| Revision as of 03:21, 25 May 2014 editSturmgewehr88 (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Rollbackers8,379 editsm →Commemorating Jimmu's reign← Previous edit | Revision as of 05:32, 25 May 2014 edit undoCurtisNaito (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users2,585 edits I rewrote the last section to improve clarity, relevance, and sourcing.Next edit → | ||
| Line 45: | Line 45: | ||
| The fluidity of Jimmu before the compilation of the ''Kojiki'' and of the ''Nihon Shoki'' is demonstrated by somewhat earlier texts that place three dynasties as successors to the mythological Yamato state. According to these texts, Jimmu's dynasty was supplanted by that of ], whose dynasty was supplanted by that of ].<ref>Ooms, Herman. ''Imperial Politics and Symbolics in Ancient Japan: the Tenmu Dynasty, 650–800''. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2009</ref> The ''Kojiki'' and the ''Nihon Shoki'' then combined these three mythical dynasties into one long and continuous genealogy. | The fluidity of Jimmu before the compilation of the ''Kojiki'' and of the ''Nihon Shoki'' is demonstrated by somewhat earlier texts that place three dynasties as successors to the mythological Yamato state. According to these texts, Jimmu's dynasty was supplanted by that of ], whose dynasty was supplanted by that of ].<ref>Ooms, Herman. ''Imperial Politics and Symbolics in Ancient Japan: the Tenmu Dynasty, 650–800''. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2009</ref> The ''Kojiki'' and the ''Nihon Shoki'' then combined these three mythical dynasties into one long and continuous genealogy. | ||
| ], ].]]No site for Jimmu's ] is clearly identified by tradition or mythology.<ref name="kunaicho">] (''Kunaichō''): ; retrieved 2013-8-22.</ref> |
], ].]]No site for Jimmu's ] is clearly identified by tradition or mythology.<ref name="kunaicho">] (''Kunaichō''): ; retrieved 2013-8-22.</ref> | ||
| ==Commemorating Jimmu's reign== | ==Commemorating Jimmu's reign== | ||
| ]'s calligraphy of ''Hakkō ichiu'', carved on its front side.]]Veneration of Emperor Jimmu, who was said to be the divine founder of Japan's unbroken imperial line, was a central component of the ] that formed following the ].<ref name="martin">Martin, Peter. (1997). ''The Chrysanthemum Throne: A History of the Emperors of Japan'', p. 18-20.</ref><ref name="ruoff">Ruoff, Kenneth. (2001). ''The People's Emperor: Democracy and the Japanese Monarchy'', p. 21-23.</ref> In 1872 the ] announced a new holiday called ''Kigensetsu'' ("Era Day") commemorating the anniversary of Jimmu's alleged ascension to the throne 2,532 years earlier.<ref name="martin"/><ref name="ruoff"/> Between 1873 and 1945 an imperial envoy sent offerings every year to Mount Unebi, which was claimed to be Jimmu's tomb,<ref name="martin"/> and in 1890 ] was established nearby on the spot where Jimmu was said to have become Japan's first emperor.<ref name="ruoff"/><ref>Ponsonby-Fane, p. 419.</ref> | |||
| ]'s calligraphy of ''Hakkō ichiu'', carved on its front side.]] | |||
| New Year's Day in the Japanese ] was traditionally celebrated as the regnal day of Emperor Jimmu. In 1872, the ] government proclaimed 11 February 660 BC, in the ] the foundation day of Japan, which was then commemorated as the holiday ''Kigensetsu'' ("Era Day") until 1948. Suspended after ], the celebration was reinstated in 1966 as the national holiday ''Kenkoku Kinen no hi'' ("]"). | |||
| A grandiose ''Kigensetsu'' celebration was put on in the year 1940, reputed to be the 2,600th anniversary of Emperor Jimmu's enthronement, during which the government constructed the Hakkō Tower on the legendary site of Emperor Jimmu's palace near ]. The tower was named after the ancient phrase of '']'' (literally "eight cords, one roof"), which had been attributed to Emperor Jimmu and, since 1928, had been espoused by the Imperial government as an expression of Japanese expansionism.<ref>]. (2001). ''Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan'', p. 201.</ref> ''Hakkō ichiu'' envisioned the unification of the world (the "eight corners of the world") under the Emperor's "sacred rule",<ref>Earhart, David C. (2007). ''Certain Victory'', p. 63.</ref> just as Emperor Jimmu, finding five races in Japan, had made them all as "brothers of one family."<ref>] (1993). ''War Without Mercy: Race & Power in the Pacific War,'' p. 223.</ref> The same year the Japanese government erected numerous stone monuments relating to key events in Jimmu's life which were called "Emperor Jimmu Sacred Historical Sites" and which still exist today.<ref>Ruoff, Kenneth. (2010). ''Imperial Japan at its Zenith: The Wartime Celebration of the Empire's 2,600th Anniversary'', p. 186.</ref><ref>Brownlee, John S. ''Japanese Historians and the National Myths, 1600–1945: The Age of the Gods'', p. 136, 180–185.</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| ''Kigensetsu'' was suspended in 1948 during the ], but was controversially reinstated in 1966 as ''Kenkoku Kinen no hi'' ("]"), a patriotic holiday still celebrated in Japan today.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/1998/02/11/national/founding-day-rekindles-annual-debate/#.U4F2VihWrrB|title=Founding Day rekindles annual debate|publisher=''The Japan Times''|year=February 11 1998|accessdate=May 24 2014}}</ref> Although the propaganda narrative surrounding Jimmu's life was officially abandoned at the end of World War II, many Japanese history textbooks continued well into the 1970's to promote the story of Japan's divine origins and Jimmu's founding of an unbroken imperial line.<ref>Tokutake, Toshio. (1995). ''教科書の戦後史'', p. 172-178.</ref> | |||
| This propaganda narrative was officially abandoned at the end of ] when the Japanese government accepted the 1945 ]. Because of the association with ''Hakkō ichiu'', the ''Kigensetsu'' celebration of 1976 (1940) is today considered controversial.<ref name ="Brownlee"/> | |||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
Revision as of 05:32, 25 May 2014
Emperor of Japan
| Jimmu | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Emperor of Japan | |
| Reign | 18 February 660 BC – 9 April 585 BC (traditional) |
| Successor | Suizei |
| Born | 13 February 711 BC (traditional) unknown |
| Died | 9 April 585 BC (aged 126) Japan |
| Burial | Unebi-yama no ushitora no sumi no misasagi (畝傍山東北陵) (Kashihara, Nara) |
| Spouse | Ahiratsu-hime Himetataraisuzu-hime |
| Issue | Tagishimimi-no-mikoto Hikoyai-no-mikoto Kamuyaimimi-no-mikoto Emperor Suizei |
| Father | Ugayafukiaezu |
| Mother | Tamayori-bime |
Emperor Jimmu (神武天皇, Jinmu-tennō) was the first Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession. He is also known as Kan'yamato Iware-biko no Sumeramikoto (神日本磐余彦天皇) and personally as Wakamikenu no Mikoto (若御毛沼命) or Sano no Mikoto (狹野尊).
The Imperial house of Japan traditionally based its claim to the throne on its descent from Jimmu. While his accession is traditionally dated to 660 BC, no historically firm dates can be assigned to this early emperor's life or reign, nor to the reigns of his early successors. Most modern historians dismiss this entire period as being beyond what history can know and regard it as mythical or legendary. The reign of Emperor Kimmei (509?–571 AD), the 29th emperor, is the first for which contemporary historiography is able to assign verifiable dates.
Mythical characters
Modern scholars question the existence of at least nine early emperors. Emperor Jimmu's descendant Emperor Sujin is the first who many agree may have existed, in the first century BCE. Most contemporary historians still agree that it is unlikely that any of the recorded emperors existed until about five hundred years after Suijin's reign and about a millennium after Jimmu's recorded reign. The name Jimmu-tennō was posthumously assigned by later generations.
The conventionally accepted names and dates of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kanmu (737–806), the 50th sovereign of the Yamato dynasty.
Archaeologists and historians regard Jimmu as mythical or legendary. He may have been a composite figure. According to the legendary account in the Kojiki, Emperor Jimmu would have been born on 13 February 711 BCE (the first day of the first month of the Chinese calendar), and died, again according to legend, on 11 March 585 BCE (both dates according to the lunisolar traditional Japanese calendar).
Legendary narrative
In Japanese mythology, the Age of the Gods is the period before Jimmu's accession.
According to Shinto belief, Jimmu is regarded as a direct descendant of the sun goddess, Amaterasu. Amaterasu had a son called Ame no Oshihomimi no Mikoto and through him a grandson named Ninigi-no-Mikoto. She sent her grandson to the Japanese islands where he eventually married Konohana-Sakuya-hime. Among their three sons was Hikohohodemi no Mikoto, also called Yamasachi-hiko, who married Toyotama-hime. She was the daughter of Ryūjin, the Japanese sea god. They had a single son called Hikonagisa Takeugaya Fukiaezu no Mikoto. The boy was abandoned by his parents at birth and consequently raised by Tamayori-hime, his mother's younger sister. They eventually married and had a total of four sons. The last of these sons, Kan'yamato Iwarebiko, became Emperor Jimmu.
It is said that, soon after the beginning of Jimmu's reign, a Master of Ceremonies (祭主, saishu) was appointed.
Jimmu's migration
Mythic records in the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki describe how Jimmu's brothers were born in Takachiho, the southern part of Kyūshū (in modern day Miyazaki prefecture), and decided to move eastward, as they found the location inappropriate for reigning over the entire country. Jimmu's older brother, Itsuse no Mikoto, originally led the migration, and led the clan eastward through the Seto Inland Sea with the assistance of local chieftain Sao Netsuhiko. As they reached Naniwa (modern day Ōsaka), they encountered another local chieftain, Nagasunehiko (lit. "the long-legged man"), and Itsuse was killed in the ensuing battle. Jimmu realized that they had been defeated because they battled eastward against the sun, so he decided to land on the east side of Kii Peninsula and to battle westward. They reached Kumano, and, with the guidance of a three-legged crow, Yatagarasu (lit. "eight-span crow"), they moved to Yamato. There, they once again battled Nagasunehiko and were victorious.
In Yamato, Nigihayahi no Mikoto, who also claim descent from the Takamagahara gods, was protected by Nagasunehiko. However, when Nigihayahi met Jimmu, he accepted Jimmu's legitimacy. At this point, Jimmu is said to have ascended to the throne of Japan.
According to the Kojiki, Jimmu died when he was 126 years old. This emperor's posthumous name literally means "divine might" or "god-warrior". It is undisputed that this identification is Chinese in form and Buddhist in implication, which suggests that the name must have been regularized centuries after the lifetime ascribed to Jimmu. It is generally thought that Jimmu's name and character evolved into their present shape just before the time in which legends about the origins of the Yamato dynasty were chronicled in the Kojiki.
The fluidity of Jimmu before the compilation of the Kojiki and of the Nihon Shoki is demonstrated by somewhat earlier texts that place three dynasties as successors to the mythological Yamato state. According to these texts, Jimmu's dynasty was supplanted by that of Emperor Ōjin, whose dynasty was supplanted by that of Emperor Keitai. The Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki then combined these three mythical dynasties into one long and continuous genealogy.
No site for Jimmu's grave is clearly identified by tradition or mythology.
Commemorating Jimmu's reign
Veneration of Emperor Jimmu, who was said to be the divine founder of Japan's unbroken imperial line, was a central component of the imperial cult that formed following the Meiji restoration. In 1872 the Meiji government announced a new holiday called Kigensetsu ("Era Day") commemorating the anniversary of Jimmu's alleged ascension to the throne 2,532 years earlier. Between 1873 and 1945 an imperial envoy sent offerings every year to Mount Unebi, which was claimed to be Jimmu's tomb, and in 1890 Kashihara Shrine was established nearby on the spot where Jimmu was said to have become Japan's first emperor.
A grandiose Kigensetsu celebration was put on in the year 1940, reputed to be the 2,600th anniversary of Emperor Jimmu's enthronement, during which the government constructed the Hakkō Tower on the legendary site of Emperor Jimmu's palace near Miyazaki. The tower was named after the ancient phrase of Hakkō ichiu (literally "eight cords, one roof"), which had been attributed to Emperor Jimmu and, since 1928, had been espoused by the Imperial government as an expression of Japanese expansionism. Hakkō ichiu envisioned the unification of the world (the "eight corners of the world") under the Emperor's "sacred rule", just as Emperor Jimmu, finding five races in Japan, had made them all as "brothers of one family." The same year the Japanese government erected numerous stone monuments relating to key events in Jimmu's life which were called "Emperor Jimmu Sacred Historical Sites" and which still exist today.
Kigensetsu was suspended in 1948 during the occupation of Japan, but was controversially reinstated in 1966 as Kenkoku Kinen no hi ("National Foundation Day"), a patriotic holiday still celebrated in Japan today. Although the propaganda narrative surrounding Jimmu's life was officially abandoned at the end of World War II, many Japanese history textbooks continued well into the 1970's to promote the story of Japan's divine origins and Jimmu's founding of an unbroken imperial line.
See also
- Imperial cult
- Xu Fu
- Modern system of ranked Shinto Shrines
- The Age of the Gods
- Emishi people
- Jomon period
Notes
- Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, pp. 28–29; "Jimmu" at Britannica.com; retrieved 2013-8-28.
- Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, pp. 1-3; Brown, Delmer M. (1979). Gukanshō, p. 249; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki, pp. 84–88.
- ^ Kelly, Charles F. "Kofun Culture," Japanese Archaeology. 27 April 2009.
- Kitagawa, Joseph. (1987). On Understanding Japanese Religion, p. 145, p. 145, at Google Books; excerpt, "... emphasis on the undisrupted chronological continuity from myths to legends and from legends to history, it is difficult to determine where one ends and the next begins. At any rate, the first ten legendary emperors are clearly not reliable historical records."
- Titsingh, pp. 34–36; Brown, pp. 261–262; Varley, pp. 123–124.
- Hoye, Timothy. (1999). Japanese Politics: Fixed and Floating Worlds, p. 78; excerpt, "According to legend, the first Japanese emperor was Jimmu. Along with the next 13 emperors, Jimmu is not considered an actual, historical figure. Historically verifiable Emperors of Japan date from the early sixth century with Kimmei.
- Yoshida, Reiji. "Life in the Cloudy Imperial Fishbowl," Japan Times. March 27, 2007; retrieved 2013-8-22.
- Brinkley, Frank. (1915). A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the end of the Meiji Era, p. 21, p. 21, at Google Books; excerpt, "Posthumous names for the earthly Mikados were invented in the reign of Emperor Kammu (782–805), i.e., after the date of the compilation of the Records and the Chronicles.
- ^ Aston, William. (1896). Nihongi, pp. 109–137.
- Kitagawa, Joseph. (1987). On Understanding Japanese Religion, p. 145, p. 145, at Google Books; excerpt, "... emphasis on the undisrupted chronological continuity from myths to legends and from legends to history, it is difficult to determine where one ends and the next begins. At any rate, the first ten legendary emperors are clearly not reliable historical records."
- Nussbaum, "Jindai" at p. 421, p. 421, at Google Books.
- Nussbaum, "Chijin-godai" at p. 111, p. 111, at Google Books.
- Kennedy, Malcolm D. A History of Japan. London. Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1963.
- Ooms, Herman. Imperial Politics and Symbolics in Ancient Japan: the Tenmu Dynasty, 650–800. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2009
- Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō): 神武天皇 (1); retrieved 2013-8-22.
- ^ Martin, Peter. (1997). The Chrysanthemum Throne: A History of the Emperors of Japan, p. 18-20.
- ^ Ruoff, Kenneth. (2001). The People's Emperor: Democracy and the Japanese Monarchy, p. 21-23.
- Ponsonby-Fane, p. 419.
- Bix, Herbert. (2001). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, p. 201.
- Earhart, David C. (2007). Certain Victory, p. 63.
- Dower, John W. (1993). War Without Mercy: Race & Power in the Pacific War, p. 223.
- Ruoff, Kenneth. (2010). Imperial Japan at its Zenith: The Wartime Celebration of the Empire's 2,600th Anniversary, p. 186.
- Brownlee, John S. Japanese Historians and the National Myths, 1600–1945: The Age of the Gods, p. 136, 180–185.
- "Founding Day rekindles annual debate". The Japan Times. February 11 1998. Retrieved May 24 2014.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=and|year=(help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help)CS1 maint: year (link) - Tokutake, Toshio. (1995). 教科書の戦後史, p. 172-178.
References
- Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 1. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner. OCLC 448337491
- Bix, Herbert P. (2001). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: HarperCollins. 10-ISBN 0-06-093130-2; 13-ISBN 978-0-06-093130-8
- Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). Gukanshō: The Future and the Past. Berkeley: University of California Press. 10-ISBN 0-520-03460-0; 13-ISBN 978-0-520-03460-0; OCLC 251325323
- Brownlee, John S. (1997). Japanese Historians and the National Myths, 1600–1945: The Age of the Gods. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. ISBN 0-7748-0645-1
- Chamberlain, Basil Hall. (1920). The Kojiki. Read before the Asiatic Society of Japan on 12 April 10 May, and 21 June 1882; reprinted, May, 1919. OCLC 1882339
- Earhart, David C. (2007). Certain Victory: Images of World War II in the Japanese Media. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe. 10-ISBN 0-7656-1776-5; 13-ISBN 978-0-7656-1776-7
- Kitagawa, Joseph Mitsuo. (1987). On Understanding Japanese Religion. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 10-ISBN 0691073139/13-ISBN 9780691073132; 10-ISBN 0691102295/13-ISBN 9780691102290; OCLC 15630317
- Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 10-ISBN 0-674-01753-6; 13-ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 58053128
- Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887
- Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Odai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
- Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. New York: Columbia University Press. 10-ISBN 0-231-04940-4; 13-ISBN 978-0-231-04940-5; OCLC 59145842
External links
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| New creation | Emperor of Japan 660–585 BC (Traditional dates) |
Succeeded byEmperor Suizei |
 Emperors of Japan (list) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Legendary |
| ||||||||
| Yamato |
| ||||||||
| Nara |
| ||||||||
| Heian |
| ||||||||
| Kamakura |
| ||||||||
| Northern Court |
| ||||||||
| Muromachi |
| ||||||||
| Azuchi-Momoyama |
| ||||||||
| Edo |
| ||||||||
| Empire of Japan |
| ||||||||
| Japan |
| ||||||||
 Unless otherwise noted (as BC), years are in CE / AD Imperial Consort and Regent Empress Jingū is not traditionally listed. | |||||||||
| Japanese mythology | ||
|---|---|---|
| Mythic texts |   | |
| Japanese creation myth | ||
| Takamagahara mythology | ||
| Izumo mythology | ||
| Hyūga mythology | ||
| Human age | ||
| Mythological locations | ||
| Mythological weapons | ||
| Major Buddhist figures | ||
| Seven Lucky Gods | ||
| Legendary creatures | ||
| Other | ||