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{{Infobox military person {{Infobox military person
| name = Boleslovas Kajetonas Kolyška | name = Bolesław Kajetan Kołyszko
| image = Bolesław Kołyszko.PNG | image = Bolesław Kołyszko.PNG
| birth_date = 7 August 1837 | birth_date = 7 August 1837
Line 9: Line 9:
}} }}


'''Bolesław Kajetan Kołyszko''' alias ''Rutkowski'', ''Szyszka'' ({{Langx|lt|Boleslovas Kajetonas Kolyška}}; 1838{{Sfn|Čepėnas|1957|p=223}} – 9 June ] 28 May]{{Sfn|Čepėnas|1957|p=223}} 1863) was one of the ]-]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Klimczak |first=Ewelina W. |year=2015 |title="Styczniowa wolność" – insurekcja polska 1863–1864 a prawa człowieka i obywatela. Casus ks. Antoniego Mackiewicza w świetle ''Ech z powstania styczniowego'' (1922) |url=http://wrh.edu.pl/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/093_PDFsam_WRH-t.-XII-2015.pdf |journal=Wschodni Rocznik Humanistyczny |language=pl |volume=XII |page=94 |quote=Tak więc wypada zwrócić uwagę na spis nazwisk, w tym spośród bojowników litewskich, jaki zamieszczony został w Wiązance z dziejów powstania styczniowego. Temata do odczytu z roku 1928, w którym znajdujemy nazwiska nie tylko tak znanych jak Zygmunt Sierakowski czy Ludwik Narbutt, ale i Adama Bitisa, chłopskiego dowódcy oddziału, Bolesława Kołyszko, Klety Korewa (naczelnika powiatu trockiego) czy wreszcie ks. Antoniego Mackiewicza ze Żmudzi.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bhhyAAAAIAAJ |title=Powstanie styczniowe na Lubelszczyznie: pamiętniki |publisher=Wydawn. Lubelskie |year=1966 |pages=28 |language=pl |quote=Dalej z uniwersytetu petersburskiego wychodzą: Władysław Rylski, Stanisław Buchowiecki, z moskiewskiego wychodzi Litwin Bołesław Kołyszko...}}</ref> leaders in the ].{{Sfn|Čepėnas|1957|p=223}}
'''Boleslovas Kajetonas Kolyška''' ({{Lang-pl|Bolesław Kajetan Kołyszko}}; 1838{{Sfn|Čepėnas|1957|p=223}} – 9 June ] 28 May]{{Sfn|Čepėnas|1957|p=223}} 1863) was important participant of the ] in ].


== Early life == == Early life ==
]]] ]]]
Kolyška was born into a ] family as a son of Wincenty Kołyszko and his wife from the Jursza family.{{sfn|Fajnhauz|1968|p=368}} He had an older brother, ], who also fought in the January Uprising.{{Sfn|Čepėnas|1957|p=223}} Boleslovas Kolyška graduated from the ] and studied law in the ].{{Sfn|Čepėnas|1957|p=223}}{{sfn|Fajnhauz|1968|p=368}} According to Fajnhauz, he might have graduated from ] instead of Vilnius.{{sfn|Fajnhauz|1968|p=368}} In the University of Moscow, Kolyška was part of the Polish students ] called "Ogół".{{sfn|Fajnhauz|1968|p=368}} He was arrested in 1861 for his involvement in student demonstrations in Lida.{{sfn|Fajnhauz|1968|p=368}} At the end of 1861, after a short imprisonment, he emigrated to Italy, where he met ].{{sfn|Fajnhauz|1968|p=368}} First in ] and later in ], he studied in the {{Interlanguage link|Polish Military School|pl|Polska Szkoła Wojskowa}}.{{Sfn|Čepėnas|1957|p=223}}{{sfn|Fajnhauz|1968|p=369}} Kołyszko was born into a ] family as a son of Wincenty Kołyszko and his wife from the Jursza family.{{sfn|Fajnhauz|1968|p=368}} He had an older brother, ], who also fought in the January Uprising.{{Sfn|Čepėnas|1957|p=223}} Boleslovas Kołyszko graduated from the ] and studied law in the ].{{Sfn|Čepėnas|1957|p=223}}{{sfn|Fajnhauz|1968|p=368}} According to Dawid Fajnhauz, he might have graduated from ] instead of Vilnius.{{sfn|Fajnhauz|1968|p=368}} In the University of Moscow, Kołyszko was part of the Polish students ] called "Ogół".{{sfn|Fajnhauz|1968|p=368}} He was arrested in 1861 for his involvement in student demonstrations in Lida.{{sfn|Fajnhauz|1968|p=368}} At the end of 1861, after a short imprisonment, he emigrated to Italy, where he met ].{{sfn|Fajnhauz|1968|p=368}} First in ] and later in ], he studied in the {{ill|Polish Military School|pl|Polska Szkoła Wojskowa}}.{{Sfn|Čepėnas|1957|p=223}}{{sfn|Fajnhauz|1968|p=369}} Although the Military School acquainted Kołyszko with the military, it was impossible to develop his military talent or even qualify him for a commander in such a short time.{{Sfn|D. c. n.|1864}}


== Uprising of 1863 == == Uprising of 1863 ==
After the start of the ] he went back to Lithuania.{{Sfn|Čepėnas|1957|p=223}} On 21 March 1863, he began the uprising between ] and ].{{Sfn|Čepėnas|1957|p=223}} In a few days, his unit included 400 men and was also joined by the unit led by the priest Antanas Navaina.{{Sfn|Čepėnas|1957|p=223}} As he organized the rebel group near ] during March, it was joined by the groups of ] and ].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|date=2013-09-30|title=Kolyška Boleslovas Kajetonas|url=http://www.istorikas.lt/asmenybes/k/kolyska-boleslovas-kajetonas/|url-status=live|access-date=|website=Istorikas.lt|language=lt}}</ref> The combined group was called the ].<ref name=":0" /> Kolyška led his 400 men strong regiment{{sfn|Fajnhauz|1968|p=369}} in fights against units of the Imperial Russian Army at ] on March 29-30.{{Sfn|Čepėnas|1957|p=223}}<ref name=":0" /> He then fought near ] on April 1 (together with the unit of ]), near {{Interlanguage link|Misiūnai, Marijampolė County|lt=Misiūnai|lt|Misiūnai (Šakiai)}} on April 11.<ref name=":0" /> After the start of the ] he went back to Lithuania.{{Sfn|Čepėnas|1957|p=223}} On 21 March 1863, he began the uprising between ] and ].{{Sfn|Čepėnas|1957|p=223}} In a few days, his unit included 400 men and was also joined by the unit led by the priest Antanas Navaina.{{Sfn|Čepėnas|1957|p=223}} As he organized the rebel group near ] during March, it was joined by the groups of ] and ].{{Sfn|Istorikas.lt|2013}} The combined group was called the ].{{Sfn|Istorikas.lt|2013}} The regiment had three battalions, with the battalion commanders being Bronislavas Žarskis, Antanas Norvaiša and Juozas Radavičius.{{Sfn|D. c. n.|1864}} Kołyszko led his 400 men strong regiment{{sfn|Fajnhauz|1968|p=369}}{{Sfn|D. c. n.|1864}} in fights against units of the Imperial Russian Army at ] on March 29–30.{{Sfn|Čepėnas|1957|p=223}}{{Sfn|Istorikas.lt|2013}} He then fought near ] on April 1 (together with the unit of ]), near {{ill|Misiūnai, Marijampolė County|lt=Misiūnai|lt|Misiūnai (Šakiai)}} on April 11.{{Sfn|Istorikas.lt|2013}}


By ]'s order, he led a rebel column - two battalions and a cavalry unit that fought in the ]. Kolyška and Sierakowski's aide-de-camp {{ill|Jarosław Kossakowski|pl}} were supposed to take wounded Sierakowski and transport him out of the country, but they were captured on May 10.{{sfn|Fajnhauz|1968|p=369}} During the interogation he blamed Sierakowski for the uprising's failure and underlined that he was doing everything for the homeland.{{sfn|Fajnhauz|1968|p=369}} He was hanged by a ] on June 9, 1863.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Maksimaitienė|first=Ona|title=Boleslovas Kajetonas Koliška|work=]|publisher=]|year=2006|volume=X (Khmerai-Krelle)|location=Vilnius|pages=372|language=lt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bairašauskaitė|first=Tamara|title=1863 -1864 m. sukilėlių kelias į mirtį ir atgimimą|publisher=]|year=2019|isbn=978-609-478-031-8|location=Vilnius|language=lt}}</ref> By ]'s order, he led a rebel column - two battalions and a cavalry unit that fought in the ]. On May 7, Kołyszko was the first from the rebel columns to reach the designated spot, {{ill|Medeikiai|lt}}.{{Sfn|Kupiškio etnografijos muziejus|2021}} They were attacked by Russian forces, but when Sierakowski came and joined the battle, the Russian attack was repelled.{{Sfn|Kupiškio etnografijos muziejus|2021}} Kołyszko and Sierakowski's aide-de-camp {{ill|Jarosław Kossakowski|pl}} were supposed to take wounded the Sierakowski and transport him out of the country, but they were captured on May 10.{{sfn|Fajnhauz|1968|p=369}} During the interrogation he blamed Sierakowski for the uprising's failure and underlined that he was doing everything for the homeland.{{sfn|Fajnhauz|1968|p=369}} He was hanged by a ] on June 9, 1863.{{Sfn|Maksimaitienė|2006|p=372}}{{Sfn|Bairašauskaitė|2019}} The remains were secretly buried in ]' ].


== Commemoration ==
The remains were secretly buried in ]' ]. They were found in 2017 during the works designed to strengthen {{Interlanguage link|Gediminas' Mountain|lt|Gedimino kalnas}}. On 22 November 2019, the remains were solemnly buried in the ] of the ] {{Interlanguage link|Rasos Cemetery Chapel|lt=Chapel|lt|Rasų kapinių koplyčia}} in Vilnius.<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 October 2019|title=1863–1864 m. sukilimo vadų ir dalyvių valstybinių laidotuvių ceremonija vyks 2019 m. lapkričio 22 d.|url=https://kam.lt/lt/naujienos_874/aktualijos_875/18631864_m._sukilimo_vadu_ir_dalyviu_valstybiniu_laidotuviu_ceremonija_vyks_2019_m._lapkricio_22_d..html?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=pmd_4tuHX5sH9AlSJjvdJHEAYqhgRSzrX2HRzCJZihgMSQA-1634745394-0-gqNtZGzNAuWjcnBszQkR|url-status=live|website=kam.lt|language=lt}}</ref>
Kołyszko already during his lifetime became the hero of songs and poems. One of them called ''Przeszły troski i frasunki...'' ("Troubles and sorrows are gone...") is dated 28 March 1863, the authorship of it is attributed to Vilnius-born poet {{Ill|Jerzy Laskarys (poet)|lt=Jerzy Laskarys|pl|Jerzy Laskarys (poeta)}}. Alongside Kołyszka, it praises other leaders of the uprising in Samogitia, Lithuania and Belarus. Kołyszko is portrayed in it as a revolutionary folk leader:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kacnelson |first=Dora |date=1967 |title=Bohaterowie powstania styczniowego w polskich pieśniach ludowych i żołnierskich |trans-title=Heroes of the January Uprising January Uprising heroes in Polish folk and military songs |journal=Pamiętnik Literacki |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=164}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Original text
!English translation
|-
|''Wyprostować ostre kosy,<br />Wezwać włościan, jak Bóg każe<br />I zawołać wniebogłosy:<br />Do Kołyszki! Za Niewiażę!''
|''Straighten the sharp scythes,<br />Call the peasants, as God commands,''<br />''and cry out in a loud voice:''<br />''To Kołyszko! Beyond the Nevėžis!''
|}
His remains were found in 2017 during the works designed to strengthen {{ill|Gediminas' Mountain|lt|Gedimino kalnas}}. On 22 November 2019, the remains were solemnly buried in the ] of the ] {{ill|Rasos Cemetery Chapel|lt=Chapel|lt|Rasų kapinių koplyčia}} in Vilnius.{{Sfn|kam.lt|2019}}


== Sources == == Sources ==
Line 29: Line 39:
* {{Cite encyclopedia|year=1957|title=Boleslovas Kolyška|encyclopedia=Lietuvių enciklopedija|location=Boston|url=https://lituapedija.net/search/?title=Vaizdas%3ALE12.djvu&page=223|last=Čepėnas|first=Pranas|volume=12|page=223|language=Lithuanian}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|year=1957|title=Boleslovas Kolyška|encyclopedia=Lietuvių enciklopedija|location=Boston|url=https://lituapedija.net/search/?title=Vaizdas%3ALE12.djvu&page=223|last=Čepėnas|first=Pranas|volume=12|page=223|language=Lithuanian}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia|year=1968|title=Bolesław Kołyszko|encyclopedia=Polski Słownik Biograficzny|volume=13|location=Wrocław|last=Fajnhauz|first=Dawid|pages=84–85|language=Polish}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|year=1968|title=Bolesław Kołyszko|encyclopedia=Polski Słownik Biograficzny|volume=13|location=Wrocław|last=Fajnhauz|first=Dawid|pages=84–85|language=Polish}}
*{{Cite encyclopedia|year=2006|title=Boleslovas Kajetonas Koliška|encyclopedia=]|publisher=]|location=Vilnius|last=Maksimaitienė|first=Ona|volume=X (Khmerai-Krelle)|page=372|language=lt}}
*{{Cite web|last=Istorikas.lt|date=30 September 2013|title=Kolyška Boleslovas Kajetonas|url=http://www.istorikas.lt/asmenybes/k/kolyska-boleslovas-kajetonas/|website=|language=lt}}
*{{Cite book|last=Bairašauskaitė|first=Tamara|title=1863-1864 m. sukilėlių kelias į mirtį ir atgimimą|publisher=]|year=2019|isbn=978-609-478-031-8|location=Vilnius|language=lt}}
*{{Cite web|last=kam.lt|date=22 October 2019|title=1863–1864 m. sukilimo vadų ir dalyvių valstybinių laidotuvių ceremonija vyks 2019 m. lapkričio 22 d.|url=https://kam.lt/lt/naujienos_874/aktualijos_875/18631864_m._sukilimo_vadu_ir_dalyviu_valstybiniu_laidotuviu_ceremonija_vyks_2019_m._lapkricio_22_d..html?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=pmd_4tuHX5sH9AlSJjvdJHEAYqhgRSzrX2HRzCJZihgMSQA-1634745394-0-gqNtZGzNAuWjcnBszQkR|website=|language=lt}}
*{{Cite web|last=Kupiškio etnografijos muziejus|date=2021|title=1863 – 1864 m. sukilimo keliu po Šiaurės Rytų Aukštaitiją|url=https://etnografijosmuziejus.lt/virtuali-paroda/1863-1864-m-sukilimo-keliu-po-siaures-rytu-aukstaitija/|website=etnografijosmuziejus.lt|language=lt}}
*{{Cite journal|last=D. c. n.|date=19 December 1864|title=Monografja oddziałów powstańczych na Żmudzi.|trans-title=A monograph of insurgent units in Samogitia.|url=https://cyfrowe.mnk.pl/dlibra/publication/1404/edition/1261/content?ref=desc|journal=]|language=pl|issue=124|via=cyfrowe.mnk.pl}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Kołyszko, Bolesław}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kolyška, Boleslovas}}
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Latest revision as of 00:57, 2 December 2024

Bolesław Kajetan Kołyszko
Nickname(s)Rutkowski, Szyszka
Born7 August 1837
Navickiškės [lt]
Died9 June 1863
Vilnius

Bolesław Kajetan Kołyszko alias Rutkowski, Szyszka (Lithuanian: Boleslovas Kajetonas Kolyška; 1838 – 9 June 1863) was one of the Polish-Lithuanian leaders in the January Uprising.

Early life

Kołyszko's photograph among the portraits of executed leaders of January Uprising. For the Faith and the Homeland 1863, executed - hanged by Awit Szubert

Kołyszko was born into a petty noble family as a son of Wincenty Kołyszko and his wife from the Jursza family. He had an older brother, Feliksas Kolyška, who also fought in the January Uprising. Boleslovas Kołyszko graduated from the Vilnius Gymnasium and studied law in the University of Moscow. According to Dawid Fajnhauz, he might have graduated from Lida gymnasium instead of Vilnius. In the University of Moscow, Kołyszko was part of the Polish students association called "Ogół". He was arrested in 1861 for his involvement in student demonstrations in Lida. At the end of 1861, after a short imprisonment, he emigrated to Italy, where he met Ludwik Mierosławski. First in Genoa and later in Cuneo, he studied in the Polish Military School [pl]. Although the Military School acquainted Kołyszko with the military, it was impossible to develop his military talent or even qualify him for a commander in such a short time.

Uprising of 1863

After the start of the uprising he went back to Lithuania. On 21 March 1863, he began the uprising between Čekiškė and Panevėžys. In a few days, his unit included 400 men and was also joined by the unit led by the priest Antanas Navaina. As he organized the rebel group near Kaunas during March, it was joined by the groups of Bronislavas Žarskis and Antanas Norvaiša. The combined group was called the Dubysa Regiment. The regiment had three battalions, with the battalion commanders being Bronislavas Žarskis, Antanas Norvaiša and Juozas Radavičius. Kołyszko led his 400 men strong regiment in fights against units of the Imperial Russian Army at Aukštdvaris on March 29–30. He then fought near Lenčiai on April 1 (together with the unit of Tomas Kušleika), near Misiūnai [lt] on April 11.

By Zygmunt Sierakowski's order, he led a rebel column - two battalions and a cavalry unit that fought in the battle of Biržai. On May 7, Kołyszko was the first from the rebel columns to reach the designated spot, Medeikiai [lt]. They were attacked by Russian forces, but when Sierakowski came and joined the battle, the Russian attack was repelled. Kołyszko and Sierakowski's aide-de-camp Jarosław Kossakowski [pl] were supposed to take wounded the Sierakowski and transport him out of the country, but they were captured on May 10. During the interrogation he blamed Sierakowski for the uprising's failure and underlined that he was doing everything for the homeland. He was hanged by a court-martial on June 9, 1863. The remains were secretly buried in Vilnius' Gediminas' Hill.

Commemoration

Kołyszko already during his lifetime became the hero of songs and poems. One of them called Przeszły troski i frasunki... ("Troubles and sorrows are gone...") is dated 28 March 1863, the authorship of it is attributed to Vilnius-born poet Jerzy Laskarys [pl]. Alongside Kołyszka, it praises other leaders of the uprising in Samogitia, Lithuania and Belarus. Kołyszko is portrayed in it as a revolutionary folk leader:

Original text English translation
Wyprostować ostre kosy,
Wezwać włościan, jak Bóg każe
I zawołać wniebogłosy:
Do Kołyszki! Za Niewiażę!
Straighten the sharp scythes,
Call the peasants, as God commands,

and cry out in a loud voice:
To Kołyszko! Beyond the Nevėžis!

His remains were found in 2017 during the works designed to strengthen Gediminas' Mountain [lt]. On 22 November 2019, the remains were solemnly buried in the Columbarium of the Rasos Cemetery Chapel [lt] in Vilnius.

Sources

  1. ^ Čepėnas 1957, p. 223.
  2. ^ Fajnhauz 1968, p. 368.
  3. Klimczak, Ewelina W. (2015). ""Styczniowa wolność" – insurekcja polska 1863–1864 a prawa człowieka i obywatela. Casus ks. Antoniego Mackiewicza w świetle Ech z powstania styczniowego (1922)" (PDF). Wschodni Rocznik Humanistyczny (in Polish). XII: 94. Tak więc wypada zwrócić uwagę na spis nazwisk, w tym spośród bojowników litewskich, jaki zamieszczony został w Wiązance z dziejów powstania styczniowego. Temata do odczytu z roku 1928, w którym znajdujemy nazwiska nie tylko tak znanych jak Zygmunt Sierakowski czy Ludwik Narbutt, ale i Adama Bitisa, chłopskiego dowódcy oddziału, Bolesława Kołyszko, Klety Korewa (naczelnika powiatu trockiego) czy wreszcie ks. Antoniego Mackiewicza ze Żmudzi.
  4. Powstanie styczniowe na Lubelszczyznie: pamiętniki (in Polish). Wydawn. Lubelskie. 1966. p. 28. Dalej z uniwersytetu petersburskiego wychodzą: Władysław Rylski, Stanisław Buchowiecki, z moskiewskiego wychodzi Litwin Bołesław Kołyszko...
  5. ^ Fajnhauz 1968, p. 369.
  6. ^ D. c. n. 1864.
  7. ^ Istorikas.lt 2013.
  8. ^ Kupiškio etnografijos muziejus 2021.
  9. Maksimaitienė 2006, p. 372.
  10. Bairašauskaitė 2019.
  11. Kacnelson, Dora (1967). "Bohaterowie powstania styczniowego w polskich pieśniach ludowych i żołnierskich" [Heroes of the January Uprising January Uprising heroes in Polish folk and military songs]. Pamiętnik Literacki. 58 (3): 164.
  12. kam.lt 2019.

Bibliography

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