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New anti-Semitism is the concept of an international resurgence of anti-Jewish incidents and attacks on Jewish symbols, as well as the acceptance of anti-Semitic beliefs and their expression in public discourse. It has been described as a "kaleidoscope of old hatreds shattered and rearranged," coming simultaneously from three directions: the left, Islamism, and the far-right.

The term has existed for over a hundred years, but is now used primarily to distinguish this form of anti-Semitism from "classical" anti-Semitism, which was largely associated with the right. The term entered common usage to refer to what writers have described as a wave of anti-Semitism that escalated, particularly in Western Europe, after the Second Intifada in 2000, the failure of the Oslo accords, and the September 11, 2001 attacks.

Proponents of the concept argue that anti-Americanism, anti-Zionism, third-worldism, and opposition to the policies of the government of Israel, or to the existence of the State of Israel as a Jewish homeland, are coupled with anti-Semitism or constitute disguised anti-Semitism. Critics of the concept argue that it serves to equate legitimate criticism of Israel with anti-Semitism, and that it is sometimes used to silence debate.

What is the new anti-Semitism?

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Changing meanings

The concept of a "new anti-Semitism" has existed since at least the 1880s, when it was used to distinguish the "traditional" religious anti-Semitism that had existed for many centuries from the newer anti-Semitism based on theories of scientific racism. During the 19th century, the focus of anti-Jewish sentiment in Germany, Austria and France "shifted from religious to racial and nationalist anti-Semitism." Indeed, the term "anti-Semitism" ("Anti-Semitismus) was itself was a new coining. It was devised by a German journalist in 1879, precisely as a means of distinguishing the supposedly scientific criticism of the Jews from the vulgar religious hatred of the past. It succeeded in making anti-Jewish sentiment a much more "respectable" position in German society and the term (and concept) spread rapidly among the German press and public

Writing in 1909, Salomon Reinach and Florence Simmonds refer to "this new Anti-Semitism, masquerading as patriotism, which was first propagated at Berlin by the court chaplain Stöcker, , with the connivance of Bismarck." Similarly, Peter N. Stearns comments that "the ideology behind the new anti-Semitism was more racist than religious." Max Wurmbrand and Cecil Roth dedicate an entire chapter of their book The Jewish People: 4000 Years of Survival to the subject of "the new anti-Semitism ... had begun to rise in many parts of Europe after World War I", culminating in the rise of the Nazis and other anti-Semitic movements elsewhere in Europe.

The term was used in contexts closer to its present-day form in the late 1940s, when the Soviet Union was accused of pursuing a "new anti-Semitism" against Jews, of the sort manifested in the Doctors' Plot affair. Stalinist opposition to "rootless cosmopolitans" – a euphemism for Jews – was rooted in the belief, as expressed by Klement Gottwald, that "treason and espionage infiltrate the ranks of the Communist Party. This channel is Zionism." This newer anti-Semitism was, in effect, a species of anti-Zionism – still a key theme in the political arguments that are argued by some to be part of the modern concept of a "new anti-Semitism".

In the 1980s radical left-wing movements (the "New Left") that had emerged from the 1960s onwards voiced increasing opposition to Israel, controversially claiming that Zionism was a racist and colonialist movement. In 1984, historian Robert Wistrich delivered a lecture in the home of Chaim Herzog, the President of Israel, in which he spoke of a "new anti-Semitic anti-Zionism," the characteristic mode of which, he argued, was the equation of Zionism with Nazism. In it he stated "in recent years these grotesque Soviet blood-libels have been taken up by a part of the radical Left – especially the Trotskyists – in Western Europe and America". In his view "ven neo-Nazis in the West are careful to wrap their racist mania in the appropriate 'anti-Zionist' terminology, while on the Left those who shout loudest against "Nazi" Israel are usually self-proclaimed militant anti-racists."

In the mid 1980s, the Israeli foreign minister Abba Eban also argued that "the New Left is the author and progenitor of the new anti-Semitism."

A new phenomenon

The new anti-Semitism is regarded by proponents as a phenomenon that began to form, particularly in Europe, around the time of the Second Intifada in 2000 and 9/11. Yehuda Bauer, Professor of Holocaust Studies at the Avraham Harman Institute of Contemporary Jewry at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, has called it the "fourth wave" of anti-Semitism to spread across the West since 1945.

Jack Fischel, chair of history at Millersville University of Pennsylvania, writes that it stems from what he calls an "unprecedented coalition" of enemies: "leftists, vociferously opposed to the policies of Israel, and right-wing anti-Semites, committed to the destruction of Israel, were joined by millions of Muslims, including Arabs, who immigrated to Europe ... and who brought with them their hatred of Israel in particular and of Jews in general." It is this new political alignment, he argues, that makes new anti-Semitism unique, an "unprecedented configuration of forces whose militant, uncompromising support for the Palestinians makes little distinction between Israelis and Jews."

Mark Strauss of Foreign Policy links it to anti-globalism, calling it "a kaleidoscope of old hatreds shattered and rearranged into random patterns at once familiar and strange." He writes that it is "the medieval image of the 'Christ-killing' Jew resurrected on the editorial pages of cosmopolitan European newspapers. It is the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement refusing to put the Star of David on their ambulances ... It is neo-Nazis donning checkered Palestinian kaffiyehs and Palestinians lining up to buy copies of Mein Kampf."

Fischel cites the French philosopher Pierre-André Taguieff who argues, in Rising From the Muck: The New Anti-Semitism in Europe (2002), that over the last 30 years, Judenhass based on racism and nationalism has been replaced by a new form based on anti-racism and anti-nationalism, wherein "among the left, Israel has come to personify the pre-eminent apartheid state." Taguieff argues that traditional anti-Jewish slogans have been merged with anti-Zionist rhetoric to create a syllogism:

• Jews are all more or less crypto-Zionists.
• Zionism is a form of colonialism, imperialism and racism.
• Therefore Jews are colonialists, imperialists and racists, whether overt or covert.

Fischel argues that the widespread dissemination of these arguments has resonated with intellectuals in France and Germany, both countries with large Muslim populations. By representing Zionism as evil, "an anti-Jewish vision of the world reconstituted itself in the second half of the 20th century that replicates the vicious stereotypes about Jews which laid the propagandistic groundwork for the Holocaust." Radu Ioanid, director of the Meed Registry of Jewish Holocaust Survivors at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, writes that it has become fashionable again for German intellectuals to talk about the "arrogance," "intolerance," and "maliciousness" of the Jews.

In part because the concept of new anti-Semitism is a recent one, and because of the nature of it, there are no indices of measurement, according to Irwin Cotler, Professor of Law at McGill University, and Canada's former Justice Minister. Cotler defines classical anti-Semitism as "the discrimination against, or denial of, the right of Jews to live as equal members of a free society," the focus of which is discrimination against Jews as individuals. He argues that the new anti-Semitism, by contrast, "involves the discrimination against the right of the Jewish people to live as an equal member of the family of nations"; that is, discrimination against Jews as a people. Anti-Semitism has expanded, in his view, from hatred of Jews (classical anti-Semitism) to hatred of Jewish national aspirations (new anti-Semitism). The latter is harder to measure because the usual indices used by governments to detect discrimination — standard of living, housing, health, and employment — are useful only in measuring discrimination against individuals. Because it is difficult to measure, it is difficult to show convincingly that the concept is a valid one.

An old phenomenon

That there has been a resurgence of anti-Semitic attacks and attitudes is accepted by most opponents of the concept of new anti-Semitism. What is not accepted is that this constitutes a different kind of anti-Semitism.

Brian Klug, senior research fellow in philosophy at St Benet's Hall, Oxford, argues against the idea that there is a "single, unified phenomenon." He accepts that there is reason for the Jewish community to be concerned, citing the truck-bombing of two synagogues in Istanbul, an arson attack on an Orthodox Jewish school in Paris, the reappearance of anti-Semitic slogans during demonstrations opposing the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and the increase in conspiracy theories involving Jews. Klug writes that some researchers report a 60 percent increase worldwide of assaults on Jews in 2002 compared to the previous year.

Klug argues, however, that this is a new outbreak of old anti-Semitism, not the emergence of a new phenomenon. He writes that proponents of the concept see an "organizing principle" that allows them to formulate a new concept, but Klug argues that it is only in terms of this concept that many of the examples cited in evidence of it count as examples in the first place. That is, the creation of the concept may be based on a circular argument or tautology.

What puts the "new" into "new anti-Semitism," writes Klug, is anti-Zionism. The proponents of new anti-Semitism vary in what they regard as legitimate criticism of Zionism or Israel, but the line between "fair and foul" tends to be drawn in such a way, argues Klug, that it rules out criticism "that goes much beyond a gentle rap across the government's knuckles or finger-wagging at the laws of the land."

If most anti-Zionist arguments do cross the line, and if crossing the line is anti-Semitic, it follows that most attacks on Israel are anti-Semitic, as is any attack on a Jewish target that is inspired by the line that has been crossed. This is compelling logic, writes Klug, but the effect of it is "to produce, at a stroke, a quantum leap in the amount of anti-Semitism worldwide, if not a veritable 'war against the Jews'," given how much controversy Israel currently inspires. As compelling as the argument is, it is invalid, he writes, because it conflates the Jewish state with the Jewish people. "In fact," he writes, "Israel is one thing, Jewry another. Accordingly, anti-Zionism is one thing, anti-Semitism another."

New, but not anti-Semitism

Steven Zipperstein, professor of Jewish Culture and History at Stanford University, argues that Jews have a tendency to see the Jewish state as "more vulnerable, less powerful, and less culpable, as victim and not as an actor" because they were very recently themselves "the quintessential victims." He writes that: "We were mostly undefended and overwhelmingly friendless, and this trauma continues to haunt and perhaps at times to distort our sense of the world around us now. When we encounter antagonism — especially outsized, disproportionate antagonism — the memories of horrible times, whether personally experienced or imbibed secondhand, elicit reactions that are often sincere, acute, and disorienting."

Increasingly, a belief in the State of Israel's responsibility for the Arab-Israeli conflict is considered to be "part of what a reasonably informed, progressive, decent person thinks," he argues, and a disproportionate criticism of Israel is not the result of new anti-Semitism, or even classical anti-Semitism, but is simply a "by-product of the wildly disproportionate responses that mark the post-September 11 world." Citing Earl Raab, director emeritus of Brandeis University's Nathan Perlmutter Institute for Jewish Advocacy, Zipperstein distinguishes between "anti-Semitism" and "anti-Israelism," arguing that the latter is shaped by "a much distorted, simplistic, but this-worldly political analysis devoid of anti-Jewish bias."

The fourth wave

Yehuda Bauer, Professor of Holocaust Studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, contends that anti-Semitism has always been a "mixture of Christian and Moslem theological opposition to Jews, traditional economic jealousy and competitiveness, and racial, biological, and nationalistic ideological motives." The term does not allow us to differentiate between these motives, between mild and moderate periods, or between incidents that demonstrate a general dislike of strangers, rather than Jews in particular, and as such is "essentially erroneous."

Notwithstanding that the term is a blunt instrument, Bauer writes that there have been three waves of anti-Semitism since 1945 — 1958-60; 1968-1972; and 1987-1992 — and that we are now experiencing the fourth, which he estimates started in 1999 or 2000. Each wave has had different causes, some of them to do with economic downturns. The common ground, however, has been "an underlying latency of anti-Semitism that waits to explode when aroused by some outside crisis." He describes the fourth wave as an upper-middle class, intellectual phenomenon, "widespread in the media, in universities, and in well-manicured circles," citing as an example French ambassador to Britain Daniel Bernard's comment in December 2001 that Israel is a "shitty little country." Bauer argues that it was not the comment itself that was shocking, but the ease with which the ambassador felt able to say it during a well-heeled cocktail party.

Bauer notes that the two crises that led to the post-1945 waves of anti-Semitism are the Holocaust and the establishment of the State of Israel. The Holocaust created an unease about Jews, he writes, especially in Europe, where people "have to live with six million ghosts, created by a deadly mutation of European culture." He quotes the saying that the Europeans cannot forgive the Jews for Auschwitz: "Periods of self accusation and beating of breasts alternate with periods in which everything is done to turn the Jews into perpetrators, nowadays even Nazis, in order to liberate the heirs of European culture from the burden of genocide." Although a feeling of relief accompanied the creation of Israel, because Europeans no longer had to deal with the Jews, at the same time, he argues, it turned the Jews from victims into perpetrators.

He argues that the Arab-Israeli conflict "provide ample material for an antisemitism that sees itself as anti-Zionist." Anti-Zionism need not be anti-Semitic, "but only if one says that all national movements are evil, and all national states should be abolished. But if one says that the Fijians have the right to independence, and so do the Malays or the Bolivians, but the Jews have no such right, then one is anti-Jewish, and as one singles out the Jews for nationalistic reasons, one is anti-Semitic, with an attendant strong suspicion of being racist." Citing Irwin Cotler, Bauer writes that "the status of the collective Jew, that is Israel, is akin to the status of the individual Jew in the Middle Ages," a view echoed by Robert Wistrich, Neuberger Professor of Modern History at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the head of its International Center for the Study of Anti-Semitism:

Whether the assault comes from the far Left or Right, from liberals or fundamentalists, its focus now is above all the collective Jew embodied in the State of Israel. Despite the incessant hairsplitting over the need to separate anti-Zionism and anti-Semitism, this has in recent decades become a distinction without a meaningful difference. Whatever theoretical contortions one may indulge in, the State of Israel is a Jewish state. Whoever wants to defame or destroy it, openly or through policies that entail nothing else but such destruction, is in effect practicing the Jew-hatred of yesteryear, whatever their self-proclaimed intentions."

Although the Arab-Israeli conflict has produced real tragedy for Palestinians, Bauer suggests that Western latent anti-Semitism has fastened onto that tragedy in order to brand the Jews as mass murderers and Nazis as a way of solving the West's own psychological problems caused by the Holocaust. "Facts do not matter there," he writes, arguing that the number of Palestinians killed between the beginning of the Second Intifada in 2000 and 2003 (when he was writing) was around 2,000, which is one sixth of the daily number of Jews shipped to Auschwitz from Hungary in the spring of 1944. Bearing these figures in mind, "ny kind of simplistic comparison becomes totally ridiculous," he argues.

Bauer regards this wave of anti-Semitism as dangerous, not because of Western attitudes, but because of Islamism. He identifies Islamism as one of three major ideologies to have emerged during the 20th century, alongside Soviet Communism and National Socialism, and argues that all three saw or see the Jews as a main enemy. The language used about Jews by the Muslim media is, he says, "clearly and unmistakably genocidal," the ideology of Nazism "in a different dress." He cites a television program broadcast on May 2, 2002 on the Egyptian television station IQRAA, during which a three-year-old girl was asked whether she knew who the Jews were and whether she liked them. She replied that she did not like them, because "they are monkeys and swine ... and also because they tried to poison the wife of our prophet." Bauer writes that 1.2 billion Muslims are being exposed to these teachings, making this fourth wave of anti-Semitism a "genocidal threat to the Jewish people."

Influences

Conspiracism

Proponents of the concept argue that one of its main manifestations is the cooperation between the left, the right, and the Muslim world in the proliferation of conspiracy theories or other absurd allegations about Israel and Jews.

Chip Berlet of Political Research Associates, an American research group that tracks the far right, writes that, during the early 1980s, isolationists on the far right made overtures to anti-war activists on the left to join forces against government policies in areas where they shared concerns, mainly opposition to U.S. military intervention overseas, civil liberties, and support for Israel. As they interacted, some of the classic right-wing anti-Semitic scapegoating conspiracy theories began to seep into progressive circles, including stories about how a "New World Order", also called the "Shadow Government" or "The Octopus," was manipulating world governments. Berlet writes that anti-Semitic conspiracism was "peddled aggressively" by right-wing groups, and that the left adopted the rhetoric, which Berlet argues was made possible by the left's lack of knowledge of the history of fascism and its use of "scapegoating, reductionist and simplistic solutions, demagoguery, and a conspiracy theory of history."

Toward the end of 1990, as the movement against the Gulf War began to build, a number of far-right and anti-Semitic groups sought out alliances with left-wing anti-war coalitions, who began to speak openly about a "Jewish lobby" that was encouraging the United States to invade the Middle East, an idea that morphed into conspiracy theories about a "Zionist-occupied government" (ZOG), the modern incarnation of the anti-Semitic hoax, the Protocols of the Elders of Zion.

The far right and Islamism

There has been an increasing symbiosis between militant Islam and the far right in their promotion of anti-Semitism, Holocaust denial, and opposition to the State of Israel, the "kaleidoscope of old hatreds" that commentators such as Jack Fischel, Yehuda Bauer, and Mark Strauss identify as one of the defining features of the new anti-Semitism.

Edward Said warned of a "nasty, creeping wave of anti-Semitism" insinuating itself into Palestinian politics, writing that the "notion that the Jews never suffered and that the Holocaust is an obfuscatory confection ... is one that is acquiring too much, far too much, currency. Hamas, the majority party of the Palestinian Legislative Council, has called the Holocaust "an alleged and invented story with no basis." Political scientist George Michael writes that the statements by Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad that the Holocaust is a "myth" and that Israel should be "wiped off the map" were met with public approval from Hamas, the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood, American white supremacist David Duke, and the Institute for Historical Review, a leading Holocaust-denial group.

Denis McShane, former Europe Minister in the UK and chair of the All Parliamentary Inquiry into Anti-Semitism in the UK, wrote in his blog of his frustration when responding to his South Yorkshire constituents: "How do I explain politely to my constituents that the Holocaust did happen, that Jews have lived in Palestine for millennia, that the UN, not the UK, set up the State of Israel and that if the first point of politics is to demand the removal of the State of Israel, no one is going to get very far?"

Michael cites as an example of the new Islamist/far right alliance the March 2001 conference in Beirut, Lebanon on "Revisionism and Zionism," organized by the Institute for Historical Review, where there was a plan to present lectures in English, French, and Arabic. The Lebanese government cancelled the conference after protests from Jewish groups and the American government, but a smaller meeting was held in May 2001 in Amman, Jordan.

Michael writes that Duke, a former Ku Klux Klan leader, has been at the forefront of efforts to foster cooperation between the far right and the Islamic world, in what Michael calls a "cross-fertilization of rhetoric" against Zionism, Jews, and Israel. Duke presented two lectures in Bahrain in 2002 entitled "The Global Struggle against Zionism," and "Israeli Involvement in September 11," after being invited by the Discover Islam Center, an Islamist group who admired the anti-Semitic rhetoric on Duke's website. Duke told Michael: "The ADL issued a protest to Bahrain 'How can they have a white supremacist in Bahrain?' But the people in Bahrain understand very well that I am not a white supremacist and that I am a European American who wants to preserve my heritage ... but the real danger to all heritages is Jewish supremacism ..."

In November 2005, Duke addressed a rally in Syria, saying "It saddens my heart to tell you that part of my country is occupied by Zionists, just as part of your country, the Golan Heights, is occupied by Zionists. occupy most of the American media and now control much of the American government ... It is not just the West Bank of Palestine, it is not just the Golan Heights that are occupied by the Zionists, but Washington D.C. and New York and London and many other capitals of the world. Your fight for freedom is the same as our fight for freedom." In an interview with Syrian television, Duke said that "Jewish supremacists" are in control of the U.S. government and that "Israel makes the Nazi state look very, very moderate."

The September 2006 British "All-Party Parliamentary Inquiry into Anti-Semitism" heard evidence from Searchlight, the anti-facist magazine, that the far right, the left, and Islamists have started to use "Zionists" as a euphemism for "Jews," to disguise their anti-Semitism. The British National Party's Voice of Freedom wrote of the war in Iraq that "Tony Blair swapped British blood for donations from a clique of filthy-rich Zionist businessmen." The Muslim Public Affairs Committee UK (MPACUK) has cited the Talmud as a "Zionist holy book," and describes Zionism as an "octopus that now penetrates every western nation and pushes it to start world war three against Muslims," an anti-Semitic motif used by the Nazis.

The report describes a "symbiotic relationship" between Islamists and the far right, united in their hatred of Jews, Zionism, and Israel. The inquiry saw evidence of the shared use of materials, such as the same newspaper articles appearing on the MPACUK and white nationalist websites. MPACUK published a photograph of George Bush standing next to the Israeli flag, adding the caption: "Some say Lobbying the Government doesn't make a difference. We humbly disagree," while the National Front used the same photograph, with the caption: "There is no Zionist conspiracy." Islamist and far right groups also share Holocaust denial literature, and the organizations' websites publish each other's authors.

The left and anti-Zionism

Those who argue in favor of the centrality of the left to the new anti-Semitism say that anti-Zionism may function as a proxy for anti-Semitism, allowing a socially acceptable opposition to the Israeli state to be espoused, rather than a socially unacceptable religious or ethnic hatred. At the same time, genuine grievances against Israel stemming from the Arab-Israeli conflict may become anti-Semitic in character and may manifest themselves as hostility toward Jews in general.

Robert Wistrich, Neuburger Professor Modern European and Jewish History at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, argues that "left-leaning Judeophobes ... never call themselves 'anti-Semitic.' Indeed, they are usually indignant at the very suggestion that they have anything against Jews. Such denials notwithstanding, they are usually obsessed with stigmatizing Israel ... attribute to the Jews and Israel qualities of cruelty, brutality, bloodthirstiness, duplicity, greed, and immorality drawn straight from the arsenals of classic anti-Semitism." Wistrich adds that not all criticism of Israel is anti-Semitic — his checklist to identify the "anti-Semitic wolf in anti-Israeli sheep's clothing" includes the singling-out by writers of the "Jewish lobby" or the "Jewish vote"; complaining about Jewish solidarity with Israel; gratuitous emphasis on Jewish wealth or alleged Jewish control of the media; calls for economic boycotts directed exclusively against Israeli products and academic institutions; and the assertion that Jews reject all criticism as anti-Semitic.

Gerry Gable, publisher of the anti-fascist Searchlight magazine, agrees that "a lot of anti-semitism is driven by the left. There are elements who take up a position on Israel and Palestine which in reality puts them in league with anti-Semites." The Sunday Times reported in August 2006 that "omen pushing their children in buggies bearing the familiar symbol of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament marched last weekend alongside banners proclaiming 'We are all Hezbollah now' and Muslim extremists chanting 'Oh Jew, the army of Muhammad will return'." British novelist Linda Grant, a former Greenham Common woman, told the newspaper: "What you’re seeing is an alliance of what used to be the far left with various Muslim groups and that poses real problems ... Part of it feels the wrong side is winning." Radu Ioanid, director of the Meed Registry of Jewish Holocaust Survivors at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, writes in his foreword to Rising from the Muck, Pierre-André Taguieff's book about the new anti-Semitism in Europe, that during the student uprising in France in 1968, protesters could be heard shouting: "Nous sommes tous des Juifs Allemands" ("We are all German Jews") in support of Daniel Cohn-Bendit, one of their expelled leaders. In 2002, in contrast, the slogans heard at rallies in Paris were "Death to the Jews" and "Jews to the ovens."

In 2005, the British parliament set up its All-Party Parliamentary Inquiry into Anti-Semitism, which reported in September 2006 after a 10-month inquiry. (See below for more details.) At the inquiry's launch, John Mann MP said that anti-Semitism was once considered the preserve of the far right, but this is no longer the case. "We have to recognise that antisemitism is a virus and it mutates to suit its surroundings ... The liberal and progressive Left is not immune." The chairman, former Europe Minister Denis McShane, referred in a radio interview to what he called a "witch's brew" of anti-Semitism involving left-wing activists and Muslim extremists, who use criticism of Israel as a "pretext" for "spreading hatred against British Jews." The report concludes that verbal abuse, harassment, and violence against Jews and their institutions in the UK has reached "worrying levels," and that contemporary anti-Semitism in that country is "now more commonly found on the left of the political spectrum than on the right." Professor David Cesarani of Royal Holloway, University of London gave evidence that anti-Semitism "no longer has any resemblance to classical Nazi-style Jew hatred, because it is masked by or blended inadvertently into anti-Zionism, and because it is often articulated in the language of human rights. The report states that ignorance of the history of anti-Semitism means that some may not even realize that the language and imagery they use are part of the tradition of anti-Semitic discourse.

A group of left-wing British academics, journalists, and activists founded what they call the Euston Manifesto in April 2006, a declaration of principles intended as a new rallying point for the democratic left. It declares that: "'Anti-Zionism' has now developed to a point where supposed organizations of the Left are willing to entertain openly anti-Semitic speakers and to form alliances with anti-Semitic groups. Amongst educated and affluent people are to be found individuals unembarrassed to claim that the Iraq war was fought on behalf of Jewish interests, or to make other 'polite' and subtle allusions to the harmful effect of Jewish influence in international or national politics — remarks of a kind that for more than fifty years after the Holocaust no one would have been able to make without publicly disgracing themselves."

In France, Interior Minister Dominique de Villepin commissioned a report on racism and anti-Semitism from Jean-Christophe Rufin, president of Action Against Hunger and former vice-president of Médecins Sans Frontières, in which Rufin challenges the perception that the new anti-Semitism in France comes exclusively from North African immigrant communities and the far right. Reporting in October 2004, Rufin writes that "he new anti-Semitism appears more heterogeneous," and identifies what he calls a new and "subtle" form of anti-Semitism in "radical anti-Zionism" as expressed by far-left and anti-globalization groups, in which criticism of Jews and Israel is used as a pretext to "legitimize the armed Palestinian conflict." Rufin recommended criminalizing unfounded criticism of Israel by calling it racist or labeling it as an apartheid state. Norman Finkelstein, a critic of the concept of new anti-Semitism, described Rufin's recommendation as "truly terrifying", the "stigmatizing of dissent as a disease that must be wiped out by the state."

Criticism

The association of anti-Zionism with new anti-Semitism has been controversial. British writer Tariq Ali has argued that the campaign against "the supposed new 'anti-semitism'" in modern Europe is in effect a "cynical ploy on the part of the Israeli Government to seal off the Zionist state from any criticism of its regular and consistent brutality against the Palestinians." Ali argues that the new anti-Semitism is, in fact, "Zionist blackmail," and that Israel, far from being a victim, is "the strongest state in the region. It possesses real, not imaginary, weapons of mass destruction. It possesses more tanks and bomber jets and pilots than the rest of the Arab world put together. To say that the Zionist state is threatened by any Arab country is pure demagogy."

Earl Raab, founding director of the Nathan Perlmutter Institute for Jewish Advocacy at Brandeis University writes that "here is a new surge of antisemitism in the world, and much prejudice against Israel is driven by such antisemitism," but argues that "charges of antisemitism based on anti-Israel remarks alone have proven to lack credibility in most circles". He adds that "a grave educational misdirection is imbedded in formulations suggesting that if we somehow get rid of antisemitism, we will get rid of anti-Israelism. This reduces the problems of prejudice against Israel to cartoon proportions." Raab describes prejudice against Israel as a "serious breach of morality and good sense" and argues that it is often a bridge to anti-Semitism, but also distinguishes it from anti-Semitism as such.

Although proponents of the concept of the new anti-Semitism agree that it appeared to start, or gain momentum, around the beginning of the Al-Aqsa Intifada, they refuse to accept that anti-Israel or anti-Zionist feeling may be a justifiably critical response to Israel's handling of the uprising, according to Peter Beaumont, writing in The Observer. He argues that "Israel's brutal response to the often equally reprehensible anti-Israeli Palestinian violence of the intifada has produced one of the most vigorous media critiques of Israel's policies in the European media in a generation. The reply to this criticism, say those most vocal in reporting the existence of the new anti-Semitism, particularly in the Israeli press, is devastating in its simplicity: criticise Israel, and you are an anti-Semite just as surely as if you were throwing paint at a synagogue in Paris." Israel cannot be declared out of bounds, writes Beaumont, for fear of invoking Europe's "last great taboo — the fear of being declared an anti-Semite."

Noam Chomsky, professor of linguistics at MIT, maintains that Jewish groups see criticism of Israeli policies as examples of new anti-Semitism while turning a blind eye to traditional anti-Semitism. He cites the allegations in 1988 that several known anti-Semites occupied senior positions in the Republican Party. The New Republic argued that the discovery of "seven aging Eastern European fascists in the Republican apparatus" wasn't the threat it was made out to be; the greater threat lay in the anti-Semitism of the left, which had a salient agenda: "the delegitimization of the Jewish national movement".

Norman Finkelstein dedicates the first third of his book Beyond Chutzpah to new anti-Semitism, arguing that the concept provides political cover to supporters of Israel, and that pro-Zionist groups such as the Anti-Defamation League have brought forward charges of "new anti-Semitism" several times since the early 1970s, each time with the intent of deflecting criticism of Israel. Finkelstein argues that Phyllis Chesler, in The New Anti-Semitism, "barely disguises that alleging a new anti-Semitism is simply the pretext for defending Israel." He writes that Chesler devotes eight pages to "A Brief History of Arab Attacks against Israel, 1908-1970s", but says nothing about Israel's actions against Arabs.

Yale University report on anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism

Edward Kaplan and Charles Small of Yale University conducted a study based on a survey of 5,000 people: 500 citizens in each of 10 European countries. Their report, published in August 2006, concluded that anti-Israel sentiment reliably predicted the probability that an individual was an anti-Semite, with the likelihood of measured anti-Semitism increasing with the extent of anti-Israel sentiment observed. The authors write that, based on their analysis, "when an individual's criticism of Israel becomes sufficiently severe, it does become reasonable to ask whether such criticism is a mask for underlying anti-Semitism."

The study found that 56 percent of those who voiced strong anti-Israel opinions held anti-Semitic views. Those who believed the IDF "intentionally targets Palestinian civilians" and that Palestinian suicide bombers who target Israeli civilians are "justified" also believed that "Jews don't care what happens to anyone but their own kind," "Jews have a lot of irritating faults," and "Jews are more willing than others to use shady practices to get what they want."

According to the survey, the percentage of those expressing anti-Semitic views increased with age and decreased with income level; men were more likely to be anti-Semitic than women; the degree of social interaction with Jews had no significant impact; individuals who were less tolerant of illegal immigrants were more likely to express anti-Semitic views; and Muslims were disproportionately more likely to hold anti-Semitic views than Christians, Jews, or those with no religious beliefs.

Focus

Jenin

Tom Gross, former Middle East reporter for the Sunday Telegraph, cites the British media response to the 2002 Battle of Jenin as an example of the contemporary rush by the left, particularly in Europe, to demonize Israel. The Guardian reported that Israel's actions in Jenin were "every bit as repellant" as Osama bin Laden's attack on New York. A Times correspondent wrote that: "Rarely ... have I seen ... such disrespect for human life." The Evening Standard described it as a "massacre" and "genocide." (Gross reports the death toll as 52 Palestinians, most of whom were combatants, and 23 Israeli soldiers.) Gross writes that, even as the American media was accurately reporting that there was no evidence to support the allegations of a massacre, Phil Reeves in The Independent reported that a "monstrous war crime" had been covered up, that the "sweet and ghastly reek of rotting human bodies is everywhere, evidence that it is a human tomb," and compared it to the "killing fields," invoking Pol Pot's massacres in Cambodia. British Labour member of parliament Gerald Kaufman denounced Ariel Sharon as a "war criminal" and accused the Israeli Defense Forces of "staining the Star of David with blood," while Oxford University professor and poet Tom Paulin announced that U.S.-born Jewish settlers should be "shot dead" as "Nazis, racists."

9/11

The moderate Jordanian newspaper Ad-Dustour blamed the September 11 attacks on Jews, writing that it was "the act of the great Jewish Zionist mastermind that controls the world's economy, media and politics." Sheikh Muhammad Gemeaha of the Cairo Center of Islamic Learning at al-Azhar University said that "only the Jews" were capable of toppling the World Trade Center. If the conspiracy became known to the American people, they "would have done to the Jews what Hitler did." According to Harold Evans, former editor of The Sunday Times, the same ideas are spread by the Associated Students of San Francisco State University, which has allied itself with the General Union of Palestinian Students and the Muslim Student Association. The Jewish 9/11 conspiracy theories are usually accompanied by the claim that 4,000 Jews or Israelis who worked at the World Trade Center did not show up for work on the day of the attacks, supposedly a sign that they were warned by a complicit Israeli intelligence agency. White supremacist David Duke said in March 2003: "here's no question in my mind that there was Israeli foreknowledge ..."

Jeffrey Goldberg, Middle East correspondent of The New Yorker, writes that those who repudiate the conspiracy theories may nevertheless blame Israel for "creating an atmosphere of despair which leads to terrorism."

Anti-globalization protests

The persistent anti-Semitic motif of a Zionist mastermind controlling the world's economy has been apparent during anti-globalization protests. Mark Strauss of Foreign Policy writes that "just one snapshot of ... the 'new anti-Semitism'" saw protesters at the 2003 World Social Forum in Porto Alegre, Brazil, which attracted 20,000 activists from 20 countries, brandishing the swastika and signs reading: "Nazis, Yankees, and Jews: No more chosen peoples!" Some wore T-shirts displaying the Star of David twisted around swastikas, an increasingly common symbol in the Middle East. Palestinian activists carried a sign saying that Jews were the "true fundamentalists who control United States capitalism." Jewish activists carrying banners saying "Two peoples, two states: peace in the Middle East" were assaulted.

On campus

Proponents argue that one of the arenas in which new political alliances produce new anti-Semitism is on university campuses.

Laurie Zoloth, former director of Jewish Studies at San Francisco State University, has written of her distress at walking across campus past maps of the Middle East that do not include Israel, and posters equating Zionism with racism and Jews with Nazis, turning the campus into a "Weimar Republic with brownshirts you cannot control." Todd Gitlin, professor of journalism and sociology at Columbia University, has written how two students of his wondered whether it was true that 4,000 Jews had failed to show up for work at the World Trade Center on September 11. "The worst crackpot notions that circulate around the Middle East are also roaming around America," he writes, "and if that wasn't bad enough, students are spreading the gibberish. Students!"

Violent incidents have been recorded by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) on college campuses across the U.S. An April 9, 2002, in an echo of the blood libel, a pro-Palestinian rally by the Muslim Student Association at SFSU displayed posters bearing a picture of soup cans reading "Made in Israel" on the label, listing the contents as "Palestinian Children Meat," with Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon as the manufacturer, and the words "slaughtered according to Jewish Rites under American license."

A month later, according to the Jewish Federation of Northeastern Pennsylvania, a pro-Israel rally held by 30 Jewish students saw pro-Palestinian students armed with whistles and bull horns corner the Jewish students, spit on them, and shout: "Too bad Hitler didn't finish the job," "Fuck the Jews," "Get out or we will kill you," "Die racist pigs," and "Go back to Russia, Jews." A cinder block was thrown through the glass doors of UC Berkeley's Hillel building on Passover, two Orthodox Jews were beaten up, students emerging from the university's synagogue were egged, and death threats were received.

Supporters of David Duke have allegedly distributed flyers protesting "Israeli genocide" on the University of California at San Diego campus, and Holocaust denier Bradley R. Smith ran an opinion piece in the Berkeley student newspaper condemning Israel's "ethnic cleansing" of Palestinians.

In Canada, a September 2002 speech by former Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu at Concordia University in Montreal had to be cancelled after protestors smashed furniture and windows before it began. Manfred Gerstenfeld writes that the situation at Concordia was so tense that the university had to impose a three-month moratorium on all Middle East related events in 2002, and a Montreal judge issued an injunction against a lecture by left-wing parliamentarian Svend Robinson. An advertisement in the Globe and Mail on December 17, 2002, signed by 100 people, said that Canadian Jewish students are so traumatized by on-campus anti-Semitism that they dare not speak out in support of Israel or Judaism.

In the UK, the "Report of the All-Party Parliamentary Inquiry into Anti-Semitism" reported that the British National Party says it is active on 15 British campuses with a view to overturning "no platform" orders — designed to prevent racists and fascists from gaining a foothold in campuses. Although the students' unions condemn this, the report states that "when left wing or pro-Palestinian discourse is manipulated and used as a vehicle for anti-Jewish language and themes, the anti-Semitism is harder to recognize and define, and Jewish students can find themselves isolated or unsupported, or in conflict with large groups of their fellow students." The inquiry heard that University College, London invited members of the Islamist party Hizb-ut-Tahrir to give presentations, although it has been banned from several countries because of its anti-Semitism. Jewish and Muslim students both raised concerns about this, but the university took no action. Hizb-ut-Tahrir has also been active at Queen Mary, University of London; Kingston University; and UCE Birmingham, among others.

The report describes how the University of Manchester students' union proposed a motion in 2002 that anti-Zionism was not anti-Semitism, and that Israeli goods should be boycotted. During the voting phase, a leaflet from the General Union of Palestinian Students, quoting a neo-Nazi forgery entitled "Prophecy of Benjamin Franklin in Regard of the Jewish Race," was handed out to students lining up to vote. The leaflet described Jews as vampires, and said that if they were not expelled from the United States, they would "enslave the country and destroy its economy." When the motion was defeated, a brick was thrown through the window of one Jewish student residence while a poster with the words "Slaughter the Jews" was stuck to its front door, and a knife was stuck in the door of another.

Luciana Berger, who was on the national executive committee of the British National Union of Students (NUS), told The Guardian that "NEC members failed to condemn a comment made ... at the SOAS Students' Union in London that burning down a synagogue is a rational act."

In France, Patrick Klugman, President of the Union of French Jewish Students (UEJF), wrote in Le Figaro: "On some university campuses like Nanterre, Villetaneuse and Jussieu, the climate has become very difficult for Jews. In the name of the Palestinian cause, they are castigated as if they were Israeli soldiers! We hear 'death to the Jews' during demonstrations which are supposed to defend the Palestinian cause. Last April, our office was the target of a Molotov cocktail. As a condition for condemning this attack, the lecturers demanded that the UEJF declare a principled position against Israel!"

In Australia, Daniel Wyner of the Australasian Union of Jewish Students, say that the "vilification we feel as students on campus ... coming almost entirely from the left." Grahame Leonard, president of the Executive Council of Australian Jewry], says July 2006 had the most anti-Semitic incidents since records began in 1945, and that many of the incidents were on campus. In Sydney, some Jewish students are wearing hats over their kippahs. Deon Kamien, Victorian president of the Union of Jewish Students, told The Age: "It's not something I can put in words. A lot of students who would feel very comfortable wearing a kippah or T-shirt with Hebrew words on it now feel they are being targeted as Jews — not supporters of Israel, but Jews. When they walk past socialist stalls (on campus) they are called f---ing Jews."

Proposed academic boycott

• Main article: Economic and political boycotts of Israel

Manfred Gerstenfeld argues that two features of contemporary anti-Semitism are that it incorporates classic anti-Semitic motifs and that people are increasingly unashamed of associating themselves with it. Gerstenfeld offers as an example the case of Mona Baker, an Egyptian professor of translation studies at the University of Manchester in England, who in July 2002 removed two Israeli academics — Dr. Miriam Shlesinger of Bar-Ilan University, a former chair of Amnesty International, Israel; and Professor Gideon Toury of Tel Aviv University — from the editorial boards of two journals that Baker and her husband publish. Gerstenfeld writes that Baker offered to allow the academics to remain on the board on condition that they leave and sever all ties with Israel. He argues that this is a well-known anti-Semitic motif, whereby a Jew could remain a university professor only if he converted, or in this case, severed ties with his own state.

The general idea of an academic boycott against Israelis first emerged on April 06, 2002 in an open letter to The Guardian, which had gained 700 signatories until the Mona Baker case caused several leading academics to distance themselves from it, including Richard Dawkins and Sir Colin Blakemore of Oxford University.

In 2005, the main British university lecturers' union, the Association of University Teachers (AUT) — at the behest of nearly 60 Palestinian groups, — voted to boycott the University of Haifa over the alleged mistreatment of Ilan Pappé, and Bar-Ilan University for awarding degrees to students from the College of Judea and Samaria in Ariel. The proposal was overturned at an AUT emergency conference. In May 2006, members of NATFHE drafted a similar proposal, voting to boycott Israeli academic institutions and even Israeli lecturers who did not publicly dissociate themselves from their government's policies. The resolution was dismissed by the AUT.

Cartoons

The U.S. State Department's Report on Global Anti-Semitism has described the rise of anti-Semitic cartoons in the Arab and European media as a symptom of growing antisemitism. The report states that "critics of Israel frequently use anti-Semitic cartoons depicting anti-Jewish images and caricatures to attack the State of Israel and its policies ... focus on the demonization of Israel." The United States is also invoked as a target, because of alleged Jewish or Zionist control of the U.S. government, media, or economy.

A cartoon in The Independent depicted Ariel Sharon, who was prime minister of Israel at the time, sitting among bombed houses eating a baby, while helicopters and tanks buzzed 'Vote Sharon'. The cartoon, drawn by Dave Brown and based on the painting Saturn Devouring one of his children by Francisco Goya, sparked a wave of protests from Jewish human rights groups, with Rabbi Abraham Cooper, Associate Dean of the Simon Wiesenthal Center, writing that it conjured up "the horrific medieval anti-Semitic blood libel and is more in keeping with the tradition of the Nazi paper Der Stürmer". The Independent responded that the cartoon was not anti-Semitic but anti-Sharon, a view upheld by the Press Complaints Commission.

In August 2006, Iran's biggest-selling newspaper, Hamshahri, announced the results of an international competition seeking cartoons satirizing the Holocaust. Entries included Ariel Sharon in an SS uniform; a man with side locks drinking from a container marked "Palestinian blood"; and an Arab figure impaled to the ground by the long nose of a man in a black hat of the kind worn by some Orthodox Jews, marked "Holocaust." Some of the images have gone on public display in Tehran's Palestine Contemporary Art Museum; the exhibition's opening was attended by the de facto Palestinian ambassador to Iran, Salah al-Zawawi. The competition's organizers say they launched it in response to the publication in European newspapers of cartoons depicting the Prophet Muhammad.

Responses

European Union

Groups monitoring hate speech and violence in the European Union have noted an upswing in attacks on Jewish people and Jewish institutions in many European countries. The Interior Minister of France has announced that the number of anti-Semitic attacks in France in 2004 is more than double that of the same period in 2003.

In September 2004, the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, a part of the Council of Europe, called on its member nations to "ensure that criminal law in the field of combating racism covers anti-Semitism" and to penalize intentional acts of public incitement to violence, hatred or discrimination, public insults and defamation, threats against a person or group, and the expression of anti-Semitic ideologies. It urged member nations to "prosecute people who deny, trivialize or justify the Holocaust". The report said it was Europe's "duty to remember the past by remaining vigilant and actively opposing any manifestations of racism, xenophobia, anti-Semitism and intolerance... Anti-Semitism is not a phenomenon of the past and... the slogan 'never again' is as relevant today as it was 60 years ago."

In 2005, the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC), part of the Council of Europe, tried to define more clearly the relationship between anti-Zionism and anti-Semitism as part of a general effort to track anti-Semitism. The EUMC developed a working definition of anti-Semitism that defined ways in which attacking Israel or Zionism could be anti-Semitic, while stating that criticism of Israel similar to that leveled against any other country could not be regarded as anti-Semitic. According to the EUMC, examples of the ways in which anti-Semitism manifests itself include:

• Denying the Jewish people the right to self-determination, e.g. by claiming that the existence of a state of Israel is a racist endeavor;
• Applying double standards by requiring of Israel a behavior not expected or demanded of any other democratic nation;
• Using the symbols and images associated with classic anti-Semitism (e.g. claims of Jews killing Jesus or blood libel) to characterize Israel or Israelis;
• Drawing comparisons of contemporary Israeli policy to that of the Nazis;
• Holding Jews collectively responsible for actions of the State of Israel.

Israel

In November 2001, in response to an Abu-Dhabi television broadcast showing Ariel Sharon drinking blood of Palestinian children, the Israeli government set up the "Coordinating Forum for Countering Antisemitism," headed by Deputy Foreign Minister Rabbi Michael Melchior. According to Melchior, "in each and every generation antisemitism tries to hide its ugly face behind various disguises - and hatred of the State of Israel is its current disguise." He also noted that "... hate against Israel has crossed the red line, having gone from criticism to unbridled antisemitic venom, which is a precise translation of classical antisemitism whose past results are all too familiar to the entire world." The multilingual forum regularly issues reports, articles and press releases.

United Kingdom

In November 2005, the British parliament commissioned the All-Party Parliamentary Inquiry into Anti-Semitism in the UK to consider the nature of contemporary anti-Semitism. . The inquiry was held by 14 prominent MPs, including former Conversative Party leader Iain Duncan Smith and Liberal Democrat environment spokesman Chris Huhne, and was chaired by the former Europe Minister Dr. Denis MacShane. Those who submitted evidence included then-Home Secretary Charles Clarke; the Attorney General Lord Goldsmith; chief Rabbi Jonathan Sacks; chairman of the Commission for Racial Equality, Trevor Phillips; the former head of the Muslim Council of Britain, Sir Iqbal Sacranie; Prof Robert Wistrich of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Brian Klug of St Benet's Hall, Oxford; and Prof Gert Weisskirchen of the German Bundestag.

The inquiry published its 66-page report in September 2006. The inquiry took into account the view of racism expressed by the MacPherson report after the murder of Stephen Lawrence, namely that a racist act is defined by its victim, and that it is the Jewish community that is in the best position to determine what is anti-Semitic. The report concludes that left-wing activists and Muslim extremists are using criticism of Israel as a "pretext" for anti-Semitism, and the "most worrying discovery" is that anti-Semitism appears to be entering the "mainstream." The report says: "Anti-Jewish sentiment is appearing in the everyday conversations of people who consider themselves neither racist nor prejudiced." The inquiry calls for the adoption of a clearer definition of anti-Semitism that reflects its "complex and multi-faceted" nature. "Anti-Semitism is not one dimensional. It is perpetrated in different ways by different groups within society and for this reason it is hard to identify," the report concludes.

The report notes that one of the most contentious issues it examined was the dividing line between anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism. Brian Klug of St Benet's Hall, Oxford told the inquiry that, in his view, the current hostility toward Jews, rooted in criticism of the State of Israel, should be regarded as an entirely new phenomenon, distinct from classic anti-Semitism. The report argues that anti-Zionism may become anti-Semitic when it adopts a view of Zionism as a "global force of unlimited power and malevolence throughout history," a definition that "bears no relation to the understanding that most Jews have of the concept: that is, a movement of Jewish national liberation ..." Having re-defined Zionism, traditional anti-Semitic motifs of Jewish "conspiratorial power, manipulation and subversion" are transferred from Jews onto Zionism. This is "at the core of the 'New Anti-Semitism'," the report concludes, adding that many of those who gave evidence called anti-Zionism "the lingua franca of antisemitic movements."

Lord Janner of Braunstone gave evidence regarding anti-Semitic remarks made to him in Parliament. After the arrest of Saddam Hussein, for example, another peer approached him and said: "We've got rid of Saddam Hussein now. Your lot are next." When asked what she meant by "your lot," she replied: "Yes, you cannot go on killing Palestinians forever, you know." Oona King, former MP for Bethnal Green and Bow, gave evidence that many of her former constituents told her they could not vote for her because she was funded by the Israeli Secret Service.

United Nations

A number of commentators argue that the United Nations has condoned and encouraged anti-Semitism. David Matas, senior counsel to B'nai Brith Canada, has written that the UN is a forum for anti-Semitism and that, for many of its organs, denouncing Israel has become their principal business. Lawrence Summers, then-president of Harvard University, has noted that the UN's World Conference on Racism failed to condemn human rights abuses in China, Rwanda, or anywhere in the Arab world, while raising Israel's alleged "ethnic cleansing" and "crimes against humanity." UN Secretary General Kofi Annan has acknowledged that " the Jewish community at large, it has sometimes seemed as if the United Nations serves all the world's peoples but one: the Jews."

Matas argues that statements are made within the UN that would not be tolerated within any democratic parliament, citing the example of the Palestinian representative to the UN Human Rights Commission who, in an echo of the traditional blood libel, claimed in 1997 that Israeli doctors had injected Palestinian children with the AIDS virus. Congressman Steve Chabot told the U.S. House of Representatives in 2005 that the commission took "several months to correct in its record a statement by the Syrian ambassador that Jews allegedly had killed non-Jewish children to make unleavened bread for Passover.

Anne Bayefsky, a Canadian legal scholar and human rights activist, addressed the UN as a representative of the International Association of Jewish Lawyers and Jurists, on the matter of alleged unequal treatment of Israel:

At the UN, the language of human rights is hijacked not only to discriminate but to demonize the Jewish target. More than one quarter of the resolutions condemning a state's human rights violations adopted by the commission over 40 years have been directed at Israel. But there has never been a single resolution about the decades-long repression of the civil and political rights of 1.3 billion people in China, or the million female migrant workers in Saudi Arabia kept as virtual slaves, or the virulent racism which has brought 600,000 people to the brink of starvation in Zimbabwe. Every year, UN bodies are required to produce at least 25 reports on alleged human rights violations by Israel, but not one on an Iranian criminal justice system which mandates punishments like crucifixion, stoning and cross-amputation of right hand and left foot. This is not legitimate critique of states with equal or worse human rights records. It is demonization of the Jewish state ...

In the early years of its existence, the Human Rights Commission focused only on themes. When it shifted its focus to countries, it targeted only South Africa and Israel, and for six years, from 1969 until 1975 when Chile was added, those two countries were the only two the Commission would consider. For the last 40 years, almost 30 percent of country-specific resolutions and 15 percent of the Commission's time has been directed against Israel. During its annual six-week session in 2002, the Commission spent half its time on Israel, more than it spent on all the other countries in the world combined.

Matas argues that the "invective against Israel by far exceeds the language used against other countries with much worse violations." For example, in 1989, a Commission resolution about alleged human-rights abuses in Israel "noted with several disapproval," using phrases like "strongly condemns," "deplores," "inhuman treatment," "terror," and "flagrant violation of human rights," while in the same year, a resolution against Guatemala, at the height of its civil war when disappearance and arbitrary execution were common, noted only that the Commission was "seriously concerned," and a resolution against Iran during the reign of the Ayatollah Khomeini warranted only "deep concern."

The General Assembly is also criticized for its focus on Israel. There are currently around 250 Security Council resolutions and 1,000 General Assembly resolutions on Israel. Of the ten emergency special sessions the Assembly has held, six have been about Israel, and the tenth session, opened in 1997, was reconvened 13 times between then and August 2004.

Kofi Annan has called the 1975 General Assembly resolution equating Zionism with racism, not repealed until 1991, "lamentable," saying that "its negative resonance even today is difficult to overestimate," and on June 21, 2004, Annan told a seminar on anti-Semitism: "It is hard to believe that 60 years after the tragedy of the Holocaust, anti-Semitism is once again rearing its head. But it is clear that we are witnessing an alarming resurgence of these phenomena in new forms and manifestations. This time the world must not, cannot, be silent." He asked UN member states to adopt a resolution to fight anti-Semitism, and stated that the Commission on Human Rights must study and expose anti-Semitism in the same way that it fights bias against Muslims. Annan asked: "Are not Jews entitled to the same degree of concern and protection?"

United States

The U.S. State Department's 2004 Report on Global Anti-Semitism identified four sources of rising anti-Semitism, particularly in Europe:

• "Traditional anti-Jewish prejudice ... This includes ultra-nationalists and others who assert that the Jewish community controls governments, the media, international business, and the financial world."
• "Strong anti-Israel sentiment that crosses the line between objective criticism of Israeli policies and anti-Semitism."
• "Anti-Jewish sentiment expressed by some in Europe's growing Muslim population, based on longstanding antipathy toward both Israel and Jews, as well as Muslim opposition to developments in Israel and the occupied territories, and more recently in Iraq."
• "Criticism of both the United States and globalization that spills over to Israel, and to Jews in general who are identified with both."

See also

• Allegations of anti-Semitism within the European anti-war movement
• Anti-globalization and anti-Semitism
• Arabs and anti-Semitism
• History of anti-Semitism
• Holocaust denial, Holocaust revisionism
• Islam and anti-Semitism
• Judeophobia
• Post-Zionism/Anti-Zionism
• Red-green-brown alliance
• September 11 conspiracy theories about Jews

Notes

1. ^ Strauss, Mark. "Antiglobalism's Jewish Problem" in Rosenbaum, Ron (ed). Those who forget the past: The Question of Anti-Semitism, Random House 2004, p 272.
2. Sacks, Jonathan. "The New Antisemitism", Ha'aretz, September 6, 2002.
3. Chesler, Phyllis. The New Anti-Semitism: The Current Crisis and What We Must Do About It, Jossey-Bass, 2003, pp. 158-159, 181
4. Kinsella, Warren. The New anti-Semitism, accessed March 5, 2006
5. ^ Jews predict record level of hate attacks: Militant Islamic media accused of stirring up new wave of anti-semitism, The Guardian, August 8, 2004.
6. Endelman, Todd M. "Antisemitism in Western Europe Today" in Contemporary Antisemitism: Canada and the World. University of Toronto Press, 2005, pp. 65-79
7. ^ Bauer, Yehuda. "Problems of Contemporary Anti-Semitism" (pdf), 2003, retrieved April 22, 2006
8. ^ Taguieff, Pierre-André. Rising From the Muck: The New Anti-Semitism in Europe. Ivan R. Dee, 2004.
9. ^ Rosenbaum, Ron. Those who forget the past. Random House, 2004.
10. Zombie. Photographs taken at an anti-war rally in San Francisco on Saturday, February 16th, 2003, zombietime.com.
    • Jaffe, Ben-Zion. "Big Jew on Campus: The Jewish obsession", Jerusalem Post Blog Central, December 11, 2005.
    • "Posters of hate", Frontpage Magazine, December 8, 2003.
    • Moormeister, Robyn. "Holocaust survivor organizes UCSC conference on anti-semitism", Santa Cruz Sentinel, May 2, 2003.
    • "December 8, 2003", Watch, retrieved August 27, 2006.
    • "Scene from a 'peace rally'", BackSpin Weblog of Honest Reporting, December 4, 2003.
11. Klug, Brian. The Myth of the New Anti-Semitism. The Nation, posted January 15, 2004 (February 2, 2004 issue), accessed January 9, 2006.
12. David M Szonyi, The Holocaust: An Annotated Bibliography and Resource Guide, p. 16 (KTAV Publishing House, 1985)
13. Avner Falk, Avner Folk, "A Psychoanalytic History of the Jews", p.44. (Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1996)
14. Salomon Reinach and Florence Simmonds, Orpheus: A General History of Religions, p. 210. (G. P. Putnam & Sons, 1909)
15. Peter N. Stearns, Impact of the Industrial Revolution: Protest and Alienation, p. 56. (Prentice Hall, 1972)
16. Max Wurmbrand, Cecil Roth, The Jewish People: 4000 Years of Survival, p.403 and passim. (Massadah-P. E. C. Press, 1966)
17. Solomon M. Schwarz, "The New Anti-Semitism of the Soviet Union". Commentary, June 1949
18. Pravda 1952, November 21
19. Wistrich, Robert. "Anti-zionism as an Expression of Anti-Semitism in Recent Years", lecture delivered to the Study Circle on World Jewry in the home of the President of Israel, December 10, 1984.
20. Daniel Rubin (ed.), Anti-Semitism and Zionism: Selected Marxist Writings, p. 35. (International Publishers, 1987)
21. ^ Fischel, Jack R. "The New Anti-Semitism", The Virginia Quarterly Review, Summer 2005, pp. 225-234.
22. ^ Fischel, Jack R. "The New Anti-Semitism", The Virginia Quarterly Review, Summer 2005, pp. 225-234, citing Taguieff, Pierre-André. Rising From the Muck: The New Anti-Semitism in Europe, 2002. Ivan R. Dee.
23. Ioanid, Radu. Foreword Taguieff, Pierre André. Rising from the Muck: The New Anti-Semitism in Europe. Ivan R. Dee, 2004, p. xiv.
24. ^ Cotler, Irwin. "Human Rights and the New Anti-Jewishness", FrontPageMagazine.com, February 16, 2004.
25. Norman Finkelstein argues that there has been no significant rise in anti-Semitism: "What does the evidence show? There has been good investigation done, serious investigation. All the evidence shows there's no — there's no evidence at all for a rise of a new anti-Semitism, whether in Europe or in North America. The evidence is zero. And, in fact, there's a new book put out by an Israel stalwart. His name is Walter Laqueur, a very prominent scholar. It's called The Changing Face of Anti-Semitism. It just came out, 2006, from Oxford University Press. He looks at the evidence, and he says no. There's some in Europe among the Muslim community, there's some anti-Semitism, but the notion that in the heart of European society or North American society there's anti-Semitism is preposterous. And in fact — or no, a significant rise in anti-Semitism is preposterous." ("Finkelstein on DN! -- No New Antisemitism", Interview of Norman Finkelstein by Amy Goodman, August 29, 2006.)
26. ^ Klug, Brian. The Myth of the New Anti-Semitism. The Nation, February 2, 2004, accessed January 9, 2006, p.1.
27. Klug, Brian. The Myth of the New Anti-Semitism. The Nation, February 2, 2004, accessed January 9, 2006, p.2.
28. Klug, Brian. The Myth of the New Anti-Semitism. The Nation, February 2, 2004, accessed January 9, 2006, p.3.
29. ^ Zipperstein, Steven. "Historical Reflections of Contemporary Antisemitism" in Contemporary Antisemitism: Canada and the World. in Derek J. Penslar et al, ed., Contemporary Antisemitism: Canada and the World, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005, p. 61
30. Zipperstein, Steven. "Historical Reflections of Contemporary Antisemitism" in Contemporary Antisemitism: Canada and the World, p. 62.
31. Zipperstein, Steven. "Historical Reflections of Contemporary Antisemitism" in Contemporary Antisemitism: Canada and the World, p. 53.
32. Zipperstein, Steven. "Historical Reflections of Contemporary Antisemitism" in Contemporary Antisemitism: Canada and the World, p. 60.
33. Bauer, Yehuda. "Problems of Contemporary Anti-Semitism" Template:PDFlink, 2003, p. 1.
34. Bauer, Yehuda. "Problems of Contemporary Anti-Semitism" Template:PDFlink, 2003, p 2.
35. ^ Bauer, Yehuda. "Problems of Contemporary Anti-Semitism" (pdf), 2003, p 4.
36. Bauer, Yehuda. "Problems of Contemporary Anti-Semitism" Template:PDFlink, 2003, p 5.
37. Wistrich, Robert S. *"The Old-New Anti-Semitism"Template:PDFlink, The National Interest, Number 72, Summer 2003.
38. Bauer, Yehuda. "Problems of Contemporary Anti-Semitism" (pdf), 2003, p 6.
39. Bauer, Yehuda. "Problems of Contemporary Anti-Semitism" (pdf), 2003, p 13.
40. ^ Bauer, Yehuda. "Problems of Contemporary Anti-Semitism" Template:PDFlink, 2003, p 14.
41. Bauer, Yehuda. "Problems of Contemporary Anti-Semitism" (pdf), 2003, p 15.
42. Bauer, Yehuda. "Problems of Contemporary Anti-Semitism" (pdf), 2003, p 8.
43. Bauer, Yehuda. "Problems of Contemporary Anti-Semitism" (pdf), 2003, p 17.
44. ^ Berlet, Chip. "ZOG Ate My Brains", New Internationalist, October 2004.
45. ^ Berlet, Chip. "Right woos Left", Publiceye.org, December 20, 1990; revised February 22, 1994, revised again 1999.
46. Berlet does not himself use the expression "new anti-Semitism"; nor does he comment on whether he believes the current wave of anti-Semitism should be regarded as a new phenomenon or not.
47. Berlet writes: "It is important to recognize that as a whole the antiwar movement overwhelmingly rejected these overtures by the political right, while recognizing that the attempt reflected a larger ongoing problem. It certainly was a problem for individuals like Wisconsin antiwar activist Alan Ruff who appeared on a panel discussing the pros and cons of the Gulf War in the town of Verona. Also on the panel in the antiwar camp was another local activist Emmanuel Branch. "Suddenly I heard Branch saying the war the result of a Zionist banking conspiracy," explains Ruff. "I found myself squeezed between pro-war hawks and this anti-Jewish nut, it destroyed the ability of those of us who opposed the war to make our point." A number of persons report that during Gulf War protests, they heard persons attempting to turn legitimate criticism of U.S. intervention in Iraq, or objections to pressure for invasion by some pro-Israel lobbies, into a blanket indictment of all Jews, which is a classic form of bigotry." (Berlet, Chip. "Right woos Left: The Gulf War", Publiceye.org, December 20, 1990; revised February 22, 1994, revised again 1999.)
48. Berlet reports that the right-wing use of anti-Zionism as a cover for anti-Semitism can be seen in a 1981 issue of Spotlight, published by the neo-Nazi Liberty Lobby: "A brazen attempt by influential "Israel-firsters" in the policy echelons of the Reagan administration to extend their control to the day-to-day espionage and covert-action operations of the CIA was the hidden source of the controversy and scandals that shook the U.S. intelligence establishment this summer. The dual loyalists ... have long wanted to grab a hand in the on-the-spot "field control" of the CIA's worldwide clandestine services. They want this control, not just for themselves, but on behalf of the Mossad, Israel's terrorist secret police. (Spotlight, August 24, 1981, cited in Berlet, Chip. "Right woos Left", Publiceye.org, December 20, 1990; revised February 22, 1994, revised again 1999.)
49. Said, Edward. "A Desolation and They Called It Peace," in Rosenbaum, Ron. Those Who Forget the Past: The Question of Anti-Semitism. Random House, 2004, p. 518.
50. Paz, Reuven. "Palestinian Holocaust Denial", Washington Institute Peace Watch, NO. 255, April 21, 2000.
51. ^ Michael, George. The Enemy of my Enemy: The Alarming Convergence of Militant Islam and the Extreme Right. University Press of Kansas, 2006, p.309.
52. Conger, George. "UK MPs find leap in anti-Semitism", The Jerusalem Post, September 5, 2006.
53. Michael, George. The Enemy of my Enemy: The Alarming Convergence of Militant Islam and the Extreme Right. University Press of Kansas, 2006, p.156.
54. "American White Supremacist David Duke: Israel Makes the Nazi State Look Very Moderate", interview with David Duke on Syrian television, the Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI), November 25, 2005. The clip can be viewed here.
55. Michael, George. The Enemy of my Enemy: The Alarming Convergence of Militant Islam and the Extreme Right. University Press of Kansas, 2006, p.162.
56. HaLevi, Ezra. "David Duke in Syria: Zionists Occupy Washington, NY and London", Arutz Sheva, November 29, 2005. The clip can be viewed here.
57. "American White Supremacist David Duke: Israel Makes the Nazi State Look Very Moderate", interview with David Duke on Syrian television, the Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI), November 25, 2005. The clip can be viewed here.
58. ^ "Report of the All-Party Parliamentary Inquiry into Anti-Semitism" Template:PDFlink, September 2006, p.25.
59. ^ "Report of the All-Party Parliamentary Inquiry into Anti-Semitism" Template:PDFlink, September 2006, p.29.
60. ^ "Report of the All-Party Parliamentary Inquiry into Anti-Semitism" Template:PDFlink, September 2006, p.30.
61. Daniel Lazare wrote, in a paraphrase of August Bebel, that: "Anti-Semitism is the anti-Zionism of fools ...," an allusion to Bebel's famous remark, "Anti-Semitism is the socialism of fools." (Lazare, Daniel. "The Chosen People", The Nation, December 19, 2005, p.36, accessed January 8, 2005.)
62. Abraham Foxman of the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) has said: "The harsh but un-deniable truth is this: what some like to call anti-Zionism is, in reality, anti-Semitism — always, everywhere, and for all time ... Therefore, anti-Zionism is not a politically legitimate point of view but rather an expression of bigotry and hatred." (Klug, Brian. "The Myth of the New Anti-Semitism". The Nation, February 2, 2004) Foxman argues that it is anti-Semitic to criticize the occupation by the Jews of the West Bank if one does not also criticize the "Indian Hindus and their occupation of Muslim Kashmir." (Foxman, Abraham H. New Excuses, Old Hatred: Worldwide Anti-Semitism In Wake Of 9/11. Speech given before the ADL's Executive Committee, Palm Beach, Florida, February 8, 2002, accessed January 3, 2006)
63. ^ Wistrich, Robert S. "European Anti-Semitism Reinvents Itself" Template:PDFlink, American Jewish Committee, 2005, pp 11-12.
64. Baxter, Sarah. "Wimmin at War", The Sunday Times, August 13, 2006.
65. Ioanid, Radu. Foreword Taguieff, Pierre André. Rising from the Muck: The New Anti-Semitism in Europe. Ivan R. Dee, 2004, p. xi.
66. ^ "Report of the All-Party Parliamentary Inquiry into Anti-Semitism" Template:PDFlink, September 2006.
67. ^ Website of The All Party Parliamentary Inquiry into Anti-Semitism in the UK.
68. ^ Temko, Ned. "Critics of Israel 'fuelling hatred of British Jews'", The Observer, February 3, 2006.
69. ^ "Report of the All-Party Parliamentary Inquiry into Anti-Semitism" Template:PDFlink, September 2006, p.32.
70. "Report of the All-Party Parliamentary Inquiry into Anti-Semitism" Template:PDFlink, September 2006, p.33.
71. "The Euston Manifesto", March 29, 2006.
72. "French concern about race attacks", BBC News, October 2004.
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75. Bryant, Elizabeth. "France stung by new report on anti-Semitism," United Press International, October 20, 2004.
76. Norman G. Finkelstein, Beyond Chutzpah: On the Misuse of Anti-Semitism and the Abuse of History, Berkley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2005, p. 49.
77. Ali, Tariq. "Notes on Anti-Semitism, Zionism and Palestine", Counterpunch, March 4, 2004.
78. ^ Ali, Tariq. "Notes on Anti-Semitism, Zionism and Palestine", Counterpunch, March 4, 2004, first published in il manifesto, February 26, 2004.
79. ^ Beaumont, Peter. "The new anti-semitism?", The Observer, February 17, 2002.
80. Earl Raab, "Antisemitism, anti-Israelism, anti-Americanism", Judaism, Fall 2002.
81. Chomsky, Noam. "Historical Revisionism", letter. March 31, 1992. Accessed 9 Jan 2006.
82. Berke, Richard L. "Bush Panelist Out After Reports of Anti-Jewish Ties," New York Times, September 9, 1988, p. A15 (reporting that Jerome Brentar, a Cleveland travel agent, was dismissed from a Republican Party advisory panel after it was brought to public attention that Brentar had raised funds and made public speeches to defend John Demjanjuk, a fellow-Cleveland resident and former Cleveland autoworker, against the unfair death sentence that the Israeli court had imposed after finding that Demjanjuk had "committed atrocities as a guard at the Treblinka camp in Nazi-occupied Poland.") In prefacing the announcement of the dismissal of Brentar from the advisory panel, James A. Baker, the Bush campaign chairman had said, "there is absolutely no room for anti-Semitism or bigotry of any sort in our campaign." Id. See also, Rosenthal, Andrew. "Campaign Tactics Provoke New Charges," New York Times, October 31, 1988, p. B6 (comparing political attack fliers published by rival state party officials). The Maryland state Republican Party had published a flier that "showed a picture of Mr. Dukakis and Willie Horton, a murderer who escaped while on furlough from a Massachusetts prison and later raped a Maryland woman and stabbed her fiancé;" the flier asked, "'Is this your pro-family team for 1988,' ... referring repeatedly to the 'Dukakis/Horton team.'" In response to complaints about this flier, James A. Baker responded by attacking the similar untruthfulness in the flier by California Democratic party affiliates that claimed that "'anti-Semitic and pro-Nazi activists' were infiltrating the Bush campaign." Id.
83. Wiener, Jon. "Giving Chutzpah New Meaning", The Nation, July 11, 2005, p. 2.
84. Finkelstein, Norman G. Beyond Chutzpah: On the Misuse of Anti-Semitism and the Abuse of History, University of California Press, 2005, p. 34 and p. 51.
85. Kaplan, Edward H. & Small, Charles A. "Anti-Israel sentiment predicts anti-Semitism in Europe" Template:PDFlink, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol 50, No. 4, 548-561, August 2006.
86. ^ Kaplan, Edward H. & Small, Charles A. "Anti-Israel sentiment predicts anti-Semitism in Europe" Template:PDFlink, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol 50, No. 4, 548-561, August 2006, cited in Conger, George. "UK MPs find leap in anti-Semitism", The Jerusalem Post, September 5, 2006.
87. Gross, Tom. "Jeningrad: What the British Media Said," in Rosenbaum, Ron (ed). Those who forget the past: The Question of Anti-Semitism, Random House 2004, pp. 135-144.
88. Reeves, Phil. "Amid the ruins, the grisly evidence of a war crime," The Independent, April 16, 2002, cited in Gross, Tom. "Jeningrad: What the British Media Said," in Rosenbaum, Ron (ed). Those who forget the past: The Question of Anti-Semitism, Random House 2004, p. 137.
89. Tom Paulin, speaking to the Egyptian state-controlled newspaper Al-Ahram Weekly. Paulin told the newspaper that Brooklyn-born Jewish settlers "should be shot dead" and that "they are Nazis, racists. I feel nothing but hatred for them". In response to the accusations of anti-Semitism, he said: "I just laugh when they do that to me. It does not worry me at all. These are the Hampstead liberal Zionists. I have utter contempt for them. They use this card of anti-Semitism. They fill newspapers with hate letters. They are useless people." Cited in Gross, Tom. "Jeningrad: What the British Media Said," in Rosenbaum, Ron (ed). Those who forget the past: The Question of Anti-Semitism, Random House 2004, p. 141. Paulin later said he was "a lifelong opponent of anti-Semitism", and that he did "not support attacks on Israeli citizens under any circumstances".
90. ^ Evans, Harold. "The View from Ground Zero," in Rosenbaum, Ron (ed). Those who forget the past: The Question of Anti-Semitism, Random House 2004.
91. Fischel, Jack. "Conspiracy Theories as Comfort Food", The Forward, March 29, 2002.
92. ^ (U.S.) State Department report on Anti-Semitism: Europe and Eurasia, excerpted from a longer piece, and covering the period of July 1, 2003 – December 15, 2004. Accessed 6 Jan 2005.
93. The 9/11 allegations were renewed after the 2005 Amman bombings, when it was revealed that the Israeli government had issued a routine warning to its citizens in Amman before the bombings took place. It is in fact demonstrably false when the nationalities of all the victims are analyzed. (Morse, Jane A. "World Trade Center Tragedy Hits All Nationalities", September 14, 2001
94. Michael, George. The Enemy of my Enemy: The Alarming Convergence of Militant Islam and the Extreme Right. University Press of Kansas, 2006, p.231.
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96. ^ Strauss, Mark. "Antiglobalism's Jewish Problem" in Rosenbaum, Ron (ed). Those who forget the past: The Question of Anti-Semitism, Random House 2004, p 271.
97. Zoloth, Laurie. "Fear and Loathing at San Francisco State" in Rosenbaum, Ron. Those who forget the past. Random House, 2004, pp. 1-3.
98. Gitlin, Todd. "The Rough Beast Returns" in Rosenbaum, Ron. Those who forget the past. Random House, 2004, p. 264.
99. Anti-Defamation League, "Anti-Semitic/Anti-Israel Events on Campus", May 14, 2002, accessed January 9, 2006.
100. Letter from SFSU President Robert A. Corrigan to California State University Chancellor Charles B. Reed, SFSU website, July 25, 2002, accessed January 9, 2006.
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102. ^ "The Battle for the American Campus", Jewish Federation of Northeastern Pennsylvania, August 1, 2002, accessed January 9, 2006.
103. In covering the story about the campus unrest at SFSU, journalist Camille T. Taiara, a writer for the San Francisco Bay Guardian blamed pro-Israeli demonstrators for trying to suppress opposition to the policies of the Israeli government. (Taiara, Camille T. State of unrest. San Francisco Bay Guardian, July 10, 2002, accessed January 9, 2006)
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109. Zwartz, Barney & Morton, Adam. [http://www.theage.com.au/news/in-depth/an-unholy-alliance/2006/09/03/1157222010013.html "An unholy alliance," The Age, September 4, 2006.
110. Goldenberg, Suzanne. "Israeli boycott divides academics", The Guardian, July 8, 2002.
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122. The British Press Complaints Commission ruled against the complaints on the grounds that the same Goya painting had been adapted to attack non-Jewish politicians. (Byrne, Ciar. "Independent cartoon cleared of anti-semitism". May 22, 2003, accessed January 7, 2006.) The cartoon was selected as Cartoon Of The Year 2003 by the Political Cartoon Society. (cartoonist wins award for Sharon cartoon, Indymedia UK, November 27, 2003, accessed January 7, 2006.)
123. Tait, Robert. "Iran cartoon show mocks Holocaust", The Observer, August 20, 2006.
124. Bryant, Elizabeth. Report: Anti-Semitic Acts Nearly Double in France, Reach Record High, Religion News Service. Accessed March 6, 2006.
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126. Announcement by the Forum of 18 November 2001 (antisemitism.org.il)
127. The Coordination Forum for Countering Antisemitism
128. Website of The All Party Parliamentary Inquiry into Anti-Semitism in the UK The panel consisted of Chair: Rt Hon Dr Denis MacShane (Lab); Rt Hon Kevin Barron MP (Lab); Tim Boswell MP (Con); Rt Hon David Curry MP (Con); Rt Hon Iain Duncan Smith MP (Con); Nigel Evans MP (Con); Rt Hon Bruce George MP (Lab); Lady Sylvia Hermon MP (UUP); Chris Huhne MP (Lib Dem); Daniel Kawczynski MP (Con); Barbara Keeley MP (Lab); Khalid Mahmood MP (Lab); Rt Hon John Spellar MP (Lab), and Theresa Villiers MP (Con).
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References

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Further reading

• Aaronovitch, David. "The New Anti-Semitism", The Observer, June 22, 2003.
• Abram, Morris B. Anti-Semitism in the United Nations
• Arenson, David & Grynberg, Simon. Anti-Globalization and the New Anti-Semitism.
• Avneri, Uri. Anti-Semitism: A Practical Manual, Gush Shalom.
• Bergmann, Werner & Wetzel, Julie. "Manifestations of Anti-Semitism in the European Union" Template:PDFlink, Berlin Research Centre on Anti-Semitism, Berlin Technical University.
• Bourne, Jenny. "Anti-Semitism or Anti-Criticism?", Race and Class, Vol. 46, 2004.
• Burchill, Julie. "The hate that shames us", The Guardian, December 6, 2003.
• Chittenden, Maurice. "Dons' boycott raises Jewish student fear", The Sunday Times, April 17, 2005
• Cohen, Nick. "One woman's war: anti-Semitism," New Statesman, October 10, 2005.
• Cohen, Nick. "Following Mosley's East End footsteps", The Observer, April 17, 2005
• Cotler, Irwin. Human Rights and the New Anti-Jewishness, Frontpagemag.com.
• Nirenstein, Fiamma. Terror: The New Anti-Semitism And The War Against The West, 2005. ISBN 1-57525-377-1
• Gerstenfeld, Manfred. "Something is rotten in the State of Europe: Anti-Semitism as a Civilizational Pathology", an interview with Robert S. Wistrich, Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, October 1, 2004.
• Gerstenfeld, Manfred. Europe’s Crumbling Myths: The Post-Holocaust Origins of Today’s Anti-Semitism, Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs/Yad Vashem/World Jewish Congress, 2003. ISBN 9652180459
• Greenspan, Miriam. (Nov-Dec 2003). "The New Anti-Semitism". Tikkun 18:6. p. 33.
• Foxman, Abraham H. Blurring the Line, Ha'aretz, April 4, 2004.
• Glazov, Jamie. "Symposium: Leftist Anti-Semitism", FrontPageMagazine.com, September 19, 2003
• Horowitz, Craig. "The Return of Anti-Semitism", New York Magazine.
• Iganski, Paul & Kosmin, Barry. (eds) New European Extremism: Hating America, Israel and the Jews. Profile Books Limited, 2006. ISBN 1861977921
• Joffe, Josef. "Nations we love to hate: Israel, America and the New Anti-Semitism", Posen Papers in Contemporary Antisemitism, No.1, Vidal Sassoon Center for the Study of Antisemitism, 2004.
• Kite, Melissa. "Labour should have fought back on immigration, says Euan Blair's girlfriend", The Telegraph, April 17, 2005
• Klein, Naomi. "Sharon's Best Weapon", May 2, 2002.
• Lewis, Bernard. "The New Anti-Semitism".
• Lewis, Bernard. "Muslim Anti-Semitism" in Rosenbaum, Ron. Those who forget the past, Random House, 2003. pp. 549-62.
• Lopez, Kathryn Jean. "Liberal & Pro-Israel, Feminist Phyllis Chesler on 'The New Anti-Semitism'", National Review Online, November 25, 2003.
• McGeal, Chris. "The 'new' anti-semitism: is Europe in grip of worst bout of hatred since the Holocaust?", The Guardian, November 25, 2003
• Minerbi, Sergio I. "Neo Anti-Semitism in Today's Italy", Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, Fall 2003.
• Pipes, Daniel. The New Anti-Semitism.
• Rosenblum, April. "If Not Together, How?".
• Rosenthal, John. "Leftist myths and leftist responsibility", Policy Review Online, retrieved August 29, 2006.
• Sacks, Jonathan. A New Antisemitism?, June 2002.
• Samuels, Shimon. Applying the Lessons of the Holocaust: from Particularism to Universalism and Back.
• Sharansky, Natan. On Hating the Jews, Commentary, November 2003.
• Sharansky, Natan. The New Antisemitism, January 1, 2002.
• Smith, Lewis. "Jews criticise lecturer boycott", The Times, April 18, 2005
• Taguieff, Pierre-André. The force of prejudice: on racism and its doubles. University of Minnesota Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8166-2372-4
• Wistrich, Robert. "Anti-zionism as an Expression of Anti-Semitism in Recent Years", lecture delivered to the Study Circle on World Jewry in the home of the President of Israel, December 10, 1984.
• Yemini, Ben Dror. Collection of articles about left-wing antisemitism.

Reports

• From government and inter-governmental sources
  • (U.S.) State Department report on Anti-Semitism: Europe and Eurasia, excerpted from a longer piece, and covering the period of July 1, 2003 – December 15, 2004].
  • "Manifestations of Anti-Semitism in the European Union" (pdf) Unpublished EU report from 2003
  • Annual Report on Racism and Antisemitism published by French National Consultative Commission of Human Rights 2004
• From the Anti-Defamation League
  • "Antisemitic and anti-Israeli slogans in anti-war protests in the USA", Anti-Defamation League
  • "Deceptive Web Site Attempts to Lure Anti-Globalization Activists to Neo-Nazi Movement", Anti-Defamation League, July 11, 2002
  • Map of Attitudes Toward Jews in 12 European Countries based on a 2005 ADL Survey.
  • The New Anti-Semitism in Europe and The Middle East: Threat is "Potent and Very Real" ADL Leader Says in Major Address.
• "ANSWER, Antiwar Rallies and Support for Terror Organizations", Anti-Defamation League, August 22, 2006.
• "Anti-Semitism on Display", Anti-Defamation League, January 28, 2003.

• Other
  • "Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism", Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, retrieved September 7, 2006.

• From Zionism on the Web
  • The New antisemitism forum at
  • Anglicans have betrayed the Jews
  • Background to Islamic antisemitism
• From other sources
  • The New Anti-Semitism in Western Europe - American Jewish Committee
  • The New Anti-Semitism - Christian Action for Israel
  • Audit finds anti-Semitism rising across Canada - CTV News
  • "Anti-Semitism in the Church?" - BeitShalom.org

Organizations that fight anti-Semitism

• The American Jewish Committee
• The American Jewish Congress
• The Anti-Defamation League
• The Coordination Forum for Countering Anti-Semitism
• Ilka Schroder
• International Catholic-Jewish Liaison Committee
• The Simon Wiesenthal Center
• Tribuna Israelita, Mexican Jewish Centre

• Anti-Semitism
• Israel
• Jewish history
• Judaism