out. The Security Council took notice of it on 16 September in Paris. The representative of Hyderabad called for immediate action by the Security Council under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter. The Hyderabad representative responded to India's excuse for the intervention by pointing out that the Stand-still Agreement between the two countries had expressly provided that nothing in it should give India the right to send in troops to assist in the maintenance of internal order.<ref>United Nations Document S/986</ref>{{primary source inline|date=October 2016}}


At 5 p.m. on 17 September, the Nizam's army surrendered. The Government of Hyderabad resigned, and military ]s and chief ministers were appointed by the Nizam at India's direction.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/pakistan-v-prince-muffakham-jah-judgment-021019-1.pdf |page=66 |quote="On 17 September 1948, the troops of Hyderabad surrendered and the Government of Hyderabad administration headed by Laik Ali (and including Moin) resigned." |title=High Commissioner of Pakistan v Natwest Bank}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/pakistan-v-prince-muffakham-jah-judgment-021019-1.pdf |page=69 |quote="... Government of India had purposely avoided any question of accession and maintained until that date Nizam’s authority as source from which military Governors' and chief Ministers' powers were derived." |title=High Commissioner of Pakistan v Natwest Bank}}</ref>
At 5 p.m. on 17 September the Nizam surrendered. India then incorporated the state of Hyderabad into the ] and ended the rule of the Nizams.<ref>Benichou (2000), p. 232</ref> The annexation of Hyderabad was generally welcomed by many Hindus in the state, but Muslims emphasized the unlawfulness of the invasion. Some Muslims migrated to Pakistan, mainly to Karachi, which has a sizeable Hyderabadi ] community.


On 26 January 1950,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/pakistan-v-prince-muffakham-jah-judgment-021019-1.pdf |page=66 |quote="Further, on 26 January 1950 there came into being the Union of India and a new State of the Union of India, the Union State of Hyderabad." |title=High Commissioner of Pakistan v Natwest Bank}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/pakistan-v-prince-muffakham-jah-judgment-021019-1.pdf |page=697 |quote="... Firman issued by Nizam on 24 November 1949…which suggests that accession became effective on 26 January 1950." |title=High Commissioner of Pakistan v Natwest Bank}}</ref> India formally incorporated the state of Hyderabad into the Union of India and ended the rule of the Nizams.{{sfn|Benichou, Autocracy to Integration|2000|p=232}}
On 6 October 1948, Pakistan's Foreign Minister Sir Muhammad Zafarullah Khan, requested the President of the United Nations' Security Council that Pakistan be permitted to participate in the discussion of the Hyderabad question in accordance with Article 31 of the United Nations' Charter.<ref>United Nations Security Council Document S/1031</ref>


Hyderabad became ]. === Hyderabad State (1948–1956) ===
{{main|Hyderabad State (1948–1956)}}
After the incorporation of Hyderabad State into India, ] was appointed as Chief Minister of the state and ] became the ] on 26 January 1950. He was a Senior Civil servant in the Government of India. He administered the state with the help of bureaucrats from ] and ].<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220113947/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_post.html |date=20 December 2013}}</ref>


In the ], ] was elected Chief Minister of Hyderabad State. During this time there were violent agitations by some ] to send back bureaucrats from Madras state, and to strictly implement 'Mulki-rules' (local jobs for locals only), which was part of Hyderabad state law since 1919.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/09/06/stories/2002090603210900.htm |title=Mulki agitation in Hyderabad state |publisher=Hinduonnet.com |access-date=9 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826122139/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/09/06/stories/2002090603210900.htm |archive-date=26 August 2010 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>
===Communal Violence===


===Dissolution===
==== Prior to the operation ====
In 1956 during the ] based along linguistic lines, the state of Hyderabad was split up among ] and ] (later ]) and ].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/01/stories/2005100100040900.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060301045415/http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/01/stories/2005100100040900.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 March 2006 |title=SRC submits report |date= 1 October 2005 |access-date=9 October 2011 |work=] |location=Chennai}}</ref>
{{#section:Indian_integration_of_Hyderabad|prior}}


On 2 June 2014, the state of ] was formed splitting from the rest of ] state and formed the 29th state of India, with ] as its capital.
==== During and after the operation ====
{{#section:Indian_integration_of_Hyderabad|communalLater}}


==Government and politics==
==Districts of Hyderabad State==
===Government===
]
]
Administratively, Hyderabad State was made up of sixteen districts, grouped into four divisions:
]
* ] included ], ], ], and ] districts;
] states that Hyderabad was an area where the political and social structure from medieval Muslim rule had been preserved more or less intact into modern times.{{sfn|Smith|1950|p=28}} The last Nizam was reputed to be the wealthiest man in the world.{{sfn|Guha|2008|p=51}} He was supported by an ] of 1,100 feudal lords who owned a further 30% of the state's land, with some 4 million tenant farmers. The state also owned 50% or more of the capital in all the major enterprises, allowing the Nizam to earn further profits and control their affairs.{{sfn|Smith|1950|p=29}}
* ] included ], ], ], and ];
* Gulshanabad Division or Medak Division included ] (Hyderabad), ], ], ] (Nalgundah), and ] districts, and
* ] included ], ], and ] districts (present Khammam district was part of warangal district).


Next in the social structure were the administrative and official classes, comprising about 1,500 officials. A number of them were recruited from outside the state. The lower-level government employees were also predominantly Muslim. Effectively, the Muslims of Hyderabad represented an 'upper caste' of the social structure.{{sfn|Smith|1950|pp=29–30}}{{efn|However some Hindus served in high government posts such as ] {{mdash}} Raja Ragunath Das, ], ], ], Ram Baksh, Ganesh Rao, ]; ] of Hyderabad (]); and ], member of ] the ]'s Executive Council.}}
] in 1956 (in yellowish green). After reorganisation in 1956, Regions of the state west of Red and Blue lines merged with ] and ]s respectively and rest of the state (]) was merged with ] to form the state of ].
]]


All power was vested in the Nizam. He ruled with the help of an Executive Council or Cabinet, established in 1893, whose members he was free to appoint and dismiss. The government of the Nizam recruited heavily from the North Indian Hindu ] caste for administrative posts.<ref>Leonard, K.I., 1994. Social History of an Indian Caste: The Kayasths of Hyderabad. Orient Blackswan. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127031004/https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1525/aa.1980.82.1.02a00990|date=27 January 2020}}</ref> There was also an Assembly, whose role was mostly advisory. More than half of its members were appointed by the Nizam and the rest were elected from a carefully limited franchise. There were representatives of Hindus, ]s, Christians and Depressed Classes in the Assembly. Their influence was however limited due to their small numbers.{{sfn|Smith|1950|pp=30–31}}{{sfn|Benichou, Autocracy to Integration|2000|loc=Chapter 2}}
== 1948–56 ==
After the incorporation of Hyderabad State into India, ] was appointed as Chief Minister of the state on 26 January 1950. He was a Senior Civil servant in the Government of India. He administered the state with the help of bureaucrats from ] and ].


The state government also had a large number of outsiders (called ''non-mulkhis'') – 46,800 of them in 1933, including all the members of the Nizam's Executive Council. Hindus and Muslims united in protesting against the practice which robbed the locals of government employment. The movement, however, fizzled out after the Hindu members raised the issue of 'responsible government', which was of no interest to the Muslim members and led to their resignation.{{sfn|Benichou, Autocracy to Integration|2000|pp=39–40}}
In the ], Dr. ] was elected Chief minister of Hyderabad State. During this time there were violent agitations by some ] to send back bureaucrats from Madras state, and to strictly implement 'Mulki-rules'(Local jobs for locals only), which was part of Hyderabad state law since 1919.<ref name="mulki1">{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/09/06/stories/2002090603210900.htm |title=Mulki agitation in Hyderabad state |publisher=Hinduonnet.com |date= |accessdate=2011-10-09}}</ref>


Various properties and wealth owned by the Nizam as part of Hyderabad State are now succeeded by his descendants, including his grandsons Prince Mukarram Jah, Prince Mufakkam Jah & Prince Shahmat Jah and his great-grandson Himayat Ali Mirza among others.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |author=Syed Akbar|date=30 July 2020 |title=Nizam's case: Great-grandson claims Rs 121 crore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/nizams-case-great-grandson-claims-rs-121-crore/articleshow/77250515.cms |access-date=4 March 2022 |newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Himayat Ali Mirza raises voice against negligence, illegal encroachments towards Nizam's properties |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=875626 |access-date=4 March 2022 |website=www.daijiworld.com }}</ref> Himayat Ali Mirza, great-grandson of the Nizam, remarked that his stake in the English state sums up to 36% of the total amount.<ref name=":1" /> For claiming the total share of £35 million, Nizam's great-grandson, Himayat Ali Mirza, reached the London High Court.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nizam set to get possession of £35 million after London court rules in favour |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/692002-london-court-rules-in-favour-of-nizam-set-to-get-possession-of-35-million |access-date=4 March 2022 |website=www.thenews.com.pk }}</ref>
=== Chief Ministers of Hyderabad State ===
] included nine Telugu districts of ], four Kannada districts in Gulbarga division and four Marathi districts in Aurangabad division.


===Political movements===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
Up to 1920, there was no political organisation of any kind in Hyderabad. In that year, following British pressure, the Nizam issued a ''firman'' appointing a special officer to investigate constitutional reforms. It was welcomed enthusiastically by a section of the populace, who formed the Hyderabad State Reforms Association. However, the Nizam and the Special Officer ignored all their demands for consultation. Meanwhile, the Nizam banned the ] in the State as well as all political meetings and the entry of "political outsiders". Nevertheless, some political activity did take place and witnessed cooperation between Hindus and Muslims. The abolition of the Sultanate in Turkey and Gandhi's suspension of the ] in British India ended this period of cooperation.{{sfn|Benichou, Autocracy to Integration|2000|loc=Chapter 2}}
|-
! No
! Name
!colspan=2| Term of office
!colspan=2| Party{{efn|name=party|This column only names the chief minister's party. The state government he headed may have been a complex coalition of several parties and independents; these are not listed here.}}
! Days in office
|- style="height: 60px;"
| 1
| ]
| 26 January 1950
| 6 March 1952
|rowspan=2| ]
|rowspan=2 width=4px style="background-color: {{Indian National Congress/meta/color}}" |
| 770
|- style="height: 60px;"
| 2
| ]
| 6 March 1952
| 31 October 1956
| 1701
|}


An organisation called ] (later renamed ''Andhra Mahasabha'') was formed in November 1921 and focused on educating the masses of ] in political awareness. With leading members such as ], ] and M. Narsing Rao, its activities included urging merchants to resist offering freebies to government officials and encouraging labourers to resist the system of '']'' (free labour requested at the behest of state). Alarmed by its activities, the Nizam passed a powerful gagging order in 1929, requiring all public meetings to obtain prior permission. But the organisation persisted by mobilising on social issues such as the protection of ''ryots'', women's rights, abolition of the ] system and ], uplifting of ]s etc. It turned to politics again in 1937, passing a resolution calling for responsible government. Soon afterwards, it split along the moderate–extremist lines. The Andhra Mahasabha's move towards politics also inspired similar movements in ] and ] in 1937, giving rise to the ''Maharashtra Parishad'' and ''Karnataka Parishad'' respectively.{{sfn|Benichou, Autocracy to Integration|2000|loc=Chapter 2}}
==Rajpramukhs==


==Military==
Hyderabad State had its last Nizam, ] (b. 1886 -d. 1967) as Rajpramukh from 26 January 1950 to 31 October 1956.
{{main|Hyderabad State Forces}}


Hyderabad's first ruler, ] (r. 1724–1748) was a talented commander and assembled a powerful army that allowed Hyderabad to become one of the preeminent states in southern India.{{sfnp|Dalrymple|2003|p=86}} After his death, the military was crippled by the succession wars of his sons. It was restored under ] (r. 1762–1803) who modernised the army.{{sfnp|Dalrymple|2003|p=87}} Notable units during his reign included ]-trained battalions,{{sfnp|Dalrymple|2003|p=129}} the French-trained ''Corps Français de Raymond'' which was led by ] and fought under the ], and the Victorious Battalion, an elite infantry unit entirely composed of women.{{sfnp|Dalrymple|2003|p=94}}
== Dissolution==
In 1956 during the ] based along linguistic lines, the state of Hyderabad was split up among ], ] (later divided into states of ] and ] in 1960 with the original portions of Hyderabad becoming part of the state of Maharashtra) and ].


== Culture ==
In December 1953, the ] was appointed to prepare for the creation of states on linguistic lines.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/01/stories/2005100100040900.htm |title=SRC submits report |work=The Hindu |date= 1 October 2005|accessdate=9 October 2011 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
=== Symbols ===
The commission, due to public demand, recommended disintegration of Hyderabad state and to merge Marathi speaking region,
==== Coat of arms ====
Maratwada, with ] and Kannada speaking region with ]. The ] speaking ] region of ] with ].
<gallery>
File:CoA Nizam 1893.png|Coat of arms of Nizam of Hyderabad ('''1869–1911''')
File:In-hyderabad47.png|Coat of arms of Nizam of Hyderabad ('''1911–1947''')
File:The Royal arms of Hyderabad State.svg|Coat of arms of Nizam of Hyderabad ('''1947–1948''')
File:State Emblem of Hyderabad.jpg|State Emblem of Hyderabad ('''1947–1948''')<ref>{{Cite web |title=ANDHRA PRADESH |url=http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaAndhraP.htm |access-date=2021-07-13 |website=www.hubert-herald.nl}}</ref>
</gallery>The coat of arms features the full titles of the Nizam at the bottom, and a ]{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}


==== Flag ====
Andhra state and Telangana were merged to form ] state on 1 November 1956 after providing safeguards to Telangana in the form of ] (though recently on 2 June 2014, Telangana was separated from Andhra Pradesh as a new 29th state of India, with Hyderabad as its capital.) Gulshanabad Division or Medak Division and Warangal Division were considered as area of Hyderabad's Telangana. However, when Hyderabad was merged in Andhra Pradesh state, substantial area of Adilabad (the area between Godavari and Penganga/Wardha/Pranahita rivers) was transferred to Maharashtra state.(refer Hyderabad state map)
<gallery>
And later on 2014, the state of Telangana was formed splitting from the rest of Andhra Pradesh region.
File:Flag of the State of Hyderabad (18th century-1900).svg|Flag of Hyderabad, 18th century-1900 and later Berar
File:Flag of Hyderabad (1900–1947).svg|1900–1947
File:Asafia flag of Hyderabad State.svg|1947–1948
</gallery>Under the leadership of ] the state changed its traditional heraldic flag.
The Asafia flag of Hyderabad. The script along the top reads ''Al Azmatulillah'' meaning "All greatness is for God". The bottom script reads ''Ya Uthman'' which translates to "Oh ]". The writing in the middle reads "Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah"


==== Stamps ====
].]]
The stamps of the Hyderabad State featured the ], ], and the ].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2019/mar/06/a-stamp-of-history-from-the-nizams-era-1947452.html |title=A stamp of history from the Nizam's era |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=6 March 2019 |access-date=2 September 2019}}</ref>


== Demographics ==
==Descendants of the last Nizam, Osman Ali Khan, Asif Jah VII==
=== Mulki ===
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2012}}
'''Mulkis''' or '''Mulkhis''', are the native inhabitants of the erstwhile Hyderabad State, regardless of ethnic differences.<ref name="auto" /> The term was popularly used during the ], which saw protests demanding job reservations for Mulki people, and demanding non-Mulkis to leave.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d8Ydxc66NrIC&q=agitation+mulkhi&pg=PA84 |title=Public Administration, Steel Or Plastic Frame |last=Rao |first=V. Bhaskara |date=2008 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7835-617-4}}</ref>
] called ] as the wealthiest man in the world]]
The last Nizam, Osman Ali Khan, Asif Jah VII, had 28 sons and 44 daughters. The Asaf Jah dynasty followed the policy of ] regardless of the mother's marital status or rank. Among his children were ], Prince of ], (21 February 1907 – 9 October 1970), the eldest son.


{{Pie chart|
==Family tree==
| caption = Languages in Hyderabad State<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qw3UBwAAQBAJ |title=Hyderabad, British India, and the World |first=Eric Lewis |last=Beverley |date=10 June 2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107091191 |via=Google Books}}</ref>
{{Tree list}}
| label1 =Telugu
*] '''I. ], Yamin us-Sultanat, Rukn us-Sultanat, Jumlat ul-Mulk, Madar ul-Maham, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Khan-i-Dauran, Nawab Mir Ghazi ud-din Siddiqi, Khan Bahadur, Fath Jang, Sipah Salar, Nawab Subadar of the Deccan, 1st ] of Hyderabad (cr. 1720)''' (20 August 1671 – 1 June 1748). A senior governor and counsellor in the Imperial government. Defeated the Imperial forces on 19 June 1720 at Hasanpur and formed an independent state of his own. Confirmed in his possessions by Imperial '']'' and crowned on 31 July. Named Vice-Regent of the Mughal Empire by the Emperor Muhammad Shah on 8 February 1722, secured the province of Berar on 11 October 1724 and formally made ] his new capital on 7 December 1724.
| value1 =48.2
**] '''II. Humayun Jah, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Ahmad 'Ali Siddiqi, Khan Bahadur, Nasir Jang, Nawab Subadar of the Deccan, 2nd Nizam of Hyderabad''' (26 February 1712 – k. by the Nawab of Kadapa 16 December 1750; r. 1 June 1748 - 16 December 1750).
| color1 =steelblue
**Sahibzadi Khair un-nisa Begum. Married Nawab Talib Muhi ud-din Mutasawwil Khan Bahadur, Muzaffar Jang:
| label2 =Marathi
***{{Tree list/final branch}}] '''''III. Nawab Hidayat Muhi ud-din Sa'adu'llah Siddiqi, Khan Bahadur, Muzaffar Jang, Nawab Subadar of the Deccan, 3rd Nizam of Hyderabad''''' (k. by the Nawab of Kurnool 13 February 1751; r. 16 December 1750 - 13 February 1751).
| value2 =26.4
**] '''''IV. Amir ul-Mamalik, Asaf ud-Daula, Nawab Said Muhammad Siddiqi, Khan Bahadur, Zaffar Jang, Nawab Subadar of the Deccan, 4th Nizam of Hyderabad''''' (November 1718 – 16 September 1763; r. 13 February 1751 - 8 July 1762). Deposed by his younger brother on 8 July 1762 and killed in prison the following year, aged 44.''
| color2 =red
**{{Tree list/final branch}}] '''V. ], Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Nizam 'Ali Siddiqi, Khan Bahadur, Fath Jang, Sipah Salar, Nawab Subadar of the Deccan, 5th Nizam of Hyderabad''' (7 March 1734 – 6 August 1803; r. 8 July 1762 - 6 August 1803)
| label3 =Kannada
***{{Tree list/final branch}}] '''VI. ], Muzaffar ul-Mamaluk, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Akbar 'Ali Siddiqi, Khan Bahadur, Fulad Jang, 6th Nizam of Hyderabad''' (11 November 1768 – 21 May 1829; r. 6 August 1803 - 21 May 1829). The first of the dynasty to be officially granted the title of ''Nizam''.
| value3 =12.3
****{{Tree list/final branch}}] '''VII. Rustam-i-Dauran, Aristu-i-Zaman, ], Muzaffar ul-Mamaluk, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Farkhanda 'Ali Siddiqi, Khan Bahadur , Sipah Salar, Fath Jang, Ayn waffadar Fidvi-i-Senliena, Iqtidar-i-Kishwarsitan Muhammad Akbar Shah Padshah-i-Ghazi, 7th Nizam of Hyderabad''' (25 April 1794 – 16 May 1857; r. 21 May 1829 - 16 May 1857).
| color3 =darkslateblue
*****{{Tree list/final branch}}] '''VIII. ], Nizam ul-Mulk, Afzal ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Tahniyat 'Ali Siddiqi, Khan Bahadur, 8th Nizam of Hyderabad, ]''' (11 October 1827 – 26 February 1869; r. 16 May 1857 - 26 February 1869). The first of the dynasty to come under British rule.
| label4 =Urdu
******{{Tree list/final branch}}] '''IX. Rustam-i-Dauran, Arustu-i-Zaman, Wal Mamaluk, ], Muzaffar ul-Mamaluk, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Mahbub 'Ali Siddiqi, Khan Bahadur, Sipah Salar, Fath Jang, 9th Nizam of Hyderabad''' ], ] (17 August 1866 – 31 August 1911; r. 26 February 1869 - 31 August 1911). Succeeded his father on 26 February 1869, ruled under a regency until 5 February 1884, when he was invested with full ruling powers by the Viceroy of India.
| value4 =10.3
*******{{Tree list/final branch}}] '''X. Rustam-i-Dauran, Arustu-i-Zaman, Wal Mamaluk, ], Muzaffar ul-Mamaluk, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Osman ‘Ali Siddiqi, Khan Bahadur, Sipah Salar, Fath Jang, Faithful Ally of the British Government, 10th Nizam of Hyderabad and of Berar''' ], ], ], ] (6 April 1886 – 24 January 1967; r. 31 August 1911 - 26 January 1950). Granted the style of ''His Exalted Highness'' (1 January 1918), the title of ''Faithful Ally of the British Government'' (24 January 1918) and ''Nizam of Hyderabad and of Berar'' (13 November 1936). The last of the ruling Nizams; ruled absolutely from his accession until 19 September 1948, when the state was formally annexed to the ]. Maintained semi-ruling and semi-autonomous status from then until 23 November 1949, when he accepted the paramountcy of the new Indian government and Constitution and acceded to the Union. Formally lost his sovereignty, ending 230 years of Asaf Jahi rule, upon the formal promulgation of the Constitution on 26 January 1950. Served as '']'' of the new Hyderabad State from 26 January 1950 until 31 October 1956, when the post was abolished. Served as a titular monarch from 26 January 1950 until his death.
| color4 =green
********{{Tree list/final branch}} ], Prince of ] ], ] (21 February 1907 – 9 October 1970). Granted the title of ''His Highness the Prince of Berar'' (13 November 1936). Passed over in the line of succession in 1967 in favour of his elder son.
| label5 =Others
*********{{Tree list/final branch}} ] '''XI. Rustam-i-Dauran, Arustu-i-Zaman, Wal Mamaluk, Asaf Jah VIII, Muzaffar ul-Mamaluk, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Barakat ‘Ali Siddiqi, Khan Bahadur, Sipah Salar, Fath Jang, 11th Nizam of Hyderabad and Berar''' (b. 6 October 1933; 11th Nizam: 24 January 1967 - 28 December 1971; dynastic head and pretender since then).
| value5 =2.8
**********{{Tree list/final branch}} Azmat Jah, Nawab Mir Muhammad Azmat ‘Ali Siddiqi, Khan Bahadur (b. 23 June 1960; appointed Prince of Berar and heir apparent: 2002)
| color5 =grey
{{Tree list/end}}
}}
As per the 1941 Hyderabad State Census, 2,187,005 people spoke ], 7,529,229 people spoke ], 3,947,089 people spoke ], 1,724,180 people spoke Kanarese (]) as native languages.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.101551 |title=Census Of India 1941 Vol-xxi H.e.h. The Nizams Dominions (hyd State) |last=Mazhar_hussain_m.a__b.sc |date=1947}}</ref> The ] population, including the ruling ] numbered around 2,097,475 people, while Hindus numbered around 9,171,318 people.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.101551 |title=Census Of India 1941 Vol-xxi H.e.h. The Nizams Dominions (hyd State) |date=10 April 1947 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>


== Architecture ==
Although many Muslim princes would have welcomed a matrimonial alliance with the Nizam's family, the Nizam's daughters had been married traditionally to young men of the ]. This family belonged to the Sunni sect, and from the second Nizam's time they had been personal bodyguards of the Nizam.


The architecture of Hyderabad State is very cosmopolitan, and heavily influenced by European and Islamic styles. The Nizam's palaces and several public buildings were built in a distinctive style. The earliest surviving buildings are purely European, examples being the ] ] (1798) and ] (1893). In the early 20th century, the ]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/osmania-general-hospital-gasps-for-attention-heritage-building-crumbling-roofs-caving-in/articleshow/56846559.cms |title = Osmania general hospital gasps for attention: Heritage building crumbling, roofs caving in &#124; Hyderabad News – Times of India |website = ] |date=29 January 2017 }}</ref>
''italics'' – Considered pretenders by most historians; refrained from exercising traditional authority during their reigns.
], ], and ] were designed in the ] style by ]. The ] was also built in a similar style.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/once-pride-nizam-hyderabads-iconic-osmania-hospital-now-lies-shambles-56184 |title=Once the pride of the Nizam, Hyderabad's iconic Osmania hospital now lies in shambles |date=24 January 2017 |website=The News Minute}}</ref>
<gallery class="center" widths="180" heights="180">
File:Falaknuma Palace 01.jpg|''Falaknuma Palace''
File:Falaknuma Palace - Entrance - 2.jpg|''The entrance to the Palace''
File:Interiors, Falaknuma Palace - 1.jpg|''The reception room of the Falaknuma Palace''
British Residency of Hyderabad 3.jpg|''British Residency of Hyderabad''
</gallery>


==Industries==
<ref name="royalark.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.royalark.net/India/hyder.htm|title=hyder|publisher=|accessdate=28 September 2014}}</ref>
]

Various major industries emerged in various parts of the State of Hyderabad before its incorporation into the Union of India, especially during the first half of the twentieth century. Hyderabad city had a separate power plant for electricity. However, the Nizams focused on industrial development in the region of ], housing several industries there with transportation facilities by both road and rail.<ref name="Kaleidoscopic view of Deccan">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/br/2009/08/25/stories/2009082550041600.htm |location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu |title=Kaleidoscopic view of Deccan |date=25 August 2009 |access-date=4 August 2010 |archive-date=30 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930134719/http://www.hindu.com/br/2009/08/25/stories/2009082550041600.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==Palaces of the Nizams==
{| class="wikitable"
]]]
|+ Industries in pre-Independence Hyderabad<ref name="Kaleidoscopic view of Deccan" />
The Asaf Jahis were prolific builders. Several palaces of the Nizams were:
! Company!!Year

|-
* ]
| ] || 1875
* ]
|-
* ]
| ] || 1920
* ], New Delhi.
|-
* ]
| ] || 1920
* ]
|-
* ]
| ] || 1930
* ]
|-
* ]
| ] || 1930
* ]
|-
* ]
| ] || 1934
Other landmarks include the ], ], ], ], ], ], ], the ] and the ] are among their notable constructions.
|-

| ] || 1937
The Nizams liked the European style of architecture and created a fusion of European traditions with ] and ] forms and ].{{citation needed|date=March 2015}}
|-

| ] || 1942
==End of the Dynasty and Removal of the Last Nizam==
|-
{{Main|Hyderabad Campaign (1948)}}
|]|| 1943
] (at right) offers his surrender of the ] Forces to Major General (later General and Army Chief) ] at ].]]
|-

| ] || 1945
After the British left India in 1947, the Nizam of Hyderabad initially chose to join neither India nor Pakistan. He later declared Hyderabad a free, self-governing independent state but the Government of India, desirous of ending marginalization of the Hindu population under Nizam, refused to accept his point of view citing reasons Hyderabad was surrounded by India on all sides and did not have an access to sea. After extensive attempts by India to persuade the Nizam to accede to India failed, the Indian government finally launched a military operation named ] to overthrow his rule and liberate the non Muslims. When the Indian Army invaded his princely State on 13 September 1948, his overwhelmingly Muslim forces were unable to withstand the Indian army and were defeated. The Nizam capitulated and his forces surrendered on 17 September 1948 and he broadcast this over radio the same afternoon. The Nizam was forced to accept accession to India. His rule ended on 17 September 1948. It was the end of the ruling dynasty.
|-
Mir Osman Ali Khan, the last Nizam, died on Friday 24 February 1967. All Nizams are buried in the royal graves at the ] near ] in Hyderabad except for the last Nizam, ], who wished to be buried beside his mother, in the graveyard of ] facing ].{{citation needed|date=March 2015}}
|] || 1946

|-
==Places and things named after the Nizam==
|] || 1946
* ], a city and district in state of Telangana
|-
* ] university
|] || 1938
* ]
|}
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ], a Royal Australian Naval vessel named for the Nizam prince who helped finance her construction
* ]
* ]
*] http://joyhyderabad.com/web/history-of-hyderabad/

==State institutions==
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* Government Polytechnic College, Masab Tank

==Palaces of Hyderabad State era==
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]


==See also== ==See also==
{{Portal|Hyderabad}}
{{columns-list|4|
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* ]
* ]
* Regions of former Nizam's Dominion on linguistic basis:
**]
**]
**]
* ] for a list of Nizams and other information
* ], the armed forces of Hyderabad State
* ] * ]
* ], the local dialect of Urdu * ], the local dialect of Urdu
* ]
* ], the Indian city that served as capital of Hyderabad State
* ], another city with the same name in ] ] * ], India, the Indian city that served as capital of Hyderabad State
* ], the military invasion that resulted in the annexation of Hyderabad state into India
* ] for a list of Nizams and other information
* ]
* ] and ], regions formerly in Hyderabad State
* ]
* ], the military invasion that resulted in the incorporation of Hyderabad state into India
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
}} }}


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==References== ==References==
{{#section:Indian_integration_of_Hyderabad|SharedRef}}
{{Reflist}} {{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation |first=Lucien D. |last=Benichou |title=From Autocracy to Integration: Political Developments in Hyderabad State, 1938–1948 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Loiq3YrFy40C |date=2000 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-1847-6 |ref={{sfnref|Benichou, Autocracy to Integration|2000}}}}
* {{citation |last=Beverley |first=Eric Lewis |title=Hyderabad, British India, and the World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qw3UBwAAQBAJ |date=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-09119-1 |ref={{sfnref|Beverley, Hyderabad, British India, and the World|2015}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Chandra |first1=Bipan |author-link=Bipan Chandra |last2=Mukherjee |first2=Aditya |last3=Mukherjee |first3=Mridula |title=India Since Independence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dE9qEg-NgHMC |year=2008 |orig-year=first published 1999 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-310409-4}}
* {{citation |last=Faruqi |first=Munis D. |chapter=At Empire's End: The Nizam, Hyderabad and Eighteenth-century India |editor1=Richard M. Eaton |editor2=Munis D. Faruqui |editor3=David Gilmartin |editor4=Sunil Kumar |title=Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History: Essays in Honour of John F. Richards |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0_xhdCScQkC&pg=PA1 |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-03428-0 |pages=1–38}}
*{{cite book |last=Noorani |first=A. G. |title=The Destruction of Hyderabad |publisher=Hurst & Co |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-84904-439-4 }}
* {{citation |first=Ramachandra |last=Guha |title=India after Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy |publisher=Pan Macmillan |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-330-39611-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=29lXtwoeA44C}}
* {{citation |first=Wilfred Cantwell |last=Smith |author-link=Wilfred Cantwell Smith |title=Hyderabad: Muslim Tragedy |journal=Middle East Journal |volume=4 |pages=27–51 |number=1 |date=January 1950 |jstor=4322137}}
* {{citation |author=Ram Narayan Kumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WD9uAAAAMAAJ|title=The Sikh unrest and the Indian state: politics, personalities, and historical retrospective|date=1 April 1997|publisher=]|isbn=978-81-202-0453-9|page=99|ref={{sfnref|Ram Narayan Kuma|1997}}}}
* {{citation |author=Jayanta Kumar Ray|title=Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World|date=2007|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-0834-7|page=206}}
*{{citation |last=Law |first=John |title=Modern Hyderabad (Deccan) |url=https://en.wikisource.org/Modern_Hyderabad_(Deccan) |year=1914 |publisher=Thacker, Spink & Company }}
* {{citation |last=Lynton |first=Harriet Ronken |title=Days of the Beloved |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f5w9_mkaCYkC |year=1987 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-0863112690 |ref={{sfnref|Lynton, Days of the Beloved|1987}}}}
* {{citation |last=Briggs |first=Henry George |title=The Nizam, his history and relations with the British Government |url=https://archive.org/details/nizamhishistoryr01brig/page/n25 |year= 1861 }}
* {{cite book| last = Dalrymple| first = William |author-link=William Dalrymple (historian)| title = White Mughals: love and betrayal in eighteenth-century India| publisher = Flamingo (HarperCollins)| date = 2003 |orig-year=1st pub. 2002| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=W1b5h0NlnL8C| isbn = 978-0-14-200412-8}}
{{refend}}


==Further reading== ==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |title= Hyderabad State |series=Imperial Gazetteer of India Provincial Series |publisher= Atlantic Publishers |location=New Delhi |year= 1989 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zXBB1nZYoLIC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb}}
*{{cite book |last= Benichou |first=Lucien D. |title= From Autocracy to Integration: Political Developments in Hyderabad State, 1938–1948 |publisher= ] |year= 2000 |isbn= 978-81-250-1847-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Loiq3YrFy40C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb}} *{{cite book |title=Hyderabad State |series=Imperial Gazetteer of India Provincial Series |publisher=Atlantic Publishers |location=New Delhi |year=1989 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zXBB1nZYoLIC}}
*{{cite book |last= Iyengar |first=Kesava |title= Economic Investigations in the Hyderabad State 1939-1930 |volume=1 |publisher= Read Books |year= 2007 |isbn= 978-1-4067-6435-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SZfFJn3UQqsC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb}} *{{cite book |last=Iyengar |first=Kesava |title=Economic Investigations in the Hyderabad State 1939–1930 |volume=1 |publisher=Read Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4067-6435-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SZfFJn3UQqsC}}
* Leonard, Karen. "The Hyderabad Political System and its Participants," ''Journal of Asian Studies'' (1971) 30#3 pp.&nbsp;569–582 * {{cite journal |last1=Leonard |first1=Karen |year=1971 |title=The Hyderabad Political System and its Participants |journal=Journal of Asian Studies |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=569–582 |jstor=2052461 |doi=10.2307/2052461 |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/454191gp }}
*{{cite book |last=Pernau |first=Margrit |title=The Passing of Patrimonialism: Politics and Political Culture in Hyderabad, 1911–1948 |year=2000 |publisher=Manohar |location=Delhi |isbn=81-7304-362-0 |url=http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=jnJuAAAAMAAJ |ref=Pernau00}} *{{cite book |last=Pernau |first=Margrit |title=The Passing of Patrimonialism: Politics and Political Culture in Hyderabad, 1911–1948 |year=2000 |publisher=Manohar |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-7304-362-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jnJuAAAAMAAJ |ref=Pernau00}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Purushotham |first1=Sunil |year=2015 |title=Internal Violence: The "Police Action" in Hyderabad |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=435–466 |doi=10.1017/S0010417515000092 |s2cid=145147551 }}
*{{cite book |last=Various |title=Hyderabad State List of Leading Officials, Nobles and Personages |publisher=Read Books |year= 2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UM-HUdTLTWAC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb |isbn=978-1-4067-3137-8}}
* Sherman, Taylor C. "Migration, citizenship and belonging in Hyderabad (Deccan), 1946–1956." ''Modern Asian Studies'' 45#1 (2011): 81–107.
*{{cite book |last= Zubrzycki |first=John |title= The Last Nizam: An Indian Prince in the Australian Outback |publisher= ] |location=Australia |year= 2006 |isbn= 978-0-330-42321-2}}
* Sherman, Taylor C. "The integration of the princely state of Hyderabad and the making of the postcolonial state in India, 1948–56." ''Indian Economic & Social History Review'' 44#4 (2007): 489–516.
*{{cite book |last=Various |title=Hyderabad State List of Leading Officials, Nobles and Personages |publisher=Read Books |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UM-HUdTLTWAC |isbn=978-1-4067-3137-8}}
*{{cite book |last=Zubrzycki |first=John |title=The Last Nizam: An Indian Prince in the Australian Outback |publisher=] |location=Australia |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-330-42321-2}}
{{refend}}


==External links== ==External links==
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{{Authority control}}
{{Hyderabad topics}} {{Hyderabad topics}}
{{Princely states of India}} {{Princely states of India}}
{{Telangana}}
{{States of India on 26 January 1950}}

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Latest revision as of 15:03, 23 December 2024

Princely state in southern India (1724–1948) This article is about this princely state in India from 1724–1948. For the superseding Indian State from 1948–1956, see Hyderabad State (1948–1956). For the modern state, see Telangana.

Hyderabad State
1724–1948
Flag of Hyderabad State Flag (1947–1948) Coat of arms of Hyderabad State of Hyderabad State Coat of arms of Hyderabad State
Motto: Al Azmat Allah
("Greatness belongs to God")
Ya Osman
("Oh Osman")
Hyderabad (dark green) and Berar Province, not a part of Hyderabad State but also the Nizam's Dominion between 1853 and 1903 (light green)Hyderabad (dark green) and Berar Province, not a part of Hyderabad State but also the Nizam's Dominion between 1853 and 1903 (light green)
StatusVassal state of the Mughal Empire (de jure, 1724–1858)
Semi-independent under British protection (1798–1858)
Princely state of India (1858–1947)
Unrecognised independent state (1947–1948)
CapitalAurangabad (1724–1763)
Hyderabad (1763–1948)
Official languagesPersian (Court and revenue 1724–1886) and Hindustani (dynastic)
Hindustani (For Court and revenue from 1886–1948)
Common languagesTelugu (48.2%)
Marathi (26.4%)
Kannada (12.3%)
Deccani Urdu (10.3%)
Religion Hinduism (81%)
Islam (13%)
Christianity and others (6%) (spread among Anglo-Indian population expanding to Secunderabad and Hyderabad)
GovernmentAbsolute Monarchy
Nizam 
• 1724–1748 Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I (first)
• 1911–1948 Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII (last)
Prime Minister 
• 1724–1730 Iwaz Khan (first)
• 1947–1948 Mir Laiq Ali (last)
Historical era.
• Established 31 July 1724
• Telangana Rebellion 1946
• Annexation by India 18 September 1948
Area
1941214,187 km (82,698 sq mi)
Population
• 1941 16,338,534
CurrencyHyderabadi rupee
Preceded by Succeeded by
Hyderabad Subah, Mughal Empire
Hyderabad State (1948–1956)
Today part ofIndia
Princely state
Individual residencies
Agencies
Lists

Hyderabad State (pronunciation) was a princely state in the Deccan region of south-central India with its capital at the city of Hyderabad. It is now divided into the present-day state of Telangana, the Kalyana-Karnataka region of Karnataka, and the Marathwada region of Maharashtra in India.

The state was ruled from 1724 to 1948 by the Nizam, who was initially a viceroy of the Mughal empire in the Deccan. Hyderabad gradually became the first princely state to come under British paramountcy signing a subsidiary alliance agreement. During the British rule in 1901, the state had a revenue of ₹4,17,00,000. The native inhabitants of Hyderabad State, regardless of ethnic origin, are called "Mulki" (countryman), a term still used today.

The dynasty declared itself an independent monarchy during the final years of the British Raj. After the Partition of India, Hyderabad signed a standstill agreement with the new dominion of India, continuing all previous arrangements except for the stationing of Indian troops in the state. Hyderabad's location in the middle of the Indian Union, as well as its diverse cultural heritage led to India's annexation of the state in 1948. Subsequently, Mir Osman Ali Khan, the seventh Nizam, signed an instrument of accession, joining India.

Painting of First Nizam ul Mulk
On 22 February 1937, a cover story by Time called Osman Ali Khan, Asif Jah VII the wealthiest man in the world

History

Early history

Hyderabad State was founded by Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan who was the governor of Deccan under the Mughals from 1713 to 1721. In 1724, he resumed rule from the Mughal provincial capital of Aurangabad, under the title of Asaf Jah (granted by Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah). His other title, Nizam ul-Mulk (Order of the Realm), became the title of his position "Nizam of Hyderabad". By the end of his rule, the Nizam had become independent from the Mughals, and had founded the Asaf Jahi dynasty.

Following the decline of the Mughal power, the region of Deccan saw the rise of the Maratha Empire. The Nizam himself saw many invasions by the Marathas in the 1720s, which resulted in the Nizam paying a regular Chauth (tax) to the Marathas. The major battles fought between the Marathas and the Nizam include Palkhed, Rakshasbhuvan, and Kharda. Following the conquest of Deccan by Bajirao I and the imposition of Chauth by him, Nizam remained a tributary of the Marathas for all intent and purposes.

In 1763, the Nizam shifted the capital to the city of Hyderabad. From 1778, a British resident and soldiers were installed in his dominions. In 1795, the Nizam lost some of his territories to the Marathas. The territorial gains of the Nizam from Mysore as an ally of the British were ceded to the British to meet the cost of maintaining the British soldiers.

British suzerainty

See also: Northern Circars

In 1768, the Nizam signed the Treaty of Masulipatam ceding the Northern Circars to British. Later in 1779, the Nizams along with Marathas and Hyder Ali Mysore came together and formed an alliance against the British. This resulted in British defeating the alliance and subsequently Nizam in 1788 had to cede Guntur to British. Subsequently the Nizams had to sign various treaties, the most important of this was the signing of Treaty of Subsidiary Alliance under which Nizams had ceded most of the power to the British. Gradually the entire coastal areas were lost to the British and Hyderabad became a landlocked kingdom.

In 1798, Nizam ʿĀlī Khan (Asaf Jah II) was forced to enter into an agreement that put Hyderabad under British protection. He was the first Indian prince to sign such an agreement. (Consequently, the ruler of Hyderabad rated a 23-gun salute during the period of British India.) The Crown retained the right to intervene in case of misrule.

Hyderabad under Asaf Jah II was a British ally in the second and third Maratha Wars (1803–05, 1817–19), Anglo-Mysore wars, and would remain loyal to the British during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 (1857–58).

His son, Asaf Jah III Mir Akbar Ali Khan (known as Sikandar Jah) ruled from 1803 to 1829. During his rule, a British cantonment was built in Hyderabad and the area was named in his honour, Secunderabad. The British Residency at Koti was also built during his reign by the then British Resident James Achilles Kirkpatrick.

Sikander Jah was succeeded by Asaf Jah IV, who ruled from 1829 to 1857 and was succeeded by his son Asaf Jah V.

Asaf Jah V

Asaf Jah V's reign from 1857 to 1869 was marked by reforms by his Prime Minister Salar Jung I. Before this time, there was no regular or systematic form of administration, and the duties were in the hands of the Diwan (Prime Minister), and corruption was thus widespread.

In 1867, the State was divided into five divisions and seventeen districts, and subedars (governors) were appointed for the five Divisions and talukdars and tehsildars for the districts. The judicial, public works, medical, educational, municipal, and police departments were re-organised. In 1868, sadr-i-mahrams (Assistant Ministers) were appointed for the Judicial, Revenue, Police, and Miscellaneous Departments.

Later on, Asaf Jah VI succeeded the position.

Asaf Jah VI

Asaf Jah VI Mir Mahbub Ali Khan became the Nizam at the age of three years. His regents were Salar Jung I and Shams-ul-Umra III and later on Asman Jah and Viqar-ul-Umra. He assumed full rule at the age of 17 and ruled until he died in 1911. His reign saw the official language of Hyderabad State shift from Persian to Urdu, a change implemented in the 1880s during the short tenure of Prime Minister Salar Jung II.

The Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway was established during his reign to connect Hyderabad State to the rest of British India. It was headquartered at Secunderabad Railway Station. The railway marked the beginning of industry in Hyderabad, and factories were built in Hyderabad city.

During his rule, the Great Musi Flood of 1908 struck the city of Hyderabad, which killed an estimated 50,000 people. The Nizam opened all his palaces for public asylum.

He also abolished Sati where women used to jump into their husband's burning pyre, by issuing a royal firman.

Asaf Jah VII

The last Nizam of Hyderabad Mir Osman Ali Khan ruled the state from 1911 until 1948. He was given the title "Faithful Ally of the British Empire".

The Nizam also established Hyderabad State Bank. Hyderabad was the only independent state in Indian subcontinent that had its currency, the Hyderabadi rupee. The Begumpet Airport was established in the 1930s with formation of Hyderabad Aero Club by the Nizam. Initially, it was used as a domestic and international airport for Nizam's Deccan Airways, the earliest airline in British India. The terminal building was created in 1937.

To prevent another great flood, the Nizam also constructed two lakes, namely the Osman Sagar and Himayath Sagar. The Osmania General Hospital, Jubilee Hall, State Library (then known as Asifia Kutubkhana) and Public Gardens (then known as Bagh e Aam) were constructed during this period.

After Indian Independence (1947–1948)

Main article: Operation Polo

In 1947 India gained independence and Pakistan came into existence. The British left the local rulers of the princely states the choice of whether to join one or the other or to remain independent. On 11 June 1947, the Nizam issued a declaration to the effect that he had decided not to participate in the Constituent Assembly of either Pakistan or India.

However, the Nizams were Muslim ruling over a predominantly Hindu population. India insisted that the great majority of residents wanted to join India.

The Nizam was in a weak position as his army numbered only 24,000 men, of whom only some 6,000 were fully trained and equipped.

On 21 August 1948, the Secretary-General of the Hyderabad Department of External Affairs requested the President of the United Nations Security Council, under Article 35(2) of the United Nations Charter, to consider the "grave dispute, which, unless settled by international law and justice, is likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace and security".

On 4 September the Prime Minister of Hyderabad Mir Laiq Ali announced to the Hyderabad Assembly that a delegation was about to leave for Lake Success, headed by Moin Nawaz Jung. The Nizam also appealed, without success, to the British Labour Government and to the King for assistance, to fulfil their obligations and promises to Hyderabad by "immediate intervention". Hyderabad only had the support of Winston Churchill and the British Conservatives.

(From left to right): Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, Nizam VII and army chief Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri after Hyderabad's accession to India
Hyderabad state in 1956 (in yellowish-green). After the reorganisation in 1956, Regions of the state west of Red and Blue lines merged with Bombay and Mysore states respectively and the rest of the state (Telangana) was merged with Andhra State to form the state of Andhra Pradesh.

At 4 a.m. on 13 September 1948, India's Hyderabad Campaign, code-named "Operation Polo" by the Indian Army, began. Indian troops invaded Hyderabad from all points of the compass. On 13 September 1948, the Secretary-General of the Hyderabad Department of External Affairs in a cablegram informed the United Nations Security Council that Hyderabad was being invaded by Indian forces and that hostilities had broken out. The Security Council took notice of it on 16 September in Paris. The representative of Hyderabad called for immediate action by the Security Council under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter. The Hyderabad representative responded to India's excuse for the intervention by pointing out that the Stand-still Agreement between the two countries had expressly provided that nothing in it should give India the right to send in troops to assist in the maintenance of internal order.

At 5 p.m. on 17 September, the Nizam's army surrendered. The Government of Hyderabad resigned, and military governors and chief ministers were appointed by the Nizam at India's direction.

On 26 January 1950, India formally incorporated the state of Hyderabad into the Union of India and ended the rule of the Nizams.

Hyderabad State (1948–1956)

Main article: Hyderabad State (1948–1956)

After the incorporation of Hyderabad State into India, M. K. Vellodi was appointed as Chief Minister of the state and Mir Osman Ali Khan became the Rajpramukh on 26 January 1950. He was a Senior Civil servant in the Government of India. He administered the state with the help of bureaucrats from Madras state and Bombay state.

In the 1952 Legislative Assembly election, Burgula Ramakrishna Rao was elected Chief Minister of Hyderabad State. During this time there were violent agitations by some Telanganites to send back bureaucrats from Madras state, and to strictly implement 'Mulki-rules' (local jobs for locals only), which was part of Hyderabad state law since 1919.

Dissolution

In 1956 during the reorganisation of the Indian States based along linguistic lines, the state of Hyderabad was split up among Andhra Pradesh and Bombay state (later Maharashtra) and Karnataka.

On 2 June 2014, the state of Telangana was formed splitting from the rest of Andhra Pradesh state and formed the 29th state of India, with Hyderabad as its capital.

Government and politics

Government

Hyderabad State 1901 with Districts
Hyderabad State in 1909 with Divisions and New Districts

Wilfred Cantwell Smith states that Hyderabad was an area where the political and social structure from medieval Muslim rule had been preserved more or less intact into modern times. The last Nizam was reputed to be the wealthiest man in the world. He was supported by an aristocracy of 1,100 feudal lords who owned a further 30% of the state's land, with some 4 million tenant farmers. The state also owned 50% or more of the capital in all the major enterprises, allowing the Nizam to earn further profits and control their affairs.

Next in the social structure were the administrative and official classes, comprising about 1,500 officials. A number of them were recruited from outside the state. The lower-level government employees were also predominantly Muslim. Effectively, the Muslims of Hyderabad represented an 'upper caste' of the social structure.

All power was vested in the Nizam. He ruled with the help of an Executive Council or Cabinet, established in 1893, whose members he was free to appoint and dismiss. The government of the Nizam recruited heavily from the North Indian Hindu Kayastha caste for administrative posts. There was also an Assembly, whose role was mostly advisory. More than half of its members were appointed by the Nizam and the rest were elected from a carefully limited franchise. There were representatives of Hindus, Parsis, Christians and Depressed Classes in the Assembly. Their influence was however limited due to their small numbers.

The state government also had a large number of outsiders (called non-mulkhis) – 46,800 of them in 1933, including all the members of the Nizam's Executive Council. Hindus and Muslims united in protesting against the practice which robbed the locals of government employment. The movement, however, fizzled out after the Hindu members raised the issue of 'responsible government', which was of no interest to the Muslim members and led to their resignation.

Various properties and wealth owned by the Nizam as part of Hyderabad State are now succeeded by his descendants, including his grandsons Prince Mukarram Jah, Prince Mufakkam Jah & Prince Shahmat Jah and his great-grandson Himayat Ali Mirza among others. Himayat Ali Mirza, great-grandson of the Nizam, remarked that his stake in the English state sums up to 36% of the total amount. For claiming the total share of £35 million, Nizam's great-grandson, Himayat Ali Mirza, reached the London High Court.

Political movements

Up to 1920, there was no political organisation of any kind in Hyderabad. In that year, following British pressure, the Nizam issued a firman appointing a special officer to investigate constitutional reforms. It was welcomed enthusiastically by a section of the populace, who formed the Hyderabad State Reforms Association. However, the Nizam and the Special Officer ignored all their demands for consultation. Meanwhile, the Nizam banned the Khilafat movement in the State as well as all political meetings and the entry of "political outsiders". Nevertheless, some political activity did take place and witnessed cooperation between Hindus and Muslims. The abolition of the Sultanate in Turkey and Gandhi's suspension of the Non-co-operation movement in British India ended this period of cooperation.

An organisation called Andhra Jana Sangham (later renamed Andhra Mahasabha) was formed in November 1921 and focused on educating the masses of Telangana in political awareness. With leading members such as Madapati Hanumantha Rao, Burgula Ramakrishna Rao and M. Narsing Rao, its activities included urging merchants to resist offering freebies to government officials and encouraging labourers to resist the system of begar (free labour requested at the behest of state). Alarmed by its activities, the Nizam passed a powerful gagging order in 1929, requiring all public meetings to obtain prior permission. But the organisation persisted by mobilising on social issues such as the protection of ryots, women's rights, abolition of the devadasi system and purdah, uplifting of Dalits etc. It turned to politics again in 1937, passing a resolution calling for responsible government. Soon afterwards, it split along the moderate–extremist lines. The Andhra Mahasabha's move towards politics also inspired similar movements in Marathwada and Karnataka in 1937, giving rise to the Maharashtra Parishad and Karnataka Parishad respectively.

Military

Main article: Hyderabad State Forces

Hyderabad's first ruler, Asaf Jah I (r. 1724–1748) was a talented commander and assembled a powerful army that allowed Hyderabad to become one of the preeminent states in southern India. After his death, the military was crippled by the succession wars of his sons. It was restored under Asaf Jah II (r. 1762–1803) who modernised the army. Notable units during his reign included British-trained battalions, the French-trained Corps Français de Raymond which was led by Michel Joachim Marie Raymond and fought under the French Tricolour, and the Victorious Battalion, an elite infantry unit entirely composed of women.

Culture

Symbols

Coat of arms

  • Coat of arms of Nizam of Hyderabad (1869–1911) Coat of arms of Nizam of Hyderabad (1869–1911)
  • Coat of arms of Nizam of Hyderabad (1911–1947) Coat of arms of Nizam of Hyderabad (1911–1947)
  • Coat of arms of Nizam of Hyderabad (1947–1948) Coat of arms of Nizam of Hyderabad (1947–1948)
  • State Emblem of Hyderabad (1947–1948) State Emblem of Hyderabad (1947–1948)

The coat of arms features the full titles of the Nizam at the bottom, and a dastar

Flag

  • Flag of Hyderabad, 18th century-1900 and later Berar Flag of Hyderabad, 18th century-1900 and later Berar
  • 1900–1947 1900–1947
  • 1947–1948 1947–1948

Under the leadership of Asaf Jah V the state changed its traditional heraldic flag.

The Asafia flag of Hyderabad. The script along the top reads Al Azmatulillah meaning "All greatness is for God". The bottom script reads Ya Uthman which translates to "Oh Osman". The writing in the middle reads "Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah"

Stamps

1937 Hyderabad State stamp featuring the Osmania General Hospital.

The stamps of the Hyderabad State featured the Golconda Fort, Ajanta Caves, and the Charminar.

Demographics

Mulki

Mulkis or Mulkhis, are the native inhabitants of the erstwhile Hyderabad State, regardless of ethnic differences. The term was popularly used during the 1952 Mulkhi Agitation (Telangana), which saw protests demanding job reservations for Mulki people, and demanding non-Mulkis to leave.

Languages in Hyderabad State

  Telugu (48.2%)  Marathi (26.4%)  Kannada (12.3%)  Urdu (10.3%)  Others (2.8%)

As per the 1941 Hyderabad State Census, 2,187,005 people spoke Urdu, 7,529,229 people spoke Telugu, 3,947,089 people spoke Marathi, 1,724,180 people spoke Kanarese (Kannada) as native languages. The Hyderabadi Muslim population, including the ruling Asaf Jahi dynasty numbered around 2,097,475 people, while Hindus numbered around 9,171,318 people.

Architecture

The architecture of Hyderabad State is very cosmopolitan, and heavily influenced by European and Islamic styles. The Nizam's palaces and several public buildings were built in a distinctive style. The earliest surviving buildings are purely European, examples being the neoclassical British Residency (1798) and Falaknuma Palace (1893). In the early 20th century, the Osmania General Hospital City College, High Court, and Kacheguda Railway station were designed in the Indo-Saracenic style by Vincent Esch. The Moazzam Jahi Market was also built in a similar style.

  • Falaknuma Palace Falaknuma Palace
  • The entrance to the Palace The entrance to the Palace
  • The reception room of the Falaknuma Palace The reception room of the Falaknuma Palace
  • British Residency of Hyderabad British Residency of Hyderabad

Industries

A locomotive at the Secunderabad Station (circa 1928)

Various major industries emerged in various parts of the State of Hyderabad before its incorporation into the Union of India, especially during the first half of the twentieth century. Hyderabad city had a separate power plant for electricity. However, the Nizams focused on industrial development in the region of Sanathnagar, housing several industries there with transportation facilities by both road and rail.

Industries in pre-Independence Hyderabad
Company Year
Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway 1875
Karkhana Zinda Tilismat 1920
Singareni Collieries 1920
Hyderabad Deccan Cigarette Factory 1930
Vazir Sultan Tobacco Company, Charminar cigarette factory 1930
Azam Jahi Mills Warangal 1934
Nizam Sugar Factory 1937
Allwyn Metal Works 1942
Praga Tools 1943
Deccan Airways Limited 1945
Hyderabad Asbestos 1946
Sirsilk 1946
Sirpur Paper Mills 1938

See also

Notes

  1. However some Hindus served in high government posts such as Prime Minister of Hyderabad — Raja Ragunath Das, Vitthal Sundar Parshurami, Raja Sham Raj Rai Rayan, Maharaja Chandu Lal, Ram Baksh, Ganesh Rao, Maharaja Sir Kishen Pershad; Kotwal of Hyderabad (Venkatarama Reddy); and Raja Shamraj Rajwant Bahadur, member of H. E. H the Nizam's Executive Council.

References

  1. Tariqh Rahman (2008). Urdu In hyderabad. Department of Languages and cultures in Asia. p. 36. The Nizams from Mīr Qamruíd-Dīn Khān (1724-48) until the sixth ruler of the house Mīr Maḥbūb ʿAlī Khān (1869-1911) used Persian as their court language, in common with the prevailing fashion of their times, though they spoke Urdu at home.
  2. Beverley, Hyderabad, British India, and the World 2015, p. 110.
  3. Benichou, Autocracy to Integration 2000, p. 20.
  4. MiO'Dwyer, Michael (1988), India as I Knew it: 1885–1925, Mittal Publications, pp. 137–, GGKEY:DB7YTGYWP7W
  5. Smith 1950, pp. 27–28.
  6. Benichou, Autocracy to Integration 2000, Chapter 7: "'Operation Polo', the code name for the armed invasion of Hyderabad"
  7. ^ Husain, Mazhar (1947). Census Of India 1941 Vol-xxi H.e.h. The Nizams Dominions (hyd State).
  8. Ali, Cherágh (1886). Hyderabad (Deccan) Under Sir Salar Jung. Printed at the Education Society's Press.
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  10. ^ Leonard, Karen Isaksen (2007). Locating Home: India's Hyderabadis Abroad. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-5442-2.
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  21. Briggs 1861, pp. 79.
  22. "The University of Queensland Homepage".
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  24. Briggs 1861, pp. 104–115.
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  26. Law 1914, pp. 31–37.
  27. Law 1914, pp. 140–143.
  28. ^ Law 1914, pp. 26–28.
  29. "Nizam of Hyderabad Dead", New York Times, 30 August 1911
  30. Lynton, Days of the Beloved 1987, pp. 13–19.
  31. Tariq, Rahman (10 September 2008). Urdu in Hyderabad State. Department of Languages and Cultures of Asia, UW-Madison. pp. 36 & 46. OCLC 733407091.
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  33. Nayeem, M. A.; The Splendour of Hyderabad; Hyderabad ²2002 ; ISBN 81-85492-20-4; S. 221
  34. Lynton, Days of the Beloved 1987, pp. 56–57.
  35. Law 1914, pp. 84–86.
  36. "Hyderabad to observe 104th anniversary of Musi flood". The Siasat Daily. 20 September 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  37. Lynton, Days of the Beloved 1987, pp. 13–15.
  38. Shanker, CR Gowri (10 June 2018). "Letters leave a rich legacy of rulers". Deccan Chronicle.
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  43. Purushotham, Sunil (2015). "Internal Violence: The "Police Action" in Hyderabad". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 57 (2): 435–466. doi:10.1017/s0010417515000092. S2CID 145147551.
  44. Benichou, Autocracy to Integration 2000, p. 229.
  45. "The Hyderabad Question" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  46. Benichou, Autocracy to Integration 2000, p. 230.
  47. Benichou, Autocracy to Integration 2000, p. 231.
  48. United Nations Document S/986
  49. "High Commissioner of Pakistan v Natwest Bank" (PDF). p. 66. On 17 September 1948, the troops of Hyderabad surrendered and the Government of Hyderabad administration headed by Laik Ali (and including Moin) resigned.
  50. "High Commissioner of Pakistan v Natwest Bank" (PDF). p. 69. ... Government of India had purposely avoided any question of accession and maintained until that date Nizam's authority as source from which military Governors' and chief Ministers' powers were derived.
  51. "High Commissioner of Pakistan v Natwest Bank" (PDF). p. 66. Further, on 26 January 1950 there came into being the Union of India and a new State of the Union of India, the Union State of Hyderabad.
  52. "High Commissioner of Pakistan v Natwest Bank" (PDF). p. 697. ... Firman issued by Nizam on 24 November 1949…which suggests that accession became effective on 26 January 1950.
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