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{{Infobox settlement {{Infobox Turkey place
|type=province
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->| name = Batman Province
| native_name = Batman ili<!-- if different from the English name --> | name = Batman Province
| native_name_lang = tr<!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "tr" for Turkish. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead -->
| settlement_type = ]
| image_skyline = Hasankeyf Castle.jpg
| image_caption = Hasankeyf
⚫ | image_flag =
| image_seal = <!-- maps and coordinates ------>
| image_map = Batman in Turkey.svg | image_map = Batman in Turkey.svg
| mapsize = 300px
| map_caption = Location of Batman Province in Turkey | map_caption = Location of Batman Province in Turkey
|website={{url|http://batman.gov.tr}}
<!-- location ------------------>| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = ] | leader_name = Ekrem Canalp (deposed)
| subdivision_type1 = ] |seat=]
⚫ | area_total_km2 = 4477
| subdivision_name1 = ]
|population_total=634,491
| subdivision_type2 = ]
⚫ |population_as_of=2022
| subdivision_name2 = ]
|population_footnotes = <ref name=tuik/>
| seat_type = Provincial seat
|leader_title=]|image_skyline=Hasankeyf Castle.jpg| area_footnotes = <ref name=area/>
| seat = ]
⚫ |area_code=0488}}
| seat1_type = Largest city
| seat1 = <!-- coordinates -->
| coordinates = <!-- government type, leaders -->
| leader_title = ]
| leader_name = ]
| leader_title1 = Governor
| leader_name1 = Hulusi Şahin
| total_type = Total
| area_total_km2 = 4649
| population_footnotes = {{wikidata|reference|P1082|P585=2018}}
| population_total = {{wikidata|property|raw|P1082|P585=2018}}
⚫ | population_as_of = 2018
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban = 335.400
| population_urban_footnotes =
| population_rural =
| population_rural_footnotes =
| area_code_type = <!-- defaults to: Area code(s) -->
⚫ | area_code = 0488
| registration_plate = 72
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| established_date = May 1990
| established_title = Foundation
}}


'''Batman Province''' ({{lang-tr|{{italics correction|Batman ili}}}}, {{lang-ku|Parêzgeha Êlihê}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nerinaazad.org/kr/news/kurdistan/bakur/li-elihe-teqin-kusti-u-birindar-heye|title=Li Êlihê teqîn... kuşti û birîndar heye|date=4 October 2018|work=Nerina Azad|access-date=27 April 2020|language=ku}}</ref>) is a province in the ] Region of Turkey. It was created in May 1990 with the Law No. 3647 taking some parts from the eastern Province of ] and some from the southern Province of ].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Urbanization and Productivity: Evidence from Turkish Provinces over the Period|last=Deichmann|first=Somik V. Lall, Souleymane Coulibaly, Uwe|date=2007|publisher=World Bank Publications|pages=7|language=en}}</ref> The province's population exceeded 500,000 in 2010. The city of ] with 460,955 inhabitants, is the provincial capital. Its current Governor is Hulusi Şahin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.batman.gov.tr/|title=T.C. Batman Valiliği|website=www.batman.gov.tr|access-date=2020-03-25}}</ref> '''Batman Province''' ({{langx|tr|{{italics correction|Batman ili}}}}, {{langx|ku-Latn|Parêzgeha Êlihê}};<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nerinaazad.org/kr/news/kurdistan/bakur/li-elihe-teqin-kusti-u-birindar-heye|title=Li Êlihê teqîn... kuşti û birîndar heye|date=4 October 2018|work=Nerina Azad|access-date=27 April 2020|language=ku}}</ref> {{langx|hy|Բատմանի զավառ}}) is a province in ].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Türkiye Mülki İdare Bölümleri Envanteri |url=https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx |access-date=19 December 2022 |website=T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı |language=tr}}</ref> It was created in May 1990 with the Law No. 3647 taking some parts from the eastern Province of ] and some from the southern Province of ].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Urbanization and Productivity: Evidence from Turkish Provinces over the Period|last=Deichmann|first=Somik V. Lall, Souleymane Coulibaly, Uwe|date=2007|publisher=World Bank Publications|pages=7|language=en}}</ref> Its area is 4,477&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>,<ref name=area/> and its population is 634,491 (2022).<ref name=tuik>{{Cite web |title=Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports|url=https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en |access-date=19 September 2023|publisher=]|language=en|format=XLS}}</ref> Its current governor is Ekrem Canalp.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.batman.gov.tr/yoneticilerimiz|title=T.C. Batman Valiliği|website=www.batman.gov.tr|access-date=2023-08-18}}</ref>


The province has a ] majority<ref>{{cite book|last=Watts|first=Nicole F.|title=Activists in Office: Kurdish Politics and Protest in Turkey (Studies in Modernity and National Identity)|date=2010|publisher=University of Washington Press|location=Seattle|isbn=978-0-295-99050-7|page=167|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXWl40KJfKEC&pg=PA167 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Izreʿel|first=Shlomo|title=Language and Culture in the Near East|last2=Drory|first2=Rina|publisher=BRILL|year=1995|isbn=9789004104570|location=|pages=244}}</ref> with a large Arab minority found in the northern parts of the province (] and ]) and ].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yüksel |first1=Müfit |title=Araplar Ve Kürtler-3 |url=https://www.yenisafak.com/yazarlar/mufit-yuksel/araplar-ve-kurtler-3-33431 |website=Yeni Şafak |access-date=7 June 2022}}</ref> The province is considered part of ] and has a ] majority.<ref>{{cite book|last=Watts|first=Nicole F.|title=Activists in Office: Kurdish Politics and Protest in Turkey (Studies in Modernity and National Identity)|date=2010|publisher=University of Washington Press|location=Seattle|isbn=978-0-295-99050-7|page=167|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXWl40KJfKEC&pg=PA167 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Izreʿel|first1=Shlomo|title=Language and Culture in the Near East|last2=Drory|first2=Rina|publisher=BRILL|year=1995|isbn=9789004104570|location=|pages=244}}</ref>


==History== ==History==
The Batman Province contains the strategic ] river with fertile lands by its sides, as well as rocky hills with numerous caves providing a natural shelter. Therefore, it was inhabited from prehistoric times, likely from the ] (]) period, according to archeological evidence. First documented evidence of settlements in the province dates back to 7th century BC. An artificial "island" was created in this marshy area. It was named ''Elekhan'', and had an independent status for 194 years from 546 BC till the invasion of ] in 334 BC. The Batman Province was a religious center in the 4th–6th centuries AD and a part of the ]. In the 11th–12th centuries it was ruled by the ] and ], a part of which was based in the province, in the city of ]. The city is a cultural center of the Batman Province and as such was declared as a natural conservation area in 1981.<ref>, kultur.gov.tr</ref> The Batman Province contains the strategic ] river with fertile lands by its sides, as well as rocky hills with numerous caves providing a natural shelter. Therefore, it was inhabited from prehistoric times, likely from the ] (]) period, according to archeological evidence. First documented evidence of settlements in the province dates back to 7th century BC. An artificial "island" was created in this marshy area. It was named ''Elekhan'', and had an independent status for 194 years from 546 BC till the invasion of ] in 334 BC. The Batman Province was a religious center in the 4th–6th centuries AD and a part of the ]. In the 11th–12th centuries it was ruled by the ] and ], a part of which was based in the province, in the city of ]. The city is a cultural center of the Batman Province and as such was declared as a natural conservation area in 1981.<ref>, kultur.gov.tr</ref>


Around 4th–6th centuries AD the province became an outpost of the ]. It was populated by ] and Armenians, also had a significant presence of ], ]. Around 4th–6th centuries AD the province became an outpost of the ]. It was populated by ] and ], also had a significant presence of ], ].
Significant changes in the language and management of the province were brought in 1515 by Mahmoud Pasha Elekhani. It is believed that a variant of his name, ''Elah'', was transformed into ''Iluh'' and gave the old name to Batman city.<ref name=r1> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310074232/http://www.gap.gov.tr/gap-provinces/batman |date=March 10, 2011 }}, gap.gov.tr</ref><ref name=g1>, kultur.gov.tr, 18 June 2008 (in Turkish)</ref><ref name=g3> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111223064222/http://www.kultur.gov.tr/TR/belge/1-33025/tarihce.html |date=2011-12-23 }}, kultur.gov.tr, 21 February 2007 (in Turkish)</ref> Significant changes in the language and management of the province were brought in 1515 by Mahmoud Pasha Elekhani. It is believed that a variant of his name, ''Elah'', was transformed into ''Iluh'' and gave the old name to Batman city.<ref name=r1> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310074232/http://www.gap.gov.tr/gap-provinces/batman |date=March 10, 2011 }}, gap.gov.tr</ref><ref name=g1>, kultur.gov.tr, 18 June 2008 (in Turkish)</ref><ref name=g3> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111223064222/http://www.kultur.gov.tr/TR/belge/1-33025/tarihce.html |date=2011-12-23 }}, kultur.gov.tr, 21 February 2007 (in Turkish)</ref>


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Development of oil fields resulted in relocation of Turkish people into a mostly Kurd-populated Batman Province. This brought ] which escalated in 1990s. More than 180 civilians were killed in the Batman city area by unidentified gunmen between 1992 and 1993.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Jonathan Rugman|author2=Roger Hutchings|title=Ataturk's Children|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GTtz79KJwV8C&pg=PA55|date=13 March 2001|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8264-5490-4|pages=55–}}</ref> The province became a stronghold of the ] and it was reported that Batman hosted a camp where the militants received military and political training.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502170944/http://www.humanrights.is/the-human-rights-rpoject/humanrightscasesandmaterials/cases/regionalcases/europeancourtofhumanrights/nr/432 |date=2 May 2008 }}, ] judgment concerning ] case, section II, C</ref> Development of oil fields resulted in relocation of Turkish people into a mostly Kurd-populated Batman Province. This brought ] which escalated in 1990s. More than 180 civilians were killed in the Batman city area by unidentified gunmen between 1992 and 1993.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Jonathan Rugman|author2=Roger Hutchings|title=Ataturk's Children|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GTtz79KJwV8C&pg=PA55|date=13 March 2001|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8264-5490-4|pages=55–}}</ref> The province became a stronghold of the ] and it was reported that Batman hosted a camp where the militants received military and political training.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502170944/http://www.humanrights.is/the-human-rights-rpoject/humanrightscasesandmaterials/cases/regionalcases/europeancourtofhumanrights/nr/432 |date=2 May 2008 }}, ] judgment concerning ] case, section II, C</ref>


Recent individual incidents include the following: 1 Turkish soldier was killed and 2 wounded during clashes in the province on 15 April 2010.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419192740/http://www.worldbulletin.net/news_detail.php?id=57125 |date=2010-04-19 }}. Worldbulletin.net (2010-04-16). Retrieved 2010-08-20.</ref> One Turkish soldier was killed and 2 injured after a ] (PKK) attack on a Turkish military outpost on 7 July 2010.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} Four Kurdish civilians were killed on 1 August 2010 after their vehicle struck a roadside bomb.<ref>. Samanyoluhaber.com. Retrieved 2010-08-20.</ref> Later on 9 August 2010 5 PKK militants were killed in clashes with the Turkish military.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} Recent individual incidents include the following: 1 Turkish soldier was killed and 2 wounded during clashes in the province on 15 April 2010.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419192740/http://www.worldbulletin.net/news_detail.php?id=57125 |date=2010-04-19 }}. Worldbulletin.net (2010-04-16). Retrieved 2010-08-20.</ref> Four Kurdish civilians were killed on 1 August 2010 after their vehicle struck a roadside bomb.<ref>. Samanyoluhaber.com. Retrieved 2010-08-20.</ref>


⚫ == Geography ==
]
⚫ The province occupies an area of {{cvt|4,477|km2}}.<ref name=area>{{cite web|url=https://www.harita.gov.tr/uploads/files-folder/il_ilce_alanlari.xlsx|title=İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri|publisher=General Directorate of Mapping|access-date=30 January 2023}}</ref> It lies in a mountainous area with the average elevation of 550 meters which contains several thousands of caves. The tallest mountains are Sason Dağları (2500 m), Meleto (2967 m), Kuşaklı Dağı (1947 m), Avcı Dağı (2121 m), Meydanok Tepesi (2042 m), Kortepe (2082 m) and Raman Dağı (1288 m). Several rivers ({{langx|tr|Çay}} or {{lang|tr|Nehir}}) flow through the province, including ], ], Sason and Garzan. The {{cvt|115|km}} long Batman River flowing approximately from north to south forms a natural border between the Batman Province and ] lying to the west. The historic ] (built in 1146–1147) crosses the river near the town of ]. The Tigris flows from west to east, merges with the Batman River and exits the province. The Garzan River flowing from north to south enters the Tigris and separates Batman from the ] lying to the east.<ref name="g2"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912182644/http://www.kultur.gov.tr/TR/belge/1-33024/cografya.html |date=2012-09-12 }}, kultur.gov.tr, 21 February 2007 (in Turkish)</ref> The province is also of interest from an archaeological point of view. Sights include the Imam Abdullah Dervish monastery, the bridge of Camiü‘r Rızk and ].


==Districts== ===Districts===
] ]

The province is divided into six districts:
* ''']'''
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]


There are 289 villages in the province.<ref>, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 30 January 2023.</ref>
The province occupies an area of {{cvt|4,649|km2}} (4,659 according to other source<ref>, Europa auf einen Blick</ref>) and is divided into six districts: ] (capital, population 324,402 in 2008), ] (32,282), ] (26,111), ] (7,412), ] (62,114) and ] (33,295).<ref name=r1/><ref>{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Turkish Statistical Institute</ref> There are 270 villages in the province.<ref>Balaban, Meltem Şenol . PhD Thesis. Graduate School of Natural and Applied sciences, Middle East Technical University 2009, p. 21</ref>
{{clear left}}


== Demographics == == Demographics ==
]
⚫ The population of the province is rapidly growing as a result of the inflow of workforce to the capital. Between 1990 and 2000, its population was rising at a rate of 5% per year. The population was stable in Beşiri and Gercüş, increasing by 1% per year in Kozluk and Sason and decreasing by 3% per year in Hasankeyf.<ref>. turkstat.gov.tr</ref> The total population was 608,659 in 2019 with 460,955 people living in the urban areas, mostly in the capital. It was 49.8% female.<ref>{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Turkish Statistical Institute</ref>

⚫ The population of the province is rapidly growing as a result of the inflow of workforce to the capital. Between 1990 and 2000, its population was rising at a rate of 5% per year. The population was stable in Beşiri and Gercüş, increasing by 1% per year in Kozluk and Sason and decreasing by 3% per year in Hasankeyf.<ref>. turkstat.gov.tr</ref> The total population was 634,491 in 2022.<ref name=tuik/>

{{Historical populations {{Historical populations
|align=right |align=right
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|percentages=pagr |percentages=pagr
}} }}

⚫ == Geography ==
⚫ The province lies in the mountainous area with the average elevation of 550 meters which contains several thousands of caves. The tallest mountains are Sason Dağları (2500 m), Meleto (2967 m), Kuşaklı Dağı (1947 m), Avcı Dağı (2121 m), Meydanok Tepesi (2042 m), Kortepe (2082 m) and Raman Dağı (1288 m). Several rivers ({{lang-tr|Çayı}}) flow through the province, including ], ], Sason and Garzan. The {{cvt|115|km}} long Batman River flowing approximately from north to south forms a natural border between the Batman Province and ] lying to the west. The historic ] (built in 1146–1147) crosses the river near the town of ]. The Tigris flows from west to east, merges with the Batman River and exits the province. The Garzan River flowing from north to south enters the Tigris and separates Batman from the ] lying to the east.<ref name="g2"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912182644/http://www.kultur.gov.tr/TR/belge/1-33024/cografya.html |date=2012-09-12 }}, kultur.gov.tr, 21 February 2007 (in Turkish)</ref> The province is also of interest from an archaeological point of view. Sights include the Imam Abdullah Dervish monastery, the bridge of Camiü‘r Rızk and ].


==Oil industry== ==Oil industry==
Search for oil in the Batman Province was started in 1935. On 20 April 1940, oil was found at a depth of 1048 meters at the ], south-east of Batman, nearby the city. The first experimental well started producing 10 tonnes (about 62 barrels) per day from 6 June 1940. Search for oil in the Batman Province was started in 1935. On 20 April 1940, oil was found at a depth of 1048 meters at the ], south-east of Batman, nearby the city. The first experimental well started producing 10 tonnes (about 62 barrels) per day from 6 June 1940.


The field was expanded for commercial production by 1945, but the production was delayed to 1947 by the lack of storage. A small refinery was built at the site with a capacity of 9 tonnes/day by 1947 and by November 1948 a bigger refinery capable of processing up to 200 tonnes/day was built in Batman. Even bigger refinery (330 tonnes/d) was built in Batman by 1955.<ref name="petr"> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111223061413/http://www.tpao.gov.tr/spe/history.htm |date=2011-12-23 }}, tpao.gov.tr</ref> Several other oil fields were later discovered in the province with the ], which produces about 7,000 barrels daily, being the largest oil field in Turkey.<ref name="oil" /><ref>{{cite journal|author=Sacaeddin Sahin|url=http://tejaswy.com/books/eor2/eor2/Group%20assignment/Bati%20raman%20case%20study.pdf|title=Bati Raman Field Immiscible CO2 Application: Status Quo and Future Plans|year=2008|journal=SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering|volume=11|issue=4|pages=778–791|doi=10.2118/106575-PA|display-authors=etal|access-date=2011-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716202907/http://tejaswy.com/books/eor2/eor2/Group%20assignment/Bati%20raman%20case%20study.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-16|url-status=dead}}</ref> A {{cvt|511|km}} long oil pipeline was brought in 1967 from Batman to the port city of ] near the easternmost point of the ] coast to transport the Batman crude oil. The pipeline has an annual capacity of 3.5 million tonnes and was transporting about 20 million barrels (about 2.7 million tonnes) in the 1990s and about twice less between 2003 and 2007. Another, short ({{cvt|41|km|disp=sqbr}}) pipeline connected Batman with Şelmo – the location of the second largest oil field in Turkey.<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302090923/http://www.transatlanticpetroleum.com/s/Turkey.asp |date=March 2, 2011 }}, TransAtlantic Petroleum</ref> It was transferring between 1.5 and 0.5 million barrels per year in the period 1990–2007. Both pipelines are operated by ].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.botas.gov.tr/index.asp | title = Batman-Dörtyol Petrol Boru Hattı (Turkish) | publisher = BOTAŞ | access-date = 2011-02-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110827162929/http://www.botas.gov.tr/index.asp | archive-date = 2011-08-27 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=International Transport Forum|author2=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|title=Intermodal transport: National peer review: Turkey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_vusRsNdtQC&pg=PA94|access-date=9 February 2011|date=30 April 2009|publisher=International Transport Forum|isbn=978-92-821-0222-0|pages=87, 94}}</ref> The field was expanded for commercial production by 1945, but the production was delayed to 1947 by the lack of storage. A small refinery was built at the site with a capacity of 9 tonnes/day by 1947 and by November 1948 a bigger refinery capable of processing up to 200 tonnes/day was built in Batman. An even bigger refinery (330 tonnes/d) was built in Batman by 1955.<ref name="petr"> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111223061413/http://www.tpao.gov.tr/spe/history.htm |date=2011-12-23 }}, tpao.gov.tr</ref> Several other oil fields were later discovered in the province with the ], which produces about 7,000 barrels daily, being the largest oil field in Turkey.<ref name="oil" /><ref>{{cite journal|author=Sacaeddin Sahin|url=http://tejaswy.com/books/eor2/eor2/Group%20assignment/Bati%20raman%20case%20study.pdf|title=Bati Raman Field Immiscible CO2 Application: Status Quo and Future Plans|year=2008|journal=SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering|volume=11|issue=4|pages=778–791|doi=10.2118/106575-PA|display-authors=etal|access-date=2011-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716202907/http://tejaswy.com/books/eor2/eor2/Group%20assignment/Bati%20raman%20case%20study.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-16|url-status=dead}}</ref> A {{cvt|511|km}} long oil pipeline was brought in 1967 from Batman to the port city of ] near the easternmost point of the ] coast to transport the Batman crude oil. The pipeline has an annual capacity of 3.5 million tonnes and was transporting about 20 million barrels (about 2.7 million tonnes) in the 1990s and about twice less between 2003 and 2007. Another, short ({{cvt|41|km|disp=sqbr}}) pipeline connected Batman with Şelmo – the location of the second largest oil field in Turkey.<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302090923/http://www.transatlanticpetroleum.com/s/Turkey.asp |date=March 2, 2011 }}, TransAtlantic Petroleum</ref> It was transferring between 1.5 and 0.5 million barrels per year in the period 1990–2007. Both pipelines are operated by ].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.botas.gov.tr/index.asp | title = Batman-Dörtyol Petrol Boru Hattı (Turkish) | publisher = BOTAŞ | access-date = 2011-02-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110827162929/http://www.botas.gov.tr/index.asp | archive-date = 2011-08-27 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=International Transport Forum|author2=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|title=Intermodal transport: National peer review: Turkey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_vusRsNdtQC&pg=PA94|access-date=9 February 2011|date=30 April 2009|publisher=International Transport Forum|isbn=978-92-821-0222-0|pages=87, 94}}</ref>


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"; padding="10px;" {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; padding:10px"
|+Oil fields of the Batman Province<ref name="oil">{{cite journal|title=Upper cretaceous carbonate reservoirs of the Raman Field, Southeast Turkey|doi=10.1007/BF03174401|author=Gengiz Keskin and Cengiz Can|journal= ]|volume=1|issue=1|pages=25}}</ref><ref name="petr" /> |+Oil fields of the Batman Province<ref name="oil">{{cite journal|title=Upper cretaceous carbonate reservoirs of the Raman Field, Southeast Turkey|doi=10.1007/BF03174401|author=Gengiz Keskin and Cengiz Can|journal= ]|year=1986 |volume=1|issue=1|pages=25–43|s2cid=129219634 }}</ref><ref name="petr" />
!Name!!Discovered!!Production<br />started in!!Reserves <br />(million ])!!Production <br />(bbl/day, 2007) !Name!!Discovered!!Production<br />started in!!Reserves <br />(million ])!!Production <br />(bbl/day, 2007)
|- |-
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==Batman dam== ==Batman dam==
The ] construction was started in 1986 and completed in 1999. It has a height of 85 meters and annual power generation capacity of 483 GWh (peak power 198 MW). The associated reservoir has a surface area of 49&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> and a volume of 1.175&nbsp;km<sup>3</sup>. The dam supplies water for the area of {{convert|37744| ha}}.<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702215954/http://www.dsi.gov.tr/baraj/detayeng.cfm?BarajID=188 |date=July 2, 2014 }}, General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works</ref> The ] construction was started in 1986 and completed in 1999. It has a height of 85 meters and an annual power generation capacity of 483 GWh (peak power 198 MW). The associated reservoir has a surface area of 49&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> and a volume of 1.175&nbsp;km<sup>3</sup>. The dam supplies water for an area of {{convert|37744| ha}}.<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702215954/http://www.dsi.gov.tr/baraj/detayeng.cfm?BarajID=188 |date=July 2, 2014 }}, General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works</ref>


==Famous personalities== ==Famous personalities==
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] ]
] ]
]

Latest revision as of 02:52, 9 December 2024

Province in Turkey
Batman Province
Province
Location of Batman Province in TurkeyLocation of Batman Province in Turkey
CountryTurkey
SeatBatman
Government
 • GovernorEkrem Canalp (deposed)
Area4,477 km (1,729 sq mi)
Population634,491
 • Density140/km (370/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+3 (TRT)
Area code0488
Websitebatman.gov.tr

Batman Province (Turkish: Batman ili, Kurdish: Parêzgeha Êlihê; Armenian: Բատմանի զավառ) is a province in Turkey. It was created in May 1990 with the Law No. 3647 taking some parts from the eastern Province of Siirt and some from the southern Province of Mardin. Its area is 4,477 km, and its population is 634,491 (2022). Its current governor is Ekrem Canalp.

The province is considered part of Turkish Kurdistan and has a Kurdish majority.

History

The Batman Province contains the strategic Tigris river with fertile lands by its sides, as well as rocky hills with numerous caves providing a natural shelter. Therefore, it was inhabited from prehistoric times, likely from the Neolithic (Paleolithic) period, according to archeological evidence. First documented evidence of settlements in the province dates back to 7th century BC. An artificial "island" was created in this marshy area. It was named Elekhan, and had an independent status for 194 years from 546 BC till the invasion of Alexander the Great in 334 BC. The Batman Province was a religious center in the 4th–6th centuries AD and a part of the Byzantine Empire. In the 11th–12th centuries it was ruled by the Great Seljuq Empire and Artuqids, a part of which was based in the province, in the city of Hasankeyf. The city is a cultural center of the Batman Province and as such was declared as a natural conservation area in 1981.

Around 4th–6th centuries AD the province became an outpost of the Silk Road. It was populated by Assyrian Christians and Armenians, also had a significant presence of Pontic Greeks, Baghdadi Jews. Significant changes in the language and management of the province were brought in 1515 by Mahmoud Pasha Elekhani. It is believed that a variant of his name, Elah, was transformed into Iluh and gave the old name to Batman city.

From July 1987 to October 1997 Batman Province was included in the OHAL state of emergency region.

Development of oil fields resulted in relocation of Turkish people into a mostly Kurd-populated Batman Province. This brought ethnic conflicts which escalated in 1990s. More than 180 civilians were killed in the Batman city area by unidentified gunmen between 1992 and 1993. The province became a stronghold of the Turkish Hezbollah and it was reported that Batman hosted a camp where the militants received military and political training.

Recent individual incidents include the following: 1 Turkish soldier was killed and 2 wounded during clashes in the province on 15 April 2010. Four Kurdish civilians were killed on 1 August 2010 after their vehicle struck a roadside bomb.

Geography

The province occupies an area of 4,477 km (1,729 sq mi). It lies in a mountainous area with the average elevation of 550 meters which contains several thousands of caves. The tallest mountains are Sason Dağları (2500 m), Meleto (2967 m), Kuşaklı Dağı (1947 m), Avcı Dağı (2121 m), Meydanok Tepesi (2042 m), Kortepe (2082 m) and Raman Dağı (1288 m). Several rivers (Turkish: Çay or Nehir) flow through the province, including Tigris, Batman, Sason and Garzan. The 115 km (71 mi) long Batman River flowing approximately from north to south forms a natural border between the Batman Province and Diyarbakır Province lying to the west. The historic Malabadi Bridge (built in 1146–1147) crosses the river near the town of Silvan. The Tigris flows from west to east, merges with the Batman River and exits the province. The Garzan River flowing from north to south enters the Tigris and separates Batman from the Siirt Province lying to the east. The province is also of interest from an archaeological point of view. Sights include the Imam Abdullah Dervish monastery, the bridge of Camiü‘r Rızk and Hasankeyf.

Districts

The province is divided into six districts:

There are 289 villages in the province.

Demographics

The population of the province is rapidly growing as a result of the inflow of workforce to the capital. Between 1990 and 2000, its population was rising at a rate of 5% per year. The population was stable in Beşiri and Gercüş, increasing by 1% per year in Kozluk and Sason and decreasing by 3% per year in Hasankeyf. The total population was 634,491 in 2022.

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1990344,669—    
2000456,734+2.86%
2010510,200+1.11%
2020620,278+1.97%
Source:Turkstat

Oil industry

Search for oil in the Batman Province was started in 1935. On 20 April 1940, oil was found at a depth of 1048 meters at the Raman oil field, south-east of Batman, nearby the city. The first experimental well started producing 10 tonnes (about 62 barrels) per day from 6 June 1940.

The field was expanded for commercial production by 1945, but the production was delayed to 1947 by the lack of storage. A small refinery was built at the site with a capacity of 9 tonnes/day by 1947 and by November 1948 a bigger refinery capable of processing up to 200 tonnes/day was built in Batman. An even bigger refinery (330 tonnes/d) was built in Batman by 1955. Several other oil fields were later discovered in the province with the Batı Raman oil field, which produces about 7,000 barrels daily, being the largest oil field in Turkey. A 511 km (318 mi) long oil pipeline was brought in 1967 from Batman to the port city of Dörtyol near the easternmost point of the Mediterranean coast to transport the Batman crude oil. The pipeline has an annual capacity of 3.5 million tonnes and was transporting about 20 million barrels (about 2.7 million tonnes) in the 1990s and about twice less between 2003 and 2007. Another, short (41 km ) pipeline connected Batman with Şelmo – the location of the second largest oil field in Turkey. It was transferring between 1.5 and 0.5 million barrels per year in the period 1990–2007. Both pipelines are operated by BOTAŞ.

Oil fields of the Batman Province
Name Discovered Production
started in		 Reserves
(million bbl)		 Production
(bbl/day, 2007)
Batı Kozluca 1978 1980 138 1500
Batı Raman 1961 1962 1850 7000
Dinçer oil field 1988 1990 55 400
Garzan oil field 1951 1956 163 1700
İkiztepe oil field 1988 1990 53 400
Raman oil field 1940 1947 400 4000

Batman dam

The Batman dam construction was started in 1986 and completed in 1999. It has a height of 85 meters and an annual power generation capacity of 483 GWh (peak power 198 MW). The associated reservoir has a surface area of 49 km and a volume of 1.175 km. The dam supplies water for an area of 37,744 hectares (93,270 acres).

Famous personalities

See also

References

  1. ^ "İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri". General Directorate of Mapping. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
  2. ^ "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
  3. "Li Êlihê teqîn... kuşti û birîndar heye". Nerina Azad (in Kurdish). 4 October 2018. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  4. "Türkiye Mülki İdare Bölümleri Envanteri". T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı (in Turkish). Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  5. Deichmann, Somik V. Lall, Souleymane Coulibaly, Uwe (2007). Urbanization and Productivity: Evidence from Turkish Provinces over the Period. World Bank Publications. p. 7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. "T.C. Batman Valiliği". www.batman.gov.tr. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
  7. Watts, Nicole F. (2010). Activists in Office: Kurdish Politics and Protest in Turkey (Studies in Modernity and National Identity). Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-295-99050-7.
  8. Izreʿel, Shlomo; Drory, Rina (1995). Language and Culture in the Near East. BRILL. p. 244. ISBN 9789004104570.
  9. Hasankeyf, kultur.gov.tr
  10. Batman Archived March 10, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, gap.gov.tr
  11. Batman. Genel Bilgiler, kultur.gov.tr, 18 June 2008 (in Turkish)
  12. Batman. Tarihçe Archived 2011-12-23 at the Wayback Machine, kultur.gov.tr, 21 February 2007 (in Turkish)
  13. "Case of Dogan and others v. Turkey" (PDF). p. 21. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  14. Jonathan Rugman; Roger Hutchings (13 March 2001). Ataturk's Children. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 55–. ISBN 978-0-8264-5490-4.
  15. Akkoç v. Turkey, Application Nos. 22947/93, 22948/93, Judgement of 10 October 2000 Archived 2 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine, European Court of Human Rights judgment concerning Akkoç v. Turkey case, section II, C
  16. Turkish troop killed in PKK clash [ WORLD BULLETIN- TURKEY NEWS, WORLD NEWS ] Archived 2010-04-19 at the Wayback Machine. Worldbulletin.net (2010-04-16). Retrieved 2010-08-20.
  17. BDP'lilere mayın tepkisi. Samanyoluhaber.com. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
  18. Batman. Coğrafya Archived 2012-09-12 at the Wayback Machine, kultur.gov.tr, 21 February 2007 (in Turkish)
  19. Köy, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
  20. The Characteristics Of The Population By Provinces, 2000 Population Census. City and Village Population, Annual Growth Rate of Population, Surface Area and Population Density By Districts. turkstat.gov.tr
  21. Genel Nüfus Sayımları
  22. Turkstat
  23. "The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2020". Turkish Statistical Institute. Archived from the original on 2021-10-28. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
  24. ^ History of petroleum Archived 2011-12-23 at the Wayback Machine, tpao.gov.tr
  25. ^ Gengiz Keskin and Cengiz Can (1986). "Upper cretaceous carbonate reservoirs of the Raman Field, Southeast Turkey". Carbonates and Evaporites. 1 (1): 25–43. doi:10.1007/BF03174401. S2CID 129219634.
  26. Sacaeddin Sahin; et al. (2008). "Bati Raman Field Immiscible CO2 Application: Status Quo and Future Plans" (PDF). SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering. 11 (4): 778–791. doi:10.2118/106575-PA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2011-02-12.
  27. Selmo Oil Field Archived March 2, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, TransAtlantic Petroleum
  28. "Batman-Dörtyol Petrol Boru Hattı (Turkish)". BOTAŞ. Archived from the original on 2011-08-27. Retrieved 2011-02-12.
  29. International Transport Forum; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (30 April 2009). Intermodal transport: National peer review: Turkey. International Transport Forum. pp. 87, 94. ISBN 978-92-821-0222-0. Retrieved 9 February 2011.
  30. Batman Dam Archived July 2, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works

External links

Batman Province of Turkey
Districts


Districts of Batman
Districts of Batman
List of provinces by region
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Metropolitan municipalities are bolded.
Provinces of Turkey
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38°04′55″N 41°24′26″E / 38.08194°N 41.40722°E / 38.08194; 41.40722

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