Revision as of 18:32, 18 September 2006 view sourceTewfik (talk | contribs)15,543 edits restore IDF claim & Lebanese displaced← Previous edit | Revision as of 18:44, 18 September 2006 view source Gabi S. (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users2,408 edits Removed nonsenseNext edit → | ||
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|casualties1=<small>'''Hezbollah militia:'''<br> | |casualties1=<small>'''Hezbollah militia:'''<br> | ||
74 dead confirmed by Hezbollah <ref name="ds190806">{{cite news|title=Israeli offensive killed 1,287 in Lebanon: official tolls|date=]|publisher=Daily Star (Lebanon)|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/July_War06.asp}}</ref><br/> | 74 dead confirmed by Hezbollah <ref name="ds190806">{{cite news|title=Israeli offensive killed 1,287 in Lebanon: official tolls|date=]|publisher=Daily Star (Lebanon)|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/July_War06.asp}}</ref><br/> | ||
440 dead confirmed and identified by |
440 dead confirmed and identified by Israel<ref>{{cite news|title=Analysis: Hezbollah's recovery timetable|publisher=]|url=http://www.upi.com/InternationalIntelligence/view.php?StoryID=20060906-045027-8532r}}</ref><br> | ||
at least 3 captured <ref>{{cite news|title=3 Hizbullah members indicted in Israel|publisher=]|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3305203,00.html}}</ref></br><br> | at least 3 captured <ref>{{cite news|title=3 Hizbullah members indicted in Israel|publisher=]|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3305203,00.html}}</ref></br><br> | ||
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}}</ref><br> | }}</ref><br> | ||
3,600 wounded <ref name="usaid" /><br> | 3,600 wounded <ref name="usaid" /><br> | ||
256,000 ] <ref name="usaid" /><br> | |||
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'''Israeli civilians:'''<br> | '''Israeli civilians:'''<br> | ||
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==Background== | ==Background== | ||
{{main|Israel-Lebanon conflict}} | {{main|Israel-Lebanon conflict}} | ||
The ] in |
The ] and subsequent mass expulsion of Palestinians from ] resulted in a huge demographic shift for Lebanon from a balanced ]-] majority nation to a country whose ] became the home of hundreds of thousands of ]s. The ] (]-]) was expedited, if not caused, by these shifts, and created for Israel a troublesome border with various forces calling for the destruction of their nation, and coordinating attacks against it. Ultimately, ] in ] to forcibly expel the ] (PLO), and largely succeeded, but was forced by international pressure to withdraw to a slim ]. New militias rose up to fill the void left by the PLO, some allied with Israel, like the ] (SLA), some with shared interests, like ], and others in violent opposition to ] of Lebanese territory. Though the Lebanese civil war ended and most other warring factions laid down their arms in ], ] refused and eventually forced the surrender of the SLA and an early Israeli withdrawal in ] from all of Lebanon but the disputed ] area. Encouraged, Hezbollah continued its campaign intermittantly over the next six years, with varying levels of Israeli military operations in reply. | ||
==Beginning of conflict== | ==Beginning of conflict== |
Revision as of 18:44, 18 September 2006
The 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, known in Lebanon as the July War and in Israel as the Second Lebanese War was a military conflict in Lebanon and northern Israel, primarily between Hezbollah paramilitary forces and Israel. It started on 12 July 2006 and ended when a United Nations-brokered ceasefire went into effect on 14 August 2006.
The conflict began when Hezbollah fired Katyusha rockets and mortars at Israeli military positions and border villages to divert attention from another Hezbollah unit that crossed the border and captured two Israeli soldiers. Israel responded with massive airstrikes and artillery fire on the Lebanese civilian infrastructure, which Israel claimed members of the Hezbollah militia were using as cover, an air and naval blockade, and a ground invasion of southern Lebanon. Hezbollah in turn launched rockets into northern Israel and engaged the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) in guerrilla warfare.
The conflict killed over 1,500 people, mostly Lebanese civilians, severely damaged Lebanese infrastructure, displaced about one million Lebanese and 500,000 Israelis, and disrupted normal life across all of Lebanon and northern Israel. Even after the ceasefire, at least 12,000 Lebanese remained internally displaced just around Beirut alone, while most Israelis have returned to their homes.
On 11 August 2006 the United Nations Security Council unanimously approved UN Resolution 1701, in an effort to end the hostilities. The resolution, which was approved by both Lebanese and Israeli governments the following days, also called for the disarming of Hezbollah, for Israel to withdraw and for the deployment of Lebanese soldiers and an enlarged United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) force in southern Lebanon. The Lebanese army began deploying in southern Lebanon on 17 August 2006. Israel began to withdraw some of its forces from the country; the blockade was ended 8 September.
Background
Main article: Israel-Lebanon conflictThe Black September and subsequent mass expulsion of Palestinians from Jordan resulted in a huge demographic shift for Lebanon from a balanced Maronite Catholic-Shi'a Muslim majority nation to a country whose southern region became the home of hundreds of thousands of Palestinian Arab refugees. The Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990) was expedited, if not caused, by these shifts, and created for Israel a troublesome border with various forces calling for the destruction of their nation, and coordinating attacks against it. Ultimately, Israel invaded Lebanon in 1982 to forcibly expel the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), and largely succeeded, but was forced by international pressure to withdraw to a slim borderland buffer zone. New militias rose up to fill the void left by the PLO, some allied with Israel, like the South Lebanese Army (SLA), some with shared interests, like Amal, and others in violent opposition to Israeli occupation of Lebanese territory. Though the Lebanese civil war ended and most other warring factions laid down their arms in 1991, Hezbollah refused and eventually forced the surrender of the SLA and an early Israeli withdrawal in 2000 from all of Lebanon but the disputed Shebaa farms area. Encouraged, Hezbollah continued its campaign intermittantly over the next six years, with varying levels of Israeli military operations in reply.
Beginning of conflict
Main article: Zar'it-Shtula incident See also: Timeline of the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict See also: Military operations of the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflictAt around 9:00 AM local time (06:00 UTC), on 12 July 2006, Hezbollah initiated a diversionary Katyusha rocket and mortar attack on Israeli military positions and border villages. At the same time, a ground contingent of Hezbollah crossed the border into Israeli territory and attacked two Israeli armoured Humvees patrolling on the Israeli side of the Israel-Lebanon border, near the village of Zar'it, capturing two Israeli soldiers and killing three. Five others were killed later on the Lebanese side of the border during a mission to rescue the two kidnapped soldiers. The UN, the European Union, the G8, the United States, and prominent news agencies, including Al Jazeera, have characterized the Hezbollah action as "cross-border".
Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert said that "the war started not only by killing eight Israeli soldiers and abducting two, but by shooting Katyusha and other rockets on the northern cities of Israel on that same morning. Indiscriminately." Hezbollah's attack was named "Operation Truthful Promise", after a "promise" by its leader Hassan Nasrallah to kidnap Israeli soldiers and swap them for Arab prisoners in Israeli jails. It also include some of the four Lebanese prisoners in Israel, including convicted murderer Samir Kuntar. Nasrallah declared: "No military operation will return the Israeli captured soldiers…The prisoners will not be returned except through one way: indirect negotiations and a trade of prisoners."
Israeli action
Main article: Israeli military action in the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflictDuring the campaign, Israel's Air Force flew more than 12,000 combat missions while its Navy fired 2,500 shells, destroying large parts of the Lebanese civilian infrastructure. 400 miles of roads, 73 bridges and 31 targets such as Beirut International Airport, ports, water and sewage treatment plants, electrical facilities, 25 fuel stations, 900 commercial structures, up to 350 schools and two hospitals were destroyed, as well as some 15,000 homes. Some 130,000 more homes were damaged.
Ehud Olmert declared the attack an "act of war", and promised Lebanon a "very painful and far-reaching response". It was reported that the Israeli cabinet authorized "severe and harsh" retaliation on Lebanon. , while Israel’s chief of staff, Lt. Gen. Dan Halutz, stated that “f the soldiers are not returned, we will turn Lebanon’s clock back 20 years." A retired Israeli Army Colonel explained that the rationale behind the attack was to create a rift between the Lebanese population and Hezbollah supporters by exacting a heavy price from the elite in Beirut.
The Israeli government held the Beirut government responsible for the attack, as it was carried out from Lebanese territory and Hezbollah had two ministers serving in the Lebanese cabinet at that time. In response, Lebanese Prime Minister Fouad Siniora denied any knowledge of the raid and stated that he did not condone it. An emergency meeting of the Lebanese government reaffirmed this position.
Early on 13 July 2006 Israel sent IAF jets to bomb Beirut International Airport, forcing its closure and diversion of incoming flights to Cyprus. Israel subsequently imposed an air and sea blockade on Lebanon, and bombed the main Beirut–Damascus highway.
On 23 July 2006 Israeli land forces crossed into Lebanon in the Maroun al-Ras area, which overlooks several other locations said to have been used as launch sites for Hezbollah rockets.
On 25 July IDF forces attacked Bint Jbeil, an important Hezbollah stronghold opposite the Israeli border.
On 26 July Israeli forces attacked and destroyed an UN observer post . Described as a nondeliberate attack, the clearly marked and well known post was shelled for hours before being bombed. UN forces made repeated calls to alert Israeli forces of the danger to the UN observers, all four of whom were killed. Rescuer were shelled as they attempted to reach the post. According to an e-mail earlier sent by one of the killed UN observers, Hezbollah fighters were just a few meters away from the UN observer post.
On 27 July, Hezbollah ambushed the Israelis there and killed eight soldiers. Israel says it also inflicted heavy losses on Hezbollah.
On 30 July 2006, Israeli airstrikes hit an apartment building in Qana. Human Rights Watch has later confirmed that at least 28 died, of which 16 were children, with 13 more still missing .
On 1 August 2006 Israeli commandos landed in Baalbek in Operation Sharp and Smooth, and captured five civilians including one bearing the same name as Hezbollah's leader, "Hassan Nasrallah". All of the civilians were released after the ceasefire. Troops landed near Dar al-Himkeh hospital west of Baalbeck as part of a widescale operation in the area.
On 5 August 2006 Israeli commandos carried out a raid in Tyre.
On 12 August 2006, one day after United Nations Security Council had approved Resolution 1701, the IDF established its hold in Lebanon. Over the weekend Israeli forces in southern Lebanon nearly tripled in size and were ordered to advance towards the Litani River.
On 14 August 2006, moments before the ceasefire went into effect, the Israeli Air Force reported that they had killed the head of Hezbollah’s Special Forces, whom they identified as Sajed Dewayer, while Hezbollah denied this claim. On the same day, the IDF targeted what it said was a Palestinian faction in the Ein el-Hilweh refugee camp in Saida. Two missiles were fired into a civilian residential area which killed UNRWA staff member Abdel Saghir. Two civilians had been killed in this camp a few days prior to the incident.
As of 15 August 2006, the Israeli Air Force had 15,500 sorties flown over Lebanon, hitting 7,000 targets. The Israeli Sea Corps also conducted 2,500 bombardments of targets along the Lebanese coast, including missile launch sites, missile launchers and weapons storage sites. IDF had focussed on targeting transportation infrastructure, as they were said to be essential to Hezbollah's rocket-launching capability. Over 100,000 artillery shells had been fired.
Hezbollah action
Main article: Hezbollah rocket campaign in the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict See also: Hezbollah rocket forceHezbollah fired between 3,970 and 4,228 rockets, and even though only 23% of them hit built-up areas, these were primarily civilian in nature. Of the total more than 94% were 122mm Katyusha artillery rockets carrying an up to 30kg warhead and having a range of up to 30 km. Cities hit included Haifa, Hadera, Nazareth, Tiberias, Nahariya, Safed, Afula, Kiryat Shmona, Beit She'an, Karmiel, and Maalot, and dozens of Kibbutzim, Moshavim, and Druze and Arab villages, as well as the northern West Bank. It also hit a hospital in Safed in northern Galilee on 18 July, wounding eight. One of the attacks hit a railroad repair depot, killing eight workers. Hezbollah claimed that this attack was aimed at a large Israeli fuel storage plant adjacent to the railway facility. Haifa is home to many strategically valuable facilities such as shipyards and oil refineries. Hezbollah also engaged in guerilla warfare with the IDF. These attacks by small, well-armed units caused serious problems for the IDF, especially where hundreds of sophisticated Russian-made anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs) were used. They enabled Hezbollah to destroy 14 Israeli Merkava main battle tanks. Six tanks were destroyed by anti-tank mines. Additional casualties were caused by Hezbollah using ATGMs to collapse buildings onto Israeli troops sheltering inside.
Israeli newspaper Haaretz reported that Hezbollah was "a trained, skilled, well-organized, highly motivated infantry that is equipped with the cream of the crop of modern weaponry from the arsenals of Syria, Iran, Russia, and China." Lebanese satellite TV station Al-Manar reported that the attack had included a Fajr-3 and a Ra'ad 1, both liquid-fuel missiles developed by Iran.
After the initial Israeli response, Hezbollah declared an all-out military alert, and said it had 13,000 rockets capable of hitting towns and installations far into northern Israel. As a result, Israeli Defense Minister Peretz told commanders to prepare civil defense plans, and around half of the million civilians living in Northern Israel were sent to bomb shelters or fled their homes to other parts of the country. Hezbollah continued to fire rockets into northern Israel's towns, cities, and numerous small agricultural villages.
On 14 July 2006, Israeli bombing raids on Lebanon killed 60 civilians.In response to this, Nasrallah addressed Israel, saying “You wanted an open war, and we are heading for an open war. We are ready for it.” Hezbollah successfully attacked an Israeli warship enforcing the blockade of Lebannon with a radar guided C-802 anti-ship missile. 4 sailors were killed and the Sa'ad class missile boat was severely damaged and was towed back to port.
On 3 August 2006 Nasrallah warned Israel against hitting Beirut and promised retalation against Tel Aviv in this case. He also stated that Hezbollah would stop its rocket campaign if Israel ceased aerial and artillery strikes of Lebanese towns and villages. On 4 August Israel attacked the southern outskirts of Beirut, and later in the day, Hezbollah launched rockets at the Hadera region.
On 9 August, nine Israeli soldiers were killed when the building they were taking cover in was struck by a Hezbollah anti-tank missile and collapsed.
On 12 August, 24 Israeli soldiers were killed; the worst Israeli loss in a single day. Out of those 24, five soldiers were killed when Hezbollah apparently shot down an Israeli helicopter, a first for the militia.. Hezbollah claimed the helicopter was attacked with a new missle called a Wa'ad (Promise).
Initial reviews of the conflict after the ceasefire
Following the UN-brokered ceasefire, there were mixed responses on who had gained most in the war. Iran and Syria proclaimed a victory for Hezbollah while the Israeli and United States administrations declared that Hezbollah lost the conflict. Initially, in a poll by an Israeli radio station, Israelis were split on the outcome with the majority believing that no one won.. By 25 August 63% of Israelis polled wanted Olmert to resign due to his handling of the war. Some analysts, like The Economist, concluded that by surviving this unsymmetrical military conflict with Israel, Hezbollah effectively emerged with a military and political victory from this conflict. They cite the facts that Hezbollah was able to sustain defenses on Lebanese soil and inflict unmitigated rocket attacks on Israeli civilians in the face of a punishing air and land campaign by the IDF. Also, Israel's stated goals entering the conflict were to retrieve its two captured soldiers and destroy the military capability of Hezbollah - neither goal was accomplished. Hezbollah is leading the rebuilding effort in south Beirut and Lebanon using "unlimited" support from Iran, thereby awarding Hezbollah further political clout. However, given the response from Israeli military forces, which caused widespread destruction in southern Lebanon, as well as a new UN force to occupy what was formerly a Hezbollah controlled area, the conflict is generally seen as weakening Hezbollah militarily. Proponents of both sides claim victory, although from a statistical standpoint, neither side achieved their goals. On 27 August, the day before UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan's visit to Lebanon, Hassan Nasrallah apologised to the Lebanese people for the incident that sparked the war, saying "Had we known that the kidnapping of the soldiers would have led to this, we would definitely not have done it."
In contrast, Israeli Prime Minister Olmert admitted to the Knesset that there were mistakes in the war in Lebanon, though he framed UN Security Council resolution 1701 as an accomplishment for Israel that it would bring home the kidnapped soldiers, and said that the operations had altered the regional strategic balance vis-à-vis Hezbollah. Israeli chief of staff Dan Halutz, has publicly admitted to failings in the conflict. On 15 August Israeli government and defense officials have called for the resignation of Halutz following a stock scandal in which he admitted selling stocks hours before the start of the Israeli offensive; the magnitude of the affair is considered linked to the lack of a "clearcut victory" for Israel.
On 21 August a group of demobilized Israel reserve soldiers and parents of soldiers killed in the fighting started a movement calling for the resignation of Ehud Olmert and the establishment of a national commission of inquiry. They have set up a protest tent opposite the Knesset and have grown significantly in numbers, reaching over 2,000 by 25 August and including support from the influential Movement for Quality Government. On 28 August Olmert announced that there will be no independent national or governmental commission of inquiry. Instead, there will be two internal inspection commissions, one to investigate the political echelon and one to examine IDF, and likely a third commission to examine the Home Front, to be announced at a later date. These will have a far more limited mandate and authority than a single inquiry commission headed by a retired judge. The political and military committees are to be headed by former director of Mossad, Nahum Admoni, and former Chief of Staff, Amnon Lipkin-Shahak, respectively. Critics argued that these committees amount to a whitewash, due to their limited authority, limited investigatory scope, their self-appointed basis, and that neither will be headed by a retired judge.
On 12 September former defense minister Moshe Arens spoke on Israel Radio of "the defeat of Israel" in calling for a state committee of inquiry. Asked what questions he thought should be addressed, he said, "Well first of all we lost, and we lost to a very small group of people, 5000 Hezbullah fighters which should have been no match at all for the IDF. The civilian population was abandoned. Over a million people were in shelters and had to leave their homes. Half of the north of the country was destroyed. It's incomprehensible, it's unimaginable and it could have some very fateful consequences for the future."
US President George W. Bush has questioned Hezbollah's declarations of victory "when at one time were a state within a state, safe within southern Lebanon, and now going to be replaced by a Lebanese army and an international force." It seems unlikely, however, that the army or the international force will attempt to disarm Hezbollah. Economic aftermath indicate that the fighting had resulted in a huge financial setback for Lebanon, with estimates ranging from US$7 to US$10 billion in direct costs while the cost for Israel is put at US$1.6 - US$3 billion. This, and other factors has prompted a commentator in the London-based Arabic newspaper Asharq Al-Awsat to question the claims of victory by Hezbollah. According to one analyst in the Associated Press, the main casualty was the fragile unity between Lebanon's sectarian and political groups. The American and Lebanese relationship has been strained by the war. After the attack on Qana, the typically pro-American Lebanese prime minister Fuad Seniora snubbed Condoleezza Rice by cancelling a meeting with her and thanked Hezbollah for its "sacrifices for the independence and sovereignty of Lebanon." Many in Lebanon viewed the US harshly in the conflict for stalling the cease-fire resolution in the UN and for its support of Israel. On 28 July only 8% of Lebanese felt that the US supports Lebanon, while 87% supported Hezbollah's fight with Israel.
Targets in civilian areas
Main article: Targeting of civilian areas in the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflictEach side has complained about the other's artillery and missiles being fired into civilian areas. Both sides have reported civilian casualties.
The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) initially estimated about 35,000 homes and businesses in Lebanon were destroyed by Israel in the conflict, while a quarter of the country's road bridges or overpasses were damaged. Jean Fabre, a UNDP spokesman, estimated that overall economic losses for Lebanon from the month-long conflict between Israel and Hezbollah totaled "at least $15 billion, if not more." Israel says that it attacked buildings and infrastructure used by Hezbollah to launch rockets or receive re-supply from Iran and Syria.
Hezbollah fired hundreds of rockets, sometimes more than 200 per day throughout the conflict. These landed in all major cities of northern Israel including Haifa, Nazareth, and Tiberias, as well as dozens of kibbutzim, moshavim, Druze, and Arab villages.
Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah defended their rocket attacks, saying “In the beginning, we started to act calmly, we focused on Israel military bases and we didn’t attack any settlement, however, since the first day, the enemy attacked Lebanese towns and murdered civilians—Hezbollah militants had destroyed military bases, while the Israelis killed civilians and targeted Lebanon's infrastructure”.
Amnesty International condemned both Hezbollah and Israel for attacks on civilians, in addition to the reported use of white phosphorus by the IDF. A recent report presented facts suggesting that Israel deliberately attacked the civilian population and government of Lebanon in a conscious effort to turn them against Hezbollah. The report also stated the need for an independent and impartial inquiry appointed by UN, to investigate alleged war crimes by both Hezbollah and Israel.
Human Rights Watch issued many reports documenting indiscriminate use of force against civilians by both Israel and Hezbollah. They blamed Israel for systematically failing to distinguish between combatants and civilians, which may constitute a war crime, and have accused Hezbollah of committing war crimes by the deliberate and indiscriminate killing of civilians by firing rockets into populated areas. The organization has also strongly criticized Israel for using cluster bombs too close to civilians because of their inaccuracy and unreliability, and Hezbollah for filling its rockets with ball bearings, which "suggests a desire to maximize harm to civilians." The extent of the use of cluster bombs was later revealed by the head of rocket unit in the IDF, who said, "What we did was insane and monstrous, we covered entire towns in cluster bombs". Soldiers in the Israeli army have also testified that the army has used phosphorous shells during the war. The US government is investigating whether Israel's use of American-made cluster bombs in southern Lebanon violated secret agreements that restrict when it can employ such weapons. Unexploded cluster bombs dropped by Israeli warplanes or duds fired by artillery remain in much of South Lebanon, and have killed 12 people and wounded 39, according to Chris Clarke, head of the U.N. Mine Action Coordination Center attached to the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon. 90 percent of the cluster bomb strikes occurred in the last 72 hours of the war. Israel has given UNIFIL maps specifying the areas in southern lebanon on which cluster bombs were used in order to minimize future casualties.
Israeli officials accused Hezbollah of intentionally using the civilian population as human shields. Several reports have alleged that Hezbollah fired rockets from residential areas to draw Israeli fire on those areas, in an attempt to maximize civilian casualties and garner more sympathy. The IDF claimed that Hezbollah blocked village exits to prevent residents from leaving the warzone. It declared that the IAF drops leaflets warning civilians to leave the area before it attacks. Israeli Justice Minister Haim Ramon stated civilians remaining in South Lebanon after being issued such leaflets should be considered "terrorists." Some point to Israeli attacks on transportation infrastructure as preventing civilian evacuation. Israel asserted that its attacks on infrastructure such as the airport were justified, as such infrastructure was used to re-supply Hezbollah with missiles and other ordnance from Syria and Iran, and could have been used to smuggle the two kidnapped Israeli soldiers into Iran.
Jan Egeland, United Nations Undersecretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator, called Hezbollah rocket attacks into northern Israel and Israeli aerial bombing of Beirut violations of humanitarian law. He accused Hezbollah of “cowardly blending…among women and children” and condemned their rumored pride at "having many more children and women dead than armed men."
Louise Arbour, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, expressed "grave concern over the continued killing and maiming of civilians in Lebanon, Israel and the occupied Palestinian territory." She suggested that the actions of Israel and Hezbollah may constitute war crimes. Arbour called for Israel to obey a “principle of proportionality" and said, "indiscriminate shelling of cities constitutes a foreseeable and unacceptable targeting of civilians.…Similarly, the bombardment of sites with alleged military significance, but resulting invariably in the killing of innocent civilians, is unjustifiable."
Killed in the conflict were 1,187 Lebanese civilians and 44 Israeli civilians. Almost one third of the Lebanese civilian casualties were children under 13 years of age.
Environmental consequences
See also: Jiyeh power station oil spillThe Israeli Air Force bombed the Jiyeh power station, 30 km (19 mi) south of Beirut, on 13 July and 15 July, resulting in an environmental disaster. The plant's damaged storage tanks leaked 20,000 to 30,000 tonnes of oil into the eastern Mediterranean Sea, comparable in size to the Exxon Valdez oil spill. A 10 km wide oil slick covers 170 km of coastline, and was threatening Turkey and Cyprus. The slick was reportedly causing breathing problems, killing fish, and threatened the habitat of the endangered green sea turtle, as well as increasing the risk of cancer. It may take at least 10 years to recover from this spill. Initial clean up for this spill will cost $64m (according to the UN)
Hezbollah rocket attacks caused numerous and fierce forest fires inside northern Israel, particularly on the Naftali mountain range near Kiryat Shmona. As of 8 August as many as 9,000 acres including 3,000 acres of Israel’s few forests, were damaged by fires caused by Hezbollah rockets, and at least one forest has lost nearly 75% of its trees. Estimates are that it will take at least 60 years to rehabilitate the forests.
Position of Lebanon
Main article: Position of Lebanon in the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflictWhile Israel initially held the Lebanese government responsible for the Hezbollah attacks due to Lebanon's failure to implement Resolution 1559 calling on it to disarm Hezbollah, Lebanon disavowed the raids, stating that the government of Lebanon did not condone them, and that Israel had its own history of disregarding inconvenient UN resolutions. An emergency meeting of the Lebanese government reaffirmed this position. Almost immediately after the hostilities began, Lebanon's Prime Minister Fouad Siniora called for a ceasefire. On 14 July 2006, following a phone call between Siniora and US President Bush, the Prime Minister's office issued a statement that called on Bush to exert all his efforts on Israel to stop its aggression on Lebanon, reach a comprehensive ceasefire and lift its blockade. On the next day, Siniora called for "an immediate ceasefire backed by the United Nations" in a televised speech.
During Israel's raid on Tyre, the Lebanese Army reportedly fired surface-to-air missiles at Israeli helicopters, which returned fire and destroyed a Lebanese M113 Armored Personnel Carrier.
Ceasefire attempts
Main article: Ceasefire attempts during the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflictTerms for a ceasefire had been drawn and revised several times over the course of the conflict, yet successful agreement between the two sides took several weeks. Hezbollah maintained the desire for an unconditional ceasefire, while Israel insisted upon a conditional ceasefire, including the return of the two kidnapped soldiers. Lebanon frequently pled for the United Nations Security Council to call for an immediate, unconditional ceasefire between Israel and Hezbollah.
Current ceasefire
On 11 August the United Nations Security Council unanimously approved UN Security Council Resolution 1701, in an effort to end the hostilities. It was accepted by the Lebanese government and Hezbollah on 12 August, and by the Israeli government on 13 August. The ceasefire took effect in the region at 8:00 AM (5:00 AM GMT) on 14 August 2006.
Before the ceasefire, the two Hezbollah members of cabinet said that their militia would not disarm south of the Litani River, according to another senior member of the Lebanese cabinet, while a top Hezbollah official has similarly denied any intention of disarming in the south. Israel has said it will stop withdrawing from Southern Lebanon if Lebanese troops aren't deployed there within a matter of days.
Both sides promised to retaliate when placed on the defensive. On 15 August, the Associated Press reported that Hezbollah had fired at least 10 Katyusha rockets into southern Lebanon. The IDF stated that as none had crossed the border and there were no casualties, they did not respond. Earlier, skirmishes between Israeli forces and Hezbollah left six guerrillas dead. UNIFIL also reported that the IDF fired a tank shell at the Lebanese village of Markaba but that there was no response from the other side.
Post-ceasefire events
- On 14 August 2006, hours after the beginning of the ceasefire, about four mortars were fired inside southern Lebanon. An Israeli military spokesman said that Israel will not respond to their firing. On that day four more incidents were recorded when armed Hezbollah members said to have approached Israeli positions were killed.
- On 15 August 2006 "Israeli soldiers opened fire when four Hezbollah fighters came toward them," three of the Hezbollah fighters were killed. The same day, about 10 rockets were fired by Hezbollah inside southern Lebanon. Israel reiterated it wouldn't respond since the rockets did not cross border.
- On 18 August Lebanese police sources reported that Israeli Defense Force warplanes launched four missiles toward targets in an eastern Lebanese village of Baalbek. Israeli sources acknowledge that its air force performs sorties over Lebanese territory, but denied breaking the ceasefire. Lebanese officials later contradicted the police sources stating that no missiles were fired by the Israeli planes.
- On 19 August, six days after the beginning of the cease-fire, Israel launched a raid in Lebanon's eastern Bekaa Valley it says was aimed to disrupt weapons supplies to Hezbollah from Syria and Iran.. Syria and Iran immediately denied supplying Hezbollah with weapons. Lebanese officials "said the Israelis were apparently seeking a guerrilla target in a school." One Israeli soldier was killed, another mortally wounded, while 3 Hezbollah fighters were wounded. Hezbollah said it won't respond to the attack.
- On 19 August U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan said he was "deeply concerned" about an Israeli commando raid in eastern Lebanon Saturday, calling it a violation of a U.N.-backed ceasefire. Israeli Foreign Ministry spokesman Mark Regev told the Associated Press that “he cease-fire is based on (U.N. resolution) 1701 which calls for an international arms embargo against Hezbollah.” Regev was referring to article 8 of the resolution which calls for an end to all weapons transfers to Hezbollah.
- On 27 August The U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan said that U.N. troops would not intercept Syrian arms shipments to Hezbollah unless requested to do so by the Lebanese Government.
- On 29 August U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan said that Israel had committed most of the truce violations and described Israel's continuing embargo as "a humiliation and an infringement on Lebanese sovereignty". Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert reiterated Israel's willingness to lift the blockade after full implementation of the U.N.-brokered cease fire.
- 6 September 2006: The Israeli government announced that it would lift the blockade the following day at 6:00 PM local time (3:00 PM GMT).
- 7 September 2006: The aviation blockade was lifted.
- 8 September 2006: The naval blockade was lifted.
13 people, mostly civilians, have been killed and dozens injured by unexploded Israeli munitions. Most of the deaths have been from the submunitions of cluster bombs.
International action and reaction
Main article: International reactions to the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict See also: International reactions to the 2006 Qana airstrike See also: Military and economic aid in the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflictThe conflict engendered worldwide concerns over infrastructure damage and the risks of escalation of the crisis, as well as mixed support and criticism of both Hezbollah and Israel. Governments of the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, and Canada, asserted Israel's right to self-defense. The United States government further responded by authorizing Israel's request for expedited shipment of precision-guided bombs, but did not announce the decision publicly.
Spokespersons from the United Nations, the European Union, the Organization of Islamic Conference, and an assortment of human rights organizations condemned Israel for its disproportionate response to Hezbollah’s attacks.
Among neighboring Middle Eastern nations, Iran, Syria, and Yemen voiced strong support for Hezbollah, while the Arab League issued statements condemning both Hezbollah’s attack and Israel’s response.
Many worldwide protests and demonstrations appealed for an immediate ceasefire on both sides and expressed concern for the heavy loss of civilian life on all sides. Other demonstrations were held exclusively in favor of Lebanon or Israel. Numerous newspaper advertising campaigns, SMS and email appeals, and online petitions also occurred.
Various foreign governments assisted the evacuation of their citizens from Lebanon.
Prisoner exchanges
See also: Israeli MIA prisoner exchangesOver the last 30 years, Israel has released about 7,000 prisoners to secure freedom for 19 Israelis and to retrieve the bodies of eight others. In October 2000, Hezbollah captured three IDF soldiers who were killed either during the operation or in its immediate aftermath at Shebaa Farms, and kidnapped an Israeli businessman and former army colonel Elchanan Tenenbaum in Kuwait. A prisoner swap was carried out on 29 January 2004: 30 Lebanese and Arab prisoners, the remains of 59 Lebanese militants and civilians, 400 Palestinian prisoners for Tenenbaum and the remains of the three soldiers. Hezbollah requested that maps showing Israeli mines in South Lebanon be included as part of the exchange. On 23 August 2006, one such mine killed an Israeli soldier in South Lebanon.
Media controversy
Main article: 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict photographs controversiesSeveral media commentators and journalists have alleged an intentional distortion of media reporting in favor of Hezbollah, mostly by misrepresenting the death and destruction in Lebanon caused by Israeli airstrikes. The misleading journalism claims include digital photo manipulation, staging by Hezbollah or by journalists, and false or misleading captioning.
CNN's Charlie Moore described a Hezbollah press tour of a bombed-out area in southern Beirut on 23 July 2006 as a "dog-and-pony show" due to perceived staging, misrepresentation of the nature of the destroyed areas, and a strict directives about when and with whom interviews could take place.
On 18 July 2006 Hezbollah Press Officer Hussein Nabulsi took CNN's Nic Robertson on an exclusive tour, also in Beirut. Robertson confirmed that Hezbollah designated the places that they went to, and that they "certainly didn't have time to go into the houses or lift up the rubble to see what was underneath." According to his reports, there was no doubt that the bombs were hitting Hezbollah facilities, and while there appeared to be "a lot of civilian damage, a lot of civilian properties," he reiterated that he couldn't verify the civilian nature of the destroyed buildings.
In the same interview aired on 23 July 2006, CNN's John Roberts, who was reporting from an Israeli artillery battery on the Lebanese border, stated that he had to take everything he was told—either by the Israeli Defense Force or Hezbollah—"with a grain of salt," citing mutual recriminations of civilian targeting which he was unable to verify independently.
Reuters withdrew over 900 photographs by Adnan Hajj, a Lebanese freelance photographer, after he admitted to digitally adding and darkening smoke spirals in photographs of an attack on Beirut. Photographs submitted to Reuters and Associated Press showed one Lebanese woman mourning on two different pictures taken by two photographers, allegedly taken two weeks apart. While it is "common practice to send more than one photographer to an incident", questions remained as to whether the images were wrongly captioned or deliberately staged.
See also: Adnan Hajj photographs controversySee also
Template:Campaignbox Arab-Israeli conflict
- 2006 Israel-Gaza conflict
- Israel-United States relations
- History of Lebanon
- History of Israel
- Israel-Lebanon conflict
- May 17 Agreement 1980s prospective peace agreement
- Arab-Israeli conflict
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- United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon - UNIFIL (1978-current)
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- United Nations Security Council Resolution 1559
- United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701
- 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict photographs controversies
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References
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(help) - Reuters withdraws all photos by Lebanese freelance, Reuters
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External links
International organizations
- United Nations Interim Forces In Lebanon, including maps of the UN deployment
- The ICRC in Lebanon - International Committee of the Red Cross
- Humanitarian Assistance to Lebanon
International media
- CNN News Website - Special Reports - Crisis in the Middle East
- BBC News: Middle East Crisis in depth
- JURIST - Legal news and resources on the conflict
- MOSAIC: World News from the Middle East, Peabody Award-winning site that provides a daily compilation of news broadcasts (translated and dubbed where needed) from news agencies throughout the Middle East
- ABC News: The Middle East Conflict
- CTV News: Mideast Crisis
- MEMRI.ORG: Relevant Clips from Arab TV
- New York Times: Interactive map updated daily
- The Guardian - Israel & the Middle East
Israeli media
Lebanese media
- Lebanon under Siege - Lebanese government
- Lebanon Live News Minute by minute news, constantly updated
Hezbollah media
- Al-Manar TV - Hezbollah TV station.
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