| Revision as of 10:09, 4 August 2017 view sourceFrançois Robere (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users18,758 edits Undid revision 793723715 by Nishidani (talk) You did more than just reversing. If you want to add, do it on top of most recent revision. Also: Bad grammer? Are you kidding me?← Previous edit | Revision as of 16:43, 4 August 2017 view source Nishidani (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users99,521 edits Undid revision 793847164 by François Robere (talk)IR violation reverted.Next edit → | ||
| Line 2: | Line 2: | ||
| ].]] | ].]] | ||
| The '''2000 Ramallah lynching''' was a violent incident |
The '''2000 Ramallah lynching''' was a violent incident in October 2000 at the beginning of the ] in which a members of a ] ] killed and mutilated the bodies of two ] ]s, Vadim Nurzhits (sometimes spelled as Norzhich) and Yossi Avrahami (or Yosef Avrahami),<ref>Vadim Nurzhitz, {{lang-ru|Вадим Нуржиц}}, {{lang-he|ואדים נורז'יץ}}; Yossi Avrahami, {{lang-he|יוסי אברהמי}}</ref> who had entered the ]-controlled city of ] in the ] and had been taken into custody by ] to the local police station. | ||
| ==Incident== | ==Incident== | ||
| On October 12, 2000, two ] soldiers,<ref name="Dor" /> ]s serving as drivers, Vadim Nurzhitz and Yossi Avrahami, |
On October 12, 2000, two ] soldiers,<ref name="Dor" /> ]s serving as drivers, Vadim Nurzhitz and Yossi Avrahami, while driving a civilian vehicle<ref name="APedahzur" >Ami Pedahzur, OUP USA, 2012 p.153</ref> passed an Israeli checkpoint and entered Ramallah. The two were rookies, unfamiliar with the West Bank road system, and were on their way to their unit's assembly point near the settlement of ]. They had driven through the military checkpoint outside ], straight into the Palestinian town 2 miles eastwards.<ref name="APedahzur" /> | ||
| Reaching a Palestinian Authority roadblock, where previously Israeli soldiers had been turned back, the reservists were detained by PA policemen and taken to the local police station at Ramallah's twin city ], not far from ].<ref name="Frisch" >], , pp.96–97.</ref> At the time a funeral service, attended by thousands of mourners for Halil Zahran (17), a Palestinian who might have been killed by Israeli forces two days earlier, had just ended.<ref name="Dor" /> Tensions were running high: over 100 Palestinians, nearly two dozen of them minors, had been killed in the preceding two weeks in violent protests with Israelis forces in Ramallah,<ref>Eve Spangler, , Springer 2015 p.183.</ref> and four days earlier, the badly beaten body of Issam Hamad (36) had been dumped outside of the city after being run over by a car, an autopsy revealed. His murder, according to ] of ], was attributed by locals to settlers in ].<ref>David Pratt https://books.google.com/books?id=m_NE9jbFTrsC&pg=PA102 ''Intifada'', Casemate Publishers 2009 p.102: "For two weeks there had been intense clashes, with over 100 funerals of Palestinians killed, nearly two dozen of them children. Earlier that same week the pressure gauge had risen even further after the badly beaten body of another Palestinian, Issam Hamad, had been found dumped on the outskirts of Ramallah. Locals were in no doubt that Israeli settlers were to blame for his killing., To the horror of Sergeant Novesche and Corporal Avrahami, it was bang in the middle of this Ramallah tinderbox that they found themselves stuck that day. To make matters even worse, their fateful entrance to the town also coincided with the funeral of another 17-year-old Palestinian boy shot dead the day before by other Israeli troops."</ref> | |||
| Rumors quickly spread that ] were in the building, and an angry crowd of more than 1,000 Palestinian mourners gathered in front of the station calling for the death of the Israelis. Word that two soldiers were held in a Ramallah police station reached Israel within 15 minutes. According to Roni Shaked, the IDF itself thought initially that the two must have been "undercover agents".<ref name="Dor" /> According to the Ramallah station chief, there were 21 policemen in the building, some of whom were cooks and administrative personnel, since many policemen had been dispersed throughout the city to control the crowd during the funeral.<ref name="Dor" /> The IDF decided against a rescue operation. Soon after, Palestinian rioters stormed the building, overcame the Palestinian police and murdered and mutilated both soldiers. Both '']'' and '']'' reported that approximately 13 Palestinian policemen were injured while attempting to stop the lynching.<ref name="Dor" >Daniel Dor, , Indiana University Press, 2004 pp.123–128.</ref> ] the Palestinian Intelligence chief at the ] nearby, only intervened hours after the second soldier lay dying.<ref name="Frisch" /> | Rumors quickly spread that ] were in the building, and an angry crowd of more than 1,000 Palestinian mourners gathered in front of the station calling for the death of the Israelis. Word that two soldiers were held in a Ramallah police station reached Israel within 15 minutes. According to Roni Shaked, the IDF itself thought initially that the two must have been "undercover agents".<ref name="Dor" /> According to the Ramallah station chief, there were 21 policemen in the building, some of whom were cooks and administrative personnel, since many policemen had been dispersed throughout the city to control the crowd during the funeral.<ref name="Dor" /> The IDF decided against a rescue operation. Soon after, Palestinian rioters stormed the building, overcame the Palestinian police and murdered and mutilated both soldiers. Both '']'' and '']'' reported that approximately 13 Palestinian policemen were injured while attempting to stop the lynching.<ref name="Dor" >Daniel Dor, , Indiana University Press, 2004 pp.123–128.</ref> ] the Palestinian Intelligence chief at the ] nearby, only intervened hours after the second soldier lay dying.<ref name="Frisch" /> | ||
| The Israeli reservists were beaten, stabbed, had their eyes gouged out, and were disemboweled. At this point, a Palestinian (later identified as Aziz Salha), appeared at the window, displaying his blood-soaked hands to the crowd, which erupted into cheers. The crowd clapped and cheered as one of the soldier's bodies was then thrown out the window and stamped and beaten by the frenzied crowd. One of the bodies was set on fire. Soon after, the crowd dragged the two mutilated bodies to ] in the city center and began an impromptu victory celebration. Palestinian policemen did not prevent, and in some cases actually took part in, the lynching.<ref name="revenge">{{cite news |title=A day of rage, revenge and bloodshed |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/1370229/A-day-of-rage%2C-revenge-and-bloodshed.html |date=2000-10-13 |work=] |accessdate=2009-07-02 |location=London |first=Alan |last=Philps}}</ref><ref name="Italy">{{cite web |title=Coverage of Oct 12 Lynch in Ramallah by Italian TV Station RAI |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2000/10/Coverage%20of%20Oct%2012%20Lynch%20in%20Ramallah%20by%20Italian%20TV |date=2000-10-17 |publisher=] |accessdate=2009-07-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418160039/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2000/10/Coverage%20of%20Oct%2012%20Lynch%20in%20Ramallah%20by%20Italian%20TV |archivedate=April 18, 2010<!--DASHBot-->|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name="brutal">{{cite web |title=Lynch mob's brutal attack|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/969778.stm |date=2000-10-13|publisher=]|accessdate=2006-09-03}}</ref><ref name=voice>{{cite news |title=A strange voice said: I just killed your husband|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/a-strange-voice-said-i-just-killed-your-husband-635341.html |date=2000-10-14|work=]|accessdate=2009-10-16 |location=London |first=Raymond |last=Whitaker}}</ref> The Palestinian Authority however claimed that thirteen policemen were injured trying to protect the Israelis.<ref name="revenge"/> | The Israeli reservists were beaten, stabbed, had their eyes gouged out, and were then disemboweled. At this point, a Palestinian (later identified as Aziz Salha), appeared at the window, displaying his blood-soaked hands to the crowd, which erupted into cheers. The crowd clapped and cheered as one of the soldier's bodies was then thrown out the window and stamped and beaten by the frenzied crowd. One of the bodies was set on fire. Soon after, the crowd dragged the two mutilated bodies to ] in the city center and began an impromptu victory celebration. Palestinian policemen did not prevent, and in some cases actually took part in, the lynching.<ref name="revenge">{{cite news |title=A day of rage, revenge and bloodshed |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/1370229/A-day-of-rage%2C-revenge-and-bloodshed.html |date=2000-10-13 |work=] |accessdate=2009-07-02 |location=London |first=Alan |last=Philps}}</ref><ref name="Italy">{{cite web |title=Coverage of Oct 12 Lynch in Ramallah by Italian TV Station RAI |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2000/10/Coverage%20of%20Oct%2012%20Lynch%20in%20Ramallah%20by%20Italian%20TV |date=2000-10-17 |publisher=] |accessdate=2009-07-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418160039/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2000/10/Coverage%20of%20Oct%2012%20Lynch%20in%20Ramallah%20by%20Italian%20TV |archivedate=April 18, 2010<!--DASHBot-->|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name="brutal">{{cite web |title=Lynch mob's brutal attack|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/969778.stm |date=2000-10-13|publisher=]|accessdate=2006-09-03}}</ref><ref name=voice>{{cite news |title=A strange voice said: I just killed your husband|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/a-strange-voice-said-i-just-killed-your-husband-635341.html |date=2000-10-14|work=]|accessdate=2009-10-16 |location=London |first=Raymond |last=Whitaker}}</ref> The Palestinian Authority however claimed that thirteen policemen were injured trying to protect the Israelis.<ref name="revenge"/> | ||
| ==Reactions and military response== | ==Reactions and military response== | ||
Revision as of 16:43, 4 August 2017
The 2000 Ramallah lynching was a violent incident in October 2000 at the beginning of the Second Intifada in which a members of a Palestinian mob killed and mutilated the bodies of two Israel Defense Forces reservists, Vadim Nurzhits (sometimes spelled as Norzhich) and Yossi Avrahami (or Yosef Avrahami), who had entered the Palestinian Authority-controlled city of Ramallah in the West Bank and had been taken into custody by PA policemen to the local police station.
Incident
On October 12, 2000, two Israel Defense Forces soldiers, reservists serving as drivers, Vadim Nurzhitz and Yossi Avrahami, while driving a civilian vehicle passed an Israeli checkpoint and entered Ramallah. The two were rookies, unfamiliar with the West Bank road system, and were on their way to their unit's assembly point near the settlement of Beit El. They had driven through the military checkpoint outside Beitunia, straight into the Palestinian town 2 miles eastwards.
Reaching a Palestinian Authority roadblock, where previously Israeli soldiers had been turned back, the reservists were detained by PA policemen and taken to the local police station at Ramallah's twin city el-Bireh, not far from Arafat's headquarters. At the time a funeral service, attended by thousands of mourners for Halil Zahran (17), a Palestinian who might have been killed by Israeli forces two days earlier, had just ended. Tensions were running high: over 100 Palestinians, nearly two dozen of them minors, had been killed in the preceding two weeks in violent protests with Israelis forces in Ramallah, and four days earlier, the badly beaten body of Issam Hamad (36) had been dumped outside of the city after being run over by a car, an autopsy revealed. His murder, according to Marwan Bishara of Al Jazeera, was attributed by locals to settlers in Halamish.
Rumors quickly spread that Israeli undercover agents were in the building, and an angry crowd of more than 1,000 Palestinian mourners gathered in front of the station calling for the death of the Israelis. Word that two soldiers were held in a Ramallah police station reached Israel within 15 minutes. According to Roni Shaked, the IDF itself thought initially that the two must have been "undercover agents". According to the Ramallah station chief, there were 21 policemen in the building, some of whom were cooks and administrative personnel, since many policemen had been dispersed throughout the city to control the crowd during the funeral. The IDF decided against a rescue operation. Soon after, Palestinian rioters stormed the building, overcame the Palestinian police and murdered and mutilated both soldiers. Both Haaretz and Maariv reported that approximately 13 Palestinian policemen were injured while attempting to stop the lynching. Jamal Tirawi the Palestinian Intelligence chief at the Mukata'a nearby, only intervened hours after the second soldier lay dying.
The Israeli reservists were beaten, stabbed, had their eyes gouged out, and were then disemboweled. At this point, a Palestinian (later identified as Aziz Salha), appeared at the window, displaying his blood-soaked hands to the crowd, which erupted into cheers. The crowd clapped and cheered as one of the soldier's bodies was then thrown out the window and stamped and beaten by the frenzied crowd. One of the bodies was set on fire. Soon after, the crowd dragged the two mutilated bodies to Al-Manara Square in the city center and began an impromptu victory celebration. Palestinian policemen did not prevent, and in some cases actually took part in, the lynching. The Palestinian Authority however claimed that thirteen policemen were injured trying to protect the Israelis.
Reactions and military response
The brutality of the murders shocked the Israeli public, intensifying Israeli distrust of Palestinian Authority Chairman Yasser Arafat. Notably, the event also deeply damaged the Israeli left-wing's faith in the Israeli–Palestinian peace process. Amoz Oz, the Israeli author and "authoritative voice of Israel's peace camp," stated, "Without any doubt, I blame the Palestinian leadership. They clearly did not want to sign an agreement at Camp David. Maybe Arafat prefers to be Che Guevara than Fidel Castro. If he becomes the president of Palestine, he'll be the leader of a rough, Third World country and have to deal with sewage in Hebron, drugs in Gaza, and the corruption in his own government."
In response, the Israeli military launched a series of strikes against Palestinian Authority targets in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Israeli forces sealed off several Palestinian cities and deployed troops, tanks, and armored vehicles. IAF helicopters fired rockets at two PA police stations in Ramallah (the police station where the lynching took place was destroyed); the Beit Lahia headquarters of Tanzim, the Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades; and buildings near Arafat's headquarters in Gaza City. Israeli Navy gunboats were reportedly seen offshore. Six Palestinian Authority naval boats were destroyed. Later in the day, Israeli helicopters destroyed the Voice of Palestine radio station in Ramallah. According to Palestinian sources, a total of 27 people were injured in the attacks. Israeli authorities state that the PA was warned before the attacks, and that a warning shot was fired before every attack, in order to empty the buildings about to be attacked.
Media coverage
An Italian film crew, later learned to be employees of Mediaset, Italy's largest private television station, captured footage of the lynching.
British photographer Mark Seager attempted to photograph the event but the mob physically assaulted him and destroyed his camera. After the event, he stated, "It was the most horrible thing that I have ever seen and I have reported from Congo, Kosovo, many bad places.... I know they are not all like this and I'm a very forgiving person but I'll never forget this. It was murder of the most barbaric kind. When I think about it, I see that man's head, all smashed. I know that I'll have nightmares for the rest of my life."
An ABC News team also attempted to record the incident but the mob also prevented them from doing so. ABC News producer Nasser Atta said that when the crew began filming the lynching, "youths came to us and they stopped us with some knives, with some beating."
RAI Scandal
Following the lynching on October 16, 2000, Riccardo Cristiano, the deputy head of the Jerusalem bureau of Italy's state television channel RAI, published a letter (see text) in Al-Hayat al-Jadida, the official daily newspaper of the Palestinian Authority (PA). In the letter (entitled "Special Clarification by the Italian Representative of RAI, the Official Italian Television Station"), Cristiano denies that RAI had any involvement with the filming of the incident and that one of the station's Italian competitors was responsible for the footage. He wrote, "We emphasize to all of you that the events did not happen this way, because we always respect (will continue to respect) the journalistic procedures with the Palestinian Authority for (journalistic) work in Palestine and we are credible in our precise work." The Italian correspondent also praised the PA, declaring, "We congratulate you and think that it is our duty to put you in the picture (of the events) of what happened on October 12 in Ramallah.... We thank you for your trust, and you can be sure that this is not our way of acting. We do not (will not) do such a thing."
As a result of the letter, the Israeli Government Press Office suspended Cristiano's press card. The Israeli Foreign Ministry stated, "His letter implies that he will never again film events which are liable to cast a negative light on the PA, such as the recent lynching of IDF reservists in Ramallah.... The State of Israel, as a democratic society, welcomes the foreign journalists working here and invests considerable effort in both assuring freedom of the press and assisting journalists in their work. All that we ask from foreign journalists is that they abide by the rules of press ethics as is accepted in democratic societies."
Cristiano's letter, which effectively identified Mediaset as being responsible for the footage, necessitated Mediaset to withdraw its staff out of fear of Palestinian revenge attacks. In response, Italian politician Silvio Berlusconi, whose family holding company controls Mediaset, said, "The letter is indicative of an anti-semitic attitude in elements of the Italian left." The Italian newspaper Corriere della Sera declared it a shameful day for Italian journalism.
For its part, RAI disowned the letter and recalled Cristiano, stating, "He will no longer work from Jerusalem. RAI had no knowledge of the letter and its content." Regarding Cristiano's motives for the letter, RAI asserted that the journalist had recently been injured while covering other Palestinian riots and he wished to dispel rumors that RAI was responsible for the footage.
Claims of Palestinian censorship
In relation to media coverage of the event, the Israeli Foreign Ministry accused Palestinian broadcasting stations of making "every effort to hide the horrible pictures which were shown around the world." The ministry further asserted that "according to reporters' evidence on the scene," the Palestinian police attempted to prevent foreign journalists from entering the area in order to obstruct reporting of the incident.
Arrests of lynching suspects
After he assumed office, Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon ordered the Israeli security services to find and arrest the lynchers. Israel subsequently tracked down those responsible:
- Aziz Salha was arrested in 2001. He admitted to being one of those who broke into the police station and choking one of the soldiers while others beat him bloody. When he saw that his hands were covered with the soldier's blood, he went to the window and proudly displayed his blood-stained hands to the mob below, and was photographed while doing so. In 2004, an Israeli court convicted him for the murder of Corporal Vadim Nurzhitz and sentenced him to life imprisonment. In October 2011 he was controversially released as part of the Gilad Shalit prisoner exchange.
- Muhammad Howara, a Tanzim militant, was arrested in 2001. He admitted breaking into the police station and stabbing one of the soldiers.
- Ziad Hamdada, a Fatah Tanzim operative who set fire to the body of one of the Israeli reservists, was arrested in 2002. He had also participated in and planned other attacks on Israeli forces.
- Mohamed Abu Ida, a former member of the Palestinian police force in Ramallah, was arrested by Shin Bet in 2005. During the investigation, he admitted to having had led the two Israeli soldiers to the Ramallah police station after which he joined the other rioters.
- Wisam Radi, a Palestinian policeman, was arrested by Israeli security forces and indicted before a military court in 2005 for killing Yosef Avrahami and abusing the body of Vadim Nurzhitz. In 2010, he was acquitted of Avrahami's murder on grounds that a critical piece of evidence was inadmissible in court. He was, however, convicted of mutilating Nurzhitz's body and sentenced to seven years in prison. An appellate court later overturned the decision not to convict him of murder following an appeal by the military prosecution.
- Haiman Zabam, a Tanzim operative, was arrested by Israeli paratroopers on September 26, 2007. He had been planning additional attacks on Israel.
- Marwan Ibrahim Tawfik Maadi and Yasser Ibrahim Mohammed Khatab, two Hamas members, were arrested by Shin Bet and Israeli Police during the breakup of a Hamas network in Ramallah and the Binyamin region. During the interrogation, they confessed to participating in the lynching, and in August 2012, they were indicted before a military court.
See also
Portals:
References
- Vadim Nurzhitz, Template:Lang-ru, Template:Lang-he; Yossi Avrahami, Template:Lang-he
- ^ Daniel Dor, Intifada Hits the Headlines: How the Israeli Press Misreported the Outbreak of the Second Palestinian Uprising, Indiana University Press, 2004 pp.123–128.
- ^ Ami Pedahzur,The Triumph of Israel's Radical Right, OUP USA, 2012 p.153
- ^ Hillel Frisch, The Palestinian Military: Between Militias and Armies, pp.96–97.
- Eve Spangler, Understanding Israel/Palestine: Race, Nation, and Human Rights in the Conflict, Springer 2015 p.183.
- David Pratt https://books.google.com/books?id=m_NE9jbFTrsC&pg=PA102 Intifada, Casemate Publishers 2009 p.102: "For two weeks there had been intense clashes, with over 100 funerals of Palestinians killed, nearly two dozen of them children. Earlier that same week the pressure gauge had risen even further after the badly beaten body of another Palestinian, Issam Hamad, had been found dumped on the outskirts of Ramallah. Locals were in no doubt that Israeli settlers were to blame for his killing., To the horror of Sergeant Novesche and Corporal Avrahami, it was bang in the middle of this Ramallah tinderbox that they found themselves stuck that day. To make matters even worse, their fateful entrance to the town also coincided with the funeral of another 17-year-old Palestinian boy shot dead the day before by other Israeli troops."
- ^ Philps, Alan (2000-10-13). "A day of rage, revenge and bloodshed". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 2009-07-02.
- ^ "Coverage of Oct 12 Lynch in Ramallah by Italian TV Station RAI". Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2000-10-17. Archived from the original on April 18, 2010. Retrieved 2009-07-02.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - "Lynch mob's brutal attack". BBC News. 2000-10-13. Retrieved 2006-09-03.
- Whitaker, Raymond (2000-10-14). "A strange voice said: I just killed your husband". The Independent. London. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
- Feldman, Shai (November 2000). "The October Violence: An Interim Assessment". Strategic Assessment. 3 (3). Retrieved 2009-07-03.
The public was shocked by lynching in Ramallah, it was enraged at the enticements to violence continuously aired on Palestinian television and it was astonished at the reaction of the Israeli Arabs (see below) to the Palestinian-Israeli clashes
- Greenberg, Joel (2000-10-13). "Whose Holy Land?: The Israelis; As Dreams of Peace Take Flight, Many Angry Fingers Point Toward Arafat". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
- Silver, Eric (2000-10-13). "Left-wing have their faith in peace blown away". The Independent. London. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
- "Israeli copters retaliate for soldiers' deaths". USA Today. 2000-11-08. Retrieved 2009-07-03.
- "The missiles were fired at the windows of which were thrown the bodies of soldiers". The Israeli Air Force Journal. 2000-11-01. Retrieved 2009-11-24.
- ^ Carroll, Rory (2000-10-20). "TV row over mob footage 'betrayal'". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2009-07-05.
- `I'll have nightmares for the rest of my life,' photographer says
- "Barak Calls for Emergency Government". ABC News. 2000-10-12. Retrieved 2009-07-03.
- ^ "Arrest of Fatah Tanzim Terrorists from Ramallah". Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2002-04-22. Retrieved 2010-09-01.
- Philps, Alan (2001-06-26). "Lynch mob suspects held by Israelis". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 2010-09-01.
- "Man jailed over Ramallah lynching". BBC News. 2004-11-22. Retrieved 2010-09-01.
- "Palestinian man gets life sentence for killing Israeli soldier". ABC News. 2004-11-23. Retrieved 2010-09-01.
- Chaim Levinson (16 October 2011). "Shalit deal to set free perpetrators of 2000 lynching of IDF reservists". Haaretz. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
- "Ramallah lynch suspect arrested". Ynetnews. 2005-03-08. Retrieved 2010-09-01.
- ^ IDF court convicts Palestinian of lynching Israeli soldier in 2000 - Haaretz - 10 August 2012
- Katz, Yaakov (2007-09-26). "Last member of Ramallah lynch caught". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2010-09-01.
- Yaakov Lappin (9 August 2012). "Shin Bet arrests two suspects for Ramallah lynch". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
- Yoav Zitun (9 August 2012). "2 Ramallah lynch perpetrators arrested". Yedioth Ahronot. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
31°54′18″N 35°12′16″E / 31.9050°N 35.2044°E / 31.9050; 35.2044
Categories: