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{{Short description|Political persecution of people who voice dissent online}}
'''Persecution of political bloggers''' is the ] of ] for their ideas and views expressed in the ]. The persecution is usually conducted by state authorities or ] and may include ], ], ] ], or ].


{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
Along with development of the ], state authorities in many parts of the world are moving forward to install ] of the electronic communications, establish ] to limit the flow of information, and persecute individuals and groups who express “inconvenient” political views in the Internet. In ] the right to criticize the ] without interference is considered an important element of ]. However in regions where ] and ] media are tightly controlled, the ] online postings may be the only source of information about the experiences, feelings, and opinions of ordinary citizens.


'''Political repression of cyber-dissidents''' is the ] or ] of people for expressing their ] views on the ].
Many ] have found themselves ] for attempts to bypass ] controlled ]. ] has released a '''' and maintains . has been created

Along with development of the ], state authorities in many parts of the world carry out ] through electronic communications, establish ] to limit the flow of information, and persecute individuals and groups who express "inconvenient" political views in the Internet. Many ]s have found themselves ] for attempts to bypass ] controlled ]. ] has released a '']'' and has an updated edition (2008) here: https://ifap.ru/library/book414.pdf and maintains a roster of currently imprisoned cyber-dissidents.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rsf.org/en/barometer|title=Violations of press freedom barometer|publisher=Reporters Without Borders|accessdate=7 April 2018}}</ref>


==Iran== ==Iran==
Mohamad Reza Nasab Abdolahi was imprisoned for published an open letter to ]. His pregnant wife and other bloggers who commented on the arrest were imprisoned too. <ref>Connor, A. (2005), , '']'', 20th June 2005. Retrieved on 29th November 2006.</ref> Mohamad Reza Nasab Abdolahi was imprisoned for publishing an open letter to ]. His pregnant wife and other bloggers who commented on the arrest were also imprisoned.<ref>Connor, A. (2005), , '']'', 20 June 2005. Retrieved on 29 November 2006.</ref>

==Saudi Arabia==
Raif Badawi,<ref name=ANHRI>{{cite web |url=http://www.anhri.net/en/?p=10728 |title=Prominent Saudi writer's safety at risk after arrest |date=11 January 2013 |publisher=The Arabic Network for Human Rights Information |accessdate=20 January 2013 |author=PEN International/IFEX}}</ref> ]n writer and activist and the creator of the website Free Saudi Liberals, has been convicted of crimes including "setting up a website that undermines general security" and "ridiculing Islamic religious figures." He was sentenced to seven years in prison and 600 ] in 2013, then resentenced to 1000 lashes and ten years in prison plus a fine of 1 million riyal (equal to about $267,000).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/05/07/world/meast/saudi-activist-sentenced/|title=Saudi activist sentenced to 10 years, 1,000 lashes for insulting Islam|last=Jamjoom|first=Mohammed|date=7 May 2014|publisher=CNN International|accessdate=8 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Saudi blogger Raif Badawi spared flogging again this week|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/saudi-blogger-raif-badawi-spared-flogging-again-this-week/article23001011/|accessdate=14 February 2015|date=13 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.reuters.com/faithworld/2015/02/02/wife-of-flogged-saudi-blogger-raif-badawi-says-his-health-is-worsening/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203104257/http://blogs.reuters.com/faithworld/2015/02/02/wife-of-flogged-saudi-blogger-raif-badawi-says-his-health-is-worsening/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-02-03|title=Wife of flogged Saudi blogger Raif Badawi says his health is worsening|work=Reuters}}</ref> His wife, Ensaf Haidar, asserted that Raif will not be able to survive the flogging.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2015/02/what-actually-happens-when-you-get-flogged-death|title=What actually happens when you get flogged|work=newstatesman.com|date=8 June 2021}}</ref>


==Egypt== ==Egypt==
Several bloggers in Egypt are arrested for allegedly defaming the president ] or expressing critical views about Islam <ref> , '']'', 20th November 2006. Retrieved on 29th November 2006.</ref> Several bloggers in Egypt have been arrested for allegedly defaming the president ] or expressing critical views about Islam.<ref>, '']'', 20 November 2006. Retrieved on 29 November 2006.</ref> Blogger ] has been convicted to four years of prison.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/engMDE120062007|title=Egypt: makes bloggers new target of the authorities.|publisher=]|date=2007-02-22|accessdate=2007-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315022817/http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/engMDE120062007|archive-date=15 March 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==China==
⚫ {{Main|Internet censorship in China}}
] ] ] ordered to "maintain the initiative in opinion on the Internet and raise the level of guidance online," referring to censorship and ensuring online messages in China toe the ].<ref>{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, ], 24 January 2007</ref> China is reported to have "an internet police force – reportedly numbering 30,000 – trawl websites and chat rooms, erasing anti-Communist comments and posting pro-government messages."<ref> by ], 20 February 2006</ref> However, the number of Internet police personnel was challenged by Chinese authorities.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061129235419/http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2006/09/ho_is_chinas_top_internet_cops.php |date=29 November 2006 }}</ref> ] blamed several companies, including ], ] and '']'', of collusion with the Chinese authorities to restrict access to information over the Internet and identify ]s by hiring "]s".<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513125616/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGPOL300012007 |date=13 May 2007 }}</ref>

It was reported that departments of provincial and municipal governments in ] began creating "teams of internet commentators, whose job is to guide discussion on public bulletin boards away from politically sensitive topics by posting opinions anonymously or under false names" in 2005.<ref name="China" /> Applicants for the job were drawn mostly from the propaganda and police departments. Successful candidates have been offered classes in ], ] techniques, and the ]. "They are actually hiring staff to curse online," said ], a Chinese student who was arrested for posting her comments in ].<ref name="China">, by Jonathan Watts in Beijing, 14 June 2005, ]</ref>

] spokesperson Ma Zhaoxu objected to a question from foreign journalists regarding a cyber-dissident, stating that "there are no dissidents in China". ] believes that, by this statement, the government is effectively stating that: all dissidents are criminals, only criminals have dissenting views, anyone who believes China has dissidents is a criminal, and ultimately China does not have any dissidents because they are criminals.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Osnos|first=Evan|title=Age of Ambition: Chasing Fortune, Truth and Faith in the New China|pages=197–199}}</ref>


==Russia== ==Russia==
{{see also|Sovereign Internet Law}}
When Russian president ] called on his nation's women to have more children, journalist Vladimir Rakhmankov wrote a satiric article calling Putin "''the nation's ]''". Rakhmankov was found guilty and fined by the court. "Prosecutors must not use criminal law to protect public figures from the media's attention," ] Executive Director Joel Simon said, adding that satire is deemed a necessary and significant element of any democracy. <ref></ref> <ref> </ref> <ref> </ref>
In 2006 journalist Vladimir Rakhmankov published an article on the Internet where he named ] "''the nation's ]''". A regional court found Rakhmankov guilty of offending Vladimir Putin and fined him to a sum of 20,000 roubles (~US$680).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gdf.ru/digest/digest/digest298e.shtml#rus1|title=GLASNOST DEFENSE FOUNDATION'S DIGEST No. 298|date=2006-09-26|accessdate=2007-05-11 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927211509/http://www.gdf.ru/digest/digest/digest298e.shtml#rus1 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 2007-09-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/6/DF7B2E15-2F9F-4A8B-AAF0-A7622F0D33F7.html|title=Russia: 'Phallic' Case Threatens Internet Freedom|work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty|date=2 February 2012 |last1=Whitmore |first1=Brian }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/09/A178BEAC-9BF7-4D59-B3B7-D6F07D4A0636.html|title=U.S. Media Watchdog Criticizes Russia|work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty|date=8 April 2008 }}</ref><ref></ref> <!-- In July 2008 blogger Savva Terentyev was found guilty of inciting ] against a social group of ] and convicted to a year of suspended sentence for ], after a comment in the ] in which he made public calls to burn ] alive in ] "like in ]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gazeta.ru/news/lastnews/2008/07/07/n_1240265.shtml|title=Блогер Терентьев получил год условно|work=Газета.Ru}}</ref><ref> (in Russian)</ref> -->


In June 2013 a criminal case was opened on opposition blogger Stanislav Kalinichenko for retweeting a photograph of a leaflet reading "Enough demonstrating—it's time to act!" signed by a group calling itself the ''First Resistance Detachment'' and calling for the destruction of corrupt officials' property''.'' Kalinichenko was charged with Criminal Code 280 ("calling publicly for extremist acts"), carrying a 4 years prison sentence.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://meduza.io/en/feature/2015/02/09/there-s-no-such-thing-as-an-accidental-repost|title='There's no such thing as an accidental repost' – How Russia punishes people for likes, retweets, and selfies|website=]|language=en-US|access-date=2016-04-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sova-center.ru/en/misuse/news-releases/2014/01/d28753/|title=Misuse of anti-extremism in December 2013|website=SOVA Center for Information and Analysis|access-date=2016-04-22}}</ref> The human rights organization '']'' has characterized the charges as politically motivated.<ref name=":0"/>
Russian state security service ], main successor of the ], has allegedly created special teams of people who appear on various blogs to ] and ] ] and thus effectively prevent free discussion of undesirable subjects <ref> </ref> Such tactics are known as "]" in Russia.

In March 2014, on orders from the Attorney General, the government blocked the blog of opposition leader ] on the grounds that it disseminated extremism.<ref name=":0"/> In December 2015 ] complied with an order from the Attorney General to block Russian users' access to an event page by organizers of an unsanctioned rally in support of the Navalny brothers. All reposts of the event disappeared from users' walls. In addition, the supervisory body ] ordered a Ukrainian news website to delete a story about the protest.<ref name=":0"/>

In March 2014 historian Konstantin Zharinov was charged with advocating extremism, after using the "share with friends" VKontakte feature on a public appeal by the Ukrainian militant group ].<ref name=":0"/> Zharinov was placed under surveillance, and his participation in anti-war demonstrations and pickets in support of Alexey Navalny featured prominently in the investigation.<ref name=":0"/>

On 11 March 2022, Belarusian political police ] arrested and detained editor of Russian Misplaced Pages from Minsk ], who was editing the Misplaced Pages article about the Russian invasion of Ukraine, accusing him of the "spread of anti-Russian materials" and of violating Russian "fake news" law.<ref name=zerkalo>{{cite web |author= |url=https://news.zerkalo.io/life/11113.html |title=В Беларуси задержали Марка Бернштейна — активиста и популяризатора интернет-энциклопедии Misplaced Pages.org |language=ru |website=] |date=2022-03-11 |access-date=2022-03-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= |url=https://reform.by/302401-wiki-aktivist-mark-bernshtejn-zaderzhan-za-antirossijskie-materialy |title=Wiki-активист Марк Бернштейн задержан за "антироссийские материалы" |language=ru |website=reform.by |date=2022-03-11 |access-date=2022-03-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/now/mark-bernstein-russian-wikipedia-pages-detained-in-belarus-104102452.html|title=Prominent editor of Russian Misplaced Pages pages detained in Belarus|date=12 March 2022 }}</ref>

==Tunisia==
Lawyer and human rights defender Mohammed Abbou was imprisoned for criticizing ] on a web site.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070324153942/http://web.amnesty.org/pages/tun-010307-action-eng |date=24 March 2007 }} Statement by ]</ref>

==Bangladesh==
Asif Mohiuddin, a winner of ] award,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.de/bangladesh-gags-award-winning-blogger/a-16697713|title=Bangladesh gags award-winning blogger|work=Deutsche Welle|date=25 May 2013}}</ref> was imprisoned by the ] for posting "offensive comments about Islam and Mohammed".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.rsf.org/bangladesh-unjustifiable-decision-to-send-30-07-2013,44992.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802044456/http://en.rsf.org/bangladesh-unjustifiable-decision-to-send-30-07-2013,44992.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 August 2013|title=BLOGGER GRANTED BAIL ON HEALTH GROUNDS|date=7 August 2013|publisher=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref> ] state "''Asif's blog was one of the most read web pages in Bangladesh and is known for its strong criticism of religious fundamentalism and Bangladesh's 'anti-people politics''{{'"}}

International organisations, including ],<ref>
{{cite news | title = Bangladesh: Crackdown on Bloggers, Editors Escalates | publisher = ] | url = https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/04/15/bangladesh-crackdown-bloggers-editors-escalates | date = 15 April 2013 }}"the government is abandoning any serious claim that it is committed to free speech", said Brad Adams, Asia director at Human Rights Watch."</ref> ],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/ASA13/007/2013/en/|title=Bangladesh: Further information: Detained editor alleges torture|quote=Blogger Asif Mohiudeen, arrested on 3 April for allegedly posting blasphemous comments online, remains in detention and at risk of torture|publisher=Amnesty International|date=17 April 2013}}</ref> ]<ref>{{cite web|title=Call for detained blogger's immediate release|publisher=Reporters Without Borders|date=11 April 2013|url=http://en.rsf.org/bangladesh-call-for-detained-blogger-s-11-04-2013,44367.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416011237/http://en.rsf.org/bangladesh-call-for-detained-blogger-s-11-04-2013,44367.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 April 2013|quote=Reporters Without Borders condemns the baseless judicial proceedings brought against the detained blogger Asif Mohiuddin, who could be tried and convicted on a charge of blasphemy and "hurting religious sentiments" at his next hearing}}</ref> and the ]<ref name=cpj2013>{{cite web|url=https://www.cpj.org/2014/02/attacks-on-the-press-in-2013-bangladesh.php|title=Attacks on the Press - Bangladesh|publisher=Committee to Protect Journalists|date=Feb 2014}}</ref> have condemned the imprisonment of bloggers and the climate of fear for journalists.

The head of Reporters without Borders Asia-Pacific commented on the murder of writer ] noting "It is unacceptable for to spend so much time searching news outlets, arresting journalists, censoring news and investigating bloggers, when the many attacks on bloggers are still unpunished."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.rsf.org/bangladesh-call-for-effective-protection-27-02-2015,47635.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150301222334/http://en.rsf.org/bangladesh-call-for-effective-protection-27-02-2015,47635.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 March 2015|title=Call for effective protection after another blogger hacked to death|publisher=Reporters Without Borders|date=27 February 2015}}</ref>

==Vietnam==
Nguyen Vu Binh was imprisoned for writing about violations of human rights, and Truong Quoc Huy was arrested for discussing political reforms in an Internet ].<ref>, Statement by ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217212454/http://web.amnesty.org/pages/vnm-221006-action-eng |date=17 February 2007 }}</ref> Nguyen Vu Binh was released in June 2007.

==Pakistan==

In January 2017, four bloggers known for their anti-religious and pro-democracy activism went missing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1307293|title=Whereabouts of four social media activists still unknown|date=9 January 2017|accessdate=7 April 2018}}</ref> Altogether, their disappearances alarmed secular liberals involved in social activism in ].

==United States==
Australian whistleblower, activist and founder of ] ] became a dissident after publishing secret documents that proved American war crimes in Afghanistan and Iraq.

==See also==
{{Portal|Freedom of speech|Internet}}
⚫ * ]
* ]
*]
* ], ]'s electronic surveillance program


==References== ==References==
{{reflist}} {{reflist}}


==See also== ==External links==
* by ]
⚫ *]
* by ]
⚫ *]s
*]


] ]
] ]
]

Latest revision as of 02:32, 11 November 2024

Political persecution of people who voice dissent online

Political repression of cyber-dissidents is the oppression or persecution of people for expressing their political views on the Internet.

Along with development of the Internet, state authorities in many parts of the world carry out mass surveillance through electronic communications, establish Internet censorship to limit the flow of information, and persecute individuals and groups who express "inconvenient" political views in the Internet. Many cyber-dissidents have found themselves persecuted for attempts to bypass state controlled news media. Reporters Without Borders has released a Handbook For Bloggers and Cyber-Dissidents and has an updated edition (2008) here: https://ifap.ru/library/book414.pdf and maintains a roster of currently imprisoned cyber-dissidents.

Iran

Mohamad Reza Nasab Abdolahi was imprisoned for publishing an open letter to Ayatollah Ali Khamenei. His pregnant wife and other bloggers who commented on the arrest were also imprisoned.

Saudi Arabia

Raif Badawi, Saudi Arabian writer and activist and the creator of the website Free Saudi Liberals, has been convicted of crimes including "setting up a website that undermines general security" and "ridiculing Islamic religious figures." He was sentenced to seven years in prison and 600 lashes in 2013, then resentenced to 1000 lashes and ten years in prison plus a fine of 1 million riyal (equal to about $267,000). His wife, Ensaf Haidar, asserted that Raif will not be able to survive the flogging.

Egypt

Several bloggers in Egypt have been arrested for allegedly defaming the president Hosni Mubarak or expressing critical views about Islam. Blogger Kareem Amer has been convicted to four years of prison.

China

Main article: Internet censorship in China

Chinese Communist Party general secretary Hu Jintao ordered to "maintain the initiative in opinion on the Internet and raise the level of guidance online," referring to censorship and ensuring online messages in China toe the party line. China is reported to have "an internet police force – reportedly numbering 30,000 – trawl websites and chat rooms, erasing anti-Communist comments and posting pro-government messages." However, the number of Internet police personnel was challenged by Chinese authorities. Amnesty International blamed several companies, including Google, Microsoft and Yahoo!, of collusion with the Chinese authorities to restrict access to information over the Internet and identify cyber-dissidents by hiring "big mamas".

It was reported that departments of provincial and municipal governments in mainland China began creating "teams of internet commentators, whose job is to guide discussion on public bulletin boards away from politically sensitive topics by posting opinions anonymously or under false names" in 2005. Applicants for the job were drawn mostly from the propaganda and police departments. Successful candidates have been offered classes in Marxism, propaganda techniques, and the Internet. "They are actually hiring staff to curse online," said Liu Di, a Chinese student who was arrested for posting her comments in blogs.

Foreign Ministry spokesperson Ma Zhaoxu objected to a question from foreign journalists regarding a cyber-dissident, stating that "there are no dissidents in China". Ai Weiwei believes that, by this statement, the government is effectively stating that: all dissidents are criminals, only criminals have dissenting views, anyone who believes China has dissidents is a criminal, and ultimately China does not have any dissidents because they are criminals.

Russia

See also: Sovereign Internet Law

In 2006 journalist Vladimir Rakhmankov published an article on the Internet where he named Vladimir Putin "the nation's phallic symbol". A regional court found Rakhmankov guilty of offending Vladimir Putin and fined him to a sum of 20,000 roubles (~US$680).

In June 2013 a criminal case was opened on opposition blogger Stanislav Kalinichenko for retweeting a photograph of a leaflet reading "Enough demonstrating—it's time to act!" signed by a group calling itself the First Resistance Detachment and calling for the destruction of corrupt officials' property. Kalinichenko was charged with Criminal Code 280 ("calling publicly for extremist acts"), carrying a 4 years prison sentence. The human rights organization Memorial has characterized the charges as politically motivated.

In March 2014, on orders from the Attorney General, the government blocked the blog of opposition leader Alexey Navalny on the grounds that it disseminated extremism. In December 2015 Facebook complied with an order from the Attorney General to block Russian users' access to an event page by organizers of an unsanctioned rally in support of the Navalny brothers. All reposts of the event disappeared from users' walls. In addition, the supervisory body Roskomnadzor ordered a Ukrainian news website to delete a story about the protest.

In March 2014 historian Konstantin Zharinov was charged with advocating extremism, after using the "share with friends" VKontakte feature on a public appeal by the Ukrainian militant group Right Sector. Zharinov was placed under surveillance, and his participation in anti-war demonstrations and pickets in support of Alexey Navalny featured prominently in the investigation.

On 11 March 2022, Belarusian political police GUBOPiK arrested and detained editor of Russian Misplaced Pages from Minsk Mark Bernstein, who was editing the Misplaced Pages article about the Russian invasion of Ukraine, accusing him of the "spread of anti-Russian materials" and of violating Russian "fake news" law.

Tunisia

Lawyer and human rights defender Mohammed Abbou was imprisoned for criticizing torture on a web site.

Bangladesh

Asif Mohiuddin, a winner of The Bobs-Best of Online Activism award, was imprisoned by the Bangladesh government for posting "offensive comments about Islam and Mohammed". Deutsche Welle state "Asif's blog was one of the most read web pages in Bangladesh and is known for its strong criticism of religious fundamentalism and Bangladesh's 'anti-people politics'"

International organisations, including Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, Reporters without Borders and the Committee to Protect Journalists have condemned the imprisonment of bloggers and the climate of fear for journalists.

The head of Reporters without Borders Asia-Pacific commented on the murder of writer Avijit Roy noting "It is unacceptable for to spend so much time searching news outlets, arresting journalists, censoring news and investigating bloggers, when the many attacks on bloggers are still unpunished."

Vietnam

Nguyen Vu Binh was imprisoned for writing about violations of human rights, and Truong Quoc Huy was arrested for discussing political reforms in an Internet chat room. Nguyen Vu Binh was released in June 2007.

Pakistan

In January 2017, four bloggers known for their anti-religious and pro-democracy activism went missing. Altogether, their disappearances alarmed secular liberals involved in social activism in Pakistan.

United States

Australian whistleblower, activist and founder of WikiLeaks Julian Assange became a dissident after publishing secret documents that proved American war crimes in Afghanistan and Iraq.

See also

References

  1. "Violations of press freedom barometer". Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  2. Connor, A. (2005), Not just critics, BBC News, 20 June 2005. Retrieved on 29 November 2006.
  3. PEN International/IFEX (11 January 2013). "Prominent Saudi writer's safety at risk after arrest". The Arabic Network for Human Rights Information. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
  4. Jamjoom, Mohammed (7 May 2014). "Saudi activist sentenced to 10 years, 1,000 lashes for insulting Islam". CNN International. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
  5. "Saudi blogger Raif Badawi spared flogging again this week". 13 February 2015. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  6. "Wife of flogged Saudi blogger Raif Badawi says his health is worsening". Reuters. Archived from the original on 3 February 2015.
  7. "What actually happens when you get flogged". newstatesman.com. 8 June 2021.
  8. Egypt arrests another blog critic, BBC News, 20 November 2006. Retrieved on 29 November 2006.
  9. "Egypt: makes bloggers new target of the authorities". Amnesty International. 22 February 2007. Archived from the original on 15 March 2007. Retrieved 11 May 2007.
  10. China's Hu vows to "purify" Internet, Reuters, 24 January 2007
  11. War of the words by Guardian Unlimited, 20 February 2006
  12. Who are China's Top Internet Cops? Archived 29 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  13. Amnesty International joins multi stakeholder initiative on internet and human rights Archived 13 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ China's secret internet police target critics with web of propaganda, by Jonathan Watts in Beijing, 14 June 2005, Guardian Unlimited
  15. Osnos, Evan. Age of Ambition: Chasing Fortune, Truth and Faith in the New China. pp. 197–199.
  16. "GLASNOST DEFENSE FOUNDATION'S DIGEST No. 298". 26 September 2006. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 11 May 2007.
  17. Whitmore, Brian (2 February 2012). "Russia: 'Phallic' Case Threatens Internet Freedom". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty.
  18. "U.S. Media Watchdog Criticizes Russia". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. 8 April 2008.
  19. Media freedom watchdog condemns conviction of journalist in Russia
  20. ^ "'There's no such thing as an accidental repost' – How Russia punishes people for likes, retweets, and selfies". Meduza. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
  21. "Misuse of anti-extremism in December 2013". SOVA Center for Information and Analysis. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
  22. "В Беларуси задержали Марка Бернштейна — активиста и популяризатора интернет-энциклопедии Misplaced Pages.org". Zerkalo.io (in Russian). 11 March 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  23. "Wiki-активист Марк Бернштейн задержан за "антироссийские материалы"". reform.by (in Russian). 11 March 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  24. "Prominent editor of Russian Misplaced Pages pages detained in Belarus". 12 March 2022.
  25. Two years behind Tunisian bars for speaking out Archived 24 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine Statement by Amnesty International
  26. "Bangladesh gags award-winning blogger". Deutsche Welle. 25 May 2013.
  27. "BLOGGER GRANTED BAIL ON HEALTH GROUNDS". Reporters Without Borders. 7 August 2013. Archived from the original on 2 August 2013.
  28. "Bangladesh: Crackdown on Bloggers, Editors Escalates". Human Rights Watch. 15 April 2013."the government is abandoning any serious claim that it is committed to free speech", said Brad Adams, Asia director at Human Rights Watch."
  29. "Bangladesh: Further information: Detained editor alleges torture". Amnesty International. 17 April 2013. Blogger Asif Mohiudeen, arrested on 3 April for allegedly posting blasphemous comments online, remains in detention and at risk of torture
  30. "Call for detained blogger's immediate release". Reporters Without Borders. 11 April 2013. Archived from the original on 16 April 2013. Reporters Without Borders condemns the baseless judicial proceedings brought against the detained blogger Asif Mohiuddin, who could be tried and convicted on a charge of blasphemy and "hurting religious sentiments" at his next hearing
  31. "Attacks on the Press - Bangladesh". Committee to Protect Journalists. February 2014.
  32. "Call for effective protection after another blogger hacked to death". Reporters Without Borders. 27 February 2015. Archived from the original on 1 March 2015.
  33. Free Vietnamese Internet dissidents!, Statement by Amnesty International Archived 17 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  34. "Whereabouts of four social media activists still unknown". 9 January 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2018.

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