Misplaced Pages

Al-Khader: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editContent deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 17:52, 30 October 2021 editCitation bot (talk | contribs)Bots5,406,205 edits Add: s2cid, chapter-url. Removed or converted URL. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Whoop whoop pull up | #UCB_webform 56/2024← Previous edit Latest revision as of 12:37, 13 December 2024 edit undoHerniac (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users1,504 edits →History: too many words and remove meaninglessTags: Mobile edit Mobile app edit Android app edit App section source 
(29 intermediate revisions by 16 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{about|the Palestinian village west of Bethlehem|the Quranic figure|Al-Khidr}} {{about|the Palestinian village west of Bethlehem|the Quranic figure|Al-Khidr}}

{{lowercase}}
{{Infobox settlement {{Infobox settlement
|name = al-Khader |name = al-Khader
Line 35: Line 35:
|elevation_min_m= |elevation_min_m=
|elevation_max_m= |elevation_max_m=
| population_footnotes = <ref name="pop2017">{{cite web |url=http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Downloads/book2364-1.pdf |title=Main Indicators by Type of Locality - Population, Housing and Establishments Census 2017 |access-date=2021-01-19 |publisher=] (PCBS)}}</ref> | population_footnotes = <ref name="PrelimCensus2017">{{cite report |date=February 2018 |title=Preliminary Results of the Population, Housing and Establishments Census, 2017 |url=https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Downloads/book2364-1.pdf |department=] (PCBS) |publisher=] |pages=64–82 |access-date=2023-10-24}}</ref>
|population_total = 11,960 |population_total = 11,960
|population_as_of = 2017 |population_as_of = 2017
Line 46: Line 46:
|footnotes= |footnotes=
}} }}
'''Al-Khader''' ({{lang-ar|الخضر}}) is a ] town in the ] in the south-central ]. It is located {{convert|5|km|mi|sp=us}} west of ]. According to the ], the town had a population of 11,856 in 2017.<ref name="PCBS"> ]. </ref> The area around al-Khader is marked by vineyards, and olive and fig trees.<ref>. The Centre for Cultural Heritage Preservation.</ref> '''Al-Khader''' ({{langx|ar|الخضر}}) is a ] town in the ] in the south-central ]. It is located {{convert|5|km|mi|sp=us}} west of ]. According to the ], the town had a population of 11,960 in 2017.<ref name="PrelimCensus2017" /> The area around al-Khader is marked by vineyards, and olive and fig trees.<ref>. The Centre for Cultural Heritage Preservation.</ref>


Al-Khader was founded in the late 18th or early 19th century.<ref name=":2">Grossman, D. (1986). "Oscillations in the Rural Settlement of Samaria and Judaea in the Ottoman Period". in '''Shomron studies'''. Dar, S., Safrai, S., (eds). Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House. p. 366</ref> Its main landmarks are ], the Murad Fortress (a Turkish Ottoman castle built by Suleiman the Magnificent in 1617 to defend Solomon’s Pools, that today houses a Museum for Palestinian Culture and Heritage), the ], and ].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Al Khader |url=https://www.welcometopalestine.com/destinations/bethlehem/al-khader-2/ |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=Welcome To Palestine |language=en-GB}}</ref>
], the ], and ] are al-Khader's main landmarks.


==Name and St George tradition== ==Name and St George tradition==
Al-Khader is named after ], who in ] is sometimes associated with the Muslim saint ], "the green one". According to local tradition, Saint George was imprisoned in the town of al-Khader where the current ] stands. The chains holding him were{{dubious|Were? Not there anymore? Identical with those now in Lydda maybe?|date=June 2020}} ]s that were said to hold healing power.<ref>{{cite book |first= Charles M. |last= Sennott |title= The Body and the Blood: The Holy Land's Christians at the Turn of a New Millennium: A Reporter's Journey |page= 397 |publisher= PublicAffairs |year= 2001 |isbn= 1-891620-95-9 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ZN1j1I69wqwC&pg=PA397 |access-date=8 April 2018}}{{dead|date=June 2020}}.</ref> ''Al-Khader'', in Arabic literally "''The Green One''", is the modern name of the village, which was called "] S. Georgii" during the ] era.<ref name=":1" /> It is named after ] – who in ] is associated with the Muslim figure of ], "the green one". According to local tradition, Saint George was imprisoned at the location the current ] stand. Chains displayed inside the church are said to be the ones that held him while he was imprisoned, and are said to have healing power.<ref>{{cite book |first= Charles M. |last= Sennott |title= The Body and the Blood: The Holy Land's Christians at the Turn of a New Millennium: A Reporter's Journey |page= 397 |publisher= PublicAffairs |year= 2001 |isbn= 1-891620-95-9 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ZN1j1I69wqwC&pg=PA397 |access-date=8 April 2018}}{{dead link|date=June 2020}}.</ref>


==History== ==History==
===Bronze Age===
The site of al-Khader was inhabited during the ] by the ]ites.{{cn|date=June 2020}}


===Iron Age=== ===Iron Age===
In 1953, a hoard of at least twenty-six weapon-heads, either ]- or ]s, were discovered in al-Khader, five of which are bearing inscriptions<ref name=Cross2003>{{cite book |first=Frank Moore |last=Cross |chapter=Newly Found Inscriptions in Old Canaanite and Early Phoenician Scripts: Two Unpublished Arrowheads from 'El-Hadr |title=Leaves from an Epigrapher's Notebook: Collected Papers in Hebrew and West Semitic Palaeography and Epigraphy |publisher=Eisenbrauns |year=2003 |pages=216–217 |issn=0147-9342 |isbn=9781575069111 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wN6mDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA217 |access-date=30 June 2020}}</ref> dating from c. 1100 BCE.<ref name=Cross1980/> The inscriptions are made in a transitional ], actually offering to the ]s the "missing link" between the ]s of the ], and the ] ]ic Early Linear ].<ref name=Cross1980>{{cite journal |first=Frank Moore |last=Cross |title=Newly Found Inscriptions in Old Canaanite and Early Phoenician Scripts |journal=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research |volume=238 |issue=238 |date=Spring 1980 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.2307/1356511 |jstor=1356511|s2cid=222445150 }}</ref><ref name=Cross1991/> The owner of the javelins or arrows apparently "signed" them, the translation being "dart/arrow of 'Abd Labi't Bin-'Anat", both names known from the period (see for instance the warrior ] Ben Anat from the ] Song of ], {{bibleref2|Judges 5:6}}).<ref name=Cross1991>{{cite book |first=Frank Moore |last=Cross |title=The Invention and Development of the Alphabet |editor-first=Wayne M. |editor-last=Senner |work=The Origins of Writing |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |year=1991 |page=81 |isbn=978-0-8032-9167-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kc4xAlunCSEC&pg=PA81 |access-date=30 June 2020}}</ref><ref>]. (1993). Princeton University Press, p.189. {{ISBN|0-691-02591-6}}.</ref> In 1953, a hoard of twenty-six ]s were discovered in al-Khader, five of them bearing inscriptions.<ref name=Cross2003>{{cite book |first=F. M. |last=Cross |author-link=Frank Moore Cross|chapter=Newly Found Inscriptions in Old Canaanite and Early Phoenician Scripts: Two Unpublished Arrowheads from 'El-Hadr |title=Leaves from an Epigrapher's Notebook: Collected Papers in Hebrew and West Semitic Palaeography and Epigraphy |publisher=Eisenbrauns |year=2003 |pages=216–217 |issn=0147-9342 |isbn=9781575069111 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wN6mDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA217 |access-date=30 June 2020}}</ref> dating from c. 1100 BCE.<ref name=Cross1980/> The inscriptions are in a transitional ], offering ]s the "missing link" between the ]s of the ], and the ] ]ic Early Linear ].<ref name=Cross1980>{{cite journal |first=F.M. |last=Cross|author-link=Frank Moore Cross |title=Newly Found Inscriptions in Old Canaanite and Early Phoenician Scripts |journal=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research |volume=238 |issue=238 |date=Spring 1980 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.2307/1356511 |jstor=1356511|s2cid=222445150 }}</ref><ref name=Cross1991/> The owner of the arrowheads "signed" them, the translation being "dart/arrow of 'Abd Labi't Bin-'Anat", both names known from the period (see for instance the warrior ] Ben Anat from the ] Song of ], {{bibleverse|Judges|5:6}}).<ref name=Cross1991>{{cite book |first=F. M.|last=Cross|author-link=Frank Moore Cross |title=The Invention and Development of the Alphabet |editor-first=Wayne M. |editor-last=Senner |work=The Origins of Writing |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |year=1991 |page=81 |isbn=978-0-8032-9167-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kc4xAlunCSEC&pg=PA81 |access-date=30 June 2020}}</ref><ref>] (1993). Princeton University Press, p.189. {{ISBN|0-691-02591-6}}.</ref>


===Crusader period=== ===Crusader period===
During the ] era, the village, called ''] S. Georgii'', was granted by ''Geoffrey de Tor'' to the church in Bethlehem, and included in its possessions in 1227 and 1266.<ref>Röhricht, 1893, RRH, pp. -260, No 983; cited in Pringle, 1993, pp. -296</ref> During the ] era, the village was called ] S. Georgii. <ref name=":1">Röhricht, 1893, RRH, pp. -260, No 983; cited in Pringle, 1993, pp. -296</ref>


===Mamluk period=== ===Mamluk period===
Line 67: Line 65:


===Ottoman period=== ===Ottoman period===
During late ] rule (1516-1917), al-Khader was part of the political-administrative ] and '']'' ("subdistrict") of Bani Hasan, which was ruled by the Absiyeh family of ]. In 1838 its inhabitants were classified as Muslims by the English scholars ] and ], part of the ''Beni Hasan'' District, west of ].<ref>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, p. </ref><ref name=Robinson123>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, Appendix 2, p. </ref> In 1863 ] found the village "reduced to two hundred inhabitants, almost all Muslims." He further noted remains of constructions, with rather large stones, which he thought were dated from an era prior to the Arab conquest.<ref>Guérin, 1869, pp. -312</ref> Al-Khader was founded as a subsidiary village of ], emerging due to the ] in the late 18th or early 19th century, during ] rule.<ref name=":2" /> It was part of the political-administrative ] and '']'' ("subdistrict") of Bani Hasan, which was ruled by the Absiyeh family of al-Walaja. In 1838 it was recorded as a Muslim village by the English scholars ] and ], part of the Bani Hasan District, west of ].<ref>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, p. </ref><ref name=Robinson123>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, Appendix 2, p. </ref> In 1863 ] found the village "reduced to two hundred inhabitants, almost all Muslims." He further noted remains of constructions, with rather large stones, which he thought were dated from an era prior to the Arab conquest.<ref>Guérin, 1869, pp. -312</ref>


] notes that an official Ottoman village list from about 1870 documented ''el-chadr'' with a population of 122 in a total of 43 houses, though that population count only included men. It was further noted that the small Greek monastery served as a mental asylum.<ref>Socin, 1879, p. </ref><ref>Hartmann, 1883, p. </ref> ] notes that an official Ottoman village list from about 1870 documented ''el-chadr'' with a population of 122 in a total of 43 houses, though that population count only included men. It was further noted that the small Greek monastery served as a mental asylum.<ref>Socin, 1879, p. </ref><ref>Hartmann, 1883, p. </ref> In 1882, the ]'s '']'' described al-Khader as a moderate-sized village with a "Greek church and convent." It was surrounded by vineyards and olive groves and "rock-cut tombs" were situated to the north of the village.<ref name="C&K26"/> It had a mixed population of Muslims and ], according to the ''Survey of Western Palestine''.<ref name="C&K26"/> In 1896 the population of al-Khader was estimated to be about 210 people.<ref>Schick, 1896, p. </ref>

In 1882, the ]'s '']'' described al-Khader as a moderate-sized village with a "Greek church and convent." It was surrounded by vineyards and olive groves and "rock-cut tombs" were situated to the north of the village.<ref name="C&K26"/> It had a mixed population of Muslims and ], according to the ''Survey of Western Palestine''.<ref name="C&K26"/>

In 1896 the population of ''El-chadr'' was estimated to be about 210 people.<ref>Schick, 1896, p. </ref>


===British Mandate=== ===British Mandate===
In the British Mandate ], al-Khader had a population of 697; 694 Muslims and 3 Christians.<ref name=Census1922>Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Bethlehem, p. </ref> By the ], the population was 914, mostly Muslim with three Christian inhabitants.<ref>Mills, 1932, p. </ref> In the British Mandate ], al-Khader had a population of 697; 694 Muslims and 3 Christians.<ref name=Census1922>Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Bethlehem, p. </ref> By the ], the population was 914, mostly Muslim with three Christian inhabitants.<ref>Mills, 1932, p. </ref>


In the ] the town had 1,130 Muslim inhabitants<ref name=1945p25>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. </ref> and a total land area of 20,100 ]s. It was a part of the Jerusalem District.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604193140/http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Jerusalem/Page-057.jpg |date=2011-06-04 }}</ref> Of the land, 5,700 dunams were irrigated or used for plantations, 5,889 dunams were for cereals,<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175020/http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Jerusalem/Page-103.jpg |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> while 96 dunams were built-up (urban) land.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223307/http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Jerusalem/Page-153.jpg |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> In the ] the town had 1,130 Muslim inhabitants<ref name=1945p25>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. </ref> and a total land area of 20,100 ]s. It was a part of the Jerusalem District.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604193140/http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Jerusalem/Page-057.jpg |date=2011-06-04 }}</ref> Of the land, 5,700 dunams were irrigated or used for plantations, 5,889 dunams were for cereals,<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175020/http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Jerusalem/Page-103.jpg |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> while 96 dunams were built-up (urban) land.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223307/http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Jerusalem/Page-153.jpg |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref>


The Orthodox Christian Church owns several hundreds of ]s made up of ]s, olive groves and field crops. The lands were entrusted to them since the ] during the ] of ] who presided over the ] of ] in the 630s. Most of the land is leased to Muslim farmers.<ref name="Kark"> ]. (2001). '''' Wayne State University Press, p. 199. {{ISBN|0-8143-2909-8}}.</ref> The Orthodox Christian Church owns several hundreds of dunams made up of vineyards, olive groves and field crops. The lands were entrusted to them since the ] during the ] of ] who presided over the ] of ] in the 630s. Most of the land is leased to Muslim farmers.<ref name="Kark">] (2001). '''' Wayne State University Press, p. 199. {{ISBN|0-8143-2909-8}}.</ref>


===Jordanian period=== ===Jordanian period===
In the wake of the ], and after the ], al-Khader came under ] rule. It was ] in 1950. In the wake of the ], and after the ], al-Khader came under ]ian rule. It was ] in 1950.


In 1961, the population of ''Khadr'' was 1,798.<ref>Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, p. </ref> In 1961, the population of al-Khader was 1,798.<ref>Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, p. </ref>


===Post 1967=== ===Post 1967===
Since the ] in 1967, al-Khader has been under ]. The population in the 1967 census conducted by the Israeli authorities was 2,051.<ref name=67census>{{cite web |url=http://www.levyinstitute.org/pubs/1967_census/vol_1_tab_2.pdf |title=The 1967 Census of the West Bank and Gaza Strip: A Digitized Version |author=Perlmann, Joel |date=November 2011 – February 2012 |website=] |access-date=24 June 2016 }}</ref> Since the ] in 1967, al-Khader has been under ]. The population in the 1967 census conducted by the Israeli authorities was 2,051.<ref name=67census>{{cite web |url=http://www.levyinstitute.org/pubs/1967_census/vol_1_tab_2.pdf |title=The 1967 Census of the West Bank and Gaza Strip: A Digitized Version |author=Perlmann, Joel |date=November 2011 – February 2012 |website=] |access-date=24 June 2016 }}</ref>


After the ], 9% of al-Khader's land was classified as ] land, 5.5% as ], and the remaining 85.5% as ].<ref name=ARIJ20>, p. 20, ARIJ</ref> After the ], 9% of al-Khader's land was classified as ] land, 5.5% as ], and the remaining 85.5% as ].<ref name=ARIJ20>, p. 20, ARIJ</ref>


Israel has confiscated land from al-Khader in order to construct two ]: Israel has confiscated land from al-Khader in order to construct two ]:
*27 dunams for ],<ref name="ARIJ20" /> *27 dunams for ],<ref name="ARIJ20" />
*2 dunams for ].<ref name="ARIJ20" /> *2 dunams for ].<ref name="ARIJ20" />


In 1997, the ] recorded a population of 6,802 of which 3,606 were males and 3,196 were females.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111192435/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/bet_t1.aspx |date=2012-01-11 }} ] (PCBS).</ref> Unlike many Palestinian towns in the area, ]s and their descendants do not have a substantial population in al-Khader. In 1997, 5.2% of the town's inhabitants were recorded as refugees.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118192229/https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/bet_t6.aspx |date=2008-11-18 }} ] (PCBS).</ref> In the 2007 PCBS census, al-Khader had a population of 9,774.<ref name="PCBS"/> In 1997, the ] recorded a population of 6,802 of which 3,606 were males and 3,196 were females.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111192435/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/bet_t1.aspx |date=2012-01-11 }} ] (PCBS).</ref> Unlike many Palestinian towns in the area, ]s and their descendants do not have a substantial population in al-Khader. In 1997, 5.2% of the town's inhabitants were recorded as refugees.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118192229/https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/bet_t6.aspx |date=2008-11-18 }} ] (PCBS).</ref> In the 2007 PCBS census, al-Khader had a population of 9,774.<ref name="PCBS"> ].</ref>


Since the construction of the ] around al-Khader, several thousand ]s of farmland have been separated from the village, with the inhabitants unable to access them without a permit. In 2006, 50 villagers protested the barrier by filling bags with grapes and selling them along ]. Israeli soldiers and police attempted to quell protesters resulting in the injuries and detainment of two residents.<ref> ]. 2006-08-10.</ref> Since the construction of the ] around al-Khader, several thousand dunams of farmland have been separated from the village, with the inhabitants unable to access them without a permit. In 2006, 50 villagers protested the barrier by filling bags with grapes and selling them along ]. Israeli soldiers and police attempted to quell protesters resulting in the injuries and detainment of two residents.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525205645/http://www.kibush.co.il/show_file.asp?num=16704 |date=2011-05-25 }} ]. 2006-08-10.</ref>


In April 2015 villagers blocked work by settlers to create a bypass road for access to an illegal outpost, which, if completed, would alienate a further 400 dunams of village land.<ref> ] 11 April 2015.</ref> In April 2015 villagers blocked work by settlers to create a bypass road for access to an illegal outpost, which, if completed, would alienate a further 400 dunams of village land.<ref> ] 11 April 2015.</ref>


==Geography and land== ==Geography and land==
⚫ ]
The older part of al-Khader is situated on a saddle-shaped hill facing a steep ridge to the south and open areas to the north, in the central highlands of the West Bank.<ref name="C&K26"/> Nearby localities include the ] adjacent to the east, the village of ] further to the east, ] to the northeast, ] and the ] of ] to the north, ] and ] to the northwest, ] and the Israeli settlements of ] to the west, ] to the southeast, and ] to the south. The older part of al-Khader is situated on a saddle-shaped hill facing a steep ridge to the south and open areas to the north, in the central highlands of the West Bank.<ref name="C&K26"/> Nearby localities include the ] adjacent to the east, the village of ] further to the east, ] to the northeast, ] and the ] of ] to the north, ] and ] to the northwest, ] and the Israeli settlements of ] to the west, ] to the southeast, and ] to the south.


==Culture== ==Culture==
===Historical and religious sites===
⚫ ]
⚫ The Orthodox Christian ] and ] are the town's main tourist attractions.<ref>{{Dead link|date=October 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Centre of Cultural Heritage of Preservation.</ref> Al-Khader's main and oldest ] is ]. According to the ], in 2007, it was burned down by ]. The mosque is about 700 years old and was restored by the ] of the ].<ref> Bannoura, Said, International Middle East Media Center. 2008-01-02. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080106114303/http://www.imemc.org/article/52186 |date=January 6, 2008 }}</ref>


Next to Solomon's Pools stands the town's Convention Palace, amidst restored historic ruins that include the Murad Fortress, a Turkish Ottoman castle built by Suleiman the Magnificent in 1617 to defend Solomon’s Pools. The fortress also houses the Murad Castle Museum for Palestinian Culture and Heritage.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sieger |first=Heiko |date=2015-02-03 |title=Murad Castle Museum for Palestinian Heritage |url=https://the-israel-guide.com/murad-castle-museum-palestinian-heritage/ |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=The Israel Guide |language=en-US}}</ref>
===Religious sites===
The Orthodox Christian ] and
⚫ ] are located in al-Khader and are main tourist attractions.<ref>{{Dead link|date=October 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Centre of Cultural Heritage of Preservation.</ref> ] from ], ] and ] and ]s from al-Khader flock to the monastery to celebrate the ] in early May. Solomon's Pools, named after ] the tenth Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, were built by the ]s under ] to provide water for the aqueduct built to supply water to Bethlehem and ] where it terminated under the ].<ref> Bethlehem Homepage, Geocities. 2009-10-24.</ref> Al-Khader's main and oldest ] is the ]. According to the International Middle East Media Center, in 2007, it was burned down by ]s. The mosque is about 700 years old and was restored by the ] of the ].<ref> Bannoura, Said, International Middle East Media Center. 2008-01-02. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080106114303/http://www.imemc.org/article/52186 |date=January 6, 2008 }}</ref>


===Cultural festivals=== ===Cultural festivals===
Line 134: Line 128:
*{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E.H.|author-link=Edward Henry Palmer|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=]}} *{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E.H.|author-link=Edward Henry Palmer|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=]}}
*{{cite book|last=Poloner|first=John|year=1894|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924028534398|title=John Poloner's description of the Holy Land (ca. A.D. 1421)|publisher=] }} *{{cite book|last=Poloner|first=John|year=1894|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924028534398|title=John Poloner's description of the Holy Land (ca. A.D. 1421)|publisher=] }}
*{{cite book|title= The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A-K (excluding Acre and Jerusalem)| volume =I |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ|first =Denys|last =Pringle|year=1993|isbn=0-521-39036-2 |publisher=]}} *{{cite book|title= The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A-K (excluding Acre and Jerusalem)| volume =I |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ|last= Pringle |first= D.|author-link=Denys Pringle|year=1993|isbn=0-521-39036-2 |publisher=]}}
*{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=E.|author-link1=Edward Robinson (scholar)|last2=Smith|first2=E|author-link2=Eli Smith|year=1841|url=https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearc00smitgoog |title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838| location=Boston|publisher=]|volume=2}} *{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=E.|author-link1=Edward Robinson (scholar)|last2=Smith|first2=E|author-link2=Eli Smith|year=1841|url=https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearc00smitgoog |title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838| location=Boston|publisher=]|volume=2}}
*{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=E.|author-link1=Edward Robinson (scholar)|last2=Smith|first2=E.|author-link2=Eli Smith|year=1841|url=https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft |title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838| location=Boston|publisher=]|volume=3}} *{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=E.|author-link1=Edward Robinson (scholar)|last2=Smith|first2=E.|author-link2=Eli Smith|year=1841|url=https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft |title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838| location=Boston|publisher=]|volume=3}}
Line 157: Line 151:
] ]
] ]
]

Latest revision as of 12:37, 13 December 2024

This article is about the Palestinian village west of Bethlehem. For the Quranic figure, see Al-Khidr. Municipality type B in Bethlehem, State of Palestine
al-Khader
Municipality type B
Arabic transcription(s)
 • Arabicالخضر
 • Latinal-Khadr (official)
Eastern al-Khader and Solomon's PoolsEastern al-Khader and Solomon's Pools
al-Khader is located in State of Palestineal-Khaderal-KhaderLocation of al-Khader within Palestine
Coordinates: 31°41′34″N 35°09′59″E / 31.69278°N 35.16639°E / 31.69278; 35.16639
Palestine grid162/124
StateState of Palestine
GovernorateBethlehem
Government
 • TypeMunicipality
 • Head of MunicipalityAhmad Salah
Area
 • Total19,882 dunams (19.9 km or 7.7 sq mi)
Population
 • Total11,960
 • Density600/km (1,600/sq mi)
Name meaning"the of Saint George"

Al-Khader (Arabic: الخضر) is a Palestinian town in the Bethlehem Governorate in the south-central West Bank. It is located 5 kilometers (3.1 mi) west of Bethlehem. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the town had a population of 11,960 in 2017. The area around al-Khader is marked by vineyards, and olive and fig trees.

Al-Khader was founded in the late 18th or early 19th century. Its main landmarks are Solomon's Pools, the Murad Fortress (a Turkish Ottoman castle built by Suleiman the Magnificent in 1617 to defend Solomon’s Pools, that today houses a Museum for Palestinian Culture and Heritage), the Monastery and Church of St. George, and Al-Hamadiyya Mosque.

Name and St George tradition

Al-Khader, in Arabic literally "The Green One", is the modern name of the village, which was called "Casale S. Georgii" during the Crusader era. It is named after Saint George – who in Arab culture is associated with the Muslim figure of al-Khadr, "the green one". According to local tradition, Saint George was imprisoned at the location the current Monastery and Church of St. George stand. Chains displayed inside the church are said to be the ones that held him while he was imprisoned, and are said to have healing power.

History

Iron Age

In 1953, a hoard of twenty-six arrowheads were discovered in al-Khader, five of them bearing inscriptions. dating from c. 1100 BCE. The inscriptions are in a transitional script, offering epigraphists the "missing link" between the pictographs of the Proto-Canaanite or Old Canaanite script, and the linear alphabetic Early Linear Phoenician script. The owner of the arrowheads "signed" them, the translation being "dart/arrow of 'Abd Labi't Bin-'Anat", both names known from the period (see for instance the warrior Shamgar Ben Anat from the biblical Song of Deborah, Judges 5:6).

Crusader period

During the Crusader era, the village was called Casale S. Georgii.

Mamluk period

Around 1421/1422 CE the Church of St. George was mentioned by Western traveler John Poloner as situated on a hill near Bethlehem.

Ottoman period

Al-Khader was founded as a subsidiary village of al-Walaja, emerging due to the Qays–Yaman war in the late 18th or early 19th century, during Ottoman rule. It was part of the political-administrative sheikdom and nahiyah ("subdistrict") of Bani Hasan, which was ruled by the Absiyeh family of al-Walaja. In 1838 it was recorded as a Muslim village by the English scholars Edward Robinson and Eli Smith, part of the Bani Hasan District, west of Jerusalem. In 1863 Victor Guérin found the village "reduced to two hundred inhabitants, almost all Muslims." He further noted remains of constructions, with rather large stones, which he thought were dated from an era prior to the Arab conquest.

Albert Socin notes that an official Ottoman village list from about 1870 documented el-chadr with a population of 122 in a total of 43 houses, though that population count only included men. It was further noted that the small Greek monastery served as a mental asylum. In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described al-Khader as a moderate-sized village with a "Greek church and convent." It was surrounded by vineyards and olive groves and "rock-cut tombs" were situated to the north of the village. It had a mixed population of Muslims and Greek Orthodox Christians, according to the Survey of Western Palestine. In 1896 the population of al-Khader was estimated to be about 210 people.

British Mandate

In the British Mandate 1922 census of Palestine, al-Khader had a population of 697; 694 Muslims and 3 Christians. By the 1931 census of Palestine, the population was 914, mostly Muslim with three Christian inhabitants.

In the 1945 statistics the town had 1,130 Muslim inhabitants and a total land area of 20,100 dunams. It was a part of the Jerusalem District. Of the land, 5,700 dunams were irrigated or used for plantations, 5,889 dunams were for cereals, while 96 dunams were built-up (urban) land.

The Orthodox Christian Church owns several hundreds of dunams made up of vineyards, olive groves and field crops. The lands were entrusted to them since the Rashidun era during the caliphate of Umar who presided over the conquest of Palestine in the 630s. Most of the land is leased to Muslim farmers.

Jordanian period

In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, al-Khader came under Jordanian rule. It was annexed by Jordan in 1950.

In 1961, the population of al-Khader was 1,798.

Post 1967

Since the Six-Day War in 1967, al-Khader has been under Israeli occupation. The population in the 1967 census conducted by the Israeli authorities was 2,051.

After the 1995 accords, 9% of al-Khader's land was classified as Area A land, 5.5% as Area B, and the remaining 85.5% as Area C.

Israel has confiscated land from al-Khader in order to construct two Israeli settlements:

In 1997, the PCBS recorded a population of 6,802 of which 3,606 were males and 3,196 were females. Unlike many Palestinian towns in the area, refugees and their descendants do not have a substantial population in al-Khader. In 1997, 5.2% of the town's inhabitants were recorded as refugees. In the 2007 PCBS census, al-Khader had a population of 9,774.

Since the construction of the Israeli West Bank barrier around al-Khader, several thousand dunams of farmland have been separated from the village, with the inhabitants unable to access them without a permit. In 2006, 50 villagers protested the barrier by filling bags with grapes and selling them along Route 60. Israeli soldiers and police attempted to quell protesters resulting in the injuries and detainment of two residents.

In April 2015 villagers blocked work by settlers to create a bypass road for access to an illegal outpost, which, if completed, would alienate a further 400 dunams of village land.

Geography and land

Funeral in Al-Khader, February, 2001

The older part of al-Khader is situated on a saddle-shaped hill facing a steep ridge to the south and open areas to the north, in the central highlands of the West Bank. Nearby localities include the Dheisheh Refugee Camp adjacent to the east, the village of Artas further to the east, Beit Jala to the northeast, al-Walaja and the Israeli settlement of Har Gilo to the north, Battir and Husan to the northwest, Nahalin and the Israeli settlements of Beitar Illit to the west, Neve Daniel to the southeast, and Elazar to the south.

Culture

Historical and religious sites

The Orthodox Christian Monastery and Church of St. George and Solomon's Pools are the town's main tourist attractions. Al-Khader's main and oldest mosque is al-Hamadiyya Mosque. According to the International Middle East Media Center, in 2007, it was burned down by Israeli settlers. The mosque is about 700 years old and was restored by the Tourism Ministry of the Palestinian National Authority.

Next to Solomon's Pools stands the town's Convention Palace, amidst restored historic ruins that include the Murad Fortress, a Turkish Ottoman castle built by Suleiman the Magnificent in 1617 to defend Solomon’s Pools. The fortress also houses the Murad Castle Museum for Palestinian Culture and Heritage.

Cultural festivals

An outside view of Al-Khader Stadium

Al-Khader is also well known in the area for its peaches, grapes and apples. It hosts its annual Grape Festival every September. The festival was initiated by the al-Khader municipality to promote the town's primary agricultural product, grapes. Other exhibitions held at the festival include one on embroidery and knitting, a local heritage exhibition of mills, grinders, and harvest tools, and an exhibition of home-made grape products such as dibs (molasses made from grapes). Al-Khader Stadium which holds a capacity of 6,000 is located in the town.

Government

Al-Khader is governed by a municipal council of thirteen members including the mayor. In the 2005 municipal elections, the Hamas-affiliated Reform list won the most seats (five), while the Fatah-affiliated Falasteen al-Ghad list won four seats. Two independent lists — Al-Aqsa and Abnaa al-Balad — each won two seats.

References

  1. ^ Preliminary Results of the Population, Housing and Establishments Census, 2017 (PDF). Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) (Report). State of Palestine. February 2018. pp. 64–82. Retrieved 2023-10-24.
  2. or “The green old man”, Palmer, 1881, pp. 299, 28
  3. Al-Khader Old Core. The Centre for Cultural Heritage Preservation.
  4. ^ Grossman, D. (1986). "Oscillations in the Rural Settlement of Samaria and Judaea in the Ottoman Period". in Shomron studies. Dar, S., Safrai, S., (eds). Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House. p. 366
  5. ^ "Al Khader". Welcome To Palestine. Retrieved 2023-10-05.
  6. ^ Röhricht, 1893, RRH, pp. 258-260, No 983; cited in Pringle, 1993, pp. 295-296
  7. Sennott, Charles M. (2001). The Body and the Blood: The Holy Land's Christians at the Turn of a New Millennium: A Reporter's Journey. PublicAffairs. p. 397. ISBN 1-891620-95-9. Retrieved 8 April 2018..
  8. Cross, F. M. (2003). "Newly Found Inscriptions in Old Canaanite and Early Phoenician Scripts: Two Unpublished Arrowheads from 'El-Hadr". Leaves from an Epigrapher's Notebook: Collected Papers in Hebrew and West Semitic Palaeography and Epigraphy. Eisenbrauns. pp. 216–217. ISBN 9781575069111. ISSN 0147-9342. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
  9. ^ Cross, F.M. (Spring 1980). "Newly Found Inscriptions in Old Canaanite and Early Phoenician Scripts". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 238 (238): 1–20. doi:10.2307/1356511. JSTOR 1356511. S2CID 222445150.
  10. ^ Cross, F. M. (1991). Senner, Wayne M. (ed.). The Invention and Development of the Alphabet. University of Nebraska Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-8032-9167-6. Retrieved 30 June 2020. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  11. Drews, R. (1993). The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe ca. 1200 B.C. Princeton University Press, p.189. ISBN 0-691-02591-6.
  12. Poloner, 1894, p. 18
  13. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 26
  14. Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, p. 325
  15. Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, Appendix 2, p. 123
  16. Guérin, 1869, pp. 310-312
  17. Socin, 1879, p. 149
  18. Hartmann, 1883, p. 148
  19. Schick, 1896, p. 125
  20. Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Bethlehem, p. 18
  21. Mills, 1932, p. 36
  22. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 25
  23. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 57 Archived 2011-06-04 at the Wayback Machine
  24. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 103 Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
  25. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 153 Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
  26. Kark, R. (2001). Jerusalem and Its Environs: Quarters, Neighborhoods, Villages, 1800-1948 Wayne State University Press, p. 199. ISBN 0-8143-2909-8.
  27. Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, p. 23
  28. Perlmann, Joel (November 2011 – February 2012). "The 1967 Census of the West Bank and Gaza Strip: A Digitized Version" (PDF). Levy Economics Institute. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
  29. ^ Al Khader Town Profile, p. 20, ARIJ
  30. Palestinian Population by Locality, Sex and Age Groups in Years Archived 2012-01-11 at the Wayback Machine Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS).
  31. Palestinian Population by Locality and Refugee Status Archived 2008-11-18 at the Wayback Machine Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS).
  32. 2017 PCBS Census Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics.
  33. Palestinians, Israelis and Internationals `armed` with grapes arrested and beaten near Bethlehem Archived 2011-05-25 at the Wayback Machine International Solidarity Movement. 2006-08-10.
  34. 'Land threatened by settler outpost near Bethlehem,' Ma'an News Agency 11 April 2015.
  35. al-Khader Centre of Cultural Heritage of Preservation.
  36. Mosque near Bethlehem burned down by Israeli settlers Bannoura, Said, International Middle East Media Center. 2008-01-02. Archived January 6, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  37. Sieger, Heiko (2015-02-03). "Murad Castle Museum for Palestinian Heritage". The Israel Guide. Retrieved 2023-10-05.
  38. The Grape Festival Centre of Cultural Heritage of Preservation.
  39. Local Elections (Round Three)- Successful lists by local authority and No. of votes obtained Archived 2008-10-31 at the Wayback Machine Central Elections Commission - Palestine, p.9.

Bibliography

External links

Bethlehem Governorate
Cities Bethlehem Governorate
State of Palestine
Municipalities
Villages
Religion
Refugee camps
Other
Categories: