Misplaced Pages

Revision as of 13:50, 26 October 2014

Template:Redirect4

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levantالدولة الإسلامية في العراق والشام (Arabic) ad-Dawlah al-Islāmīyah fil 'Irāq wa ash-Shām (self-described as the "Islamic State")
Flag Coat of arms of Islamic State Coat of arms
Motto: باقية وتتمدد (Arabic) "Bāqiyah wa-Tatamaddad" (transliteration) "Remaining and Expanding"
Areas controlled  (20 October 2014)   Territories claimed  (2006)   Rest of Iraq and Syria Note: map includes uninhabited areas. (as Google earth).
Status	Unrecognized state
Capital	Ar-Raqqah, Syria
Government	Unitary, single-party, Islamic state, self-declared as caliphate
• self-declared caliph	Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, "Caliph Ibrahim"
• Field Commander	Abu Omar al-Shishani
• Spokesman	Abu Mohammad al-Adnani
Establishment
• Islamic state declared in Fallujah	3 January 2014
• Caliphate declared	29 June 2014
Currency	Dollar
Time zone	UTC+3 (Arabia Standard Time)

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
الدولة الإسلامية في العراق والشام (Arabic)
Current military situation (20 October 2014)   Controlled by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant  Controlled by other Syrian rebels  Controlled by Syrian government  Controlled by Iraqi government   Controlled by Syrian Kurds  Controlled by Iraqi Kurds
Dates of operation	8 April 2013–present
Active regions	Iraq Syria Lebanon Turkey
Ideology	Anti-Shiaism, Salafist Jihadism Takfirism Wahhabism
Part of	al-Qaeda (Oct. 2004–Feb. 2014)
Battles and wars	List of wars and battles

The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL /ˈaɪsəl/) also translated as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS /ˈaɪsɪs/; ad-Dawlah al-Islāmīyah fīl-ʻIraq wa ash-Shām), also known by the Arabic acronym Daʿish and self-described as the Islamic State (IS), is a Sunni, extremist, jihadist, self-proclaimed caliphate and unrecognized state in Iraq and Syria in the Middle East.

The group originated as Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad in 1999. This group was the forerunner of Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn, commonly known as Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI). AQI took part in the Iraqi insurgency against US-led forces and their Iraqi allies following the 2003 invasion of Iraq. In 2006, it joined other Sunni insurgent groups to form the Mujahideen Shura Council, which consolidated further into the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI) shortly afterwards. At its height, the ISI enjoyed a significant presence in Al Anbar, Nineveh, Kirkuk and other areas, but in around 2008 its violent methods led to a backlash against it and a temporary decline.

In April 2013, the group changed its name to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. It grew significantly under the leadership of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, gaining support in Iraq as a result of perceived economic and political discrimination against Iraqi Sunnis. After entering the Syrian Civil War, it established a large presence in the Syrian governorates of Ar-Raqqah, Idlib, Deir ez-Zor and Aleppo. In June 2014, it had at least 4,000 fighters in its ranks in Iraq, and the CIA estimated in September 2014 that it had 20,000–31,500 fighters in Iraq and Syria. It had close links to al-Qaeda until February 2014 when, after an eight-month power struggle, al-Qaeda cut all ties with the group, reportedly for its brutality and "notorious intractability".

The group's original aim was to establish an Islamic state in the Sunni-majority regions of Iraq. Following its involvement in the Syrian Civil War, this expanded to include controlling Sunni-majority areas of Syria. It proclaimed a worldwide caliphate on 29 June 2014, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi—known by his supporters as Amir al-Mu'minin, Caliph Ibrahim—was named as its caliph, and the group was renamed the Islamic State. In its self-proclaimed status as a caliphate, it claims religious authority over all Muslims worldwide, and aims to bring most Muslim-inhabited regions of the world under its political control, beginning with the Levant region, which approximately covers Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, Cyprus, and part of southern Turkey.

The group has been designated as a terrorist organization by the United Nations, the European Union, the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, Israel, Turkey, Indonesia, and Saudi Arabia. The United Nations and Amnesty International have accused the group of grave human rights abuses, and Amnesty International has found it guilty of ethnic cleansing on a "historic scale".

ISIL’s actions, authority and theological interpretations have been widely criticized around the world.

Names

The group has had a number of different names since it was formed, including some names that other groups use for it.

Index of names
Links are to names in "History of names".

• al-Dawlah ("the State")
• al-Dawlah al-Islāmīyah ("the Islamic State")
• AQI: Al-Qaeda in Iraq: Tanẓīm Qāʻidat al-Jihād fī Bilād al-Rāfidayn
• Daʿish, Da-ish, Dāʻish, Daesh, Daish, Daash, Da'ash, Daas, Da'ish, Dā'ash, Daiish: various latinisations of the (داعش) acronym formed from al-Dawlah al-Islāmīyah fī al-ʻIrāq wa-al-Shām
• IS: Islamic State: al-Dawlah al-Islāmīyah
• ISI: Islamic State of Iraq: Dawlat al-ʻIraq al-Islāmīyah
• ISIL: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant: al-Dawlah al-Islāmīyah fī al-ʻIrāq wa-al-Shām
• ISIS: Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (or Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham): al-Dawlah al-Islāmīyah fī al-ʻIrāq wa-al-Shām
• JTJ: Jamāʻat al-Tawḥīd wa-al-Jihād
• Mujahideen Shura Council
• QSIS: al-Qaeda Separatists in Iraq and Syria

History of names

• The group was founded in 1999 by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi under the name Jamāʻat al-Tawḥīd wa-al-Jihād, "The Organization of Monotheism and Jihad" (JTJ).
• In October 2004, al-Zarqawi swore loyalty to Osama bin Laden and changed the name of the group to Tanẓīm Qāʻidat al-Jihād fī Bilād al-Rāfidayn, "The Organization of Jihad's Base in the Country of the Two Rivers" or "The Organization of Jihad's Base in Mesopotamia", more commonly known as Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI).
• Although the group has never called itself "Al-Qaeda in Iraq", this name has frequently been used for it through its various incarnations, as Jamāʻat al-Tawḥīd wa-al-Jihād, Tanẓīm Qāʻidat al-Jihād fī Bilād al-Rāfidayn and—see below—the Mujahideen Shura Council, the Islamic State of Iraq, and ISIL/ISIS/Daʿish.
• In January 2006, AQI merged with several other Iraqi insurgent groups to form the Mujahideen Shura Council. Al-Zarqawi was killed in June 2006, after which the group's direction shifted again.
• On 12 October 2006, the Mujahideen Shura Council merged with several more insurgent factions, and on 13 October the establishment of the Dawlat al-ʻIraq al-Islāmīyah, Islamic State of Iraq (ISI) was announced. A cabinet was formed and Abu Abdullah al-Rashid al-Baghdadi became ISI's figurehead emir, with the real power residing with the Egyptian Abu Ayyub al-Masri. Al-Baghdadi and al-Masri were both killed in a US–Iraqi operation in April 2010; they were succeeded by Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the current leader of ISIL.
• On 8 April 2013, having expanded into Syria, the group adopted the name Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, also known as Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham. These names are translations of the Arabic name al-Dawlah al-Islāmīyah fī al-ʻIrāq wa-al-Shām, with the final word al-Shām providing a description of the Levant or Greater Syria. The translated names are frequently abbreviated as ISIL/Isil or as ISIS/Isis. The group has also used the names al-Dawlah ("the State") and al-Dawlah al-Islāmīyah ("the Islamic State"). These are short-forms of the Arabic name al-Dawlah al-Islāmīyah fī al-ʻIrāq wa-al-Shām.
• On 14 May 2014, the United States Department of State announced its decision to use "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant" (ISIL) as the group's primary name. The debate over which of these acronyms should be used to designate the group, ISIL or ISIS, has been discussed by several commentators. The Washington Post concluded: "In the larger battlefield of copy style controversies, the distinction between ISIS or ISIL is not so great."
• The name Daʿish—pronounced /ˈdaːʕiʃ/ and transliterated as "Dāʻish", "Da-ish", "Dāʻish", or "Da-ish"—is used particularly by ISIL's detractors, such as those in Syria. It is based on the Arabic letters dāl, alif, ʻayn, and shīn, which form the acronym (داعش) of ISIL/ISIS's Arabic name al-Dawlah al-Islamīyah fī al-ʻIrāq wa-al-Shām. There are many different spellings of this acronym. ISIL considers the term "Dāʻish" derogatory and reportedly punishes with flogging those who use it in ISIL-controlled areas.
• On 29 June 2014, the group renamed itself as the Islamic State (IS) and declared itself a caliphate.
• In late August 2014, a leading Islamic educational institution, Dar al-Ifta al-Misriyyah in Egypt, advised Muslims to stop calling the group "Islamic State" and instead refer to it as Al-Qaeda Separatists in Iraq and Syria or QSIS, because of the militant group's "un-Islamic character".

History

Foundation of the group (1999–2006)

Part of a series on the
History of the Islamic State
Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad (1999‑2004) Al-Qaeda in Iraq (2004‑2006) Jama'at Jaysh Ahl al-Sunnah wa-l-Jama'ah (2004‑2006) Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah (2004‑2006) Mujahideen Shura Council (2006) Islamic State of Iraq (2006‑2013) Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (2013‑2014) Islamic State (2014‑present)
By topic
Administrative divisions Beheadings Claimed oil fields Destruction of cultural heritage Human rights Ideology Jihadist flag Members Military List of battles Territorial claims Timeline of terrorist incidents
Category
v t e

Following the 2003 US-led invasion of Iraq, the Jordanian Salafi Jihadist Abu Musab al-Zarqawi and his militant group Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad, founded in 1999, achieved notoriety in the early stages of the Iraq insurgency, by not only carrying out attacks on coalition forces but conducting suicide attacks on civilian targets and beheading hostages.

Al-Zarqawi's group grew in strength and attracted more fighters, and in October 2004 it officially pledged allegiance to Osama bin Laden's al-Qaeda network, changing its name to Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn (تنظيم قاعدة الجهاد في بلاد الرافدين, "Organization of Jihad's Base in Mesopotamia"), also known as Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI). Attacks by the group on civilians, the Iraqi Government and security forces continued to increase over the next two years—see list of major resistance attacks in Iraq. In a letter to al-Zarqawi in July 2005, al-Qaeda's deputy leader Ayman al-Zawahiri outlined a four-stage plan to expand the Iraq War, which included expelling US forces from Iraq, establishing an Islamic authority—a caliphate—spreading the conflict to Iraq's secular neighbors, and engaging in the Arab–Israeli conflict.

In January 2006, AQI merged with several smaller Iraqi insurgent groups under an umbrella organization called the Mujahideen Shura Council (MSC). This was claimed by Brian Fishman in the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science to be little more than a media exercise and an attempt to give the group a more Iraqi flavour and perhaps to distance al-Qaeda from some of al-Zarqawi's tactical errors, notably the 2005 bombings by AQI of three hotels in Amman. On 7 June, al-Zarqawi was killed in a US airstrike and was succeeded as leader of the group by the Egyptian militant Abu Ayyub al-Masri.

On 12 October 2006, the Mujahideen Shura Council joined four more insurgent factions and the representatives of a number of Iraqi Arab tribes, and together they swore the traditional Arab oath of allegiance known as Ḥilf al-Muṭayyabīn ("Oath of the Scented Ones"). During the ceremony, the participants swore to free Iraq's Sunnis from what they described as Shia and foreign oppression, and to further the name of Allah and restore Islam to glory.

On 13 October 2006, the Mujahideen Shura Council declared the establishment of the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI), comprising Iraq's six mostly Sunni Arab governorates, with Abu Omar al-Baghdadi being announced as the self-proclaimed state's Emir. Al-Masri was given the title of Minister of War within the ISI's ten-member cabinet. The declaration of statehood was met with hostile criticism, not only from ISI's jihadist rivals in Iraq, but from leading jihadist ideologues outside the country.

As Islamic State of Iraq (2006–2013)

According to a study compiled by US intelligence agencies in early 2007, the ISI—also known as AQI—planned to seize power in the central and western areas of the country and turn it into a Sunni Islamic state. The group built in strength and at its height enjoyed a significant presence in the Iraqi governorates of Al Anbar, Nineveh, Kirkuk, most of Salah ad Din, parts of Babil, Diyala and Baghdad, and claimed Baqubah as a capital city.

However, by late 2007, violent and indiscriminate attacks directed by rogue AQI elements against Iraqi civilians had severely damaged the group's image and caused a loss of support among the population, thus isolating it. In a major blow to AQI, many former Sunni militants who had previously fought alongside the group started to work with the US armed forces. The US troops surge supplied the military with more manpower for operations targeting the group, resulting in dozens of high-level AQI members being captured or killed.

Al-Qaeda seemed to have lost its foothold in Iraq and appeared to be severely crippled. During 2008, a series of US and Iraqi offensives managed to drive out the AQI-aligned insurgents from their former safe havens, such as the Diyala and Al Anbar governorates and the embattled capital of Baghdad, to the area of the northern city of Mosul, the latest of the Iraq War's major battlegrounds. By 2008, the ISI was describing itself as being in a state of "extraordinary crisis". Its violent attempts to govern its territory led to a backlash from Sunni Iraqis and other insurgent groups and a temporary decline in the group, which was attributable to a number of factors, notably the Anbar Awakening.

In late 2009, the commander of the US forces in Iraq, General Ray Odierno, stated that the ISI "has transformed significantly in the last two years. What once was dominated by foreign individuals has now become more and more dominated by Iraqi citizens". On 18 April 2010, the ISI's two top leaders, Abu Ayyub al-Masri and Abu Omar al-Baghdadi, were killed in a joint US-Iraqi raid near Tikrit. In a press conference in June 2010, General Odierno reported that 80% of the ISI's top 42 leaders, including recruiters and financiers, had been killed or captured, with only eight remaining at large. He said that they had been cut off from Al Qaeda's leadership in Pakistan, and that improved intelligence had enabled the successful mission in April that led to the killing of al-Masri and al-Baghdadi; in addition, the number of attacks and casualty figures in Iraq for the first five months of 2010 were the lowest since 2003.

On 16 May 2010, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi was appointed the new leader of the Islamic State of Iraq. Al-Baghdadi replenished the group's leadership, many of whom had been killed or captured, by appointing former Ba'athist military and intelligence officers who had served during the Saddam Hussein regime. These men, nearly all of whom had spent time imprisoned by the US military, came to make up about one-third of Baghdadi's top 25 commanders. One of them was a former Colonel, Samir al-Khlifawi, also known as Haji Bakr, who became the overall military commander in charge of overseeing the group's operations.

In July 2012, al-Baghdadi released an audio statement online announcing that the group was returning to the former strongholds from which US troops and their Sunni allies had driven them prior to the withdrawal of US troops. He also declared the start of a new offensive in Iraq called Breaking the Walls, which was aimed at freeing members of the group held in Iraqi prisons. Violence in Iraq began to escalate that month, and by July 2013 monthly fatalities had exceeded 1,000 for the first time since April 2008. The Breaking the Walls campaign culminated in July 2013, with the group carrying out simultaneous raids on Taji and Abu Ghraib prison, freeing more than 500 prisoners, many of them veterans of the Iraqi insurgency.

As Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (2013–2014)

Declaration and dispute with al-Nusra Front

In March 2011, protests began in Syria against the government of Bashar al-Assad. In the following months, violence between demonstrators and security forces led to a gradual militarisation of the conflict. In August 2011, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi began sending Syrian and Iraqi ISI members experienced in guerilla warfare across the border into Syria in order to establish an organization inside the country. Led by a Syrian known as Abu Muhammad al-Jawlani, this group began to recruit fighters and establish cells throughout the country. On 23 January 2012, the group announced its formation as Jabhat al-Nusra li Ahl as-Sham—Jabhat al-Nusra—more commonly known as al-Nusra Front. Al-Nusra grew rapidly into a capable fighting force with popular support among Syrians opposed to the Assad regime.

In April 2013, al-Baghdadi released an audio statement in which he announced that al-Nusra Front had been established, financed and supported by the Islamic State of Iraq and that the two groups were merging under the name "Islamic State of Iraq and Al-Sham". Al-Jawlani issued a statement denying the merger and complaining that neither he nor anyone else in al-Nusra's leadership had been consulted about it. In June 2013, Al Jazeera reported that it had obtained a letter written by al-Qaeda's leader Ayman al-Zawahiri, addressed to both leaders, in which he ruled against the merger, and appointed an emissary to oversee relations between them to put an end to tensions. In the same month, al-Baghdadi released an audio message rejecting al-Zawahiri's ruling and declaring that the merger was going ahead. In October 2013, al-Zawahiri ordered the disbanding of ISIL, putting al-Nusra Front in charge of jihadist efforts in Syria, but al-Baghdadi contested al-Zawahiri's ruling on the basis of Islamic jurisprudence, and his group continued to operate in Syria. In February 2014, after an eight-month power struggle, al-Qaeda disavowed any relations with ISIL.

According to journalist Sarah Birke, there are "significant differences" between al-Nusra Front and ISIL. While al-Nusra actively calls for the overthrow of the Assad government, ISIL "tends to be more focused on establishing its own rule on conquered territory". ISIL is "far more ruthless" in building an Islamic state, "carrying out sectarian attacks and imposing sharia law immediately". While al-Nusra has a "large contingent of foreign fighters", it is seen as a home-grown group by many Syrians; by contrast, ISIL fighters have been described as "foreign 'occupiers'" by many Syrian refugees. It has a strong presence in central and northern Syria, where it has instituted sharia in a number of towns. The group reportedly controlled the four border towns of Atmeh, al-Bab, Azaz and Jarablus, allowing it to control the entrance and exit from Syria into Turkey. Foreign fighters in Syria include Russian-speaking jihadists who were part of Jaish al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar (JMA). In November 2013, the JMA's Chechen leader Abu Omar al-Shishani swore an oath of allegiance to al-Baghdadi; the group then split between those who followed al-Shishani in joining ISIL and those who continued to operate independently in the JMA under new leadership.

In May 2014, Ayman al-Zawahiri ordered al-Nusra Front to stop attacks on its rival ISIL. In June 2014, after continued fighting between the two groups, al-Nusra's branch in the Syrian town of al-Bukamal pledged allegiance to ISIL.

Conflicts with other groups

In January 2014, rebels affiliated with the Islamic Front and the US-trained Free Syrian Army launched an offensive against ISIL militants in and around the city of Aleppo in Syria.

As Islamic State (2014–present)

On 29 June 2014, ISIL removed "Iraq and the Levant" from its name and began to refer to itself as the "Islamic State", simultaneously giving itself the governmental status of caliphate and naming Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi as caliph. The declaration of a caliphate has been criticized and ridiculed by Muslim scholars and rival Islamists inside and outside the occupied territory.

Analysts observed that dropping the reference to region in its new name widened the group's scope, and terrorism analyst Laith Alkhouri concluded that after capturing many areas in Syria and Iraq, the Islamic State felt that this was a suitable opportunity to take control of the global jihadist movement.

A week before it changed its name to the "Islamic State", ISIL captured the Trabil crossing on the Jordan–Iraq border, the only border crossing between the two countries. ISIL has received some public support in Jordan, albeit limited, partly owing to state repression there, but has undertaken a recruitment drive in Saudi Arabia, where tribes in the north are linked to those in western Iraq and eastern Syria.

In June and July 2014, Jordan and Saudi Arabia had moved troops to their borders with Iraq, after Iraq lost control of, or withdrew from, strategic crossing points that had then come under the control of the Islamic State. There was speculation that al-Maliki had ordered a withdrawal of troops from the Iraq–Saudi crossings in order "to increase pressure on Saudi Arabia and bring the threat of Isis over-running its borders as well".

In July 2014, Boko Haram leader Abubakar Shekau declared support for the new caliphate and Caliph Ibrahim. In August, Shekau announced that Boko Haram had captured the Nigerian town of Gwoza. Shekau announced: "Thanks be to God who gave victory to our brethren in Gwoza and made it a state among the Islamic states". Boko Haram launched an offensive in Adamawa and Borno States in northeastern Nigeria in September, following the example of the Islamic State.

The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights claimed that the Islamic State had recruited more than 6,300 fighters in July 2014 alone, some of them coming from the Free Syrian Army.

In August 2014, the Islamic State captured Kurdish-controlled territory and massacred a large number of Yazidis. In response, the US launched an aerial bombing campaign against the Islamic State and a humanitarian mission to aid the Yazidis.

There have been many complaints of the Islamic State's use of death threats, torture and mutilation to compel conversion to Islam, executions of clerics who refused to pledge allegiance to the Islamic State, mass executions of prisoners of war and civilians, and sexual enslavement of Iraqi women and girls, predominantly from the minority Christian communities.

Raghad Hussein, the daughter of Saddam Hussein, now living in opulent asylum in Jordan, has publicly expressed support for the advance of the Islamic State in Iraq, reflecting the Ba'athist alliance of convenience with ISIL and its goal of return to power in Bagdad.

Notable members

Current known personnel (all use assumed names)

• Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (Leader – declared emir of the Islamic State of Iraq in 2010 and caliph of the Islamic State on 29 June 2014)
• Abu Muslim al-Turkmani (Deputy Leader in Iraq)
• Abu Ali al-Anbari (Deputy Leader in Syria)
• Abu Mohammad al-Adnani (official spokesperson)
• Abu Omar al-Shishani (ISIL field commander in Syria)
• Abu Waheeb (ISIL militant in Al Anbar, Iraq)
• "Jihadi John" (ISIL member with British accent seen in beheading videos)
• Abu Yusaf (senior security commander)
• Abu Suleiman al-Naser (Minister of War, Islamic State of Iraq)

Former leaders

• Abu Musab al-Zarqawi (killed in 2006)
• Abu Ayyub al-Masri (killed in 2010)
• Abu Abdullah al-Rashid al-Baghdadi (killed in 2010)

Other former personnel

• Abu Anas al-Shami (killed in 2004)
• Abu Azzam (killed in 2005)
• Abu Omar al-Kurdi (captured in 2005)
• Abdul Hadi al-Iraqi (captured in 2006)
• Sheik Abd-Al-Rahman (killed in 2006)
• Hamid Juma Faris Jouri al-Saeedi (captured in 2006)
• Abu Yaqub al-Masri (killed in 2007)
• Haitham al-Badri (killed in 2007)
• Khaled al-Mashhadani (captured in 2007)
• Mahir al-Zubaydi (killed in 2008)
• Mohamed Moumou (killed in 2008)
• Huthaifa al-Batawi (killed in 2011)
• Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi (killed in 2014)
• Haji Bakr (killed in 2014)

Designation as a terrorist organization

Organization	Date	Authority	References
United Nations	18 October 2004	United Nations Security Council
European Union		EU Council by adopting the UN Terrorist List

Country	Date	Authority	References
United States	17 December 2004	United States Department of State
Australia	2 March 2005	Attorney-General for Australia]
Canada	20 August 2012	Parliament of Canada
Turkey	30 October 2013	Grand National Assembly of Turkey
Saudi Arabia	7 March 2014	Royal decree of the King of Saudi Arabia
United Kingdom	20 June 2014	Home Secretary of the Home Office
Indonesia	1 August 2014	National Counter-terrorism Agency id [BNPT]
Israel	3 September 2014	Ministry of Defense, Israel

Many world leaders and government spokespeople have called ISIL terrorists without formal designation by their countries. Media sources worldwide have also called ISIL a terrorist organization.

The United Nations Security Council in its Resolution 1267 (1999) designated al-Qaeda as a terrorist organization and established the al-Qaida Sanctions List, to which it added Al-Qaeda in Iraq—now known as ISIL in UN documents—on 18 October 2004 (amended on 2 Dec. 2004, 5 Mar. 2009, 13 Dec. 2011, 30 May 2013, 13 May 2014 and 2 Jun. 2014). The UN Security Council also includes various ISIL leaders on its list. The European Union adopted the UN terrorist list and regularly updates its own list to match it.

Support

Foreign fighters

There are many foreign fighters in ISIL's ranks. In June 2014, The Economist reported that "ISIS may have up to 6,000 fighters in Iraq and 3,000–5,000 in Syria, including perhaps 3,000 foreigners; nearly a thousand are reported to hail from Chechnya and perhaps 500 or so more from France, Britain and elsewhere in Europe". Chechen leader Abu Omar al-Shishani, for example, was made commander of the northern sector of ISIL in Syria in 2013. According to The New York Times, in September 2014 there were more than 2,000 Europeans and 100 Americans among ISIL's foreign fighters. Tunisia has sent 2,400-3,000 foreign fighters to the Islamic State, more than any other nation. Foreign recruits are treated with less respect than Arabic-speaking Muslims by ISIL commanders, and if they lack otherwise useful skills, they are placed in suicide units.

Allies

• Abu Sayyaf (Philippines, Malaysia)
• File:Logo of Boko Haram.svg Boko Haram (Nigeria and surrounding countries)
• Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters (Philippines)
• Jemaah Islamiyah (Southeast Asia)
• File:Ansar al-Sharia Libya Logo.jpg Ansar al-Sharia (Libya)
• Ansar al-Sharia (Tunisia)
• Mujahideen Shura Council in the Environs of Jerusalem (Gaza Strip)
• Ansar Bait al-Maqdis (Egypt)
• Jund al-Khilafah (Algeria)
• Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan
• Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan

Opposition

Opposition within Iraq, Lebanon and Syria

Multinational coalition opposition

—Military operations in or over Iraq and/or Syria – (US-led)—

NATO members:

•  United States
•  Belgium
•  Canada
•  Denmark
•  France
•  Germany
•  Italy
•  Netherlands
•  Spain
•  Turkey (limited/pending)
•  United Kingdom

CCASG members:

•  Bahrain
•  Jordan (pending GCC member)
•  Qatar
•  Saudi Arabia
•  UAE

 Australia

—Supplying military equipment to opposition forces within Iraq, Syria or Lebanon – (EU and/or NATO and partners)—

•  Albania
•  Bosnia and Herzegovina
•  Bulgaria
•  Croatia
•  Cyprus
•  Czech Republic
•  Estonia
•  Finland
•  Greece
•  Hungary
•  Poland

Other state opponents

 Iran

 Israel

 Russia

•  Chechnya

Other non-state opponents

The Arab League issued a statement on ISIL in September 2014. al-Qaeda was originally the parent organization of ISIL, though they split in 2014. The leader of the al-Nusra Front, Abu Mohammad al-Julani, has been critical of ISIL. Ansar al-Islam announced in a statement released on 18 September 2013 that ISIL forced Ansar al-Islam to "respond to their aggression." The Kurdistan Workers Party has aided and fighters from the Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran have fought against ISIL.

*Note: The opponents list is restricted to: (a) States and non-State actors with military operations past, present or pending against ISIL in Iraq, Syria and Lebanon; (b) States directly supplying weapons to ground forces fighting ISIL; or (c) transnational organizations coordinating or supporting such States.

Analysis

After significant setbacks for the group during the latter stages of the coalition forces' presence in Iraq, by late 2012 it was thought to have renewed its strength and to have more than doubled the number of its members to about 2,500, and since its formation in April 2013, ISIL grew rapidly in strength and influence in Iraq and Syria. Analysts have underlined the deliberate inflammation of sectarian conflict between Iraqi Shias and Sunnis during the Iraq War by various Sunni and Shia players as the root cause of ISIL's rise. The post-invasion policies of the international coalition forces have also been cited as a factor, with Fanar Haddad, a research fellow at the National University of Singapore's Middle East Institute, blaming the coalition forces during the Iraq War for "enshrining identity politics as the key marker of Iraqi politics".

By 2014, ISIL was increasingly being viewed as a militia rather than as a terrorist group. As major Iraqi cities fell to al-Baghdadi's cohorts in June 2014, Jessica Lewis, a former US army intelligence officer at the Institute for the Study of War, described ISIL as "not a terrorism problem anymore", but rather "an army on the move in Iraq and Syria, and they are taking terrain. They have shadow governments in and around Baghdad, and they have an aspirational goal to govern. I don't know whether they want to control Baghdad, or if they want to destroy the functions of the Iraqi state, but either way the outcome will be disastrous for Iraq." Lewis has called ISIL "an advanced military leadership". She said, "They have incredible command and control and they have a sophisticated reporting mechanism from the field that can relay tactics and directives up and down the line. They are well-financed, and they have big sources of manpower, not just the foreign fighters, but also prisoner escapees."

According to the Institute for the Study of War, ISIL's 2013 annual report reveals a metrics-driven military command, which is "a strong indication of a unified, coherent leadership structure that commands from the top down". Middle East Forum's Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi said, "They are highly skilled in urban guerrilla warfare while the new Iraqi Army simply lacks tactical competence." Seasoned observers point to systemic corruption within the Iraq Army, seeing it as little more than a system of patronage, and have attributed to this its spectacular collapse as ISIL and its allies took over large swaths of Iraq in June 2014.

While officials fear that ISIL may either inspire attacks in the United States by sympathizers or by those returning after joining ISIL, US intelligence agencies find there is no immediate threat or specific plots. US Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel sees an "imminent threat to every interest we have", but former top counterterrorism adviser Daniel Benjamin has derided such alarmist talk as a "farce" that panics the public.

Hillary Clinton has stated: "The failure to help build up a credible fighting force of the people who were the originators of the protests against Assad—there were Islamists, there were secularists, there was everything in the middle—the failure to do that left a big vacuum, which the jihadists have now filled."

Some news commentators such as the international newspaper columnist Gwynne Dyer and the results of a recent sampling of public opinion by NPR have advocated a strong but measured response to ISIL's recent provocative acts.

Conspiracy theories

Conspiracy theorists in the Arab world have advanced rumors that the US is secretly behind the existence and emboldening of ISIL, as part of an attempt to further destabilize the Middle East. After such rumors became widespread, the US embassy in Lebanon issued an official statement denying the allegations, calling them a complete fabrication. Others are convinced that ISIL leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi is an Israeli Mossad agent and actor called "Simon Elliot". The rumors claim that NSA documents leaked by Edward Snowden reveal this connection. Snowden's lawyer has called the story "a hoax".

Ideology and beliefs

ISIL is a Sunni extremist group. It follows an extreme interpretation of Islam, promotes religious violence and regards those who do not agree with its interpretations as infidels or apostates. ISIL's aim is to establish a Salafist-oriented Islamist state in Iraq, Syria and other parts of the Levant.

ISIL's ideology originates in the branch of modern Islam that aims to return to the early days of Islam, rejecting later "innovations" in the religion which it believes corrupt its original spirit. It condemns later caliphates and the Ottoman Empire for deviating from what it calls pure Islam and hence has been attempting to establish its own caliphate. The use of violence to purify the community of unbelievers comes from the Wahhabi tradition. While ISIL is widely denounced by a broad range of Islamic clerics, it took political pressure to persuade Saudi clerics to issue a formal condemnation. Al-Qaeda-oriented clerics were much quicker to condemn the group.

ISIL's philosophy is well represented in the symbolism of its black flag, which first appeared as the flag of its former parent organization, al-Qaeda. The flag shows the seal of the Prophet Muhammad within a white circle, with the phrase above it, "There is no God but Allah", depicted on a black flag, the legendary battle flag of the Prophet Muhammad. Such symbolism has been said to point to ISIL's belief that it represents no less than the restoration of the caliphate of early Islam, with all of the political, religious and eschatological ramifications that this would necessarily imply.

According to some observers, ISIL emerged from the ideology of the Muslim Brotherhood, the first post-Ottoman Islamist group dating back to the late 1920s in Egypt. It adheres to global jihadist principles and follows the hard-line ideology of al-Qaeda and many other modern-day jihadist groups.

Other sources trace the group's roots not to the Islamism of the Muslim Brotherhood and the more mainstream jihadism of al-Qaeda, but to Wahhabism. The New York Times wrote:

For their guiding principles, the leaders of the Islamic State, also known as ISIS or ISIL, are open and clear about their almost exclusive commitment to the Wahhabi movement of Sunni Islam. The group circulates images of Wahhabi religious textbooks from Saudi Arabia in the schools it controls. Videos from the group’s territory have shown Wahhabi texts plastered on the sides of an official missionary van.

Bernard Haykel, describes Baghdadi's creed as "a kind of untamed Wahhabism," stating "For Al Qaeda, violence is a means to an ends; for ISIS, it is an end in itself." According to The New York Times, "All of the most influential jihadist theorists are criticizing the Islamic State as deviant, calling its self-proclaimed caliphate null and void" and denouncing it for its beheading of journalists and aid workers.

According to The Economist, dissidents in the ISIL capital of Ar-Raqqah report that "all 12 of the judges who now run its court system ... are Saudis". The destruction by ISIL in July 2014 of the tomb and shrine of the prophet Yunus—Jonah in Christianity—the 13th century mosque of Imam Yahya Abu al-Qassimin, the 14th century shrine of prophet Jerjis—St George to Christians—and attempted destruction of the Hadba minaret at the 12th century Great Mosque of Al-Nuri have been called "an unchecked outburst of extreme Wahhabism".

Other Saudi practices followed by the group include the establishment of a "religious police" to root out "vice" and enforce attendance at salat prayers, the widespread use of capital punishment, and the destruction of or conversion to other uses of all churches and non-Sunni mosques.

Salafists such as ISIL believe that only a legitimate authority can undertake the leadership of jihad, and that the first priority over other areas of combat, such as fighting non-Muslim countries, is the purification of Islamic society. For example, when it comes to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, since ISIL regards the Palestinian Sunni group Hamas as apostates who have no legitimate authority to lead jihad, it regards fighting Hamas as the first step toward confrontation with Israel.

Sunni critics, including Salafi and jihadist muftis such as Adnan al-Aroor and Abu Basir al-Tartusi, say that ISIL and related terrorist groups are not Sunnis, but modern-day Khawarij—Muslims who have stepped outside the mainstream of Islam—serving an imperial anti-Islamic agenda. Other critics of ISIL's brand of Sunni Islam include Salafists who previously publicly supported jihadist groups such as al-Qaeda, for example the Saudi government official Saleh Al-Fawzan, known for his extremist views, who claims that ISIL is a creation of "Zionists, Crusaders and Safavids", and the Jordanian-Palestinian writer Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi, the former spiritual mentor to Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, who was released from prison in Jordan in June 2014 and accused ISIL for driving a wedge between Muslims.

Goals

Since 2004, the group's goal has been the foundation of an Islamic state in the Levant. Specifically, ISIL has sought the establishment of a caliphate, a type of Islamic state led by a group of religious authorities under a supreme leader—caliph—who is believed to be the successor to Muhammad.

In June 2014, ISIL published a document in which it claimed to have traced the lineage of its leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi back to Muhammad. That same month, ISIL removed "Iraq and the Levant" from its name and began to refer to itself as the Islamic State, declaring the territory that it occupied in Iraq and Syria a new caliphate and naming al-Baghdadi as its caliph. By declaring a caliphate, al-Baghdadi was demanding the allegiance of all devout Muslims according to Islamic jurisprudence—fiqh.

Shaykh Abu Muhammad al-Adnani al-Shami, spokesperson for ISIL, described the establishment of the caliphate as "a dream that lives in the depths of every Muslim believer" and "the abandoned obligation of the era", while ISIL stated: "The legality of all emirates, groups, states and organizations becomes null by the expansion of the khilafah's authority and arrival of its troops to their areas." ISIL thus rejects the political divisions established by Western powers at the end of World War I in the Sykes–Picot Agreement as it absorbs territory in Syria and Iraq.

ISIL's current goal is to consolidate the territorial gains it has made, to establish an Islamic state, and to expand its caliphate throughout the Levant region.

Territorial claims

When the group announced the establishment of the Islamic State of Iraq in 2006, it claimed authority over the Iraqi governorates of Baghdad, Al Anbar, Diyala, Kirkuk, Salah al-Din, Nineveh, and parts of Babil. Following the expansion of the group into Syria in 2013 and the announcement of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, the number of wilayah—provinces—which it claimed increased to 16. In addition to the seven Iraqi wilayah, the Syrian divisions, largely lying along existing provincial boundaries, are Al Barakah, Al Kheir, Ar-Raqqah, Al Badiya, Halab, Idlib, Hama, Damascus, and the Coast. After taking control of both sides of the border in mid-2014, ISIL created a new province incorporating Syrian territory around Albu Kamal and Iraqi territory around Qaim. This new wilayah was named al-Furat—"Euphrates" province. In Syria, ISIL's seat of power is in the Ar-Raqqah Governorate. Top ISIL leaders, including Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, are known to have visited its provincial capital, Ar-Raqqah.

A video released on 21 October 2014 featured an Australian teenager who had joined ISIL stating "We will not put down our weapons until we reach your lands ... until the black flag is flying high in every single land."

Governance

The group is headed and run by Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, called caliph, with a cabinet of advisers. There are two deputy leaders, Abu Muslim al-Turkmani for Iraq and Abu Ali al-Anbari for Syria, and 12 local governors in Iraq and Syria. Beneath the governors are local councils on finance, leadership, military matters, legal matters—including decisions on executions—foreign fighters assistance, security, intelligence and media. In addition, a Shura council has the task of ensuring that all decisions made by the governors and councils comply with the group's interpretation of sharia.

Ar-Raqqah in Syria is the de facto capital of the Islamic State and is said to be a test case of ISIL governance. As of September 2014, governance in Ar-Raqqah has been under the total control of ISIL where it has rebuilt the structure of modern government in less than a year. Former government workers from the Assad regime maintain their jobs after pledging allegiance to ISIL. Institutions, restored and restructured, are providing services. The Ar-Raqqah dam continues to provide electricity and water. Foreign expertise supplements Syrian officials in running civilian institutions. Only the police and soldiers are ISIL fighters, who receive confiscated lodging previously owned by non-Sunnis and others who fled. Welfare services are provided, price controls established, and taxes imposed on the wealthy. ISIL runs a soft power program in the areas under its control in Iraq and Syria, which includes social services, religious lectures and da'wah—proselytizing—to local populations. It also performs public services such as repairing roads and maintaining the electricity supply.

Exporting oil from oilfields captured by ISIL brings in tens of millions of dollars. One US Treasury official has estimated that ISIL earns US$1 million a day from the export of oil. Much of the oil is sold illegally in Turkey. Dubai-based energy analysts have put the combined oil revenue from ISIL's Iraqi-Syrian production as high as US$3 million per day. ISIL also extracts wealth through taxation and extortion.

British security expert Frank Gardner has concluded that ISIL's prospects of maintaining control and rule are greater in 2014 than they were in 2006. Despite being as brutal as before, ISIL has become "well entrenched" among the population and is not likely to be dislodged by ineffective Syrian or Iraqi forces. It has replaced corrupt governance with functioning locally controlled authorities, services have been restored and there are adequate supplies of water and oil. With Western-backed intervention being unlikely, the group will "continue to hold their ground" and rule an area "the size of Pennsylvania for the foreseeable future", he said. Further solidifying ISIL rule is the control of wheat production, which is roughly 40% of Iraq's production. ISIL has maintained food production, crucial to governance and popular support.

Diktats, influences and pressures

In Mosul, ISIL has implemented a sharia school curriculum which bans teaching in art, music, national history, literature and Christianity. Although Charles Darwin's theory of evolution has never been taught in Iraqi schools, the subject has been banned from the school curriculum. Patriotic songs have been declared blasphemous, and orders have been given to remove certain pictures from school textbooks. Iraqi parents have largely boycotted schools in which the new curriculum has been introduced.

After capturing cities in Iraq, ISIL issued guidelines on how to wear clothes and veils. ISIL warned women in the city of Mosul to wear full-face veils or face severe punishment. The group also uses its two battalions of female fighters in Ar-Raqqah to enforce it's strict laws of individual conduct on women. A cleric told Reuters in Mosul that ISIL gunmen had ordered him to read out the warning in his mosque when worshippers gathered. ISIL also ordered the faces of both male and female mannequins to be covered in an order that also banned the use of naked mannequins. ISIL released 16 notes labeled "Contract of the City", a set of rules aimed at civilians in Nineveh. One rule stipulated that women should stay at home and not go outside unless necessary. Another rule said that stealing would be punished by amputation. In addition to banning the sale and use of alcohol—which is customary in Muslim culture—ISIL has banned the sale and use of cigarettes and hookah pipes. It has also banned "music and songs in cars, at parties, in shops and in public, as well as photographs of people in shop windows".

Christians living in areas under ISIL control who want to remain in the "caliphate" face three options: converting to Islam, paying a religious levy, jizya, or death. "We offer them three choices: Islam; the dhimma contract – involving payment of jizya; if they refuse this they will have nothing but the sword", ISIL said. ISIL had already set similar rules for Christians in Ar-Raqqah, once one of Syria's more liberal cities.

Human rights abuses

In early September 2014, the United Nations Human Rights Council agreed to send a team to Iraq and Syria to investigate the abuses and killings being carried out by the ISIL on "an unimaginable scale". Zeid Ra'ad al Hussein of Jordan, who has taken over Navi Pillay's post as the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, urged world leaders to step in to protect women and children suffering at the hands of ISIL militants, who he said were trying to create a "house of blood". He appealed to the international community to concentrate its efforts on ending the conflict in Iraq and Syria.

War crimes accusations and findings

In July 2014, the BBC reported the United Nations' chief investigator as stating: "Fighters from the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (Isis) may be added to a list of war crimes suspects in Syria."

By June 2014, according to United Nations reports, ISIL had executed hundreds of prisoners of war and killed over 1,000 civilians.

In August 2014, the United Nations accused ISIL of committing "mass atrocities" and war crimes, including the mass execution of up to 250 Syrian Army soldiers near Tabqa Air base. Other known executions of military prisoners took place in Camp Speicher (1,095–1,700 Iraqi soldiers shot and "thousands" more "missing") and the Shaer gas field (200 Syrian soldiers shot).

Religious and minority group persecution

ISIL compels people in the areas it controls, under the penalty of death, torture or mutilation, to declare Islamic creed, and live according to its interpretation of Sunni Islam and sharia law. It directs violence against Shia Muslims, indigenous Assyrian, Chaldean, Syriac and Armenian Christians, Yazidis, Druze, Shabaks and Mandeans in particular.

Amnesty International has found ISIL guilty of the ethnic cleansing of ethnic and religious minority groups in northern Iraq "on a historic scale". In a special report, it describes how ISIL has "systematically targeted non-Arab and non-Sunni Muslim communities, killing or abducting hundreds, possibly thousands, and forcing more than 830,000 others to flee the areas it has captured since 10 June 2014". Among these people are Assyrian Christians, Turkmen Shia, Shabak Shia, Yazidis, Kaka'i and Sabean Mandeans, who have lived together for centuries in Nineveh province, large parts of which are now under ISIL's control.

Among the known massacres of religious and minority group civilians perpetrated by ISIL, there are those committed in the villages Quiniyeh (70–90 Yazidis killed), Hardan (60 Yazidis killed), Sinjar (200–500 Yazidis killed), Ramadi Jabal (60–70 Yazidis killed), Dhola (50 Yazidis killed), Khana Sor (100 Yazidis killed), Hardan (250–300 Yazidis killed), al-Shimal (dozens of Yazidis killed), Khocho (400 Yazidis killed and 1,000 abducted), Jadala (14 Yadizis killed) and Beshir (700 Shia Turkmen killed) and others committed near Mosul (670 Shia inmates of the Badush prison killed), in Tal Afar prison, Iraq (200 Yazidis killed for refusing conversion) and in the town of Ghraneij, Abu Haman and Kashkiyeh (700 members of the Al Sheitaat tribe in Syria killed for refusing to swear allegiance to ISIL). 5,000 Yazidis are estimated by the UN to have been murdered.

Treatment of civilians

During the Iraqi conflict in 2014, ISIL released dozens of videos showing its ill treatment of civilians, many of whom had apparently been targeted on the basis of their religion or ethnicity. Navi Pillay, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, warned of war crimes being committed in the Iraqi war zone, and disclosed one UN report of ISIL militants murdering Iraqi Army soldiers and 17 civilians in a single street in Mosul. The United Nations reported that in the 17 days from 5 to 22 June, ISIL killed more than 1,000 Iraqi civilians and injured more than 1,000. After ISIL released photographs of its fighters shooting scores of young men, the United Nations declared that cold-blooded "executions" by militants in northern Iraq almost certainly amounted to war crimes.

ISIL's advance in Iraq in mid-2014 was accompanied by continuing violence in Syria. On 29 May, ISIL raided a village in Syria and at least 15 civilians were killed, including, according to Human Rights Watch, at least six children. A hospital in the area confirmed that it had received 15 bodies on the same day. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that on 1 June, a 102-year-old man was killed along with his whole family in a village in Hama.

ISIL has recruited to its ranks Iraqi children, who can be seen with masks on their faces and guns in their hands patrolling the streets of Mosul.

Sexual violence and slavery allegations

According to one report, ISIL's capture of Iraqi cities in June 2014 was accompanied by an upsurge in crimes against women, including kidnap and rape. The Guardian reported that ISIL's extremist agenda extended to women's bodies and that women living under their control were being captured and raped. Fighters are told that they are free to have sex and rape non-Muslim captive women. Hannaa Edwar, a leading women’s rights advocate in Baghdad who runs an NGO called Iraqi Al-Amal Association (IAA), said that none of her contacts in Mosul were able to confirm any cases of rape. However, another Baghdad-based women's rights activist, Basma al-Khateeb, said that a culture of violence existed in Iraq against women generally and felt sure that sexual violence against women was happening in Mosul involving not only ISIL but all armed groups.

During a meeting with Nouri al-Maliki, British Foreign Minister William Hague said with regard to ISIL: "Anyone glorifying, supporting or joining it should understand that they would be assisting a group responsible for kidnapping, torture, executions, rape and many other hideous crimes". According to Martin Williams in The Citizen, some hard-line Salafists apparently regard extramarital sex with multiple partners as a legitimate form of holy war and it is "difficult to reconcile this with a religion where some adherents insist that women must be covered from head to toe, with only a narrow slit for the eyes".

Haleh Esfandiari from the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars has highlighted the abuse of local women by ISIL militants after they have captured an area. "They usually take the older women to a makeshift slave market and try to sell them. The younger girls ... are raped or married off to fighters", she said, adding, "It's based on temporary marriages, and once these fighters have had sex with these young girls, they just pass them on to other fighters." Yazidi girls in Iraq allegedly raped by ISIL fighters have committed suicide by jumping to their death from Mount Sinjar, as described in a witness statement.

A United Nations report issued on 2 October 2014, based on 500 interviews with witnesses, said that ISIL took 450–500 women and girls to Iraq's Nineveh region in August where "150 unmarried girls and women, predominantly from the Yazidi and Christian communities, were reportedly transported to Syria, either to be given to ISIL fighters as a reward or to be sold as sex slaves". In mid-October, the UN confirmed that 5,000–7,000 Yazidi women and children had been abducted by ISIL and sold into slavery.

In the digital magazine Dabiq ISIL explicitly claimed religious justification for enslaving Yazidi women.

Criticism

The group has attracted widespread criticism internationally for its extremism, from governments, from Muslim communities, scholars and theologians, and from the United Nations and Amnesty International.

In late September 2014, 126 Islamic scholars from around the Muslim world signed an open letter to the Islamic State's leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, explicitly rejecting and refuting his group's interpretations of the Qur'an and hadith to justify its actions. The letter rebukes the Islamic State for its execution of prisoners, describing the killings as "heinous war crimes" and its persecution of the Yazidis of Iraq as "abominable". It also accuses the group of instigating fitna—sedition—by instituting slavery under its rule in contravention of the anti-slavery consensus of the Islamic scholarly community. Referring to "the self-declared 'Islamic State'", the scholars say that its "sacrifice" without legitimate cause, goals and intention "is not jihad at all, but rather, warmongering and criminality". Other scholars describe the group as Khawarij.

The group's declaration of a caliphate has been criticized and its legitimacy disputed by Middle Eastern governments, other jihadist groups, and Sunni Muslim theologians and historians. Qatar-based TV broadcaster and theologian Yusuf al-Qaradawi stated: " declaration issued by the Islamic State is void under sharia and has dangerous consequences for the Sunnis in Iraq and for the revolt in Syria", adding that the title of caliph can "only be given by the entire Muslim nation", not by a single group.

Two days after the beheading of Hervé Gourdel, hundreds of Muslims gathered in the Grand Mosque of Paris to show solidarity against the beheading. The protest was lead by the leader of the French Council of the Muslim Faith, Dalil Boubakeur, and was joined by thousands of other Muslims around the country under the slogan "Not in my name". French president François Hollande said Gourdel's beheading was "cowardly" and "cruel", and confirmed that airstrikes would continue against ISIL in Iraq. Hollande also called for three days of national mourning, with flags flown at half-mast throughout the country and said that security would be increased throughout Paris.

The Islamic State is mocked on social media websites such as Twitter and YouTube, with the use of hashtags, mock recruiting ads, fake news articles and YouTube videos. One parody, by a Palestinian TV satire show, portrays the Islamic State as "buffoon-like hypocrites" and has had more than half a million views.

Criticism of the name "Islamic State"

No nation recognizes the group by the name "Islamic State", owing to the far-reaching political and religious authority which that name implies. The United Nations Security Council, the United States, Canada, Turkey, Australia, Russia, United Kingdom and other powers generally call the group "ISIL", while much of the Arab world and France use the Arabic acronym "Dāʻish".

When addressing the United Nations Security Council in September 2014, Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott summarized these widespread objections thus: "To use this term is to dignify a death cult; a death cult that, in declaring itself a caliphate, has declared war on the world". The group is very sensitive about its name. "They will cut your tongue out even if you call them Isis—you have to say 'Islamic State'", said a woman in ISIL-controlled Mosul.

As of mid-September 2014, prominent English-language news agencies, such as Reuters and the Associated Press, and media groups, including the BBC, The Washington Post and The Wall Street Journal, began to adopt the name "Islamic State", which is the name predominantly used.

Propaganda and social media

ISIL is known for its effective use of propaganda. Its creation of a flag and coat of arms that have symbolic meaning for the Muslim world was clearly done with care.

In November 2006, shortly after the group's rebranding as the "Islamic State of Iraq", the group established the al-Furqan Institute for Media Production, which produces CDs, DVDs, posters, pamphlets, and web-related propaganda products. ISIL's main media outlet is the I'tisaam Media Foundation, which was formed in March 2013 and distributes through the Global Islamic Media Front (GIMF). In 2014, ISIL established the al-Hayat Media Center, which targets a Western audience and produces material in English, German, Russian and French. In the same year it launched the Ajnad Media Foundation, which releases jihadist audio chants.

In July 2014, ISIL began publishing a digital magazine called Dabiq, in a number of different languages including English. According to the magazine, its name is taken from the town of Dabiq in northern Syria, which is mentioned in a hadith about Armageddon. Harleen K. Gambhir of the Institute for the Study of War considered that while al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula's magazine Inspire focuses on encouraging its readers to carry out lone-wolf attacks on the West, Dabiq is more concerned with establishing the religious legitimacy of ISIL and its self-proclaimed caliphate, and encouraging Muslims to emigrate there.

ISIL's use of social media has been described by one expert as "probably more sophisticated than most US companies". It regularly takes advantage of social media, particularly Twitter, to distribute its message by organizing hashtag campaigns, encouraging Tweets on popular hashtags, and utilizing software applications that enable ISIL propaganda to be distributed to its supporters' accounts. Another comment is that "ISIS puts more emphasis on social media than other jihadi groups. ... They have a very coordinated social media presence." In August 2014, Twitter administrators shut down a number of accounts associated with ISIL. ISIL recreated and publicized new accounts the next day, which were also shut down by Twitter administrators. The group has attempted to branch out into alternative social media sites, such as Quitter, Friendica and Diaspora; Quitter and Friendica, however, almost immediately worked to remove ISIL's presence from their sites.

On 19 August 2014, a propaganda video showing the beheading of US photojournalist James Foley was posted on the Internet. ISIL claimed that the killing had been carried out in revenge for the US bombing of ISIL targets. The video promised that a second captured US journalist Steven Sotloff would be killed next if the airstrikes continued. On 2 September 2014, ISIL released a video purportedly showing their beheading of Sotloff. In the video the executioner says, "I'm back, Obama, and I'm back because of your arrogant foreign policy towards the Islamic State, because of your insistence on continuing your bombings and on Mosul Dam, despite our serious warnings. So just as your missiles continue to strike our people, our knife will continue to strike the necks of your people." The next scene shows the same executioner holding the orange jumpsuit of another prisoner and saying, "We take this opportunity to warn those governments that enter this evil alliance of America against the Islamic State to back off and leave our people alone." On 13 September 2014, ISIL released a similar video purportedly showing the beheading of David Cawthorne Haines, a British aid worker whom they had been holding hostage.

In a switch from its former practices, ISIL's media arm imposed a social media blackout on 27 September 2014, fearing that tweets and posts would give away military positions. ISIL has also attempted to present a more "rational argument" in its series of "press release/discussions" performed by hostage/captive John Cantlie and posted on YouTube. In its most recent "Cantlie presentation", various current and former US officials were quoted, such as US President Barack Obama and former CIA station chief Michael Scheuer.

Finances

In 2014, the RAND Corporation carried out a study of 200 documents—personal letters, expense reports and membership rosters—that had been captured from Al-Qaeda in Iraq and the Islamic State of Iraq. It found that from 2005 until 2010, outside donations amounted to only 5% of the group’s operating budgets, with the rest being raised within Iraq. In the time-period studied, cells were required to send up to 20% of the income generated from kidnapping, extortion rackets and other activities to the next level of the group's leadership. Higher-ranking commanders would then redistribute the funds to provincial or local cells that were in difficulties or needed money to conduct attacks. The records show that the Islamic State of Iraq was dependent on members from Mosul for cash, which the leadership used to provide additional funds to struggling militants in Diyala, Salahuddin and Baghdad.

In mid-2014, Iraqi intelligence extracted information from an ISIL operative which revealed that the organization had assets worth US$2 billion, making it the richest jihadist group in the world. About three quarters of this sum is said to be represented by assets seized after the group captured Mosul in June 2014; this includes possibly up to US$429 million looted from Mosul's central bank, along with additional millions and a large quantity of gold bullion stolen from a number of other banks in Mosul. However, doubt was later cast on whether ISIL was able to retrieve anywhere near that sum from the central bank, and even on whether the bank robberies had actually occurred.

The group routinely practises extortion, by demanding money from truck drivers and threatening to blow up businesses, for example. Robbing banks and gold shops has been another source of income.

ISIL is widely reported as receiving funding from private donors in the Gulf states. Both Iran and Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki have accused Saudi Arabia and Qatar of funding the group, although there is reportedly no evidence that this is the case. However, US Senator John McCain has praised Saudi Arabia's Bandar bin Sultan for supporting forces fighting Bashar al-Assad’s regime in Syria—"Thank God for the Saudis and Prince Bandar", he said to CNN—and according to Steve Clemons in The Atlantic, ISIL may have been a major part of Bandar’s covert-ops strategy in Syria.

In October 2014, The Daily Telegraph reported that new documents released by the US Treasury disclosed that 49-year-old Qatari Central Bank employee Khalifa Muhammad Turki al-Subaiy—known for his role in funding Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, the mastermind behind the 9/11 attacks, and for bankrolling an al-Qaeda offshoot which plotted to blow up airliners using toothpaste tube bombs—was once again raising money for ISIL. The Qatari authorities had jailed al-Subaiy for terrorist offences in 2008, but freed him after only six months. Furthermore, a new report to be published in November by a US security think tank is understood to have identified 20 Qataris as senior terrorist financiers and facilitators; ten of these Qataris are already designated as terrorists on official US and UN blacklists.

ISIL is believed to receive considerable funds from its operations in eastern Syria, where it has commandeered oilfields and engages in smuggling out raw materials and archaeological artifacts. It generates revenue from producing crude oil from captured oilfields and selling electric power from captured power plants in northern Syria. Some of this electricity is reportedly sold back to the Syrian government. It has also been selling smuggled Syrian oil in Turkey.

Since 2012, ISIL has produced annual reports giving numerical information on its operations, somewhat in the style of corporate reports, seemingly in a bid to encourage potential donors.

Military and arms

The most common weapons used against US and other coalition forces during the Iraq insurgency were those taken from Saddam Hussein's weapon stockpiles around the country, these included AKM variant assault rifles, PK machine guns and RPG-7s. ISIL has been able to strengthen its military capability by capturing large quantities and varieties of weaponry during the Syrian Civil War and Post-US Iraqi insurgency. These weapons seizures have improved the group's capacity to carry out successful subsequent operations and obtain more equipment. Weaponry that ISIL has reportedly captured and employed include SA-7 and Stinger surface-to-air missiles, M79 Osa, HJ-8 and AT-4 Spigot anti-tank weapons, Type 59 field guns and M198 howitzers, Humvees, T-54/55, T-72, and M1 Abrams main battle tanks, M1117 armoured cars, truck-mounted DShK guns, ZU-23-2 anti-aircraft guns, BM-21 Grad multiple rocket launchers and at least one Scud missile.

When ISIL captured Mosul Airport in June 2014, it seized a number of UH-60 Blackhawk helicopters and cargo planes that were stationed there. According to Peter Beaumont of The Guardian, it seemed unlikely that ISIL would be able to deploy them. However, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported in October 2014 that former Iraqi pilots were training IS militants to fly captured Syrian jets. Witnesses reported that MiG-21 and MiG-23 jets were flying over al-Jarrah military airport, but the US Central Command said it was not aware of flights by Islamic State-operated aircraft in Syria or elsewhere. Two of the jets were destroyed during landing by Syrian Air Force aircraft on October 21.

ISIL captured nuclear materials from Mosul University in July 2014. In a letter to UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, Iraq's UN Ambassador Mohamed Ali Alhakim said that the materials had been kept at the university and "can be used in manufacturing weapons of mass destruction". Nuclear experts regarded the threat as insignificant. International Atomic Energy Agency spokeswoman Gill Tudor said that the seized materials were "low grade and would not present a significant safety, security or nuclear proliferation risk".

Timeline of events

Some of the most recent events in the timeline are shown below:

Part of a series on the
History of the Islamic State
Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad (1999‑2004) Al-Qaeda in Iraq (2004‑2006) Jama'at Jaysh Ahl al-Sunnah wa-l-Jama'ah (2004‑2006) Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah (2004‑2006) Mujahideen Shura Council (2006) Islamic State of Iraq (2006‑2013) Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (2013‑2014) Islamic State (2014‑present)
By topic
Administrative divisions Beheadings Claimed oil fields Destruction of cultural heritage Human rights Ideology Jihadist flag Members Military List of battles Territorial claims Timeline of terrorist incidents
Category
v t e

The following is a list of major terrorist attacks and arrests that have been connected to or have been claimed in reliable sources to be inspired by the Islamic State (IS), also known by other names.

Islamic State's predecessor organization, Islamic State of Iraq (ISI) was established in October 2006, after the dissolution of the insurgent groups fighting under the coalition of Mujahideen Shura Council. Under the leadership of its first Emir Abu Omar al-Baghdadi, ISI was in the Iraqi insurgency against American occupation. After the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq, ISI, then-led by Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, continued its insurgency against the Iraqi government. In April 2013, the group officially changed its name to "Islamic State of Iraq and Levant" and established a presence in Syria.

Between June 2014, when the group self-proclaimed itself to be the Islamic State, and February 2018, IS has often made claims of responsibility over 140 terrorist attacks in 29 countries outside Syria and Iraq, that were "conducted or inspired" by the group, while the evidences of those claims are not verified. Hundreds of other attacks were also carried out since 2018.

Attacks by Islamic State of Iraq: 2006 – 2012

The following is a list of alleged and confirmed attacks carried out by the Islamic State of Iraq organization between 2006 and 2012:

• The 18 April 2007 Baghdad bombings were a series of attacks that occurred when five car bombs exploded across Baghdad, the capital city of Iraq, on 18 April 2007, killing nearly 200 people. No group claimed responsibility for the attacks. US defense secretary Robert Gates, delivering remarks from Tel Aviv, claimed that Islamic State of Iraq might have perpetrated the attacks.
• The Qahtaniyah bombings occurred at around 8pm local time on August 14, 2007, when four co-ordinated suicide bomb attacks detonated in the Kurdish towns of Kahtaniya and Jazeera (Siba Sheikh Khidir), near Mosul. Iraqi Red Crescent's estimates say the bombs killed 796 and wounded 1,562 people, making this the Iraq War's most deadly car bomb attack. No group claimed responsibility for the attack. US military officials alleged that the attacks were launched by ISI fighters.
• The August 2009 Baghdad bombings were three coordinated car bomb attacks and a number of mortar strikes in the Iraqi capital, Baghdad.
• On 25 October 2009, Baghdad bombings there were bombings in Baghdad which killed 155 people and injured at least 721 people.
• The April 2010 Baghdad bombings were a series of bomb attacks in Baghdad, Iraq that killed at least 85 people over two days. Nouri al-Maliki alleged that the attacks were carried out by the Islamic State of Iraq.
• The 10 May 2010 Iraq attacks were a series of bomb and shooting attacks that occurred in Iraq on 10 May 2010, killing over 100 people and injuring 350, the highest death toll for a single day in Iraq in 2010. Iraqi officials alleged that Islamic State of Iraq (ISI) group carried out the attacks in retaliation against the killing of ISI's two high-ranking leaders of U.S. and Iraqi forces.
• The 2 November 2010 Baghdad bombings were a series of bomb attacks in Baghdad, Iraq, that killed more than 110 people. While the Islamic State of Iraq did not officially claim responsibility for the attacks, a U.S. military spokesperson alleged that ISI-affiliated fighters might have carried out the attacks.
• The January 2011 Iraq suicide attacks were a series of three consecutive suicide bombings in Iraq which left at least 133 dead.

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

See also

• List of Islamist terrorist attacks
• List of terrorists incidents linked to ISIS-K
• List of terrorist incidents, 2014
• List of terrorist incidents, 2015
• List of wars and battles involving ISIL
• List of the terrorist actions against the Mourning of Muharram

References

1. Hassan, Hassan (11 June 2014). "Political reform in Iraq will stem the rise of Islamists". The National. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
2. Khatib, Lina (12 June 2014). "What the Takeover of Mosul Means for ISIS". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
3. "ISIS on offense in Iraq". Al-Monitor. 10 June 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
4. Kelley, Michael B. (20 August 2014). "One Big Question Surrounds The Murder Of US Journalist James Foley By ISIS". Business Insider. Retrieved 20 August 2014. ... the de facto ISIS capital of Raqqa, Syria ...
5. Rubin, Alissa J. (5 July 2014). "Militant Leader in Rare Appearance in Iraq". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
6. ^ Withnall, Adam (29 June 2014). "Iraq crisis: Isis changes name and declares its territories a new Islamic state with 'restoration of caliphate' in Middle East". The Independent. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
7. ^ "Syria crisis: Omar Shishani, Chechen jihadist leader". BBC News. 3 December 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
8. Akhmeteli, Nina (9 July 2014). "The Georgian roots of Isis commander Omar al-Shishani". BBC News. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
9. "Here's What We Know About the 'Caliph' of the New Islamic State". Business Insider. Agence France-Presse. 29 June 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
10. "ISIS Spokesman Declares Caliphate, Rebrands Group as Islamic State". SITE Institute. 29 June 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
11. "Iraqi City in Hands of Al-Qaida-Linked Militants". Voice of America. 4 January 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
12. "The Crisis in Iraq" (PDF). UMAA. 18 June 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
13. Knox, Olivier (23 October 2014). "Smuggled oil, sex slaves, kidnappings, crime: Inside the Islamic State's million-dollar money stream". Yahoo News. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
14. ^ Uppsala Data Conflict Programme: Conflict Encyclopaedia (Iraq). (See One-sided violence – ISIS-civilians – Actor information-ISIS.) Retrieved 5 August 2014.
15. "Al-Qaeda chief disbands main jihadist faction in Syria: Al-Jazeera". Hürriyet Daily News. 8 November 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
16. Mohammed Tawfeeq and Laura Smith-Spark (4 January 2014). "Islamist group ISIS claims deadly Lebanon blast, promises more violence". CNN. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
17. "ISIS claims responsibility for Beirut car bomb". The Daily Star. 4 January 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
18. Cite error: The named reference ISIS attack in Turkey was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
19. Rubin, Alissa, J (26 June 2014). "4 questions ISIS rebels use to tell Sunni from Shia". The Times of India. Retrieved 18 October 2014.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
20. ^ Pool, Jeffrey (16 December 2004). "Zarqawi's Pledge of Allegiance to Al-Qaeda: From Mu'Asker Al-Battar, Issue 21". Terrorism Monitor. 2 (24): The Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
21. "Al-Qaeda disavows ISIS militants in Syria". BBC News. 3 February 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
22. "Islamic State 'has 50,000 fighters in Syria'". Al Jazeera. 19 August 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
23. "ISIS has 100,000 fighters, growing fast – Iraqi govt adviser". RT. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
24. ^ "IS has 20,000–31,500 fighters in Iraq and Syria: CIA". Yahoo! News. 12 September 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
25. Ferran, Lee; Momtaz, Rym. "ISIS: Trail of Terror". ABC News. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
26. Sly, Liz (20 October 2014). "Syria tribal revolt against Islamic State ignored, fueling resentment". The Washington Post. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
27. Sly, Liz (23 July 2013). "Islamic law comes to rebel-held Syria". The Washington Post.
28. Lewis, Jessica (12 June 2014). "The Terrorist Army Marching on Baghdad". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 23 June 2014.(subscription required) Accessible via Google.
29. ^ Sly, Liz (3 February 2014). "Al-Qaeda disavows any ties with radical Islamist ISIS group in Syria, Iraq". The Washington Post. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
30. McClam, Erin (20 June 2014). "More Extreme than al Qaeda? How ISIS compares to other terror groups". NBC News. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
31. Cockburn, Patrick (9 June 2014). "Battle to establish Islamic state across Iraq and Syria". The Independent. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
32. داعش تعلن تأسيس دولة الخلافة وتسميتها "الدولة الإسلامية" فقط دون العراق والشام والبغدادي أميرها وتحذر "لا عذر لمن يتخلف عن البيعة. Arabic CNN. 29 June 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2014. Template:Ar icon
33. "Isis rebels declare 'Islamic state' in Iraq and Syria". BBC News. 30 June 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
34. "What is ISIS? — The Short Answer". The Wall Street Journal. 12 June 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
35. ^ "The War between ISIS and al-Qaeda for Supremacy of the Global Jihadist Movement" (PDF). Washington Institute for Near East Policy. June 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
36. Whitlock, Craig (10 June 2006). "Death Could Shake Al-Qaeda In Iraq and Around the World". The Washington Post. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
37. Knights, Michael (29 May 2014). "The ISIL's Stand in the Ramadi-Falluja Corridor". Combating Terrorism Center. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
38. Fishman 2008, pp. 48–9, notin that this was little more than a media exercise and an attempt to give the group a more Iraqi flavour and perhaps to distance al-Qaeda from some of al-Zarqawi's tactical errors, notably the 2005 bombings by AQI of three hotels in Amman.
39. ^ "The Rump Islamic Emirate of Iraq". The Long War Journal. 16 October 2006. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
40. Fishman 2008, pp. 49–50.
41. ^ "ISI Confirms That Jabhat Al-Nusra Is Its Extension In Syria, Declares 'Islamic State Of Iraq And Al-Sham' As New Name of Merged Group". MEMRI. 8 April 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
42. "Key Free Syria Army rebel 'killed by Islamist group'". BBC News. 12 July 2013.
43. "Al-Qaeda in Iraq confirms Syria's Nusra Front is part of its network". Al Arabiya. 9 April 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
44. "Profile: Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)". BBC News. 11 June 2014. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
45. ^ Saxena, Vivek (18 June 2014). "ISIS vs ISIL – Which One Is It?". The Inquisitr. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
46. ^ Tharoor, Ishaan (18 June 2014). "ISIS or ISIL? The debate over what to call Iraq's terror group". The Washington Post. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
47. ^ "Terrorist Designations of Groups Operating in Syria". United States Department of State. 14 May 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
48. "Isis, Isil or Da'ish? What to call militants in Iraq". BBC News. 24 June 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
49. Abouzeid, Rania (16 January 2014). "Syria's uprising within an uprising". European Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
50. Keating, Joshua (16 June 2014). "Who Is Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi?". Slate. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
51. Khosla, Simran (30 June 2014). "This Is What The World's Newest Islamic Caliphate Might Look Like". Business Insider. GlobalPost. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
52. "ISIL renames itself 'Islamic State' and declares Caliphate in captured territory". Euronews. 30 June 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
53. "ISIS announces formation of Caliphate, rebrands as 'Islamic State'". The Long War Journal. 29 June 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
54. Taylor, Adam (27 August 2014). "Meet 'QSIS': A new twist in what to call the extremist group rampaging in Iraq and Syria". The Washington Post.
55. Meky, Shounaz (24 August 2014). "Egypt's Dar al-Ifta: ISIS extremists not 'Islamic State'". Al Arabiya. Retrieved 27 August 2014.
56. Gambill, Gary (16 December 2004). "Abu Musab Al-Zarqawi: A Biographical Sketch". Terrorism Monitor. 2 (24): The Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
57. "Zarqawi pledges allegiance to Osama". Dawn. Agence France-Presse. 18 October 2004. Archived from the original on 29 December 2007. Retrieved 13 July 2007.
58. "Al-Zarqawi group vows allegiance to bin Laden". NBC News. Associated Press. 18 October 2004. Retrieved 13 July 2007.
59. ^ "Al-Qaida in Iraq (AQI)". Dudley Knox Library. Naval Postgraduate School. Archived from the original on 1 April 2007. Retrieved 14 July 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |website= (help)
60. Whitaker, Brian (13 October 2005). "Revealed: Al-Qaida plan to seize control of Iraq". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 September 2014.
61. Fishman 2008, pp. 48–9.
62. "Al-Qaeda in Iraq names new head". BBC News. 12 June 2006.
63. Tran, Mark (1 May 2007). "Al-Qaida in Iraq leader believed dead". The Guardian.
64. ^ "Jihad Groups in Iraq Take an Oath of Allegiance". MEMRI. 17 October 2006. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
65. "al Qaeda's Grand Coalition in Anbar". The Long War Journal. 12 October 2006. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
66. "Islamic State of Iraq Announces Establishment of the Cabinet of its First Islamic Administration in Video Issued Through al-Furqan Foundation". SITE Institute. 19 April 2007. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
67. Phillips 2009, p. 74.
68. Mahnaimi, Uzi (13 May 2007). "Al-Qaeda planning militant Islamic state within Iraq". The Sunday Times. London. Archived from the original on 24 May 2011.
69. Ricks, Thomas E. (11 September 2006). "Situation Called Dire in West Iraq". The Washington Post. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
70. Linzer, Dafna; Ricks, Thomas E. (28 November 2006). "Anbar Picture Grows Clearer, and Bleaker". The Washington Post. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
71. Engel, Richard (27 December 2006). "Reporting under al-Qaida control". MSNBC. Retrieved 28 October 2009.
72. Engel, Richard (17 January 2007). "Dangers of the Baghdad plan". MSNBC. Archived from the original on 2 November 2007. Retrieved 28 October 2009.
73. Targeting al Qaeda in Iraq's Network, The Weekly Standard, 13 November 2007
74. Ricks, Thomas; DeYoung, Karen (15 October 2007). "Al-Qaeda in Iraq Reported Crippled". The Washington Post.
75. Samuels, Lennox (20 May 2008). "Al Qaeda in Iraq Ramps Up Its Racketeering". Newsweek.(subscription required) Accessible via Google.
76. Phillips 2009, p. 65.
77. Kahl 2008.
78. Christie, Michael (18 November 2009). "Al Qaeda in Iraq becoming less foreign-US general". Reuters.
79. Arango, Tim (22 August 2014). "Top Qaeda Leaders in Iraq Reported Killed in Raid". The New York Times.
80. Shanker, Thom (4 June 2010). "Qaeda Leaders in Iraq Neutralized, US Says". The New York Times.
81. "US says 80% of al-Qaeda leaders in Iraq removed". BBC News. 4 June 2010.
82. "Attacks in Iraq down, Al-Qaeda arrests up: US general". Google News. Agence France-Presse. 4 June 2010.
83. Shadid, Anthony (16 May 2010). "Iraqi Insurgent Group Names New Leaders". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
84. "Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi: Islamic State's driving force". BBC World News. 31 July 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
85. "U.S. Actions in Iraq Fueled Rise of a Rebel". The New York Times. 10 August 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
86. "Military Skill and Terrorist Technique Fuel Success of ISIS". The New York Times. 27 August 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
87. ^ "Al-Qaida: We're returning to old Iraq strongholds". Associated Press. 22 July 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
88. ^ "Al Qaeda in Iraq Resurgent" (PDF). Institute for the Study of War. September 2013. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
89. "Al Qaeda says it freed 500 inmates in Iraq jail-break". Reuters. 23 July 2013. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
90. Abouzeid, Rania (14 March 2014). "Syria: The story of the conflict". Politico. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
91. ^ Abouzeid, Rania (23 June 2014). "The Jihad Next Door". Politico. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
92. "Jabhat al-Nusra A Strategic Briefing" (PDF). Quilliam Foundation. 8 January 2013. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
93. "Qaeda in Iraq confirms Syria's Nusra is part of network". GlobalPost. Agence France-Presse. 9 April 2013. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
94. "Al-Nusra Commits to al-Qaida, Deny Iraq Branch 'Merger'". Naharnet Agence France-Presse. 10 April 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
95. Atassi, Basma (9 June 2013). "Qaeda chief annuls Syrian-Iraqi jihad merger". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
96. ^ "Iraqi al-Qaeda chief rejects Zawahiri orders". Al Jazeera. 15 June 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
97. "Zawahiri disbands main Qaeda faction in Syria". The Daily Star. 8 November 2013. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
98. ^ Birke, Sarah (27 December 2013). "How al-Qaeda Changed the Syrian War". New York Review of Books.
99. Vladimir Platov (18 January 2014). "Growth of International Terrorist Threat from Syria". New Eastern Outlook. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
100. "Chechen-led group swears allegiance to head of Islamic State of Iraq and Sham". The Long War Journal. 27 November 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
101. "ISIS-rebel clashes resume in Deir al-Zor". The Daily Star. 18 June 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
102. Syrian branch of al Qaeda vows loyalty to Iraq's ISIS" France 24. 25 June 2014.
103. "Al Nusra pledges allegiance to Isil". Gulf News. 25 June 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
104. "U.S. training Syrian rebels; White House 'stepped up assistance'". Los Angeles Times. 21 June 2013.
105. Saad, Hwaida; Gladstone, Rick (4 January 2014). "Qaeda-Linked Insurgents Clash With Other Rebels in Syria, as Schism Grows". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
106. Casey, Mary Joshua Haber (7 January 2014). "Rebel factions continue fight against ISIL in Northern Syria". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
107. Cockburn, Patrick (30 June 2014). "Isis Caliphate has Baghdad worried because of appeal to angry young Sunnis". The Independent. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
108. "Iraq's Baghdadi calls for 'holy war'". Al Jazeera. 2 July 2014. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
109. Moore, Jack (2 July 2014). "Iraq Crisis: Senior Jordan Jihadist Slams Isis Caliphate". International Business Times UK. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
110. Mandhai, Shafik (7 July 2014). "Muslim leaders reject Baghdadi's caliphate". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
111. Goodenough, Patrick (6 July 2014). "Self-Appointed 'Caliph' Makes First Public Appearance". CNS News. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
112. Crilly, Rob; Mehsud, Saleem (9 July 2014). "Pakistani terror group swears allegiance to Islamic State". The Telegraph. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
113. Fieldstadt, Elisha (29 June 2014). "ISIS Declare Themselves an Islamic State". NBC News. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
114. Gaouette, Nicole; Ajrash, Kadhim; Sabah, Zaid (23 June 2014). "Militants Seize Iraq-Jordan Border as Kerry Visits Baghdad". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
115. ^ Arango, Tim; Gordon, Michael R. (23 June 2014). "Iraqi Insurgents Secure Control of Border Posts". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
116. Abuqudairi, Areej (5 July 2014). "Anger boils over in the 'Fallujah of Jordan'". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
117. ^ Carey, Glen; Almashabi, Deema (16 June 2014). "Jihadi Recruitment in Riyadh Revives Saudi Arabia's Greatest Fear". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
118. ^ Solomon, Erika; Kerr, Simeon (3 July 2014). "Saudi Arabia sends 30,000 troops to Iraq border". Financial Times. Retrieved 6 July 2014. (subscription required)
119. ^ Spencer, Richard (3 July 2014). "Saudi Arabia sends 30,000 troops to Iraq border". The Telegraph. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
120. ^ "Boko Haram voices support for ISIS' Baghdadi". Al Arabiya. 13 July 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
121. "Boko Haram declares caliphate in Nigerian town under rebel control". Deutsche Welle. 24 August 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
122. "Boko Haram Did Not Declare a Caliphate". Foundation for Defense of Democracies. 4 September 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
123. "Nigeria military says one of its warplanes missing in northeast". Reuters. 14 September 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
124. "Syrians adjust to life under ISIS rule". The Daily Star. 29 August 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
125. Arango, Tim (3 August 2014). "Sunni Extremists in Iraq Seize 3 Towns From Kurds and Threaten Major Dam". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
126. Smith-Spark, Laura (6 August 2014). "Iraqi Yazidi lawmaker: 'Hundreds of my people are being slaughtered'". CNN. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
127. "Statement by the President". The White House. 7 August 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
128. ^ McCoy, Terrence (13 June 2013). "ISIL, beheadings and the success of horrifying violence". The Washington Post. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
129. ^ Bulos, Nabih (20 June 2014). "Islamic State of Iraq and Syria aims to recruit Westerners with video". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
130. Zarocostas, John (8 July 2014). "U.N.: Islamic State executed imam of mosque where Baghdadi preached". McClatchyDC. McClatchy. Retrieved 10 October 2014. The executions are particularly poignant after the appearance Friday of the Islamic State's leader, Abu Bakr al Baghdadi, leading prayers in Mosul's Great Nurridin Mosque. One of the first clerics executed in Mosul, according to the United Nations, was the imam of that very mosque, Muhammad al Mansuri. Mansuri was killed June 12, the U.N. said, for failing to pledge allegiance to the Islamic State. A 21-minute video the Islamic State released Saturday showed Baghdadi preaching from the same minbar, or pulpit, that Mansuri once occupied. Twelve other Sunni clerics were executed June 14, the U.N. says.
131. ^ "Video shows Islamic State executes scores of Syrian soldiers". Reuters. 28 August 2014.
132. ^ "ISIL Militants Killed More Than 1000 Civilians In Recent Onslaught In recent Onslaught in Iraq: UN". RT News. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
133. ^ "Iraq violence: UN confirms more than 2000 killed, injured since early June". UN News Centre. 24 June 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
134. ^ "UN warns of war crimes as ISIL allegedly executes 1,700". Today's Zaman. 15 June 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
135. ^ Nebehay, Stephanie (2 October 2014). "Islamic State committing 'staggering' crimes in Iraq: U.N. report". Retrieved 2 October 2014.
136. Hall, Benjamin (23 June 2014). "ISIS joins forces with Saddam loyalists in bid to take Baghdad". Fox News Channel. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
137. "US State Department wants IS leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, offering $10 million reward". NewsComAu. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
138. "In Turkey, a late crackdown on Islamist fighters". Washington Post. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
139. "The terrorists fighting us now? We just finished training them". Washington Post. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
140. ^ "Al-Qaida Sanctions List". United Nations. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
141. ^ http://www.berghof-foundation.org/fileadmin/redaktion/Publications/Other_Resources/RLM_EU_Terrorist_Listing.pdf
142. "Foreign Terrorist Organizations". Bureau of Counterterrorism. United States Department of State. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
143. "Listed terrorist organisations". Australian National Security. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
144. "Currently listed entities". Public Safety Canada. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
145. Kaplan, Hilal (3 September 2014). "Charging Turkey for ISIS". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
146. Mahcupyan, Etyen (20 September 2014). "ISIS, Turkey and the US". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
147. "Saudi Arabia designates Muslim Brotherhood terrorist group". Reuters. 7 March 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
148. "Proscribed Terrorist Organisations" (PDF). Home Office. 20 June 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
149. "BNPT Declares ISIS a Terrorist Organization". Tempo. 2 August 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
150. "Ya'alon Designates Islamic State as Unlawful Organization". Arutz Sheva. 4 September 2014. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
151. "‏إسرائيل تصنف "داعش" و" عبد الله عزام" تنظيمات "إرهابية"". 4 September 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.On 3 September 2014, Israel's Ministry of Defence ratified the Israeli General Security Service's recommendation that the Islamic State be considered a terrorist organization.
152. Rieger, Sol (26 August 2014). "Israel Moves to Declare Support for ISIS Illegal as Photo of Groups Flag Appear". JP Updates. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
153. ^ Lister, Tim (13 June 2014). "ISIS: The first terror group to build an Islamic state?". CNN. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
154. Tran, Mark (11 June 2014). "Who are Isis? A terror group too extreme even for al-Qaida". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
155. Coughlin, Con; Whitehead, Tom (19 June 2014). "US should launch targeted military strikes on 'terrorist army' Isis, says General David Petraeus". The Telegraph. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
156. "Iraq religious leader supports liberation of Mosul, calls ISIS terrorists". Foreign Affairs Committee. National Council of Resistance of Iran. 13 June 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
157. United Nations Web Services Section. "The Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee". Retrieved 20 October 2014.
158. United Nations Web Services Section. "The Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee". Retrieved 20 October 2014.
159. "Two Arab countries fall apart". The Economist. 14 June 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
160. "The Syrian rebel groups pulling in foreign fighters". BBC News. 24 December 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
161. "Chechen fighter emerges as face of Iraq militant group". Fox News. Associated Press. 2 July 2014.
162. Schmidt, Michael S. (15 September 2014). "U.S. Pushes Back Against Warnings That ISIS Plans to Enter From Mexico". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
163. Kirkpatrick, David D. (21 October 2014). "New Freedoms in Tunisia Drive Support for ISIS". New York Times.
164. ^ "Det jag har bevittnat i al-Raqqa kommer alltid förfölja mig". Nyheter Världen (in Swedish). Dagens Nyheter. 23 September 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
165. Paterno Emasquel II (17 September 2014). "Philippines condemns, vows to 'thwart' ISIS". Rappler. Retrieved 19 September 2014.
166. "BIFF, Abu Sayyaf pledge allegiance to Islamic State jihadists | GMA News Online". Gmanetwork.com. 16 August 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
167. Dean, Sarah (21 August 2014). "PM Tony Abbott warns Australians of threats from Indonesian Jemaah Islamiyah group". Daily Mail. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
168. Elmenshawy, Mohamed (25 August 2014). "Egypt's Emerging Libya Policy". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
169. "ISIS woos Ansar al-Sharia in Libya". Magharebia. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
170. "allAfrica.com: Tunisia: Ansar Al-Sharia Tunisia Spokesman Backs Isis". Retrieved 25 September 2014.
171. Abdallah Suleiman Ali (3 July 2014). "Global jihadists recognize Islamic State". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
172. "Gaza Salafists pledge allegiance to ISIS – Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
173. "البلد: أنصار بيت المقدس تعلن البيعة لأمير داعش أبو بكر البغدادي". Retrieved 25 September 2014.
174. Chikhi, Lamine (14 September 2014). "Splinter group breaks from al Qaeda in North Africa". Reuters. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
175. "Pakistan Taliban Pledges Support To ISIS Militants". International Business Times. 4 October 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
176. "Uzbek militants declare support for Islamic State". Dawn. 7 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
177. Hassan, Hassan (17 June 2014). "More Than ISIS, Iraq's Sunni Insurgency". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
178. Mahdi, Osama (13 June 2014). "Council of the rebels begin appointing conservative management control areas". Elaph. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
179. "In Pictures: Tension in Kirkuk". al Jazeera. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
180. "Islamic State seizes territory inside Lebanon". The Telegraph. 4 August 2014.
181. Mortada, Radwan (19 May 2014). "Hezbollah fighters and the "jihadis": Mad, drugged, homicidal, and hungry". Al Akhbar (Lebanon). Retrieved 9 June 2014.
182. Karam, Zeina (19 August 2014). "Syria conflict: President Assad finally turns on Isis as government steps up campaign against militant strongholds". The Independent.
183. Mulcaire, Jack (22 April 2014). "Aleppo: Syria's Stalingrad?". The National Interest. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
184. "Al-Qaeda-linked Isis under attack in northern Syria". BBC News. 4 January 2014. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
185. Muslim, Hana (13 May 2014). "Syria rebels struggle for control over ISIL-held Raqqa". ARA News. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
186. "Syria rebels unite and launch new revolt, against jihadists". AFP. 4 January 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
187. Ahmed, Raman (8 July 2014). "ISIL struggles for control over Syrian Kurdish areas". ARA News. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
188. "Presence of the MFS at the border of Iraq". Syriac International News Agency. 16 June 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
189. Steinbach, Peter. "Die Christen in Syrien ziehen in die Schlacht". Die Welt. Retrieved 2 September 2014.
190. Duell, Mark (14 October 2014). "Now ISIS is under attack from guerrillas itself: Ultra-secret White Shroud group strike fear into terrorists by picking off fighters one by one". Daily Mail. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
191. ^ Cooper, Helene (5 September 2014). "Obama Enlists 9 Allies". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
192. Nicks, Denver (5 September 2014). "U.S. Forms Anti-ISIS Coalition at NATO Summit Summit". Time. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
193. Wintour, Patrick (5 September 2014). "US Forms 'core coalition' to fight ISIS militants in Iraq". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
194. ^ Wordsworth, Araminta (26 September 2014). "Anti-ISIS coalition has mobilized up to 62 nations and groups". National Post. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
195. ^ "Britain ready to supply Kurds with arms". Reuters. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
196. "España enviará unos 300 militares a Irak para instruir a su Ejército". El País. 9 October 2014. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
197. "Jordan confirms its planes joined strikes on IS in Syria". Jordan Times. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
198. Besar Likmeta (27 August 2014). "Albania Starts Shifting Weapons to Iraqi Kurds". Balkan Insight.
199. SIPA, Bosnia and Herzegovina. "BH on Coalition List against IS Terrorists – Contributed by OSA and SIPA Efficiency". http://www.sipa.gov.ba/. sipa.gov.ba. Retrieved 11 October 2014. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
200. "До 2020 година 1.8 млрд. лв. ще бъдат вложени в армията (1.8 bln. lv will be invested in the military by 2020)" (in Bulgarian). Dir.bg. 20 September 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
201. "Hrvatska u borbi protiv islamista: Na zahtjev SAD-a šaljemo oružje za iračku vojsku". Jutarnji list (in Croatian). 21 August 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
202. Jean Christou (6 October 2014). "Cyprus seeks to broaden role in IS fight". Cyprus Mail.
203. Sadq, Hoshmand (14 August 2014). "Seven Countries to sell weapons to Kurds". BasNews. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
204. Kalmouki, Nikoleta (25 September 2014). "Greece Participates in the War Against the Islamic State". Greek Reporter. Retrieved 27 September 2014.
205. Dehghanpisheh, Babak (3 August 2014). "Iran's elite Guards fighting in Iraq to push back Islamic State". Reuters.
206. "Iran Rushes Elite Quds Force Unit To Iraq To Help Government Stop ISIS Advance". weaselzippers.us. 11 June 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
207. "PM Netanyahu on Face the Nation (CBS News)". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 5 October 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
208. "Israel provides intelligence on Islamic State - Western diplomat". Reuters. 8 September 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
209. "Israel ready to help Jordan fend off Iraq insurgents if asked". Reuters. 4 July 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
210. "Russia Tells Iraq It's 'Ready' to Support Fight Against ISIS". NBC News. Retrieved 27 September 2014.
211. Nordland, Rod (29 June 2014). "Russian Jets and Experts Sent to Iraq to Aid Army". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
212. "Chechen leader, Putin pal vows to crush ISIS after threat against Russia". Fox News. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
213. "Chechen ISIS fighters under Omar al-Shishani threaten to take fight to Putin". The Independent. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
214. "Arab League issues proclamation on ISIS". CBS/AP. 8 September 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
215. "The War Between ISIS and al-Qaeda for Supremacy of the Global Jihadist Movement". Washington Institute. June 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
216. McLaughlin, Eliott; Capelouto, Susanna (28 September 2014). "U.S. and its allies strike ISIS tank, refineries and checkpoints". CNN. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
217. Jocelyn, Thomas (20 June 2014). "Ansar al Islam claims attacks against Iraqi military, police". Long War Journal. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
218. Mohammed, A. Salih (1 September 2014). "PKK forces impress in fight against Islamic State". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
219. Uppsala Data Conflict Programme: Conflict Encyclopaedia (Iraq).(See War & minor conflict – Iraq: government – In depth – Continued armed conflict after USA's troop withdrawal from Iraq.) Retrieved 5 August 2014.
220. Beauchamp, Zack (20 June 2014). "The real roots of Iraq's Sunni-Shia conflict". Vox. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
221. ^ Vick, Karl; Baker, Aryn (11 June 2014). "Extremists in Iraq Continue March Toward Baghdad". Time. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
222. Bilger, Alex (22 May 2014). "ISIS Annual Reports Reveal a Metrics-Driven Military Command" (PDF). Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
223. Cockburn, Patrick (15 June 2014). "Iraq crisis: West must take up Tehran's offer to block an Isis victory". The Independent. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
224. Mazzetti, Mark; Schmitt, Eric; Landler, Mark (10 September 2014). "Struggling to Gauge ISIS Threat, Even as U.S. Prepares to Act". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 September 2014.
225. Jeffrey Goldberg (10 August 2014). "Hillary Clinton: 'Failure' to Help Syrian Rebels Led to the Rise of ISIS". The Atlantic. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
226. Gwynne Dyer: Terrorism 101 offers lessons in how to respond to ISIS Straight.com by Gwynne Dyer, 5 Oct. 2014
227. Do Americans Support President Obama's ISIS Plan? NPR by Scott Horsley, 12 Sept. 2014
228. The US, IS and the conspiracy theory sweeping Lebanon. BBC
229. "'Password 360' Conspiracy Theories Linking CIA To Isis Actually Bring A Serious US Denial". The Huffington Post. 14 August 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
230. Hassan, Mehdi (5 September 2014). "Inside jobs and Israeli stooges: why is the Muslim world in thrall to conspiracy theories?". New Statesman. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
231. Baker, Aryn (19 July 2014). "Why Iran Believes the Militant Group ISIS Is an American Plot". Time. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
232. ^ "Islamic State". Australian National Security. Australian Government. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
233. Fernholz, Tim (1 July 2014). "Don't believe the people telling you to freak out over this "ISIL" map". Quartz. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
234. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (24 September 2014). "ISIS' Harsh Brand of Islam Is Rooted in Austere Saudi Creed". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
235. Crooke, Alastair (5 September 2014). "You Can't Understand ISIS If You Don't Know the History of Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia". The Huffington Post.
236. What the ISIS Flag Says About the Militant Group, Time.com article by Ilene Prusher, 9 Sept 2014
237. Endtimes Brewing Huffington Post (UK) article by Anne Speckhard, 29 Aug. 2014
238. Hussain, Ghaffar (30 June 2014). "Iraq crisis: What does the Isis caliphate mean for global jihadism?". The Independent. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
239. Holmes, Oliver (3 February 2014). "Al Qaeda breaks link with Syrian militant group ISIL". Reuters. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
240. Al-Alawi, Irfan. "Extreme Wahhabism on Display in Shrine Destruction in Mosul". Gatestone Institute. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
241. "The other beheaders". The Economist. 20 September 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
242. Mamouri, Ali (29 July 2014). "Why Islamic State has no sympathy for Hamas". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
243. "Hamas appears in the Foreign Terrorist Organizations list of the US Department of State".
244. Paraszczuk, Joanna (7 February 2014). "Syria: Umar Shishani's Second-in-Command in ISIS Slams Scholars Who "Sow Discord" & Don't Fight". EA WorldView. Retrieved 8 July 2014.
245. عدنان العرعور يرد على (داعش) ويتهمها بالتكفير والعمالة للمخابرات الأمريكية والبريطانية. المستشار (in Arabic). Retrieved 8 July 2014.
246. عدنان العرعور يرد على (داعش) ويتهمها بالتكفير والعمالة للمخابرات الأمريكيةسوريا: "العرعور" يحذر السوريين من داعش و يصفهم بالخوارج. Al-Ahd News Network (in Arabic). Retrieved 8 July 2014.
247. ^ "The slow backlash – Sunni religious authorities turn against Islamic State". The Economist. 6 September 2014.
248. Zack Beauchamp (2 September 2014). "17 things about ISIS and Iraq you need to know". Vox Media. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
249. Abu Mohammad. "Letter dated 9 July 2005" (PDF). Office of the Director of National Intelligence. Retrieved 22 July 2014. See page 2 onwards.
250. ^ Johnson, M. Alex (3 September 2014). "'Deviant and Pathological': What Do ISIS Extremists Really Want?". NBC News. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
251. Laith Kubba (7 July 2014). "Who is the U.S. targeting in Iraq air strikes?". Al Jazeera.
252. Daragahi, Borzou; Jones, Sam; Kerr, Simeon (29 June 2014). "Iraq crisis: Isis declares establishment of a sovereign state". Financial Times. Retrieved 29 June 2014.(subscription required)
253. Zelin, Aaron Y. (30 June 2014). "ISIS Is Dead, Long Live the Islamic State". Foreign Policy. The Washington Institute. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
254. Tran, Mark; Weaver, Matthew (30 June 2014). "Isis announces Islamic caliphate in area straddling Iraq and Syria". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
255. McGrath, Timothy (2 July 2014). "Watch this English-speaking ISIS fighter explain how a 98-year-old colonial map created today's conflict". Los Angeles Times. GlobalPost. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
256. Romain Caillet (27 December 2013). "The Islamic State: Leaving al-Qaeda Behind". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
257. ^ "ISIS' 'Southern Division' praises foreign suicide bombers". The Long War Journal. 9 April 2014. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
258. "Middle East – تنظيم الدولة الإسلامية يعلن قيام "ولاية الفرات" على أراض سورية وعراقية – فرانس 24". France 24. 31 August 2014. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
259. Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (10 September 2014). "Islamic State "Euphrates Province" Statement: Translation and Analysis". aymennjawad.org. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
260. "Australian teenager Abdullah Elmir appears in Islamic State video threatening PM Tony Abbott". Australian Broadcasting COrporation.
261. Thompson, Nick; Shubert, Attika (18 September 2014). "The anatomy of ISIS: How the 'Islamic State' is run, from oil to beheadings". CNN. Retrieved 21 September 2014.
262. Ben Hubbard (24 July 2014). "Life in a Jihadist Capital: Order With a Darker Side". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
263. ^ Zelin, Aaron Y. (13 June 2014). "The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria Has a Consumer Protection Office". The Atlantic. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
264. ^ Charles C. Caris; Samuel Reynolds (July 2014). "ISIS Governance in Syria" (PDF). Institute for the Study of War.
265. Mariam Karouny (4 September 2014). "In northeast Syria, Islamic State builds a government". Reuters.
266. ^ Scott Bronstein; Drew Griffin (7 October 2014). "Self-funded and deep-rooted: How ISIS makes its millions". CNN.
267. Karen Leigh (2 August 2014). "ISIS Makes Up To $3 Million a Day Selling Oil, Say Analysts". ABC news. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
268. Gardner, Frank (9 July 2014). "'Jihadistan': Can Isis militants rule seized territory?". BBC News. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
269. Flick, Maggie (30 September 2014). "Special Report: Islamic State uses grain to tighten grip in Iraq". Reuters.
270. Bacchi, Umberto. "ISIS Medieval School Curriculum: No Music, Art and Literature for Mosul Kids". International Business Times.
271. Richard Spencer (16 September 2014). "Islamic State issues new school curriculum in Iraq". The Telegraph.
272. "ISIS eradicates art, history and music from curriculum in Iraq". CBS News. 15 September 2014.
273. Zaid Sabah; Khalid Al-Ansary (17 September 2014). "Mosul Schools Go Back in Time With Islamic State Curriculum". Bloomberg News.
274. Catherine Philp (17 September 2014). "Parents boycott militants' curriculum". The Times.
275. "Islamic State says women in Mosul must wear full veil or be punished". The Irish Times. 26 July 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
276. "ISIS Is Actively Recruiting Female Fighters To Brutalize Other Women". Business Insider.
277. "Islamic State tells Mosul shopkeepers to cover up naked mannequins". Daily News.
278. Taylor, Adam (12 June 2014). "The rules in ISIS' new state: Amputations for stealing and women to stay indoors". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
279. "ISIS bans music, imposes veil in Raqqa". Al-Monitor. 20 January 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
280. "Convert, pay tax, or die, Islamic State warns Christians". The Guardian. Reuters. 18 July 2014. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
281. Abedine, Saad; Mullen, Jethro (28 February 2014). "Islamists in Syrian city offer Christians safety – at a heavy price". CNN. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
282. Hubbard, Ben. "Life in a Jihadist Capital: Order With a Darker Side". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
283. Nebehay, Stephanie (8 September 2014). "New U.N. rights boss warns of 'house of blood' in Iraq, Syria". Reuters. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
284. "UN 'may include' Isis on Syrian war crimes list". BBC News. 26 July 2014
285. "UN accuses Islamic State group of war crimes" Al Jazeera 27 August 2014
286. "Syria conflict: Islamic State 'committed war crimes'". BBC News. 27 August 2014. Retrieved 2 September 2014.
287. ""داعش"، "أزلام صدام" أم "طرف ثالث".. من يقف وراء قتل 1700 جندي في "مجزرة سبايكر" بالعراق؟". CNN Arabic. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
288. "البغدادية - قاسم عطا: 11000 مفقوداً من قاعد سبايكر وهناك مقابر جماعية للجنود في القصور الرئاسية والبوعجيل بتكريت". Al Baghdadia. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
289. "Syria fights to free gas field from Islamic State". Sacramento Bee. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
290. Abi-Habib, Maria (26 June 2014). "Iraq's Christian Minority Feels Militant Threat". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 6 July 2014.(subscription required) Accessible via Google.
291. "BBC News – Iraq crisis: Islamic State accused of ethnic cleansing". BBC News. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
292. "DOCUMENT – IRAQ: ETHNIC CLEANSING ON HISTORIC SCALE: THE ISLAMIC STATE'S SYSTEMATIC TARGETING OF MINORITIES IN NORTHERN IRAQ". Amnesty International. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
293. ^ http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/IQ/UNAMI_OHCHR_POC_Report_FINAL_6July_10September2014.pdf
294. ^ "UN: ISIS Massacred 700 Turkmen--Including Women, Children, Elderly". CNS News. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
295. "Islamic State group 'executes 700' in Syria". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
296. "Islamic State 'executes 700 members of Syrian al-Sheitaat tribe in just two weeks' - Daily Mail Online". Mail Online. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
297. "UN confirms 5,000 Yazidis men were executed and 7,000 women are now sex slaves". Daily Mail. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
298. Spencer, Richard (16 June 2014). "Iraq crisis: UN condemns 'war crimes' as another town falls to Isis". The Telegraph. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
299. "Syria: ISIS Summarily Killed Civilians". Human Rights Watch. 14 June 2014. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
300. "Syria conflict: Amnesty says ISIS killed seven children in north". BBC News. 6 June 2014. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
301. "NGO: ISIS kills 102-year-old man, family in Syria". Al Arabiya. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
302. "Armed Children as Young as 9 Patrolling Streets of Mosul". The Clarion Project. 3 July 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
303. "Surging Violence Against Women in Iraq". Inter Press Service. 27 June 2014. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
304. Winterton, Clare (25 June 2014). "Why We Must Act When Women in Iraq Document Rape". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
305. إسراء محمد علي. "إعلامي كويتي: "داعش" يطالب أهالي الموصل بتقديم غير المتزوجات لـ"جهاد النكاح". المصری الیوم. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
306. Susskind, Yifat (3 July 2014). "Under Isis, Iraqi women again face an old nightmare: violence and repression". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
307. "Hanaa Edwar". NGO Working Group on Women, Peace and Security. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
308. ^ Mike, Giglio (27 June 2014). "Fear Of Sexual Violence Simmers In Iraq As ISIL Advances". BuzzFeed. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
309. Ruth, Sherlock (26 June 2014). "Hague urges unity as Iraq launches first counter-attack". The Telegraph. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
310. Williams, Martin (25 September 2013). "Sexual jihad is a bit much". The Citizen. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
311. Brekke, Kira (8 September 2014). "ISIS Is Attacking Women, And Nobody Is Talking About It". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 11 September 2014.
312. Ahmed, Havidar (14 August 2014). "The Yezidi Exodus, Girls Raped by ISIS Jump to their Death on Mount Shingal". Rudaw Media Network. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
313. Steve Hopkins, "Full horror of the Yazidis who didn’t escape Mount Sinjar: UN confirms 5,000 men were executed and 7,000 women are now kept as sex slaves," Mail Online, 14 October 2014
314. Richard Spencer, "Isil carried out massacres and mass sexual enslavement of Yazidis, UN confirms," The Telegraph, 14 Oct. 2014
315. Reuters, "Islamic State Seeks to Justify Enslaving Yazidi Women and Girls in Iraq," Newsweek, 10-13-2014
316. Athena Yenko, "Judgment Day Justifies Sex Slavery Of Women – ISIS Out With Its 4th Edition Of Dabiq Magazine," International Business Times-Australia, October 13, 2014
317. Allen McDuffee, "ISIS Is Now Bragging About Enslaving Women and Children," The Atlantic, Oct 13 2014
318. Salma Abdelaziz, "ISIS states its justification for the enslavement of women," CNN, October 13, 2014
319. Richard Spencer, "Thousands of Yazidi women sold as sex slaves 'for theological reasons', says Isil," The Daily Telegraph, 13 Oct 2014.
320. Lauren Markoe (24 September 2013). "Muslim Scholars Release Open Letter to Islamic State Meticulously Blasting Its Ideology". The Huffington Post. Religious News Service. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
321. Smith, Samuel (25 September 2014). "International Coalition of Muslim Scholars Refute ISIS' Religious Arguments in Open Letter to al-Baghdadi". The Christian Post. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
322. "Open Letter to Al-Baghdadi". September 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
323. "Isis is 'an offence to Islam', says international coalition of major Islamic scholars". independent. Retrieved 8 October 2014. More than 120 Sunni imams and academics, including some of the Muslim world's most respected scholars, signed the 18-page document which outlines 24 separate grounds on which the terror group violates the tenets of Islam.
324. "Another battle with Islam's 'true believers'". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
325. ""They're delusional": Rivals ridicule ISIS declaration of Islamic state". CBS News. 30 June 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
326. Strange, Hannah (5 July 2014). "Islamic State leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi addresses Muslims in Mosul". The Telegraph. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
327. ^ Halleck, Thomas (26 September 2014). "Thousands Of French Muslims Protest Herve Gourdel Beheading". International Business Times. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
328. "'Not in my name': French Muslims rally to denounce ISIS beheadings". RT. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
329. ^ "Muslims Around The World Are Making Parody Videos To Mock ISIS". Countercurrent News. 2 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
330. Watan ala Watar (7 July 2014). Palestinian Parody about ISIS (Youtube video). MEMRITVVideos.
331. "United Nations Official Document". United Nations. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
332. "Defense.gov News Article: Airstrikes Pound ISIL in Syria, Iraq". U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
333. "Statement by the President on ISIL". White House. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
334. "Details about the Canadian government's motion about going to war against ISIL". Ottawa Citizen. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
335. "Turkish government files motion to Parliament to fight ISIL". Andalou Agency. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
336. "Australia says ready to strike ISIL in Iraq". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
337. http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2014/09/28/380328/russia-urges-iran-role-against-isil/
338. "ISIL: UK government response". Gov.uk. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
339. "France is ditching the 'Islamic State' name—and replacing it with a label the group hates". 17 September 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
340. "Islamic State: PM Tony Abbott tells UN Australia's response to terrorist group will be 'utterly unflinching'". ABC News. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
341. "Islamic State crisis: Mother fears for son at Mosul school". BBC News. 29 September 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
343. "France is ditching the 'Islamic State' name—and replacing it with a label the group hates". Washington Post. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
344. Stone, Jeff (17 June 2014). "ISIS Attacks Twitter Streams, Hacks Accounts To Make Jihadi Message Go Viral". International Business Times. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
345. Prusher, Ilene (9 September 2014). "What the ISIS Flag Says About the Militant Group". Time. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
346. "US targets al Qaeda's al Furqan media wing in Iraq". The Long War Journal. 28 October 2007. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
347. Bilger 2014, p. 1.
348. Zelin, Aaron Y. (8 March 2013). "New statement from the Global Islamic Media Front: Announcement on the Publishing of al-I'tiṣām Media Foundation – A Subsidiary of the Islamic State of Iraq – It Will Be Released Via GIMF". JIHADOLOGY. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
349. Gertz, Bill (13 June 2014). "New Al Qaeda Group Produces Recruitment Material for Americans, Westerners". The Washington Free Beacon. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
350. "ISIS Declares Islamic Caliphate, Appoints Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi As 'Caliph', Declares All Muslims Must Pledge Allegiance To Him". MEMRI. 30 June 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
351. "ISIL Launches 'Ajnad Media Foundation' to Specialize in Jihadi Chants". SITE Institute. 15 January 2014. Retrieved 25 June 2014.(subscription required)
352. "Dabiq: What Islamic State's New Magazine Tells Us about Their Strategic Direction, Recruitment Patterns and Guerrilla Doctrine". The Jamestown Foundation. 1 August 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
353. "Dabiq: The Strategic Messaging of the Islamic State" (PDF). Institute for the Study of War. 15 August 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
354. ^ Roula Khalaf and Sam Jones (17 June 2014). "Selling terror: how Isis details its brutality". Financial Times. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
355. Berger, J. M. (16 June 2014). "How ISIS Games Twitter". The Atlantic. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
356. "ISIS Propaganda Campaign Threatens U.S." Anti-Defamation League. 27 June 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
357. Sheera, Frenkel (16 June 2014). "Meet The 'ISIS Fanboys' Spreading The Message Of Iraq's Most Feared Terror Group". BuzzFeed.
358. Dan Friedman (17 August 2014). "Twitter stepping up suspensions of ISIS-affiliated accounts: experts". Daily News. New York. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
359. "ISIS Faces Resistance From Social Media Companies". Anti-Defamation League. 23 July 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
360. "Second US journalist held by ISIS at risk of being executed". Miami News. 23 August 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
361. Jalabi, Raya (2 September 2014). "Video of Steven Sotloff beheading bears many similarities to James Foley killing". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
362. ^ "IS jihadi group beheads US journalist Steven Sotloff". CNN. 2 September 2014. Retrieved 17 September 2014.
363. "A Second Message to America". Al-Furqan Media Productions. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
364. Holmes, Oliver (13 September 2014). "Islamic State video purports to show beheading of UK hostage David Haines". Reuters. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
365. Carlin, Brendan; Verkaik, Robert (27 September 2014). "PM: I'll hunt Jihadi John... even to Syria. Cameron prepared to send in SAS – and won't seek approval of MPs". Mail Online. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
366. Walsh, Michael (23 September 2014). "ISIS releases second 'lecture video' of British hostage John Cantlie". New York Daily News. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
367. ^ Allam, Hannah (23 June 2014). "Records show how Iraqi extremists withstood U.S. anti-terror efforts". McClatchy News. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
368. Chulov, Martin (15 June 2014). "How an arrest in Iraq revealed Isis's $2bn jihadist network". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
369. Moore, Jack (11 June 2014). "Mosul Seized: Jihadis Loot $429m from City's Central Bank to Make Isis World's Richest Terror Force". International Business Times UK. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
370. McCoy, Terrence (12 June 2014). "ISIS just stole $425 million, Iraqi governor says, and became the 'world's richest terrorist group'". The Washington Post. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
371. Carey, Glen; Haboush, Mahmoud; Viscusi, Gregory (26 June 2014). "Financing Jihad: Why ISIS Is a Lot Richer Than Al-Qaeda". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 19 July 2014.
372. "U.S. Official Doubts ISIS Mosul Bank Heist Windfall". NBC News. 24 June 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
373. Daragahi, Borzou (17 July 2014). "Biggest bank robbery that 'never happened' – $400m Isis heist". Financial Times. Retrieved 21 July 2014.(subscription required) Accessible via Google.
374. Rogin, Josh (14 June 2014). "America's Allies Are Funding ISIS". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
375. "Iraq crisis: How Saudi Arabia helped Isis take over the north of the country". The Independent. 13 July 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2014.
376. Parker, Ned; Ireland, Louise (9 March 2014). "Iraqi PM Maliki says Saudi, Qatar openly funding violence in Anbar". Reuters.
377. "Maliki: Saudi and Qatar at war against Iraq". Al Jazeera. 9 March 2014.
378. "Maliki accuses Saudi Arabia of backing rebels". Al Arabiya. 17 June 2014. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
379. ^ Bozorgmehr, Najmeh; Kerr, Simeon (25 June 2014). "Iran-Saudi proxy war heats up as Isis entrenches in Iraq". Financial Times. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
380. Hauslohner, Abigail (13 June 2014). "Jihadist expansion in Iraq puts Persian Gulf states in a tight spot". The Washington Post. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
381. Black, Ian (19 June 2014). "Saudi Arabia rejects Iraqi accusations of Isis support". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
382. Clemons, Steve (23 June 2014). "'Thank God for the Saudis': ISIS, Iraq, and the Lessons of Blowback". The Atlantic. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
383. "Banker who financed 9/11 mastermind now funding terrorists in Syria and Iraq" Robert Mendick, The Telegraph (04 Oct 2014)
384. Chulov, Martin (15 June 2014). "Iraq arrest that exposed wealth and power of Isis jihadists". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
385. Solomon, Erika (28 April 2014). "Syria's jihadist groups fight for control of eastern oilfields". Financial Times. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
386. Fisher, Max (12 June 2014). "How ISIS is exploiting the economics of Syria's civil war". Vox. Retrieved 17 June 2014. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
387. "Opposition MP says ISIS is selling oil in Turkey". Al-Monitor. June 2014.
388. Matthews, Dylan (24 July 2014). "The surreal infographics ISIS is producing, translated". Vox. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
389. "Insight Into How Insurgents Fought in Iraq". The New York Times. 17 October 2013. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
390. ^ "Not Just Iraq: The Islamic State Is Also on the March in Syria". The Huffington Post. 7 August 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
391. ^ Gibbons-Neff, Thomas (18 June 2014). "ISIS propaganda videos show their weapons, skills in Iraq". The Washington Post. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
392. "US-made Stinger missiles have likely fallen into ISIS hands, officials say". Fox News Channel. 16 June 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
393. ^ Jeremy Bender (9 July 2014). "As ISIS Routs The Iraqi Army, Here's A Look At What The Jihadists Have In Their Arsenal". Business Insider. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
394. Prothero, Mitchell (14 July 2014). "Iraqi army remains on defensive as extent of June debacle becomes clearer". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
395. Chelsea J. Carter; Tom Cohen; Barbara Starr (9 August 2014). "U.S. jet fighters, drones strike ISIS fighters, convoys in Iraq". CNN. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
396. "ISIS Holds Parade With Captured US Military Vehicles". Zero Hedge. 25 June 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
397. Tilghman, Andrew; Schogol, Jeff (12 June 2014). "How did 800 ISIS fighters rout 2 Iraqi divisions?". Military Times. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
398. "State of emergency: ISIS militants overrun Iraq city of 1.8mn, free 2,500 prisoners". RT News. 18 June 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
399. "Isis leader calls on Muslims to 'build Islamic state'". BBC News. 1 July 2014. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
400. "Al Qaeda Militants Capture US Black Hawk Helicopters In Iraq". Zero Hedge. 10 June 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
401. Lake, Eli; Dettmer, Jamie; De Visser, Nanette (11 June 2014). "Iraq's Terrorists Are Becoming a Full-Blown Army". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
402. Beaumont, Peter (12 June 2014). "How effective is ISIS compared with the Iraqi army and the Kurdish peshmerga?". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
403. "Islamic State training pilots to fly in three jets: Syria monitor". Reuters. 17 October 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
404. "Syria says shoots down two of three Islamic State jets". Reuters. 22 October 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
405. Cowell, Alan (10 July 2014). "Low-Grade Nuclear Material Is Seized by Rebels in Iraq, U.N. Says". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
406. Sherlock, Ruth (10 July 2014). "Iraq jihadists seize 'nuclear material', says ambassador to UN". The Telegraph. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
407. BBC News, Up to 200 killed in Baghdad bombs
408. Yates, Dean; Villelabeiti, Ibon (18 April 2007). "Suspected Qaeda bombs kill nearly 200 in Baghdad". Reuters. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
409. Cave, Damien; Glanz, James (August 21, 2007). "Toll in Iraq Truck Bombings Is Raised to More Than 500". The New York Times.
410. "Baghdad bomb fatalities pass 150". BBC News. BBC. 26 October 2009. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
411. Myers, Steven Lee; Adnan, Duraid (23 April 2010). "Wave of Fatal Bombings Widens Fissures in Iraq". NY Times. The New York Times Company. p. 4. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
412. "Iraq attacks kill more than 100". BBC News. BBC. 10 May 2010. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
413. "Al-Qaeda in Iraq blamed for attacks". Al Jazeera. 11 May 2010. Archived from the original on 14 May 2010. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
414. Tawfeeq, Mohammed (2 November 2010). "Blasts in Baghdad kill at least 63". CNN World. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
415. "Baghdad Blasts Kill Scores, Over 200 Hundred Wounded". HuffPost. 2 November 2010. Archived from the original on 5 November 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2010.
416. Ghazi, Yasir; Hauser, Christine (3 January 2013). "Attacks in Iraq Kill at Least 32 Pilgrims". The New York Times.
417. "Bombers kill more than 35 across Iraq – AlertNet". 21 February 2013. Archived from the original on 21 February 2013.
418. "Suicide bomber kills 42 mourners at Iraq funeral – The National".
419. Ghazi, Yasir (3 February 2013). "Kirkuk Suicide Bomber Kills Dozens". The New York Times.
420. "Associated Press News". bigstory.ap.org. Archived from the original on 21 February 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
421. "Baghdad Bloodbath: 34 Killed, 70 Wounded in Attacks by -- Antiwar.com". March 2013.
422. "48 Syrian Soldiers Killed in Iraq Ambush". 4 March 2013.
423. "Iraq Invasion Anniversary Carnage: 98 Killed, over 240 Wounded by -- Antiwar.com". 20 March 2013.
424. "Five years on, still no justice for Iraq's Camp Speicher victims".
425. Damon, Arwa; Alkhshali, Hamdi; Ellis, Ralph (8 April 2015). "Mass graves in Tikrit might contain 1,700 bodies". CNN. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
426. McLaughlin, Eliott C. (18 November 2015). "Paris attacks: What you need to know". CNN. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
427. Rubin, Alissa J. (14 June 2016). "France Stabbing Police Officer Magnanville". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
428. Patrick Cockburn (27 July 2016). "Isis bombs kill dozens in Kurdish city of Qamishli as extremist group faces becoming surrounded". The Independent. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
429. "Turkey: Suicide bomber kills more than 50 at wedding – News from". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
430. "Islamic State claims responsibility for Afghan Supreme Court attack in Kabul". 8 February 2017.
431. Zucchino, David (16 February 2017). "Baghdad Car Bomb Kills Scores in Shiite Neighborhood". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
432. "Syria: 'Car bomb kills 51' near al-Bab after IS defeat". BBC News. 24 February 2017.
433. Kudo, Per (20 February 2018). "Akilov ser sig själv som "IS-soldat"". Svenska Dagbladet – via svd.se.
434. "Policeman and suspected gunman shot dead in Paris 'terror attack'". BBC News. 21 April 2017.
435. "Pakistan bomb attack: Balochistan blast kills 25". BBC News. 12 May 2017.
436. "Isis has claimed responsibility for the Manchester Arena attack". The Independent. 23 May 2017.
437. "AFP chief: 1 cop killed, 8 troopers wounded in Marawi clash". CNN. Archived from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
438. "Islamic state claims responsibility for Jakarta bus station attacks". Reuters. 25 May 2017.
439. "Egypt Coptic Christians: IS claims attack". BBC News. 27 May 2017.
440. "London attack: Latest updates". BBC. 12 June 2017.
441. Knaus, Christopher; Davey, Melissa; Press, Australian Associated (5 June 2017). "Isis claims responsibility for Melbourne siege that left two people dead". The Guardian.
442. "Australian PM says Melbourne siege 'a terrorist attack'". Reuters. 6 June 2017.
443. Erdbrink, Thomas; Mashal, Mujib (7 June 2017). "At Least 12 Killed in Pair of Terrorist Attacks in Iran". The New York Times.
444. Rasmussen, Sune Engel (3 August 2017). "Father of Afghan robotics team captain killed in Isis attack". The Guardian.
445. ^ "15 martyred as IS bomber hits mily truck in Quetta". The Nation (Pakistan). 13 August 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
446. Fahmy, Omar (24 November 2017). "Gunmen in Egypt mosque attack carried Islamic State flag,..." Reuters.
447. Brynn Gingras; Emanuella Grinberg; Eliott C. McLaughlin (11 December 2017). "Man detonates pipe bomb in 'attempted terrorist attack'". CNN.
448. "Isis just claimed responsibility for suicide bomb that killed 41 in Kabul". Independent.co.uk. 28 December 2017.
449. Callimachi, Rukmini; Coker, Margaret (2018). "ISIS Claims Responsibility for Baghdad Bombings". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
450. "ISIL claims attack on Save the Children in Jalalabad". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
451. "IS claims responsibility for church shooting in Russia". ABC News. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
452. "French PM calls supermarket hostage situation 'terrorist act'". Independent.co.uk. 23 March 2018.
453. "Ten killed in Iraq funeral bombing – local official". Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
454. "Islamic State claims responsibility killing, injuring tens of people in blasts, north of Salahuddin". Iraqi News. 13 April 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
455. "25 قتيلاً ضحايا هجوم استهدف مشيعين في قضاء الشرقاط بالعراق". Retrieved 14 April 2018.
456. "Photographer among dead in Kabul blasts". BBC News. 30 April 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
457. "Death Toll Rises To 29 in Kabul Explosion". TOLOnews. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
458. "ISIS Claims Responsibility for Kabul Suicide Bombing". Archived from the original on 23 April 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
459. Elumami, Ahmed. "Suicide militants storm HQ of Libya's election commission, 12 dead". U.S. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
460. "At Least 16 Killed in Islamic State Attack on Libya's Electoral Commission". libyatimes.net. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
461. "Isis claims responsibility for deadly knife attack in Paris". The Independent. 13 May 2018.
462. "ISIS claim responsibility for shooting in Belgium". Evening Standard. London. 30 May 2018.
463. "ISIL blast kills 36 as Afghanistan extends Taliban ceasefire". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
464. ^ Sultan, Ahmad. "Deadly blast hits eastern Afghan city, targeting Sikh minority". U.S. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
465. ^ "With 149 martyred, Mastung is one of the deadliest terrorist attacks in Pakistan's history". The Express Tribune. 16 July 2018. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
466. "Kabul explosion toll rises to 23, with 107 injured; Islamic State claims attack on airport after vice-president's return". firstpost.com. 23 July 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
467. "31 killed in suicide blast outside Quetta polling station". Dawn. 25 July 2018. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
468. "Six policemen among 29 martyred in suicide attack outside Quetta polling station". Geo News. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
469. "Quetta: Death toll jumps to 31 in election day blast". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
470. "Syria war: More than 200 dead in suicide attacks". BBC. 25 July 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
471. Al-awsat, Asharq. "ISIS Commits Massacre in Syria's Sweida as Toll Rises". aawsat.com (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
472. "ISIS claims attack on cyclists in Tajikistan, releases video of purported cell". CBS News. 31 July 2018.
473. "Suicide bomb attack on Afghan Shi'ite mosque kills 39, 80 injured". Reuters. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
474. Adam (4 August 2018). "'Amaq Reports IS' Responsibility for Suicide Attack at Shi'ite Mosque in Paktia". ent.siteintelgroup.com. Archived from the original on 1 June 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
475. "Isis claims responsibility for Afghanistan suicide bombing that killed 34 students". The Independent. 16 August 2018.
476. "Dozens killed as bomber hits college students in Afghan capital". cbsnews. 15 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
477. "Afghanistan: ISIL Suicide bomber targets school in Kabul". Al Jazeera. 16 August 2018.
478. "Several Killed as Gunmen Attack Military Parade in Iran: State TV". The New York Times. Reuters. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
479. "Several killed, at least 20 injured in attack on military parade in Iran". The Washington Post. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
480. Saeed Kamali Dehghan (22 September 2018). "Terrorists kill Iranian children and soldiers in military parade attack". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
481. Dakin Andone; Hamdi Alkhshali; Samantha Beech (23 September 2018). "ISIS video claims to show attackers of Iranian military parade". CNN.
482. "Egypt: Deadly attack on bus near Coptic Christian monastery". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
483. "Coptic Church: Attack on Christians in Egypt Kills 7". Voanews. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
484. "IS attack on Christian pilgrims in Egypt kills 7, wounds 19". stamfordadvocate.com. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
485. "Melbourne attack: Man shot dead after fire and fatal stabbing". BBC News. Retrieved 9 November 2018.
486. "Strasbourg Christmas market shooting suspect killed by police". The Independent. 13 December 2018.
487. Jocelyn, Thomas (19 January 2019). "Russia says gas leak likely caused apartment explosion claimed by Islamic State". Long War Journal. Public Multimedia Inc. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
488. "39 Russian Crusaders Are Killed, Dozens Are Wounded or Lost in an Operation Conducted by the Islamic State Soldiers in Qawqaz". An-Naba. No. 165. 19 January 2019. Retrieved 25 July 2019 – via Long War Journal.
489. "Philippines General: 2 Children Killed in Abu Sayyaf Attack – Philippines". ReliefWeb. 27 May 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
490. "Pakistan: Deadly explosion rips through Quetta market". aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
491. "Sri Lanka bombings: All the latest updates". Al Jazeera. 2 May 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
492. "Sri Lankan government agrees to independent inquiry into Easter attacks". Catholic Philly. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
493. Callimachi, Rukmini; El-Naggar, Mona; Goldman, Russell; Gettleman, Jeffrey; Pérez-Peña, Richard; Schmitt, Eric (23 April 2019). "Grief, Anger and Recriminations in Sri Lanka as ISIS Claims It Staged Bomb Attacks". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
494. "Children among 16 killed in Sri Lanka raid on terrorist hideout". Thenational.ae. 27 April 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
495. Kiley, Sam; Wright, Rebecca; McKenzie, Sheena; Griffiths, James (27 April 2019). "10 civilians and 6 suspected terrorists killed in police raid in Sri Lanka". CNN. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
496. ^ Joscelyn, Thomas (23 April 2019). "Terrorists in Sri Lanka swore allegiance to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi". Long War Journal. Public Multimedia Inc. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
497. Darrah, Nicole (18 August 2019). "Afghanistan wedding hall suicide bombing leaves at least 63 dead, more than 180 others wounded". Fox News.
498. "A month of killing in Afghanistan". BBC News. 16 September 2019.
499. "Afghanistan: Scores killed in Kabul wedding blast". Al Jazeera.
500. Ebraheem, Mohammed (25 August 2019). "6 Iraqi people killed as IS mortar attack strikes pitch in Kirkuk". Iraqi News. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
501. AAP (25 August 2019). "At least six killed on Iraq football pitch by suspected Islamic State militants". Retrieved 26 August 2019.
502. Abdul-Zahra, Qassim (25 August 2019). "IS mortar attack on soccer field kills 6 in Iraq". Associated Press. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
503. "17 killed in a 'Islamic State' on a Tajik Border Post". VOA News. 6 November 2019. Archived from the original on 6 November 2019. Retrieved 6 November 2019.
504. "ISIL blamed for deadly attack on Tajik border outpost". Al-Jazeera. 6 November 2019. Archived from the original on 29 November 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
505. "Islamic State in Nigeria 'beheads Christian hostages'". BBC News. 27 December 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
506. Okonkwo, Rudolf Ogoo (28 December 2019). "An Islamic State Christmas killing of 11 hostages in Nigeria threatens to flare up religious tensions". Qz.com. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
507. "Niger Army Base Attack Death Toll Rises To at Least 89: Security Sources". The New York Times. Reuters. 11 January 2020. Archived from the original on 11 January 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
508. Adebayo, Bukola (13 January 2020). "Niger declares three days of mourning after 89 soldiers killed in attack on military base". Cable News Network. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
509. Ross, Aaron (14 January 2020). McAllister, Edward (ed.). "Islamic State claims responsibility for Niger army base attack". Reuters. The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
510. Saldivia, Gabriela (2 February 2020). "3 Injured In 'Terrorist-Related' Stabbing In London; Suspect Killed By Police". NPR. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
511. Steinbuch, Yaron (3 February 2020). "ISIS claims responsibility for London stabbing attack". NY Post. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
512. "Dozens killed in Kabul ceremony attack claimed by ISIL". www.aljazeera.com.
513. "32 killed, 81 hurt in Islamic State attack in Kabul | New Straits Times". NST Online. 7 March 2020.
514. George, Susannah; Salahuddin, Sayed. "ISIS attack in Kabul leaves 32 dead, more than 80 wounded". Washington Post.
515. Herat, Emma Graham-Harrison Akhtar Mohammad Makoii in (12 May 2020). "Newborns among 40 killed in attacks on Afghan hospital and funeral". The Guardian – via www.theguardian.com.
516. Ehsan Popalzai; Zamira Rahim; Emma Reynolds; Rob Picheta (12 May 2020). "Infants and mothers killed in attack on Kabul hospital". CNN.
517. "Official Says Suicide Attack in Eastern Afghanistan Kills 5". The New York Times.
518. Wamsley, Laurel (3 August 2020). "ISIS Attack on Afghan Prison Leaves at Least 29 Dead". NPR.
519. "Afghan forces retake prison after ISIS attack that killed at least 29". Fox News. 3 August 2020.
520. "ISIS-claimed attack on Afghan prison leaves dozens dead and sets hundreds free". CBS News. 3 August 2020.
521. Petty, Martin; Davies, Ed; Richardson, Alex (24 August 2020). "Twin bombings kill 15, wound scores in Philippine south". Reuters. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
522. "14 killed in Jolo twin bombings in southern Philippines". Al Jazeera English. 24 August 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
523. Gutierrez, Jason (24 August 2020). "Two Explosions Rip Through Philippines, Killing at Least 14". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
524. Schuetze, Christopher F.; Eddy, Melissa; Bennhold, Katrin; Koettl, Christoph (3 November 2020). "Vienna Shooting Live Updates: Terrorist Attack in Austria Leaves 3 Dead and Many Wounded". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
525. Boston, William; Pancevski, Bojan; Bender, Ruth (3 November 2020). "Vienna Shooting: Attacker Was ISIS Sympathizer; at Least Three Dead". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
526. "Vienna terror attack: 'Islamist' motive suspected in deadly shootings | DW | 03.11.2020". DW.COM. Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com). Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com). 3 November 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
527. "Syria: Dozens killed in Isis bus attack". TheGuardian.com. 31 December 2020.
528. "Islamic state claims responsibility for Wednesday's Syria bus attack". Reuters. 31 December 2020.
529. Yousafzai, Gul (3 January 2021). "Islamic State claims responsibility for attack on Pakistan's Shi'ite Hazara minority that kills 11". Reuters.
530. "Pakistan coal miners kidnapped and killed in IS attack". BBC News. 3 January 2021.
531. "Gunmen kill many Hazara Shia coal miners in southwest Pakistan". Al Jazeera.
532. "ISIS claims responsibility for attack on Pakistan's Shi'ite minority". The Jerusalem Post. 3 January 2021.
533. "11 miners killed in Pakistan; ISIS claims responsibility". gmanetwork.com. 4 January 2021.
534. "ISIL takes responsibility for deadly Baghdad suicide bombings". Al Jazeera English. 22 January 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
535. "Iraq bombing: IS says it was behind deadly suicide attacks in Baghdad". BBC News. 22 January 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
536. "Islamic State claims responsibility for Baghdad's suicide attack". Reuters. 22 January 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
537. "Islamic State says it killed female media workers in east Afghanistan". Reuters. 3 March 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
538. "Bomb kills female Afghan doctor, gunmen kill 7 workers: Officials". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
539. George, Susannah; Hassan, Sharif (10 May 2021). "School bombing heightens fears among Afghanistan's Hazaras, long a target for militants, amid U.S. exit". The Washington Post.
540. "Iraq Market Bombing Claimed by ISIS Kills Nearly 36 on Eve of Eid Holiday".
541. "ISIS claims responsibility for Iraq suicide attack that left dozens dead". 20 July 2021.
542. "Kabul explosions: US service members and Afghan civilians killed in Islamic State suicide bombings". Euronews. 26 August 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
543. Atwood, Kylie; Sciutto, Jim; Starr, Barbara (26 August 2021). "Officials: Explosion at Kabul airport appears to be a suicide attack". CNN. Archived from the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
544. Pasko, Simcha (26 August 2021). "Suicide bombing kills, injures several at Kabul airport". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
545. "Large Explosion Reported Outside Kabul Airport". The Daily Beast. 26 August 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
546. "Blast reported outside Hamid Karzai International Airport in Kabul". CNN. 26 August 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
547. "Explosion outside Kabul airport confirmed hours after US, British terror warnings". Fox News. 26 August 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
548. "Eleven Marines, Navy Medic Killed in the Afghanistan Attacks". Bloomberg. 26 August 2021.
549. "Biden on Kabul suicide bombings: 'We will hunt you down and make you pay". 27 August 2021.
550. "ISIS supporter shot dead by New Zealand police after shoppers stabbed in 'terrorist attack'". 3 September 2021.
551. "Afghanistan: Several dead as blasts rock Jalalabad and Kabul". Al Jazeera. 18 September 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
552. Berger, Miriam; Khan, Haq Nawaz (18 September 2021). "Islamic State in Afghanistan claims responsibility for attacks targeting Taliban". The Washington Post. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
553. "Bomb kills at least 55 at mosque in Afghanistan's Kunduz". 8 October 2021.
554. "ISIS claims responsibility for deadly Afghan mosque attack | CBC News".
555. Peshimam, Gibran (16 October 2021). "Blast at Shi'ite mosque in Afghan city of Kandahar causes heavy casualties". Reuters. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
556. Mehta, Amar (16 October 2021). "Afghanistan: At least 35 killed in suicide bombing during prayers at Kandahar mosque". Sky News. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
557. "Afghanistan: Suicide attack hits Kandahar mosque during prayers". BBC News. 15 October 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
558. "Dozens Dead in West Niger Attack by Jihadis". Voice of America. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
559. "Afghanistan: At least 10 killed in explosion at Kabul mosque". www.aljazeera.com. Al Jazeera Media Network. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
560. "Blast kills more than 50 at Kabul mosque, its leader says". Reuters. 29 April 2022. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
561. Gannon, Kathy (29 April 2022). "Powerful explosion at Kabul mosque kills at least 10 people". Associated Press News. Archived from the original on 7 August 2022. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
562. AFP (1 May 2022). "ISIS claims attack on Kabul mosque". Al Arabiya News. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
563. Weiss, Caleb. "Islamic State claims first attacks inside Benin". FDD. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
564. "Two Taliban Police Officers Killed In Kabul By Alleged Islamic State-Khorasan Gunman". Gandhara. 4 August 2022.
565. "Bomb blast in Afghanistan capital Kabul kills eight civilians, wounds 18". Alarabiya. 5 August 2022.
566. "Death toll in last week's Kabul school blast climbs to 52". AP NEWS. 3 October 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
567. Nhamirre, Borges; Hill, Matthew (20 October 2022). "Suspected Islamist Militants Attack Ruby Mine in Northeastern Mozambique". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
568. Swami, Praveen (12 November 2022). "Islamic State takes responsibility for October attack on Indian-owned ruby mine in Mozambique". ThePrint. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
569. "Attack on Shiraz shrine kills 15: Iranian state media". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
570. Faiez, Rahim (13 December 2022). "China urges citizens to leave Afghanistan after Kabul attack". Associated Press. Islamabad, Pakistan. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
571. Twitter https://twitter.com/sada_alsharqieh/status/1607309482874347524. Retrieved 27 December 2022. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
572. Twitter https://twitter.com/vvanwilgenburg/status/1607392724524666880. Retrieved 27 December 2022. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
573. Awadallah, Nadine; Yawar, Mohammad Yunus (2 January 2023). Cawthorne, Andrew; MacSwan, Angus (eds.). "Islamic State claims responsibility for Kabul attack". Reuters. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
574. "Deadly 'suicide' blast outside Afghan foreign ministry in Kabul". Al Jazeera. 11 January 2023.
575. "Cleanup at Congo church begins after blast kills 14". Reuters. 16 January 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
576. "Islamic State claims responsibility for DR Congo Church bombing". Voice of America. 16 January 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
577. "At least 15 security force killed in North Burkina Faso attack". Reuters. 23 March 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
578. "More than a dozen killed in DR Congo attack attributed to Islamic State group". France 24. 8 April 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
579. "Islamic State Group claims DR Congo attack; About 20 dead". Voice of America. 8 April 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
580. "26 people dead in Islamic State attack in Syria". i24 News. 16 April 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
581. El-Khatib, Ahmed (16 April 2023). "Reports: Militants 26 people in Syrian country-side". AP News. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
582. ^ "Pakistan suicide bombing death toll rises to 63". Al-Jazeera. 2 August 2023.
583. ^ "Islamic State Attack Kills 17 at Shiite Mosque in Northern Afghanistan". New York Times. 13 October 2023.
584. "Teacher killed and two injured in stabbing at school in northern France". The Guardian. 13 October 2023.
585. "French prosecutor says alleged attacker in school stabbing declared allegiance to Islamic State". AP. 17 October 2023.
586. "Police shoot dead suspected gunman accused of killing 2 Swedes in Brussels". CNN. 16 October 2023.
587. "Brussels shooting: Police shoot dead attacker who killed Swedes". BBC. 17 October 2023.
588. "ISIS Claims Responsibility For Brussels Shooting". NDTV. 17 October 2023.
589. Lema, Karen; Morales, Neil Jerome (4 December 2023). "Islamic State claims responsibility for deadly Philippine bombing". Reuters. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
590. Rita, Joviland (14 December 2023). "PNP: 2 more suspects linked to MSU bombing arrested". GMA News. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
591. "Five people feared dead in suspected ADF attack in Uganda". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
592. i24NEWS (4 January 2024). "ISIS claims responsibility over attack that killed over 80 people in Iran". I24news. Retrieved 4 January 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
593. "Death toll of ISIS-claimed Kabul blast rises to five". Al Arabiya. 7 January 2024. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
594. "Bomb Hits Minibus in Kabul, Killing 2 Afghan Civilians". VOA News. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
595. "ISIS claims responsibility for deadly Afghanistan minivan blast". FOX News. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
596. "ISIS kills three soldiers in attack in western Iraq, shows it is still active". The Arab Weekly. 15 January 2024. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
597. "Shooting stuns worshippers at Istanbul Catholic mass". BBC News. 28 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
598. "ISIS claims responsibility for attack on election rally of Tehreek-e-Insaf party in Pakistan". Khaama Press. 31 January 2024. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
599. "Bombings at Pakistani political offices kill at least 30 a day before parliamentary elections". ABC News. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
600. "29 killed, 40 injured after 2 attacks hit Balochistan before Pakistan election". South China Morning Post. 7 February 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
601. "Islamic State Group Claims Bombing In Pakistan's Pishin District". Barron's. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
602. "Islamic State Mozambique Province (ISMP) Reportedly Urges Christians To Convert, Pay Jizyah, Or Be Killed, Calls On Muslims To Help Group 'Defend Islam'". MEMRI. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
603. "Islamic State Raids Mozambique Town as Total Plans LNG Return". Bloomberg. 13 February 2024. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
604. "Rebels linked to the Islamic State group kill at least two dozen civilians in eastern Congo". ABC News. Archived from the original on 20 February 2024. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
605. "13 truffle hunters killed in Syrian desert in Islamic State landmine blast". WION. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
606. "In Video Uploaded To Internet, Teenage Stabber Of Jew In Zürich Swears Allegiance To Islamic State (ISIS), Calls On Muslims To Target Jews And Christians Everywhere". MEMRI.
607. "Teenage Jihadist Behind Zurich Stabbing Pledged to IS "Caliph," Threatened Major Attack on Jews in Switzerland". SITE.
608. "Islamic State Claims Attack on Niger Army That Killed Dozens". Voice of America. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
609. "Afghanistan: IS claims responsibility for suicide bomb at Kandahar bank". 21 March 2024. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
610. "Islamic State claims responsibility for suicide bombing of Kandahar bank". The Independent. 22 March 2024. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
611. "Islamic State group claims responsibility for bombing at Afghan bank and says it targeted Taliban". ABC News. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
612. Chao-Fong, Léonie; Yang, Maya; Chao-Fong (now), Léonie; Yang (earlier), Maya (22 March 2024). "Moscow concert hall attack: Islamic State claims responsibility for shooting that killed dozens of people – latest updates". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
613. Kilner, James; Rainey, Venetia; Henderson, Cameron; Sabur, Rozina (22 March 2024). "Ukraine-Russia war live: At least 40 killed as gunmen attack Moscow concert venue". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
614. "Video shows fire damage in Moscow's Crocus concert hall". BBC. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
615. York, Christ (23 March 2024). "Islamic State claims responsibility for Moscow terrorist attack". Kyiv Independent. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
616. Schmitt, Eric (22 March 2024). "What We Know About ISIS-K, the Group That Claimed Responsibility for the Moscow Attack". New York Times. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
617. Belam, Martin (23 March 2024). "Moscow concert hall attack: death toll rises to 115 as Putin told suspects have been detained – live updates". the Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
618. "Moscow attack: Day of mourning after 137 killed at Crocus City Hall concert". 23 March 2024. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
619. "Three out of four Moscow concert hall attack suspects plead guilty in court". Sky News. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
620. "The Islamic State group says it was behind a mosque bombing in Afghanistan that killed 6 people". ABC News. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
621. "ISIS claims attack in Afghanistan that killed three Spaniards". al-Arabiya.
622. "Lebanon arrests gunman following attack on US embassy in Beirut". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
623. "ISIS kills 16 Syrian soldiers:Monitor". Al Arabiya. 12 June 2024. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
624. "Russian forces kill ISIS-linked hostage takers at detention centre". Reuters. 16 June 2024.
625. "Priest and six law enforcement officers killed in attacks on synagogues and church in Russia's Dagestan". CNN. 23 June 2024. Retrieved 23 June 2024.
626. "Saluting Lone Wolves Inspired by its Ideology, IS Says Faith-based Brotherhood Triumphs Over Organizational Ties". SITE. 4 July 2024.
627. "Pro-IS Unit Applies "Flames of War" to Russia in Glorifying Attacks in Moscow, Dagestan, and Ingushetia". SITE. 8 July 2024.
628. "Akcije širom Srbije: Uhapšen Kemal Begović iz Novog Pazara, priveden i državljanin BiH". Sandzacke.rs (in Bosnian). 30 June 2024. Retrieved 2 July 2024.
629. "IS Supporters Distribute Video of Pledge to "Caliph" by Executor of Crossbow Attack Outside Israeli Embassy in Belgrade". SITE. 3 July 2024.
630. "Islamic State claims responsibility for rare attack at Shi'ite Muslim mosque in Oman". Reuters. 16 July 2024.
631. "Blast In Kabul's Hazara Area Kills At Least 1, Injures 11". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 11 August 2024.
632. "Islamic State claims responsibility for explosion in the Afghan capital Kabul that killed at least 1". ABC News. 12 August 2024.
633. Gigova, Radina (23 August 2024). "ISIS-affiliated inmates kill four prison officers at Russian penal colony". CNN. Retrieved 23 August 2024.
634. "ISIS prisoners killed after slashing guards, seizing hostages in Russian jail". NBC News. 23 August 2024.
635. "IS Takes Credit for Knife Attack in Solingen, Germany". SITE. 24 August 2024.
636. "'Amaq Reveals Image of Masked Solingen Attacker, Announces Possession of Video". SITE. 25 August 2024.
637. "Islamic State claims Kabul blast citing Bagram base detentions". Reuters. 3 September 2024. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
638. "IS group claims deadly attack in central Afghanistan". France 24. 12 September 2024. Retrieved 12 September 2024.