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			{{pp-semi-indef}}
	{{Short description\|Dialect of the Kurdish language}}

			{{Redirect\|Kalhori\|the Kalhori people\|Kalhor (tribe)}}{{distinguish\|Sorani}}
			{{Short description\|One of the Kurdish languages}}
	{{Infobox language		{{Infobox language
	\| name = Southern Kurdish		\| name = Southern Kurdish
	\| nativename = ~~{{lang-ku\| کوردیی~~ باشووری ~~,کوردی خوارگ}}~~		\| nativename = کوردی باشووری
	\| ~~altname~~ =		\| states = ], ]
	\| states = Eastern ], Western ]
	\| region = ]		\| region = ]
			\| ethnicity = ]
	\| speakers = 3,000,000 in Iran, 350,000 in Turkey, Iraq
	\| ~~ref~~ ~~= e18~~		\| speakers = {{sigfig\|4.250000\|3}} million in Iran
			\| date = 2021
			\| ref = e27
			\| speakers2 = unknown number in Iraq
	\| familycolor = Indo-European		\| familycolor = Indo-European
	\| fam2 = ]		\| fam2 = ]
Line 14:		Line 19:
	\| fam5 = ]		\| fam5 = ]
	\| fam6 = ]		\| fam6 = ]
	\| dia1 = Bayray
	\| dia2 = Feyli
	\| dia3 = Garrusi (Bijari)
	\| dia5 = Kermanshahi
	\| dia6 = Kolyai
	\| dia7 = Kordali
	\| dia9 = Malekshahi
	\| dia10 = Sanjabi
	\| dia14 = ]
	\| dia11 = Laki
	\| dia12 = Kalhori
	\| dia13 = Zangana
	\| iso3 = sdh		\| iso3 = sdh
	\| glotto = sout2640		\| glotto = sout2640
	\| glottorefname = Southern Kurdish		\| glottorefname = Southern Kurdish
	\| lingua = 58-AAA-c		\| lingua = 58-AAA-c
	\| script = ~~] (~~])		\| script = ] (])
	\| map = SOUTHERN KURDISH.JPG		\| map = SOUTHERN KURDISH.JPG
	\| mapcaption =		\| mapcaption =
	\| map2 = Kurdish languages map.svg		\| map2 = Kurdish languages map.svg
	\| mapcaption2 = Geographic distribution of Kurdish and other Iranian languages spoken by Kurds		\| mapcaption2 = Geographic distribution of Kurdish dialects and other Iranian languages spoken by Kurds
			{{legend\|#ef6662\|] (Northern Kurdish)}}
	{{col-begin}}
			{{legend\|#c63143\|] (Central Kurdish)}}
	{{col-break}}
	{{legend\|#~~156a33~~\|]}}		{{legend\|#a56c24\|]\|Zaza}}
	{{legend\|#~~00a239~~\|]}}		{{legend\|#c8a65d\|] (] is included)}}
	{{legend\|#~~00e450~~\|~~Southern~~}}		{{legend\|#b3d423\|mixed dialect areas}}
			\| dia1 = ]
	{{col-break}}
			\| dia2 = ]
	{{legend\|#ffd700\|]}}
	~~{{legend\|#ff8a00~~\|]}}		\| dia3 = ]
			\| dia4 = ]
	{{legend\|#ce9bd8\|mixed areas}}
			\| dia5 = ] (])
	{{col-end}}
			\| dia6 = ]
			\| dia7 = ]
			\| dia8 = ]
			\| dia9 = ]
			\| dia10 = Bayray
			\| dia11 = ]
			\| dia12 = ]
	}}		}}

	'''Southern Kurdish''' ({{~~lang-~~ku\|~~زۆڤان کوردیی~~ باشووری ~~,کوردی خوارگ~~\|~~Zûwane~~ ~~Kurdîy başûrî, Kurdiy xwarig~~}}),<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Kurdish, ~~Southern~~\|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/~~SDH~~\|access-date=21 ~~August~~ ~~2020~~\|website=Ethnologue}}</ref> ~~also~~ ~~known~~ as ~~'''Kurdiy~~ ~~xwarîn'''~~ is a ] ~~dialect~~ predominantly ~~spoken~~ in ~~Eastern~~ ] and ~~Western~~ ].<ref>{{cite web \|title=Kurdish language i. History of the Kurdish language \|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kurdish-language-i \|publisher=] \|access-date=25 June 2019}}</ref> In ~~Iran,~~ it is ~~spoken~~ ~~in the provinces of~~ ] ~~and ]. In~~ Iraq, ~~it is spoken in the region of~~ ], ~~all~~ ~~the way to~~ ]. It is ~~also the dialect of the populous ] ''Kakayî tribes'' near ] and most ] Kurds in Kermanshah Province. There are also populous diasporas of Southern Kurdish-speakers found in the ] mountains.~~		'''Southern Kurdish''' ({{langx\|ku\|کوردی باشووری\|Kurdî Başûrî}})<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Southern Kurdish \|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/sdh/ \|access-date=8 April 2023 \|website=]}}</ref> is one of the dialects of the ], spoken predominantly in northeastern ] and western ].<ref>{{cite web \|title=Kurdish language i. History of the Kurdish language \|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kurdish-language-i \|publisher=] \|access-date=25 June 2019}}</ref> The Southern Kurdish-speaking region spans from ] in Iraq to ] southward and ] eastward in Iran.{{Sfnp\|Fattah\|2000\|pp=VII}}

			== Name ==
	Native speakers use various different alphabets to write Southern Kurdish, the most common ones are extensions of the standard ].
			'Southern Kurdish' is a linguistic term for a group of related dialects in Western Iran. Speakers are not familiar with the term and do not refer to the language as such. They generally identify the kind of Kurdish they speak as a local dialect (the Kurdish of a given village), or as a regional variety such as "Garūsi".<ref name=":0">{{Cite book \|last=Anonby \|first=Erik \|title=Current issues in Kurdish linguistics \|last2=Mohammadirad \|first2=Masour \|last3=Sheyholislami \|first3=Jaffer \|publisher=University of Bamberg Press \|year=299 \|pages=26 \|chapter=Kordestan Province in the Atlas of the Languages of Iran: Research process, language distribution, and language classification}}</ref>

	==~~Dialects~~==		==Variants==
			Southern Kurdish has many variants, linguist Fattah divides them into 35 varieties. These include:
	The subdialects of Southern Kurdish are:<ref>{{Cite web\|title=OLAC resources in and about the Southern Kurdish language\|url=http://olac.ldc.upenn.edu/language/sdh\|access-date=21 August 2020\|website=]}}</ref>
	*''Kermanshahi'' is spoken mostly in Western Iran, in and around the city of ].
	*''Feyli:'' referring to the ]; also known as ''Ilami'', after ]. It is spoken in Eastern ] in the ] region of ] near the Iranian border and in Western Iran in Ilam province and parts of ], by the ]. ] is a sub-dialect. It is spoken by the tribe of Ali Sherwan (Beyrey) in Ilam and by almost all Feyli Kurds in ], Mandali, Badrah and Zorbatiah in Iraq. It shares many features with ].<ref>Vahid-e-Ranjbar, Dastur-e Zaban-e Kurdi-ye Kermanshahi. Kermanshah: Taq-Bostan. 1388</ref>

	*''~~Garrusi~~''		* '''Bîcarî'''
			** The most ] variety of Southern Kurdish spoken in and around ] in Iran. Bîcarî is the only Southern Kurdish variety detached from the greater Southern Kurdish-speaking region.{{Sfnp\|Fattah\|2000\|pp=16-17}}
	*''Malekshahi''
			* '''Qurweyî (Chahar Dawli Xarbi)'''
	*''Sanjâbi:'' referring to the language of the ] tribe.
			** The Quwreyî variety is spoken around ] in Iran and is related to the variety spoken in Asadabad and other Kurdish-speaking areas in ].{{Sfnp\|Fattah\|2000\|pp=18-19}}
	*'']''
			* '''Kulyayî'''
	*''Kalhori'' referring to the ] tribe.
			** The Kulyayî variety is spoken northeast of Kermanshah, principally in ] and surrounding counties. The variety also spans into the ] in Hamadan Province.{{Sfnp\|Fattah\|2000\|p=19}}
			* '''Bîlewerî'''
			** The principal Southern Kurdish variety in ] in Kermanshah.{{Sfnp\|Fattah\|2000\|p=20}}
			* '''Dînewerî'''
			** About 83 villages in ] speak the Dînewer variety. The differences between the Dînewerî and the Kulyayî varieties are anodine.{{Sfnp\|Fattah\|2000\|p=21}}
			* '''Sehne / Lekî-Kirmaşanî'''
			** The Sehne variety, or Lekî-Kirmaşanî has many similar characteristics with ] and is spoken in ] and in ]. What distinguishes it most from Lekî is the lack of the ].{{Sfnp\|Fattah\|2000\|p=21}}
			* ''']''' {{aka}} Pahlavi is quite distant, and may be a distinct language.<ref>Erik Anonby, Mortaza Taheri-Ardali & Amos Hayes (2019) ''The Atlas of the Languages of Iran (ALI)''. Iranian Studies 52. </ref>
			Other variants include: Bîstûnî, Çihrî, Hersîn, Payrawend, Kirmaşanî, Sencabî, Xalesa, Çemçemal, Qesri Şîrînî, Serpuli Zehawî, Harasam, Kelhurrî, Îwan, Erkewazî, Şêrwanî, Îlamî, Salihabadî, Rîka, Bedreyî, Melikşahî, Mêxasî, Mihran, Xaneqînî, Mendilî, Duşêxî, Kaprat, Warmizyar, Zurbatiya and Feylî.{{Sfnp\|Fattah\|2000\|pp=22–40}}

			== Alphabet ==
			The Southern Kurdish alphabet is very similar to the ], which is a derivation of the ].
			Southern Kurdish has one additional letter "ۊ"; the Arabic letter waw with two dots above.
			{\|class="wikitable" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align: center; font-size: 120%; width: 100%;"
			\|-
			\| <span style="font-size:170%;">{{Script/Arabic\|{{lang\|ku-Arab\|ع}}}}</span>
			\| <span style="font-size:170%;">{{Script/Arabic\|{{lang\|ku-Arab\|ش}}}}</span>
			\| <span style="font-size:170%;">{{Script/Arabic\|{{lang\|ku-Arab\|س}}}}</span>
			\| <span style="font-size:170%;">{{Script/Arabic\|{{lang\|ku-Arab\|ژ}}}}</span>
			\| <span style="font-size:170%;">{{Script/Arabic\|{{lang\|ku-Arab\|ز}}}}</span>
			\| <span style="font-size:170%;">{{Script/Arabic\|{{lang\|ku-Arab\|ڕ}}}}</span>
			\| <span style="font-size:170%;">{{Script/Arabic\|{{lang\|ku-Arab\|ر}}}}</span>
			\| <span style="font-size:170%;">{{Script/Arabic\|{{lang\|ku-Arab\|د}}}}</span>
			\| <span style="font-size:170%;">{{Script/Arabic\|{{lang\|ku-Arab\|خ}}}}</span>
			\| <span style="font-size:170%;">{{Script/Arabic\|{{lang\|ku-Arab\|ح}}}}</span>
			\| <span style="font-size:170%;">{{Script/Arabic\|{{lang\|ku-Arab\|چ}}}}</span>
			\| <span style="font-size:170%;">{{Script/Arabic\|{{lang\|ku-Arab\|ج}}}}</span>
			\| <span style="font-size:170%;">{{Script/Arabic\|{{lang\|ku-Arab\|ت}}}}</span>
			\| <span style="font-size:170%;">{{Script/Arabic\|{{lang\|ku-Arab\|پ}}}}</span>
			\| <span style="font-size:170%;">{{Script/Arabic\|{{lang\|ku-Arab\|ب}}}}</span>
			\| <span style="font-size:170%;">{{Script/Arabic\|{{lang\|ku-Arab\|ا}}}}</span>
			\| <span style="font-size:170%;">{{Script/Arabic\|{{lang\|ku-Arab\|ئـ}}}}</span>
			\|-
			\| 17 \|\| 16 \|\| 15 \|\| 14 \|\| 13 \|\| 12 \|\| 11 \|\| 10 \|\| 9 \|\| 8 \|\| 7 \|\| 6 \|\| 5 \|\| 4 \|\| 3 \|\| 2 \|\| 1
			\|-
			\| <span style="font-size:170%;">{{Script/Arabic\|{{lang\|ku-Arab\|ێ}}}}</span>
			\| <span style="font-size:170%;">{{Script/Arabic\|{{lang\|ku-Arab\|ی}}}}</span>
			\| <span style="font-size:170%;">{{Script/Arabic\|{{lang\|ku-Arab\|ۊ}}}}</span>
			\| <span style="font-size:170%;">{{Script/Arabic\|{{lang\|ku-Arab\|ۆ}}}}</span>
			\| <span style="font-size:170%;">{{Script/Arabic\|{{lang\|ku-Arab\|و}}}}</span>
			\| <span style="font-size:170%;">{{Script/Arabic\|{{lang\|ku-Arab\|ە}}}}</span>
			\| <span style="font-size:170%;">{{Script/Arabic\|{{lang\|ku-Arab\|ھ}}}}</span>
			\| <span style="font-size:170%;">{{Script/Arabic\|{{lang\|ku-Arab\|ن}}}}</span>
			\| <span style="font-size:170%;">{{Script/Arabic\|{{lang\|ku-Arab\|م}}}}</span>
			\| <span style="font-size:170%;">{{Script/Arabic\|{{lang\|ku-Arab\|ڵ}}}}</span>
			\| <span style="font-size:170%;">{{Script/Arabic\|{{lang\|ku-Arab\|ل}}}}</span>
			\| <span style="font-size:170%;">{{Script/Arabic\|{{lang\|ku-Arab\|گ}}}}</span>
			\| <span style="font-size:170%;">{{Script/Arabic\|{{lang\|ku-Arab\|ک}}}}</span>
			\| <span style="font-size:170%;">{{Script/Arabic\|{{lang\|ku-Arab\|ق}}}}</span>
			\| <span style="font-size:170%;">{{Script/Arabic\|{{lang\|ku-Arab\|ڤ}}}}</span>
			\| <span style="font-size:170%;">{{Script/Arabic\|{{lang\|ku-Arab\|ف}}}}</span>
			\| <span style="font-size:170%;">{{Script/Arabic\|{{lang\|ku-Arab\|غ}}}}</span>
			\|-
			\| 34 \|\| 33 \|\| 32 \|\| 31 \|\| 30 \|\| 29 \|\| 28 \|\| 27 \|\| 26 \|\| 25 \|\| 24 \|\| 23 \|\| 22 \|\| 21 \|\| 20 \|\| 19 \|\| 18
			\|}

	==See also==		==See also==
			*]
	*]		*]
			*]

			*]
	==Sources==
	* Kamandar Fattah, ''Les Dialectes kurdes méridionaux: étude linguistique et dialectologique''. Louvain, Peeters, 2000, p. 55-62.

	==References==		==References==
	{{Reflist}}		{{Reflist}}

			==Bibliography==
			* {{citation\|last=Fattah\|first=Ismaïl Kamandâr\|title=Les dialectes Kurdes méridionaux\|date=2000\|publisher=Acta Iranica\|isbn=9042909188}}

			== Further reading ==
			* {{cite journal \|last=Borjian \|first=Habib \|date=2024 \|title=Kermāšāni: The Kurdish Dialect of Kermanshah \|journal=WORD \|volume=70 \|issue=3 \|pages=199–240 \|doi=10.1080/00437956.2024.2381338}}

	==External links==		==External links==
	{{Incubator\|code=sdh\|language=Southern Kurdish}}		{{Incubator\|code=sdh\|language=Southern Kurdish}}
	*
	*		*
	*Audio recordings of ] and ] in Southern Kurdish, archived with Kaipuleohone		*Audio recordings of ] and ] in Southern Kurdish, archived with Kaipuleohone

Latest revision as of 06:42, 25 December 2024

"Kalhori" redirects here. For the Kalhori people, see Kalhor (tribe).Not to be confused with Sorani. One of the Kurdish languages

Southern Kurdish
کوردی باشووری
Native to	Iran, Iraq
Region	Kurdistan
Ethnicity	Kurds
Native speakers	4.25 million in Iran (2021) unknown number in Iraq
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Iranian Western Northwestern Kurdish Southern Kurdish
Dialects	Feylî Kelhurrî Lekî Xaneqînî Gerrûsî (Bîcarî) Kermanshahî Kolyai Sanjâbî Melikşayî Bayray Kordalî Korouni
Writing system	Kurdish alphabet (Perso-Arabic script)
Language codes
ISO 639-3	`sdh`
Glottolog	`sout2640`
Linguasphere	`58-AAA-c`

Geographic distribution of Kurdish dialects and other Iranian languages spoken by Kurds Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) Sorani (Central Kurdish) Zaza language Southern Kurdish (Gorani is included) mixed dialect areas

Southern Kurdish (Kurdish: کوردی باشووری, romanized: Kurdî Başûrî) is one of the dialects of the Kurdish language, spoken predominantly in northeastern Iraq and western Iran. The Southern Kurdish-speaking region spans from Khanaqin in Iraq to Dehloran southward and Asadabad eastward in Iran.

Name

'Southern Kurdish' is a linguistic term for a group of related dialects in Western Iran. Speakers are not familiar with the term and do not refer to the language as such. They generally identify the kind of Kurdish they speak as a local dialect (the Kurdish of a given village), or as a regional variety such as "Garūsi".

Variants

Southern Kurdish has many variants, linguist Fattah divides them into 35 varieties. These include:

Bîcarî
- The most septentrional variety of Southern Kurdish spoken in and around Bijar in Iran. Bîcarî is the only Southern Kurdish variety detached from the greater Southern Kurdish-speaking region.
Qurweyî (Chahar Dawli Xarbi)
- The Quwreyî variety is spoken around Ghorveh in Iran and is related to the variety spoken in Asadabad and other Kurdish-speaking areas in Hamadan Province.
Kulyayî
- The Kulyayî variety is spoken northeast of Kermanshah, principally in Sonqor County and surrounding counties. The variety also spans into the Kolyai Rural District in Hamadan Province.
Bîlewerî
- The principal Southern Kurdish variety in Poshtdarband Rural District in Kermanshah.
Dînewerî
- About 83 villages in Dinavar District speak the Dînewer variety. The differences between the Dînewerî and the Kulyayî varieties are anodine.
Sehne / Lekî-Kirmaşanî
- The Sehne variety, or Lekî-Kirmaşanî has many similar characteristics with Lekî and is spoken in Harsin County and in Sahneh. What distinguishes it most from Lekî is the lack of the ergative case.
Kurdelî a.k.a. Pahlavi is quite distant, and may be a distinct language.

Other variants include: Bîstûnî, Çihrî, Hersîn, Payrawend, Kirmaşanî, Sencabî, Xalesa, Çemçemal, Qesri Şîrînî, Serpuli Zehawî, Harasam, Kelhurrî, Îwan, Erkewazî, Şêrwanî, Îlamî, Salihabadî, Rîka, Bedreyî, Melikşahî, Mêxasî, Mihran, Xaneqînî, Mendilî, Duşêxî, Kaprat, Warmizyar, Zurbatiya and Feylî.

Alphabet

The Southern Kurdish alphabet is very similar to the Central Kurdish (Sorani) alphabet, which is a derivation of the Arabic alphabet. Southern Kurdish has one additional letter "ۊ"; the Arabic letter waw with two dots above.

ع‎	ش‎	س‎	ژ‎	ز‎	ڕ‎	ر‎	د‎	خ‎	ح‎	چ‎	ج‎	ت‎	پ‎	ب‎	ا‎	ئـ‎
17	16	15	14	13	12	11	10	9	8	7	6	5	4	3	2	1
ێ‎	ی‎	ۊ‎	ۆ‎	و‎	ە‎	ھ‎	ن‎	م‎	ڵ‎	ل‎	گ‎	ک‎	ق‎	ڤ‎	ف‎	غ‎
34	33	32	31	30	29	28	27	26	25	24	23	22	21	20	19	18

References

Southern Kurdish at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024)
"Southern Kurdish". Ethnologue. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
"Kurdish language i. History of the Kurdish language". Iranica Online. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
Fattah (2000), pp. VII.
Anonby, Erik; Mohammadirad, Masour; Sheyholislami, Jaffer (299). "Kordestan Province in the Atlas of the Languages of Iran: Research process, language distribution, and language classification". Current issues in Kurdish linguistics. University of Bamberg Press. p. 26.
Fattah (2000), pp. 16–17.
Fattah (2000), pp. 18–19.
Fattah (2000), p. 19.
Fattah (2000), p. 20.
^ Fattah (2000), p. 21.
Erik Anonby, Mortaza Taheri-Ardali & Amos Hayes (2019) The Atlas of the Languages of Iran (ALI). Iranian Studies 52. A Working Classification
Fattah (2000), pp. 22–40.

Bibliography

Fattah, Ismaïl Kamandâr (2000), Les dialectes Kurdes méridionaux, Acta Iranica, ISBN 9042909188

External links

Kurdish Academy of Language describing Southern Kurdish
Audio recordings of wordlists and narratives in Southern Kurdish, archived with Kaipuleohone
southern Kurdish Misplaced Pages

v t e Languages of Iran
Official language	Persian (Iranian)
Regional languages	Azerbaijani Achomi Kurdish Kurmanji Sorani Xwarin Laki Gorani Luri Gilaki Mazanderani Arabic Balochi Talysh Tati Qashqai Turkmen Semnani Khorasani Turkic
Minority languages	Armenian Assyrian Circassian Domari Georgian Hebrew Jadgali Zargari Romani Khalaj
Working languages	English French Russian
Sign languages	Persian Sign Language Qahveh Khaneh Sign Language

v t e Languages of Iraq
Official languages	Standard Arabic Mesopotamian Arabic (Main) Kurdish Sorani (Main) Kurmanji
Official minority languages	Neo-Aramaic Assyrian Neo-Aramaic Armenian Turkish Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects
Other minority languages	Gorani (Hawrami) Southern Kurdish (Xwarin) Persian Mandaic Neo-Mandaic Domari Hebrew Shabaki
Sign languages	Iraqi Sign Language Kurdish Sign Language

Iranian languages

History

Eastern

Pamir	Ishkashimi Khufi Munji Rushani Sanglechi Shughni Bartangi Khufi Oroshori Sarikoli Vanji Wakhi Yazghulami Yidgha
Others	Avestan Bactrian Khwarezmian Parachi Pashto Central Northern Southern Wanetsi Ormuri Sarghulami Scythian Alanian Ossetian Digor Iron Jassic Saka Sogdian Yaghnobi

Western

North	Ashtiani Balochi Makrani Daylami Fars Gilaki Gorani Gorgani Karingani Kurdish Kurmanji Sorani Xwarin Kordali Laki Mazanderani Tabaroid Median Old Azeri Parthian Semnani Lasgerdi Sangsari Semnani proper Sorkhei Talysh Tati Tatoid Zaza Zoroastrian Dari
South	Achomi Bashkardi Garmsiri Kuhmareyi Kumzari Luri Bakhtiari Pahlavani Persian Caucasian Tat Dari Hazaragi Tajik Old Persian Middle Persian

Others

Badeshi (unknown further classification)

Italics indicate extinct or historical languages.
Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left.

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