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| {{Short description|Turkmen diaspora living mainly in northern and northeastern regions of Iran}} | {{Short description|Turkmen diaspora living mainly in northern and northeastern regions of Iran}} | ||
| {{Infobox ethnic group | {{Infobox ethnic group | ||
| |group=Iranian Turkmens | | group = Iranian Turkmens | ||
| |image=Iranian turkmen in Bandar Torkman.jpg | | image = Iranian turkmen in Bandar Torkman.jpg | ||
| |image_caption=Turkmens of ], Iran | | image_caption = Turkmens of ], Iran | ||
| |population=500,000 - 1,000,000<ref name="Arakelova">{{cite journal |last1=Arakelova |first1=Victoria |title=On the Number of Iranian Turkophones |journal=Iran and the Caucasus |date=2015 |volume=19 |issue=3 |page=279|doi=10.1163/1573384X-20150306|quote=The main body of the Iranian Turkophone mass generally consists of two parts: proper Turkic groups—the Turkmen (from 0,5 to 1 million), partially the Qashqays (around 300,000), as well as Khalajes (currently Persian-speakers living in Save, near Tehran); and the Turkic-speaking population of the Iranian origin, predominantly the Azaris, inhabiting the north-west provinces of Iran roughly covering historical Aturpātakān.}}</ref><br />790,000 - 1,600,000<ref name="Ethnologue">{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IR/status#People|title=Ethnologue|access-date=8 August 2018}}</ref><ref> </ref><br/>1-2% of the total population | | population = 500,000 - 1,000,000<ref name="Arakelova">{{cite journal |last1=Arakelova |first1=Victoria |title=On the Number of Iranian Turkophones |journal=Iran and the Caucasus |date=2015 |volume=19 |issue=3 |page=279|doi=10.1163/1573384X-20150306|quote=The main body of the Iranian Turkophone mass generally consists of two parts: proper Turkic groups—the Turkmen (from 0,5 to 1 million), partially the Qashqays (around 300,000), as well as Khalajes (currently Persian-speakers living in Save, near Tehran); and the Turkic-speaking population of the Iranian origin, predominantly the Azaris, inhabiting the north-west provinces of Iran roughly covering historical Aturpātakān.}}</ref><br />790,000 - 1,600,000<ref name="Ethnologue">{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IR/status#People|title=Ethnologue|access-date=8 August 2018}}</ref><ref></ref><br/>1–2.4 million<ref>{{cite book |last1=Potter |first1=Lawrence G. |title=Sectarian Politics in the Persian Gulf |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=290 |isbn=978-0-19-937726-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=50pRBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA290 |access-date=14 January 2023}}</ref><br/>1-2% of the total population | ||
| |popplace=], ] and ] | | popplace = ], ] and ] | ||
| |langs=], ] | | langs = ], ] | ||
| |rels= |
| rels = ] | ||
| | native_name = {{small|ایران |
| native_name = {{small|ایران تۆرکمنلری}}<br/>''{{lang|tk-Latn|Eýran türkmenleri}}'' | ||
| | native_name_lang = Turkmen | | native_name_lang = Turkmen | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| '''Iranian Turkmens''' ({{ |
'''Iranian Turkmens''' ({{langx|fa|ترکمنهای ایران}}; {{langx|tk|ایران تۆرکمنلری|Eýran Türkmenleri}}) are a branch of ] living mainly in northern and northeastern regions of ]. Their region is called ] and includes substantial parts of ] of Iran. The number of Turkmens in Iran is estimated at 0.5 to 2.4 million people. | ||
| The number of Turkmens in Iran is estimated at about 1 million people or roughly 1-2% of the ].<ref name="Arakelova" /> | |||
| == Ethnography == | == Ethnography == | ||
| Iranian Turkmens have represented a group of semi-nomadic tribes who retained a more traditional way for a long time. The following ] live in Iran: ], ], |
Iranian Turkmens have represented a group of semi-nomadic tribes who retained a more traditional way for a long time. The following ] live in Iran: ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Joan Allgrove |title=Turcoman Finery |journal=Costume |date=1975 |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=49 |publisher=Routledge |language=English |issn=0590-8876}}</ref> | ||
| == Ethnic history == | == Ethnic history == | ||
| ] island, Iran]] | ] island, Iran]] | ||
| ], Iran]] | ], Iran]] | ||
| Representatives of such modern Turkmen tribes as Yomut, Goklen, Īgdīr, Saryk, Salar and Teke have lived in Iran since the 16th century,<ref>{{cite book |last=Logashova |first=Bibi |title=Turkmens of Iran (historical and ethnographic study) |publisher=Nauka (Science) |year=1976 |page=14}}</ref> though ethnic history of Turkmens in Iran starts with the ] of the region in the 11th century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Golden |first=Peter |title=The Turkic peoples and Caucasia, Transcaucasia, Nationalism and Social Change: Essays in the History of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia |editor=Ronald G. Suny |location=Michigan |year=1996 |pages= |
Representatives of such modern Turkmen tribes as Yomut, Goklen, Īgdīr, Saryk, Salar and Teke have lived in Iran since the 16th century,<ref>{{cite book |last=Logashova |first=Bibi |title=Turkmens of Iran (historical and ethnographic study) |publisher=Nauka (Science) |year=1976 |page=14}}</ref> though ethnic history of Turkmens in Iran starts with the ] of the region in the 11th century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Golden |first=Peter |title=The Turkic peoples and Caucasia, Transcaucasia, Nationalism and Social Change: Essays in the History of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia |editor-first=Ronald G. |editor-last=Suny |location=Michigan |year=1996 |pages=45–67}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ahmadi |first1=Hamid |title=Political Elites and the Question of Ethnicity and Democracy in Iran: A Critical View |journal=Iran and the Caucasus |date=2013 |volume=17 |issue=1 |page=82 |doi=10.1163/1573384X-20130106|quote=Perhaps, the main heterogeneous group within the demographic texture of Iran are Turkmens who immigrated to the area at the turn of the I-II millennia A.D.}}</ref> | ||
| Throughout the 17th century and the beginning of the 18th century, a process of resettlement of the Turkmen tribes took place in Iran. In the 17th century, it was associated with the intensified exploitation of Turkmens by the ] and the raids of the ] feudal lords.{{sfn|Logashova|1976|pp=15—16}} | Throughout the 17th century and the beginning of the 18th century, a process of resettlement of the Turkmen tribes took place in Iran. In the 17th century, it was associated with the intensified exploitation of Turkmens by the ] and the raids of the ] feudal lords.{{sfn|Logashova|1976|pp=15—16}} | ||
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| Until the ], the situation in the areas of residence of Turkmens was turbulent. Under the pretext of jihad, the Khiva Khan repeatedly raided Iranian territory. As an Iranian writer ] wrote, he (the Khiva Khan) "at times led troops against ] and ], and sometimes ordered Turkmens to raid the regions of Khorasan". In turn, Iranian troops attacked the ], mainly the Turkmen lands, robbing and taking people into captivity.{{sfn|Mannanov|1964|p=25}} | Until the ], the situation in the areas of residence of Turkmens was turbulent. Under the pretext of jihad, the Khiva Khan repeatedly raided Iranian territory. As an Iranian writer ] wrote, he (the Khiva Khan) "at times led troops against ] and ], and sometimes ordered Turkmens to raid the regions of Khorasan". In turn, Iranian troops attacked the ], mainly the Turkmen lands, robbing and taking people into captivity.{{sfn|Mannanov|1964|p=25}} | ||
| The movement of the Turkmen tribes was also affected by intertribal contradictions, which quite often turned into serious conflicts. In 1855, Teke Turkmens captured the ]. The Saryks who lived there, were expelled to the ] and Panjdeh oases, and they, in turn, drove the ] out of Iolotan. The latter were initially located in the area of present-day ], ], and then migrated to Iran, and finally settled 120 |
The movement of the Turkmen tribes was also affected by intertribal contradictions, which quite often turned into serious conflicts. In 1855, Teke Turkmens captured the ]. The Saryks who lived there, were expelled to the ] and Panjdeh oases, and they, in turn, drove the ] out of Iolotan. The latter were initially located in the area of present-day ], ], and then migrated to Iran, and finally settled 120 km above Serakhs. Later, Iran exploited the struggle between the Saryks and Tekes to organize a campaign to the ] in 1861. However, it ended in a crushing defeat for the Iranian troops.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mannanov |first=B |title=From the stories of the Perso-Russian relations of the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries |language=Russian |year=1964 |publisher=Nauka, Uzbek SSR |location=Tashkent |pages=26–27}}</ref> | ||
| == Modern Turkmen tribes in present-day Iran == | == Modern Turkmen tribes in present-day Iran == | ||
| Nearly one million Turkmens can be found living along the northern edges of Iran, just south of the ]. For centuries, Turkmens had lived as nomadic herdsmen. In more recent years, however, many of them have changed to a "semi-nomadic lifestyle," living in permanent homes as well as in tents. Today, most of them are farmers and cattle breeders. Turkmens still live in extended families where various generations can be found under the same roof, especially in rural areas. Many tribal customs still survive among the modern Turkmens. |
Nearly one million Turkmens can be found living along the northern edges of Iran, just south of the ]. For centuries, Turkmens had lived as nomadic herdsmen. In more recent years, however, many of them have changed to a "semi-nomadic lifestyle," living in permanent homes as well as in tents. Today, most of them are farmers and cattle breeders. Turkmens still live in extended families where various generations can be found under the same roof, especially in rural areas. Many tribal customs still survive among the modern Turkmens.<ref>Irons, W. (1969). The Turkmen of Iran: A Brief Research Report. Iranian Studies, 2(1), 27-38. doi:10.1080/00210866908701372</ref> | ||
| == Language == | == Language == | ||
| Iranian Turkmens speak primarily Southern Turkmen, a variant of the ] also spoken in ].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://celcar.indiana.edu/materials/language-portal/turkmen/index.html|title=Turkmen|website=Center for Languages of the Central Asian Region|accessdate=Aug 8, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/languages/afghanistan|title=What Languages do People Speak in Afghanistan?|website=worldpopulationreview.com|accessdate=Aug 8, 2021}}</ref> It is currently written in the ] script, though some use the Turkmen ] script, common in Turkmenistan since its independence in the 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://omniglot.com/writing/turkmen.htm|title=Turkmen language, alphabets and pronunciation|website=omniglot.com|accessdate=Aug 8, 2021}}</ref> | |||
| Iranian Turkmens speak Turkmen primarily ], which is closer to the Turkmen spoken in ]. Though the dialects are not that different in Turkmenistan and Iran, the Iranian variety has Persian loanwords. It is mutually intelligible with the variety spoken in Afghanistan and Turkmenistan. | |||
| Southern Turkmen is mutually intelligible with the Turkmen variety spoken in ] and ], though it borrows heavily ] loanwords. There is also a strong ] influence in Southern Turkmen.<ref name="auto"/> | |||
| ==Notable Iranian Turkmen== | ==Notable Iranian Turkmen== | ||
| * ], Turkmen poet, scholar and ] | * ], Turkmen poet, scholar and ] | ||
| * ], Turkmen spiritual leader, philosophical poet and Sufi | * ], Turkmen spiritual leader, philosophical poet and Sufi | ||
| * ], poet | |||
| * ], Iranian philanthropist | * ], Iranian philanthropist | ||
| * ], Iranian ] who plays for ] in the ] and ]. | * ], Iranian ] who plays for ] in the ] and ]. | ||
| * ], ] player from Iran, who plays as a Spike for the ] | * ], ] player from Iran, who plays as a Spike for the ] | ||
| * ], volleyball player from Iran, who plays as an opposite spiker for the Men's National Team | * ], volleyball player from Iran, who plays as an opposite spiker for the Men's National Team | ||
| * ], Iranian ] who plays for ] in the ] | * ], Iranian ] who plays for ] in the ] | ||
| * ], experimental laser physicist | * ], experimental laser physicist | ||
| * ], Iranian Turkmen politician and scientist who represented a part of Iranian Turkmen community in ] for four years between 2016 |
* ], Iranian Turkmen politician and scientist who represented a part of Iranian Turkmen community in ] for four years between 2016 and 2020 | ||
| * ], Iranian ] | |||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| == References == | == References == | ||
Latest revision as of 15:26, 8 December 2024
Turkmen diaspora living mainly in northern and northeastern regions of Iran Ethnic group| ایران تۆرکمنلری Eýran türkmenleri | |
|---|---|
 Turkmens of Bandar-e Torkaman, Iran | |
| Total population | |
| 500,000 - 1,000,000 790,000 - 1,600,000 1–2.4 million 1-2% of the total population | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Golestan Province, Razavi Khorasan Province and North Khorasan Province | |
| Languages | |
| Turkmen, Persian | |
| Religion | |
| Sunni Islam |
Iranian Turkmens (Persian: ترکمنهای ایران; Turkmen: ایران تۆرکمنلری, romanized: Eýran Türkmenleri) are a branch of Turkmen people living mainly in northern and northeastern regions of Iran. Their region is called Turkmen Sahra and includes substantial parts of Golestan Province of Iran. The number of Turkmens in Iran is estimated at 0.5 to 2.4 million people.
Ethnography
Iranian Turkmens have represented a group of semi-nomadic tribes who retained a more traditional way for a long time. The following Turkmen tribes live in Iran: Yomut, Goklen, and Teke.
Ethnic history
Representatives of such modern Turkmen tribes as Yomut, Goklen, Īgdīr, Saryk, Salar and Teke have lived in Iran since the 16th century, though ethnic history of Turkmens in Iran starts with the Seljuk conquest of the region in the 11th century.
Throughout the 17th century and the beginning of the 18th century, a process of resettlement of the Turkmen tribes took place in Iran. In the 17th century, it was associated with the intensified exploitation of Turkmens by the Khanate of Khiva and the raids of the Kalmyk feudal lords.
After what Iranian ruler Nader Shah, himself an ethnic Turkmen, defeated Turkmens and Kurds in 1728, he drove part of the Teke and Imreli tribes out and settled them in Khorasan, specifically in the steppe of Astrabad. In the 1740s, Nader Shah conquered the Bukhara and Khiva Khanates. Subsequently, most of the Turkmen Yomuds were forced to move from the Khiva Khanate to the coast of the Caspian Sea and to Astrabad.
Until the Russian conquest of Central Asia, the situation in the areas of residence of Turkmens was turbulent. Under the pretext of jihad, the Khiva Khan repeatedly raided Iranian territory. As an Iranian writer Reza-Qoli Khan wrote, he (the Khiva Khan) "at times led troops against Serakhs and Merv, and sometimes ordered Turkmens to raid the regions of Khorasan". In turn, Iranian troops attacked the Khwarazm, mainly the Turkmen lands, robbing and taking people into captivity.
The movement of the Turkmen tribes was also affected by intertribal contradictions, which quite often turned into serious conflicts. In 1855, Teke Turkmens captured the Merv oasis. The Saryks who lived there, were expelled to the Iolotan and Panjdeh oases, and they, in turn, drove the Salurs out of Iolotan. The latter were initially located in the area of present-day Serhetabat, Turkmenistan, and then migrated to Iran, and finally settled 120 km above Serakhs. Later, Iran exploited the struggle between the Saryks and Tekes to organize a campaign to the Merv oasis in 1861. However, it ended in a crushing defeat for the Iranian troops.
Modern Turkmen tribes in present-day Iran
Nearly one million Turkmens can be found living along the northern edges of Iran, just south of the Turkmenistan-Iran border. For centuries, Turkmens had lived as nomadic herdsmen. In more recent years, however, many of them have changed to a "semi-nomadic lifestyle," living in permanent homes as well as in tents. Today, most of them are farmers and cattle breeders. Turkmens still live in extended families where various generations can be found under the same roof, especially in rural areas. Many tribal customs still survive among the modern Turkmens.
Language
Iranian Turkmens speak primarily Southern Turkmen, a variant of the Turkmen language also spoken in Afghanistan. It is currently written in the Perso-Arabic script, though some use the Turkmen Latin script, common in Turkmenistan since its independence in the 1990s.
Southern Turkmen is mutually intelligible with the Turkmen variety spoken in Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, though it borrows heavily Persian loanwords. There is also a strong Arabic influence in Southern Turkmen.
Notable Iranian Turkmen
- Dowletmammet Azady, Turkmen poet, scholar and Sufi
- Magtymguly Pyragy, Turkmen spiritual leader, philosophical poet and Sufi
- Haj Aghi Alejalil, Iranian philanthropist
- Sardar Azmoun, Iranian footballer who plays for Bayer Leverkusen in the Bundesliga and Iranian National Team.
- Farhad Ghaemi, volleyball player from Iran, who plays as a Spike for the Men's National Team
- Saber Kazemi, volleyball player from Iran, who plays as an opposite spiker for the Men's National Team
- Ezzatollah Pourghaz, Iranian footballer who plays for Esteghlal Khuzestan in the Persian Gulf Pro League
- Omid Kokabee, experimental laser physicist
- Ramin Nourqolipour, Iranian Turkmen politician and scientist who represented a part of Iranian Turkmen community in Iranian Parliament for four years between 2016 and 2020
See also
- Turkmens
- Turkmen tribes
- Turkmen Sahra
- Turkoman horse
- Music of Turkmenistan
- Iranian Turks
- Afghan Turkmens
- Nader Shah
- Afsharid Dynasty
- Afsharid Iran
References
- Arakelova, Victoria (2015). "On the Number of Iranian Turkophones". Iran and the Caucasus. 19 (3): 279. doi:10.1163/1573384X-20150306.
The main body of the Iranian Turkophone mass generally consists of two parts: proper Turkic groups—the Turkmen (from 0,5 to 1 million), partially the Qashqays (around 300,000), as well as Khalajes (currently Persian-speakers living in Save, near Tehran); and the Turkic-speaking population of the Iranian origin, predominantly the Azaris, inhabiting the north-west provinces of Iran roughly covering historical Aturpātakān.
- "Ethnologue". Retrieved 8 August 2018.
- CIA World Factbook Iran
- Potter, Lawrence G. (2014). Sectarian Politics in the Persian Gulf. Oxford University Press. p. 290. ISBN 978-0-19-937726-8. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
- Joan Allgrove (1975). "Turcoman Finery". Costume. 9 (1). Routledge: 49. ISSN 0590-8876.
- Logashova, Bibi (1976). Turkmens of Iran (historical and ethnographic study). Nauka (Science). p. 14.
- Golden, Peter (1996). Suny, Ronald G. (ed.). The Turkic peoples and Caucasia, Transcaucasia, Nationalism and Social Change: Essays in the History of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. Michigan. pp. 45–67.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Ahmadi, Hamid (2013). "Political Elites and the Question of Ethnicity and Democracy in Iran: A Critical View". Iran and the Caucasus. 17 (1): 82. doi:10.1163/1573384X-20130106.
Perhaps, the main heterogeneous group within the demographic texture of Iran are Turkmens who immigrated to the area at the turn of the I-II millennia A.D.
- ^ Logashova 1976, pp. 15–16.
- Mannanov 1964, p. 25.
- Mannanov, B (1964). From the stories of the Perso-Russian relations of the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries (in Russian). Tashkent: Nauka, Uzbek SSR. pp. 26–27.
- Irons, W. (1969). The Turkmen of Iran: A Brief Research Report. Iranian Studies, 2(1), 27-38. doi:10.1080/00210866908701372
- ^ "Turkmen". Center for Languages of the Central Asian Region. Retrieved Aug 8, 2021.
- "What Languages do People Speak in Afghanistan?". worldpopulationreview.com. Retrieved Aug 8, 2021.
- "Turkmen language, alphabets and pronunciation". omniglot.com. Retrieved Aug 8, 2021.
External links
| Ethnic groups in Iran | |||||||
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