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{{Events by month|2001}}
{{Year dab|2001|the film|2001: A Space Odyssey (film){{!}}''2001: A Space Odyssey'' (film)}}
{{About year|2001}}
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The year's most prominent event was the ] against the United States by ], which ] and instigated the global ]. The United States led a ] in an ] after the ] government was unable to extradite Al-Qaeda leader ] within 24 hours. Other international conflicts in 2001 were the ] between India and Pakistan as well as the ] between Israel and Palestine. Internal conflicts began ], ], and ]. Political challenges or violent conflicts caused changes in leadership in Argentina, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Indonesia, Nepal, and the Philippines.
2001 was dominated by ] against the United States by ], which ] and instigated the global ].<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Nadeem |first=Reem |date=2021-09-02 |title=Two Decades Later, the Enduring Legacy of 9/11 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2021/09/02/two-decades-later-the-enduring-legacy-of-9-11/ |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=Pew Research Center - U.S. Politics & Policy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite web |date=2021-09-20 |title=The United Nations pays tribute to the victims of the 9/11 terrorist attacks at the 9/11 Memorial in New York |url=https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/events/un-pays-tribute-to-victims-911-terrorist-attacks |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism}}</ref> The United States led a ] in an ] after the ] government did not extradite Al-Qaeda leader ].


2001 was the second hottest year on record at the time, which was amplified by the end of a years-long ] phase. The Atlantic and Pacific tropical storm seasons were both more active than usual. The deadly ] took place in ] on January 26, while the strongest earthquake in 36 years ] on June 23. A potential health crisis occurred when ] of ] spread among British livestock, bringing about the deaths of millions of animals. Four ] species were described or proposed, and several major archaeological finds took place, including a set of ] citizens near the ]. The ] was also first ] in 2001. The year had the fewest successful orbital spaceflights since 1963, with eight crewed missions. Successes in space exploration included the landing of '']'' on an asteroid and the arrival of '']'' on Mars.
Internal conflicts, political or otherwise, caused shifts in leadership in multiple countries, which included the ] in the Democratic Republic of the Congo,<ref name="BanksOverstreet2008" /> the ] in the Philippines,<ref name=":5" /> the ] by the crown prince in Nepal,<ref name="massacre" /> and ] in Argentina.<ref name=":21">{{Cite news |last=Krauss |first=Clifford |date=2001-12-21 |title=Argentine Leader, His Nation Frayed, Abruptly Resigns |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/21/world/argentine-leader-his-nation-frayed-abruptly-resigns.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Other notable political events were an ] in the ],<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |date=2001-04-18 |title=Israel pulls out of Gaza |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/04/17/mideast.violence.06/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN}}</ref> the storming of the Indonesian parliament,<ref name=":6" /> the ] between China and the United States,<ref name=":7" /> an ],<ref name=":20" /> and a ] on the ] that began the ].<ref name=":8" />


Politics and religion in the final months of 2001 focused intently on the ] and ] after the September 11 attacks. The ] was active in 2001, as ] went on several goodwill trips to meet with non-Catholic religious groups and investigations of ] among the church's priests began. Former ] ] was arrested and became the first head of state to be charged with ] by an international body. The ] took place in ] and was met by 200,000 protestors, where ]. 2001 took place during a ] among developed and developing nations, with only middle income nations avoiding an economic downturn. The recession saw economic crises take place ] and ]. American energy company ] and the European airlines ] and ] all ended operations in 2001. In popular culture, the ] and ] film franchises were launched, the ] and ] were invented for music, and ] became available. The ] and ] were launched, as was the ] project. {{TOC limit|2}}
Space milestones in 2001 were numerous, the most notable being the ] on an asteroid,<ref name=":10" /> the ] of the Russian station '']'',<ref name=":11" /> American entrepreneur ] becoming the first ],<ref name=":12" /> the discovery of ] in the ],<ref name=":13" /> a flyby of ] by the U.S. ] probe,<ref name=":14" /> and the first discovery of an atmosphere on an ].<ref name=":15" /> In addition, the year witnessed the first sequence of the ],<ref name=":16" /> the first self-contained ],<ref name=":17" /> and the first ] of a ].<ref name=":18" />


== Demographics ==
Notable deaths in 2001 included world leaders ], ], ] and ]; musicians ], ] and ]; film figures ], ] and ]; writers ] and ]; athletes ], ] and ]; and royal figures King ] and his son ], and queen consort ] of Iran.
The ] on January 1, 2001, was estimated to be 6.190&nbsp;billion people and increased to 6.272&nbsp;billion people by January 1, 2002.<ref name="UN Pop Prospects-2022">{{Cite report |url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/ |title=World Population Prospects 2022 |date=2022 |publisher=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs |access-date=November 28, 2022 |archive-date=July 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711213112/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/ |url-status=live }}</ref> An estimated 133.9&nbsp;million births and 52.1&nbsp;million deaths took place in 2001.<ref name="UN Pop Prospects-2022" /> The average global ] was 66.8 years, an increase of 0.3 years from 2000.<ref name="UN Pop Prospects-2022" /> The rate of ] was 7.32%, a decrease of 0.26] from 2000.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Roser |first1=Max |author1-link=Max Roser |last2=Ritchie |first2=Hannah |author2-link=Hannah Ritchie |last3=Dadonaite |first3=Bernadeta |title=Child and Infant Mortality |url=https://ourworldindata.org/child-mortality |journal=Our World in Data |date=May 10, 2013 |access-date=November 28, 2022 |archive-date=December 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216051011/https://ourworldindata.org/child-mortality |url-status=live }}</ref> 28.25% of people were living in ], a decrease of 0.88pp from 2000.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hasell |first1=Joe |last2=Roser |first2=Max |last3=Ortiz-Ospina |first3=Esteban |last4=Arrigada |first4=Pablo |title=Poverty |url=https://ourworldindata.org/poverty |journal=Our World in Data |date=October 17, 2022 |access-date=November 28, 2022 |archive-date=November 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128215030/https://ourworldindata.org/poverty |url-status=live }}</ref>


There were approximately 12&nbsp;million global refugees in 2001. 500,000 were settled over the course of the year, but about the same number of people were displaced in other locations, causing the number of refugees to remain largely unchanged. The largest sources of refugees were from Afghanistan and Macedonia. The number of ]s decreased from 21.8&nbsp;million to 19.8&nbsp;million in 2001, with the most affected areas being Afghanistan, Colombia, and Liberia.<ref>{{Cite news |last=del Mundo |first=Fernando |date=2002-06-18 |title=2001 global refugee statistics |url=https://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2002/6/3d0f6dcb5/2001-global-refugee-statistics.html |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=UNHCR |language=en |archive-date=December 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207193756/https://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2002/6/3d0f6dcb5/2001-global-refugee-statistics.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
2001 was designated as International Year of Volunteers by the ].<ref>{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=International Year of Volunteers 10th Anniversary |url=https://www.unv.org/our-campaigns/international-year-volunteers-10th-anniversary |access-date=April 5, 2021 |website=UN Volunteers}}</ref>{{TOC limit|2}}

== Health and society ==
The ] on January 1, 2001, was estimated to be 6.190 billion people, and it increased to 6.272 billion people by January 1, 2002.<ref name=":212">{{Cite report |url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/ |title=World Population Prospects 2022 |date=2022 |publisher=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs}}</ref> The average global ] was 66.8 years, an increase of 0.3 years from 2000.<ref name=":212" /> The rate of ] was 7.58%, a decrease of 0.26% from 2000.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Roser |first1=Max |last2=Ritchie |first2=Hannah |last3=Dadonaite |first3=Bernadeta |title=Child and Infant Mortality |url=https://ourworldindata.org/child-mortality |journal=Our World in Data|date=May 10, 2013 }}</ref> 28.25% of people were living in ], a decrease of 0.88% from 2000.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hasell |first1=Joe |last2=Roser |first2=Max |last3=Ortiz-Ospina |first3=Esteban |last4=Arrigada |first4=Pablo |title=Poverty |url=https://ourworldindata.org/poverty |journal=Our World in Data|date=October 17, 2022 }}</ref>

The number of global refugees in 2001 was approximately 12 million. 500,000 were settled over the course of the year, but the same number of people were displaced in other locations, causing the number of refugees to remain largely unchanged. The largest sources of refugees were from Afghanistan and Macedonia. The number of ]s decreased from 21.8 million to 19.8 million in 2001, with the most affected areas being Afghanistan, Colombia, and Liberia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=del Mundo |first=Fernando |date=2002-06-18 |title=2001 global refugee statistics |url=https://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2002/6/3d0f6dcb5/2001-global-refugee-statistics.html |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=UNHCR |language=en}}</ref>

The ] (WHO) recognized ] as its health concern of focus in the 2001 ].<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_World_Health_Report_2001/GQEdA-VFSIgC |title=The World Health Report 2001: Mental Health: New Understanding, New Hope |date=2001 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> The WHO also began a five-year program to reduce ] following a warning of the problem's severity by the ] the previous year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-06-24 |title=Ten Great Public Health Achievements --- Worldwide, 2001--2010 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6024a4.htm |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> The WHO's Commission on Macroeconomics and Health released a report in 2001 detailing how spending by developed nations could protect health in developing nations but that efforts to do so were impeded by the ].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2002-01-05 |title=The big events of 2001 |journal=BMJ : British Medical Journal |volume=324 |issue=7328 |pages=0 |issn=0959-8138 |pmc=1121931}}</ref>

2001 was designated as International Year of Volunteers by the ].<ref>{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=International Year of Volunteers 10th Anniversary |url=https://www.unv.org/our-campaigns/international-year-volunteers-10th-anniversary |access-date=April 5, 2021 |website=UN Volunteers}}</ref>

=== Health incidents ===
An ] outbreak continued from 2000 in Uganda until the final case was diagnosed on January 16.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Okware |first1=S. I. |last2=Omaswa |first2=F. G. |last3=Zaramba |first3=S. |last4=Opio |first4=A. |last5=Lutwama |first5=J. J. |last6=Kamugisha |first6=J. |last7=Rwaguma |first7=E. B. |last8=Kagwa |first8=P. |last9=Lamunu |first9=M. |date=2002 |title=An outbreak of Ebola in Uganda |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12460399/ |journal=Tropical Medicine & International Health: TM & IH |volume=7 |issue=12 |pages=1068–1075 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-3156.2002.00944.x |issn=1360-2276 |pmid=12460399|s2cid=31488443 }}</ref> Another outbreak occurred in Gabon and the Republic of the Congo in October, which would continue until July 2002.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2003-06-27 |title=Outbreak(s) of Ebola haemorrhagic fever, Congo and Gabon, October 2001-July 2002 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15571171/ |journal=Relevé Épidémiologique Hebdomadaire |volume=78 |issue=26 |pages=223–228 |issn=0049-8114 |pmid=15571171}}</ref> An ] of ] occurred in the United Kingdom in 2001, beginning on February 19.<ref name=":55" /> It affected thousands of farm animals and prompted the killing of millions of animals to contain the outbreak.<ref name="Knight-Jones">{{cite journal |last1=Knight-Jones |first1=T. J. |last2=Rushton |first2=J |year=2013 |title=The economic impacts of foot and mouth disease – What are they, how big are they and where do they occur? |journal=Preventive Veterinary Medicine |volume=112 |issue=3–4 |pages=161–173 |doi=10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.07.013 |pmc=3989032 |pmid=23958457}}</ref> The largest ever recorded outbreak of ] occurred in July in ], Spain. 449 cases were confirmed, with more than 800 suspected ones.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=García-Fulgueiras |first1=Ana |last2=Navarro |first2=Carmen |last3=Fenoll |first3=Daniel |last4=García |first4=José |last5=González-Diego |first5=Paulino |last6=Jiménez-Buñuales |first6=Teresa |last7=Rodriguez |first7=Miguel |last8=Lopez |first8=Rosa |last9=Pacheco |first9=Francisco |last10=Ruiz |first10=Joaquín |last11=Segovia |first11=Manuel |last12=Baladrón |first12=Beatriz |last13=Pelaz |first13=Carmen |date=2003 |title=Legionnaires' Disease Outbreak in Murcia, Spain |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=9 |issue=8 |pages=915–921 |doi=10.3201/eid0908.030337 |issn=1080-6040 |pmc=3020623 |pmid=12967487}}</ref>

The September 11 attacks caused widespread ] in the people of ] relating to ] by ]s and other harmful particles such as asbestos and metals. Approximately 400,000 people were exposed, and many would go on to suffer lifelong chronic illness as a result of exposure.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-01 |title=Toxins and Health Impacts: Health Effects of 9/11 - WTC Health Program |url=https://www.cdc.gov/wtc/exhibition/toxins-and-health-impacts.html |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=Centers for Disease Control |language=en}}</ref>


== Conflicts == == Conflicts ==
{{Main category|Conflicts in 2001}}
There were 34 active armed conflicts in 28 countries in 2001, the total numbers remaining unchanged from 2000. The majority of these conflicts took place in Africa and Asia: 14 occurred in Africa and 13 occurred in Asia.<ref name=":1" /> 15 were classified as "major armed conflicts"{{Efn|SIPRI defines a major armed conflict as "the use of armed force between two or more organized armed groups, resulting in the battle-related deaths of at least 1000 people in any single calendar year and in which the incompatibility concerns control of government, territory or communal identity".}} by the ].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Seybolt |first=Taylor B. |title=SIPRI Yearbook 2002: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security |publisher=] |year=2002 |isbn=9780199251766 |pages=21–62 |language=en |chapter=Major armed conflicts |chapter-url=https://www.sipri.org/yearbook/2002/01 |access-date=September 6, 2023 |archive-date=September 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906013004/https://www.sipri.org/yearbook/2002/01 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Rp|page=21}} Four new armed conflicts emerged in 2001: the ], the ], the ], and the entry of Sierra Leone's ] into the ] in Guinea.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Gleditsch |first1=Nils Petter |last2=Wallensteen |first2=Peter |last3=Eriksson |first3=Mikael |last4=Sollenberg |first4=Margareta |last5=Strand |first5=Håvard |date=2002 |title=Armed Conflict 1946-2001: A New Dataset |journal=Journal of Peace Research |language=en |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=615–637 |doi=10.1177/0022343302039005007 |issn=0022-3433 |s2cid=109206821 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The ] was the only conflict that ended in 2001.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=21}}


=== Internal conflicts === === Internal conflicts ===
{{Image frame|content=] ]|width=283|align=right|caption=DRC President ] (left) was assassinated on January 16. Burundi President ] (top) and CAR President ] both faced coup attempts.}}The ] continued with the ] of President ] on January 16.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=29}} The 1999 ceasefire was mostly respected by the government and the various rebel groups, and United Nations ceasefire monitors established a presence throughout the year.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=30}} The ], the ], and the ] all saw continued fighting between governments and rebels in Africa.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|pages=24–29}} The latter began the peace process through a provisional government on November 1.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=27}} The ] between the ruling ] and various other groups escalated in 2001.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=37}} This included a sub-conflict, the ], which continued into 2001 until a ceasefire was negotiated in August.<ref name="auto6">{{Cite report |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3WQkACoP3FkC |title=Sudan, Oil, and Human Rights |last=Rone |first=Jemera |date=2003 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=77 |access-date=March 21, 2023 |archive-date=October 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002193114/https://books.google.com/books?id=3WQkACoP3FkC |url-status=live }}</ref>
The ] began on January 22 when the ] (NLA) attacked a police station in ], about {{convert|15|km|0}} from the border with Kosovo, which escalated what had been smaller skirmishes along the border. The ] was the first major offensive of the insurgency, launched by the NLA on March 14.<ref name=":24">{{Cite web |last=Marusic |first=Sinisa Jakov |date=2021-01-22 |title=20 Years On, Armed Conflict's Legacy Endures in North Macedonia |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2021/01/22/20-years-on-armed-conflicts-legacy-endures-in-north-macedonia/ |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=Balkan Insight |language=en-US}}</ref> ] would remain a major area of conflict for the duration of the insurgency.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=August 9, 2001 |title=Battle for Tetovo rages |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/08/09/macedonia.attack/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN}}</ref> Attempts to reach a ceasefire were ] in June.<ref name=":25" /> The ] was signed on August 13,<ref name=":26" /> and the ] of NATO peacekeeping forces to Macedonia was authorized on August 21.<ref name=":20" /> In Yugoslavia, the related ] by Albanian rebels escalated on February 5.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-02-06 |title=Serbia offers talks with rebels |language=en-GB |work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1156685.stm |access-date=2022-11-29}}</ref> The ], signed in May, mandated a ceasefire and resulted in the full demilitarization, demobilization, and disarmament of the ] (UÇPMB).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Demilitarization Statement (Konculj Agreement) |url=https://www.peaceagreements.org/view/1430 |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=www.peaceagreements.org |publisher=University of Edinburgh}}</ref>

Two failed coup attempts took place in 2001: a group of junior officers sought to overthrow President ] in Burundi while he was out of the country on April 18,<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Chin |first1=John J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WyScEAAAQBAJ |title=Historical Dictionary of Modern Coups D'état |last2=Wright |first2=Joseph |last3=Carter |first3=David B. |date=2022-12-13 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-5381-2068-2 |language=en |access-date=September 6, 2023 |archive-date=September 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929025204/https://books.google.com/books?id=WyScEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Rp|page=218}} and ], a former president of the Central African Republic, led a military coup against his successor ] on May 28, causing several days of violence.<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|page=249}}


Several conflicts continued in Indonesia, though the ] between the Indonesian government and the ] was the only one to see widespread violence in 2001, as the war significantly escalated after the end of a ceasefire and breakdown of peace talks.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|pages=46–47}} The ] saw two ceasefires between the Philippine government and the ], separated by a brief surge of heavy fighting after the assassination of a member of parliament. A ceasefire was also established with the nation's other insurgent group, the ].<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=49}} In Myanmar, the ] continued, and the ] resumed hostilities after a temporary peace in 1999.<ref name=":1" /> The ] declared a ceasefire and requested peace talks during the ] in Sri Lanka,<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=50}} but hostilities resumed on April 25, and the Tamil Tigers launched several suicide attacks in July, including the ].<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=51}} The ] also saw increased hostilities in 2001.<ref name=":1" />
The ] continued with the ] of President ] on January 16.<ref name="BanksOverstreet2008" /> The ] moved toward peace talks in 2001, but talks were challenged by attacks on civilians by ],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cauvin |first=Henri E. |date=2001-08-14 |title=Train Hits Rebel Mine In Angola; Scores Die |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/14/world/train-hits-rebel-mine-in-angola-scores-die.html |access-date=2022-11-29 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> including a train bombing on August 10 that killed 252 people.<ref name=":35" /> The ] following the ] continued in ], prompting Russia to respond with the ] on June 25.<ref name=":37" /> The ] continued into 2001 as a conflict between two commanders within the larger ], going on until a ceasefire was negotiated in August.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Sudan_Oil_and_Human_Rights/3WQkACoP3FkC |title=Sudan, Oil, and Human Rights |last=Rone |first=Jemera |date=2003 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=77}}</ref> The ] was a deadly attack by the ] that took place as part of the ongoing ] in Sri Lanka.<ref name="Jane's Intelligence Review" /> The ] began disarmament in October following decades of paramilitary attacks during ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-10-23 |title=IRA begins disarming |url=https://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/10/23/ira.announce/index.html |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=CNN}}</ref>


]]]
Two failed coup attempts took place in 2001: a group of junior officers sought to overthrow President ] in Burundi while he was out of the country on April 18,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-04-18 |title=Burundi coup foiled, government says |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/africa/04/18/burundi.unrest.02/ |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=CNN}}</ref> and ], a former president of the Central African Republic, led a military coup against his successor ] on May 28, causing several days of violence.<ref name=":63" />
The only major conflict in Europe was the ] between the Russian government and the separatist ]. Russian forces controlled the republic's population centers, but Chechen forces continued to use ].<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=53}} Macedonia saw a smaller scale conflict between the Macedonian government and the ] (NLA), which sought reform for the status of Albanian people in Macedonia.<ref name="Marusic-2021">{{Cite web |last=Marusic |first=Sinisa Jakov |date=2021-01-22 |title=20 Years On, Armed Conflict's Legacy Endures in North Macedonia |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2021/01/22/20-years-on-armed-conflicts-legacy-endures-in-north-macedonia/ |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=Balkan Insight |language=en-US |archive-date=November 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127025258/https://balkaninsight.com/2021/01/22/20-years-on-armed-conflicts-legacy-endures-in-north-macedonia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The ] to Macedonia was authorized on August 21.<ref name="NATO-2001" /> Yugoslavia similarly saw ] by Albanian rebels, but the conflict did not escalate.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=53}} The only major conflict in South America was the ] between the Colombian government and various far-left and far-right groups.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=58}} The ] expanded into Ecuador in 2001 and carried out attacks on Ecuadorian citizens.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=60}}


=== International conflicts === === International conflicts ===
The ] was the only conflict between two national governments in 2001.<ref name=":1" /> The territorial dispute over the region of ] consisted primarily of small scale attacks by militant groups until two attacks on Indian legislature buildings: one ] and one ]. The latter provoked a major escalation of troop deployments with preparations for a major war.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=46}}
The ] marked increased conflict between Israel and Palestine in 2001 when terrorists affiliated with ] carried out several ] and other attacks on Israeli citizens.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":32">{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2001 |title=Ten dead, 30 wounded as Palestinians open fire on bus |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/12/12/mideast.sharon/index.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN}}</ref> The Israeli government responded with temporary occupations,<ref name=":19" /> ]s,<ref name=":22" /> and its first use of airstrikes against Palestine since 1967.<ref name=":33" /> The Israeli and Palestinian governments agreed to a ceasefire on September 19.<ref name=":34" />


The ] continued from the previous year between Israel and Palestine.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=55}} The conflict escalated into an undeclared war in which Palestinian militants targeted Israeli civilians with weapons and suicide bombers with the Israeli military responding with fighter jets and missile strikes against Palestinians.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=279}} Every ceasefire ended within a day of its establishment.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=56}}
] occurred between Bangladesh and India in April.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dugger |first=Celia W. |date=2001-04-26 |title=16 Indian Soldiers Are Victims in Bangladesh Border Skirmish |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/26/world/16-indian-soldiers-are-victims-in-bangladesh-border-skirmish.html |access-date=2022-12-04 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The ] began on December 13 after an ] on the ] by Pakistani militants.<ref name=":8" /> Enforcement of the ] led to air strikes against Iraq in February and August by the United States and the United Kingdom.<ref name=":36" />


==== September 11 attacks and War in Afghanistan ==== ==== September 11 attacks and invasion of Afghanistan ====
{{Main|September 11 attacks|United States invasion of Afghanistan}} {{Main|September 11 attacks|United States invasion of Afghanistan}}
] were a defining event of the year 2001.]]
The September 11 attacks were committed against the United States by Al-Qaeda when 19 terrorists hijacked four commercial airplanes and crashed two of them into the Twin Towers of the ], one into ], and one in a field in ], Pennsylvania. 2,977 people were killed, and the subsequent global war on terror made the attacks one of the events that defined 2001.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":23" /><ref name=":1" /> The United States demanded that the ] extradite Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden and end ] in Afghanistan. When these demands were not met, the United States led a ] in the invasion of Afghanistan on October 7, entering into the ongoing ].<ref name=":3" />
The September 11 attacks were carried out by ] when 19 terrorists hijacked four commercial airplanes and crashed two of them into the ], one into ], and one near ]. 2,977 people were killed;<ref name="Nadeem-2021">{{Cite web |last=Nadeem |first=Reem |date=2021-09-02 |title=Two Decades Later, the Enduring Legacy of 9/11 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2021/09/02/two-decades-later-the-enduring-legacy-of-9-11/ |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=Pew Research Center - U.S. Politics & Policy |language=en-US |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124003208/https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2021/09/02/two-decades-later-the-enduring-legacy-of-9-11/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="UN OCT-2021">{{Cite web |date=2021-09-20 |title=The United Nations pays tribute to the victims of the 9/11 terrorist attacks at the 9/11 Memorial in New York |url=https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/events/un-pays-tribute-to-victims-911-terrorist-attacks |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism |archive-date=January 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118013139/https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/events/un-pays-tribute-to-victims-911-terrorist-attacks |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="CNN-2013">{{Cite web |date=2013-07-27 |title=September 11 Terror Attacks Fast Facts |url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/07/27/us/september-11-anniversary-fast-facts/index.html |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=June 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603190712/https://www.cnn.com/2013/07/27/us/september-11-anniversary-fast-facts/ |url-status=live }}</ref> the attacks and the subsequent ] are widely recognized as events that defined 2001.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=1}}<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=8}} This was internationally recognized as an armed attack against the United States under the ], and ] invoked ] for the first time in its history.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=491}}


The first major offensive was won by American and ] forces during the ] on November 10.<ref name=":27" /> The Northern Alliance took control of the city of ] during an ] on November 12,<ref name=":28" /> and Al-Qaeda ] the Afghan capital ] to the Northern Alliance on November 13.<ref name=":29" /> The Taliban ] in ] on December 6.<ref name=":30" /> The United States and its allies ] the Al-Qaeda headquarters in ] in December, but Osama bin Laden escaped by the time the cave complex was captured by the forces on December 17.<ref name=":31" /> An interim government of Afghanistan led by Hamid Karzai was formed on December 22.<ref name=":4" /> The ] between the ''de jure'' ] government and the ''de facto'' ] government continued from previous years.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=39}} When the Taliban refused to extradite Al-Qaeda leader ], the United States led a ] in an invasion of Afghanistan on 7 October.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=41}} The American-led coalition and the Northern Alliance captured Afghan cities until the Taliban ] to the Northern Alliance in ] on December 6.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=42}} The American-led coalition ] the Al-Qaeda headquarters in ] in December, but Al-Qaeda's leadership had gone into hiding. An interim government of Afghanistan led by&nbsp;] was formed on December 22.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|pages=42–43}}


== Culture == == Culture ==
=== Architecture ===
{{Main|2001 in architecture}}
] reopened in 2001.]]
New buildings constructed or opened in 2001 include the ] in ],<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=163}} the ] in ], the ] in ], and ] in ].<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=164}} Museums that opened in 2001 include the ] designed by ], the ] designed by ] in ], the ] in Singapore, the ], and the ] in ].<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=233}}


Prominent renovations made in 2001 include the ] in the ]<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=163}} and the entrance wing of the ].<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=164}} Preservation efforts were also completed on the ], and it reopened to the public on December 15 after 12 years of reconstruction.<ref name="auto21">{{Cite web |date=2001-12-15 |title=Less leaning tower of Pisa reopens |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/12/15/pisa.tower/ |website=CNN |access-date=December 3, 2022 |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120061313/http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/12/15/pisa.tower/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Damaged and destroyed buildings included the ] buildings which were destroyed in the September 11 attacks,<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=527}} and the Biblioteca Gallardo in El Salvador, which was destroyed in an earthquake.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=232}}
=== Architecture and art ===
{{Main|2001 in architecture|2001 in art}}
Museums that opened in 2001 include the ] in ],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Greuner |first=Tabea |date=2019-11-12 |title=Discover how the Ghibli Museum was created at this new exhibition |url=https://www.timeout.com/tokyo/news/this-hayao-miyazaki-exhibition-explores-how-the-ghibli-museum-was-created-111219 |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=Time Out Tokyo |language=en-GB}}</ref> the ],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yarce |first=Julio |date=2021-11-09 |title=New York's Neue Galerie Celebrates Its 20th Anniversary |url=https://untappedcities.com/2021/11/09/neue-galerie-20th-anniversary/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=Untapped New York |language=en-US}}</ref> the ],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jewish Museum Berlin |url=https://libeskind.com/work/jewish-museum-berlin/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=Libeskind |language=en-US}}</ref> and the ] in ].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fox |first=Margalit |date=2010-06-30 |title=Rudolf Leopold, Art Collector, Dies at 85 |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/30/arts/30leopold.html |access-date=2022-12-03 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The ] opened in ] in November 2001, constructed to host the ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swed |first=Mark |date=2001-11-12 |title=A Tin Ear for Acoustics at New Kodak Theatre |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-nov-12-ca-3191-story.html |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> The ] reopened to the public on December 15 after 12 years of reconstruction.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-12-15 |title=Less leaning tower of Pisa reopens |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/12/15/pisa.tower/ |archive-date=2022-12-03 |website=CNN}}</ref>


=== Art ===
Several iconic works of ] were produced during the September 11 attacks, including '']'' and '']''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Almond |first=Kyle |date=2021-09-10 |title=The 9/11 photos we will never forget |url=https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2021/09/us/9-11-photos-cnnphotos/ |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=CNN}}</ref> '']'' was one of many artworks damaged during the attacks. It was the only one to be recovered, and the sculpture continued to be displayed in its damaged form as a memorial.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blackemore |first=Erin |title=The World Trade Center's Only Surviving Art Heads Home |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/world-trade-centers-only-surviving-art-headed-back-home-180959910/ |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Notable paintings made in 2001 include '']'' by ] in Belgium, '']'' by ] in the United States, and '']'' by ] in China.
{{Main|2001 in art}}
The ] shifted from traditional paintings and sculptures, giving an increased focus to film and architectural sculpture.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=525}}<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=167}} '']'' works of art sold well, with the highest earning being ]'s painting of candles, which sold for US$5.4 million.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=525}} A decline in the fashion industry was exacerbated by the September 11 attacks; styles with military or otherwise violent iconography were phased out.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|pages=219–220}}

Improvements in ] made high resolution photography more practical. Japanese photographer ] exhibited his photographs of wax statues of historical figures to provoke questions about the nature of artistic depiction.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=171}} Several iconic works of ] were produced during the September 11 attacks, including '']'' and '']''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Almond |first=Kyle |date=2021-09-10 |title=The 9/11 photos we will never forget |url=https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2021/09/us/9-11-photos-cnnphotos/ |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=CNN |archive-date=September 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913054920/https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2021/09/us/9-11-photos-cnnphotos/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ]'s '']'' was the only artwork to be recovered from the site, and the sculpture continued to be displayed in its damaged form as a memorial.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blackemore |first=Erin |title=The World Trade Center's Only Surviving Art Heads Home |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/world-trade-centers-only-surviving-art-headed-back-home-180959910/ |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en |archive-date=December 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208020202/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/world-trade-centers-only-surviving-art-headed-back-home-180959910/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The most popular exhibition at the ] in New York City was artwork depicting ]'s time as ], followed an exhibition of works by ] and the ]. Both exhibitions were seen by over 500,000 visitors.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=525}} New art galleries and museums opened in Tokyo,<ref>{{cite book | last = Miyazaki | first = Hayao | author-link = Hayao Miyazaki |author2=Isao Takahata | title = Starting Point 1979–1996 | publisher = Viz Media | year = 2009 | pages = 446–447 | isbn = 978-1-4215-0594-7}}</ref> Vienna<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.leopoldmuseum.org/en/collection|title=Collection|website=Leopold Museum|access-date=19 October 2024}}</ref> and New York.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Goldberger|first=Paul|title=A Face-Lift on Fifth|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2001/12/03/a-face-lift-on-fifth|access-date=2021-04-13|magazine=The New Yorker|date=November 26, 2001 |language=en-us}}</ref>


=== Media === === Media ===
{{Main|2001 in film|2001 in music|2001 in video games}} {{Main|2001 in film|2001 in music|2001 in video games}}
The highest-grossing films in 2001 were ], '']'', and '']'' The highest-grossing non-English-language film was ]'s '']'' (Japanese), the 15th highest-grossing film of the year.<ref>{{cite web |title=2001 Worldwide Box Office |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/world/2001/?ref_=bo_cso_table_1 |access-date=March 7, 2020 |website=] |publisher=] |archive-date=July 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719074502/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/world/2001/?ref_=bo_cso_table_1 |url-status=live }}</ref> The inaugural entries in the ''Harry Potter'' and ''Lord of the Rings'' film franchises brought ] into mainstream culture, popularizing ] and catering to ] communities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grauso |first=Alisha |date=2020-08-05 |title=How The 'Harry Potter' And 'Lord Of The Rings' Movies Made Being A Bookworm Cool Again |url=https://atomtickets.com/movie-news/harry-potter-lord-of-the-rings-books-to-movies/ |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=Atom Insider |language=en-US |archive-date=December 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205042938/https://atomtickets.com/movie-news/harry-potter-lord-of-the-rings-books-to-movies/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Albury |first=Whitley |date=2021-12-22 |title=20 years ago, Harry Potter and LOTR changed culture |url=https://www.moviejawn.com/home/2021/12/21/hp-lotr-20th |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=Moviejawn |language=en-US |archive-date=December 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205042942/https://www.moviejawn.com/home/2021/12/21/hp-lotr-20th |url-status=live }}</ref>


{{Multiple image
The highest-grossing films in 2001 were ], '']'', and '']'' The highest-grossing non-English film was ]'s ] '']'', which was the 15th highest-grossing film of the year.<ref>{{cite web |title=2001 Worldwide Box Office |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/world/2001/?ref_=bo_cso_table_1 |access-date=March 7, 2020 |website=] |publisher=]}}</ref> The inaugural entries of the ''Harry Potter'' and ''Lord of the Rings'' film franchises prompted a shift in both the film and literary communities by propelling ] into mainstream culture, popularizing ], and reforming the ] to promote ]s and cater to ] communities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grauso |first=Alisha |date=2020-08-05 |title=How The 'Harry Potter' And 'Lord Of The Rings' Movies Made Being A Bookworm Cool Again |url=https://atomtickets.com/movie-news/harry-potter-lord-of-the-rings-books-to-movies/ |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=Atom Insider |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Albury |first=Whitley |date=2021-12-22 |title=20 years ago, Harry Potter and LOTR changed culture |url=https://www.moviejawn.com/home/2021/12/21/hp-lotr-20th |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=Moviejawn |language=en-US}}</ref>
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| footer = 2001 saw the release of the ] and ] by ], the ] by ], and the ] by ].
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In music, 3.2 billion units were sold with a value of US$33.7 billion. ] and ] first rose to prominence in 2001, with approximately 600 titles available in these formats.<ref>{{Cite report |url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/worldsales2001.pdf |title=The Recording Industry World Sales |date=2002 |access-date=2022-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061219035001/http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/worldsales2001.pdf |archive-date=2006-12-19}}</ref> Portable music grew in popularity after ] released the ] media library on January 9<ref name=":52" /> and the first ] music player device on October 23.<ref name=":53" /> Worldwide, the best-selling albums were '']'' (2000) by ], '']'' (1999) by ], and ] (2001) by ].<ref name="ifpi"/> The best-selling non-English album was '']'' ({{translation|''Tuscan Skies''}}; 2001) by Italian ] ], which topped the charts in the Netherlands and Sweden<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Andrea+Bocelli&titel=Cieli+di+Toscana&cat=a |title=Cieli di Toscana chart performance |access-date=2022-12-03 |archive-date=2012-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023022138/http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Andrea+Bocelli&titel=Cieli+di+Toscana&cat=a |url-status=live|website=australian-charts.com}}</ref> and was the 23rd best-selling album globally.<ref name="ifpi">{{Cite web |title=2000-2005 Top 50 Albums |url=https://www.ifpi.org/content/library/top-5-albums-2000-2005.xls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323114337/http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/top-5-albums-2000-2005.xls |archive-date=2006-11-05 |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=]}}</ref> In music, 3.2&nbsp;billion units were sold with a value of US$33.7&nbsp;billion. ] and ] rose to prominence, with approximately 600 titles available in these formats.<ref>{{Cite report |url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/worldsales2001.pdf |title=The Recording Industry World Sales |date=2002 |access-date=2022-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061219035001/http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/worldsales2001.pdf |archive-date=2006-12-19}}</ref> Portable music grew in popularity after ] released the ] media library on January 9<ref name="Apple Newsroom" /> and the first ] music player device on October 23.<ref name="Apple-2001" /> The music sharing program ] ended its services after it was accused of facilitating ], but it was replaced by other programs such as ].<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=177}} Worldwide, the best-selling albums were '']'' (2000) by ], '']'' (1999) by ], and ] (2001) by ].<ref name="ifpi" /> The best-selling non-English album was '']'' ({{translation|''Tuscan Skies''}}; 2001) by Italian ] ], which topped the charts in the Netherlands and Sweden<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Andrea+Bocelli&titel=Cieli+di+Toscana&cat=a |title=Cieli di Toscana chart performance |access-date=2022-12-03 |archive-date=2012-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023022138/http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Andrea+Bocelli&titel=Cieli+di+Toscana&cat=a |url-status=live|website=australian-charts.com}}</ref> and was the 23rd best-selling album globally.<ref name="ifpi">{{Cite web |title=2000-2005 Top 50 Albums |url=https://www.ifpi.org/content/library/top-5-albums-2000-2005.xls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323114337/http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/top-5-albums-2000-2005.xls |archive-date=2012-03-23 |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=]}}</ref>


Three major video game systems were released in 2001: the ] and the ] by ], and the ] by Microsoft.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hu |first=Jim |title=Video game sales set record in 2001 |url=https://www.cnet.com/culture/video-game-sales-set-record-in-2001/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=CNET |language=en}}</ref> ], which had been a major competitor in the video game hardware market to this point, ended its involvement in the market after the failure of the ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Watts |first=Jonathan |date=2001-02-01 |title=Sega to end production of Dreamcast console |url=http://www.theguardian.com/business/2001/feb/01/4 |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> The year 2001 is remembered for its influence on the video game industry with the release of many games recognized as classics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=2021-09-30 |title=2001 Was The Best Year Ever For Video Games |url=https://www.thegamer.com/best-year-for-games-2001-halo-silent-hill-2-grand-theft-auto-3/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=TheGamer |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fillari |first=Alessandro |date=2021-02-06 |title=Remembering 2001: The Biggest Games That Turn 20 This Year |url=https://www.gamespot.com/gallery/remembering-2001-the-biggest-games-that-turn-20-this-year/2900-3699/#14 |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=GameSpot |language=en-US}}</ref> Many video games released in 2001 defined or redefined their respective genres, including ] game '']'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madsen |first=Hayes |title=21 years ago, Capcom changed action games forever |url=https://www.inverse.com/gaming/devil-may-cry-21st-anniversary |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=Inverse |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Figueiredo |first=Erick Duarte |date=2022-10-02 |title=Devil May Cry and Ninja Gaiden: The Two Extremes of the Hack-and-Slash Genre |url=https://www.superjumpmagazine.com/devil-may-cry-ninja-gaiden-the-two-extremes-of-the-hack-and-slash-genre/ |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=Superjump |language=en}}</ref> ] game '']'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carnley |first=Zackery Van |date=2021-04-19 |title=How Halo Has Defined the Shooter Genre |url=https://gamerant.com/halo-influence-shooters-multiplayer-story-character/ |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=Game Rant |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Plant |first=Mike |title=In the loop: how Halo defined a new decade of first-person shooters |url=https://www.theregister.com/2012/11/06/feature_how_halo_became_the_foundation_for_a_decades_games/ |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=The Register |language=en}}</ref> and ] ] game '']'', which is regarded as an industry-defining work.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=2021-10-27 |title=Grand Theft Auto 3 Changed Video Games Forever |url=https://www.thegamer.com/grand-theft-auto-3-changed-games-forever/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=TheGamer |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gordon |first=Jeremy |date=2021-10-22 |title=After 'Grand Theft Auto III,' Open-World Games Were Never (and Always) the Same |url=https://www.theringer.com/2021/10/22/22737333/grand-theft-auto-gta-rockstar-open-world-assassins-creed |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=The Ringer |language=en}}</ref> Three major video game systems were released in 2001: the ] and the ] by ] and the ] by Microsoft. Meanwhile, ] ended its involvement in the market after the failure of the ].<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=181}} The year 2001 is considered important in the video game industry, partly because of the release of many games recognized as classics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=2021-09-30 |title=2001 Was The Best Year Ever For Video Games |url=https://www.thegamer.com/best-year-for-games-2001-halo-silent-hill-2-grand-theft-auto-3/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=TheGamer |language=en-US |archive-date=December 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203045647/https://www.thegamer.com/best-year-for-games-2001-halo-silent-hill-2-grand-theft-auto-3/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fillari |first=Alessandro |date=2021-02-06 |title=Remembering 2001: The Biggest Games That Turn 20 This Year |url=https://www.gamespot.com/gallery/remembering-2001-the-biggest-games-that-turn-20-this-year/2900-3699/#14 |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=GameSpot |language=en-US |archive-date=December 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203045651/https://www.gamespot.com/gallery/remembering-2001-the-biggest-games-that-turn-20-this-year/2900-3699/#14 |url-status=live }}</ref> Many video games released in 2001 defined or redefined their respective genres, including ] game '']'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madsen |first=Hayes |title=21 years ago, Capcom changed action games forever |url=https://www.inverse.com/gaming/devil-may-cry-21st-anniversary |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=Inverse |date=October 17, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210042856/https://www.inverse.com/gaming/devil-may-cry-21st-anniversary |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Figueiredo |first=Erick Duarte |date=2022-10-02 |title=Devil May Cry and Ninja Gaiden: The Two Extremes of the Hack-and-Slash Genre |url=https://www.superjumpmagazine.com/devil-may-cry-ninja-gaiden-the-two-extremes-of-the-hack-and-slash-genre/ |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=Superjump |language=en |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210042857/https://www.superjumpmagazine.com/devil-may-cry-ninja-gaiden-the-two-extremes-of-the-hack-and-slash-genre/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ] game '']'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carnley |first=Zackery Van |date=2021-04-19 |title=How Halo Has Defined the Shooter Genre |url=https://gamerant.com/halo-influence-shooters-multiplayer-story-character/ |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=Game Rant |language=en-US |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210042856/https://gamerant.com/halo-influence-shooters-multiplayer-story-character/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Plant |first=Mike |title=In the loop: how Halo defined a new decade of first-person shooters |url=https://www.theregister.com/2012/11/06/feature_how_halo_became_the_foundation_for_a_decades_games/ |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=The Register |language=en |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210042856/https://www.theregister.com/2012/11/06/feature_how_halo_became_the_foundation_for_a_decades_games/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and ] ] game '']'', which is regarded as an industry-defining work.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=2021-10-27 |title=Grand Theft Auto 3 Changed Video Games Forever |url=https://www.thegamer.com/grand-theft-auto-3-changed-games-forever/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=TheGamer |language=en-US |archive-date=December 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203045650/https://www.thegamer.com/grand-theft-auto-3-changed-games-forever/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gordon |first=Jeremy |date=2021-10-22 |title=After 'Grand Theft Auto III,' Open-World Games Were Never (and Always) the Same |url=https://www.theringer.com/2021/10/22/22737333/grand-theft-auto-gta-rockstar-open-world-assassins-creed |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=The Ringer |language=en |archive-date=December 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203045646/https://www.theringer.com/2021/10/22/22737333/grand-theft-auto-gta-rockstar-open-world-assassins-creed |url-status=live }}</ref>

], an American ] and ] created by former ] employee Carter Bryant for ], debuted on May 21.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mcilraith |first=Brianna |date=2022-03-25 |title=Iconic '90s and 2000s toys, gadgets and games becoming popular on Trade Me |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/128177236/iconic-90s-and-2000s-toys-gadgets-and-games-becoming-popular-on-trade-me |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=Stuff |language=en}}</ref>


=== Sports === === Sports ===
{{Main|2001 in sports}} {{Main|2001 in sports}}
Many sports events were postponed in the final months of 2001 after the September 11 attacks, particularly in the United States. Other sports were postponed in the United Kingdom and Ireland because of foot-and-mouth disease. Throughout the year, ], Utah, prepared for the ], while ] was announced as the host of the ].<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=316}}
] driver ], described as the greatest driver in the sport's history, died in a ] during the ] on February 18.<ref name=":46" /> The ] agreed to purchase its largest rival, ], on March 23.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-03-23 |title=WWF buys World Championship Wrestling |url=https://money.cnn.com/2001/03/23/deals/wwf/ |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=CNN}}</ref> In April, golf player ] became the only player to achieve a "]" after winning the ], in which he consecutively won all four championship golf titles outside of a single calendar year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DiMeglio |first=Steve |date=2021-04-05 |title='Greatest golf ever played': Witnesses to Tiger Woods' streak of four major wins look back on an improbable run |url=https://golfweek.usatoday.com/2021/04/05/tiger-woods-masters-2001-tiger-slam-major-championships/ |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=Golfweek |language=en-US}}</ref> The world record for largest victory in an international football match was set by ] in a ] against ] on April 9. Australia set this record again with a ] against ] on April 11.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-04-12 |title=Samoans lose 31-0 - or was it 32-0? |url=http://www.theguardian.com/football/2001/apr/12/newsstory.sport3 |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> The unbalanced nature of these matches prompted changes to the ] qualification process.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-09 |title=How a 31-0 'farce' changed Australia's FIFA World Cup fortunes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/how-a-31-0-farce-changed-australia-s-fifa-world-cup-fortunes/story-39iqd32nSWMt146Sdg7vRO.html |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The "]" boxing match ended in a major ] after ] defeated champion ] on April 22. Lewis would go on to win a rematch on November 11.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lancaster |first=Rob |date=2015-04-22 |title=Thunder in Africa: Recalling Hasim Rahman's Shock Win Over Lennox Lewis |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2438671-thunder-in-africa-recalling-hasim-rahmans-shock-win-over-lennox-lewis |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=Bleacher Report |language=en}}</ref>


Qualifications for the ] were the main football events in 2001.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=534}} The world record for largest victory in an international football match was set by ] in a ] against ] on April 9. Australia set this record again with a ] against ] on April 11. The unbalanced nature of these matches prompted changes to the ] qualification process.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-09 |title=How a 31-0 'farce' changed Australia's FIFA World Cup fortunes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/how-a-31-0-farce-changed-australia-s-fifa-world-cup-fortunes/story-39iqd32nSWMt146Sdg7vRO.html |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=December 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201184542/https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/how-a-31-0-farce-changed-australia-s-fifa-world-cup-fortunes/story-39iqd32nSWMt146Sdg7vRO.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2001-04-12 |title=Samoans lose 31-0 - or was it 32-0? |url=http://www.theguardian.com/football/2001/apr/12/newsstory.sport3 |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=The Guardian |language=en |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411104243/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2001/apr/12/newsstory.sport3 |url-status=live }}</ref> In Europe, the ] began its first season, establishing a continent-wide women's league for association football under the ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-04 |title=Women's Champions League switching to group format |url=https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/womens-champions-league-switching-to-group-format.754837 |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=Times of Malta |language=en-gb |archive-date=March 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324040408/https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/womens-champions-league-switching-to-group-format.754837 |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Disasters ==


American tennis players ] and ] shared the four Grand Slam tournaments,<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=316}} whilst France won the ] for the 9th time.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bud Collins|title=The Bud Collins History of Tennis|year=2010|publisher=New Chapter Press|location=|isbn=978-0942257700|pages=495–496, 505|edition=2nd}}</ref> ] driver ], described as the greatest driver in the sport's history, died in a ] during the ] on February 18.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=316}}<ref name="Caldwell-2001">{{Cite news |last=Caldwell |first=Dave |date=2001-02-19 |title=AUTO RACING; Dale Earnhardt, 49, Racing Star |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/19/sports/auto-racing-dale-earnhardt-49-racing-star.html |access-date=2022-11-20 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120191343/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/19/sports/auto-racing-dale-earnhardt-49-racing-star.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In April, golf player ] became the only player to achieve a "]" after winning the ], in which he consecutively won all four championship golf titles outside of a single calendar year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DiMeglio |first=Steve |date=2021-04-05 |title='Greatest golf ever played': Witnesses to Tiger Woods' streak of four major wins look back on an improbable run |url=https://golfweek.usatoday.com/2021/04/05/tiger-woods-masters-2001-tiger-slam-major-championships/ |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=Golfweek |language=en-US |archive-date=December 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201184545/https://golfweek.usatoday.com/2021/04/05/tiger-woods-masters-2001-tiger-slam-major-championships/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The "]" boxing match ended in a major ] after ] defeated champion ] on April 22. Lewis would go on to win a rematch on November 11.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=536}}<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Lancaster |first=Rob |date=2015-04-22 |title=Thunder in Africa: Recalling Hasim Rahman's Shock Win Over Lennox Lewis |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2438671-thunder-in-africa-recalling-hasim-rahmans-shock-win-over-lennox-lewis |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=Bleacher Report |language=en |archive-date=December 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209164604/https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2438671-thunder-in-africa-recalling-hasim-rahmans-shock-win-over-lennox-lewis |url-status=live }}</ref> In cricket, Australia's record-setting streak of sixteen Test victories in a row was broken by India.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=537}}
=== Accidents ===
Two major ]es took place at sporting events in 2001. 43 people were killed during the ] on April 11 in ], South Africa after ] was overcrowded,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2001-04-12 |title=Families mourn 43 killed in football stampede |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/apr/12/football |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> and 126 people were killed during the ] on May 9 in ], Ghana during an ongoing ].<ref name=":51">{{Cite web |last=Boateng |first=Kojo Akoto |date=2017-05-09 |title=May 9 victims remembered 16-yrs on; Herbert Mensah urges discipline |url=https://citifmonline.com/2017/05/may-9-victims-remembered-16-yrs-on-herbert-mensah-urges-discipline/ |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=Citi 97.3 FM |language=en-US}}</ref> Major structural failures in 2001 included the ] of the Hintze Ribeiro Bridge in Portugal on March 4, killing approximately 70 people,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-03-05 |title=Portugal bridge collapse 'kills 70' |language=en-GB |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1202214.stm |access-date=2022-12-03}}</ref> and the ] of a wedding hall on May 24 in ], Israel, killing 23 people.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-05-28 |title=Wedding survivors recall night of horror |language=en-GB |work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1356398.stm |access-date=2022-12-03}}</ref> 44 people were killed in ], the fifth-deadliest in post-war Japanese history,<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20030219a1.html|title=Police arrest six over deadly Kabukicho fire|publisher=The Japan Times Online|date=2003-02-19|access-date=2008-05-23}}</ref> on September 1 in ], Tokyo, Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-09-01 |title=Tokyo blast kills 44 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/09/01/japan.explosion/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=CNN}}</ref> 31 people were killed when a fertilizer factory ] on September 21 in ], France. The explosion was caused by a chemical spill amid unsafe storage practices.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-21 |title=Toulouse remembers 31 killed in AZF factory explosion 20 years ago |url=https://www.connexionfrance.com/article/French-news/Toulouse-remembers-31-killed-in-AZF-factory-explosion-20-years-ago |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=The Connexion}}</ref> At least 291 people were killed in ], Peru on December 29 after a ] caused a ] in a shopping center.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gonzalez |first=David |date=2002-01-06 |title=Lima Street Vendors Caught Between Police and Poverty |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/06/world/lima-street-vendors-caught-between-police-and-poverty.html |access-date=2022-12-03 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>


== Economy ==
The deadliest ] include a ] that killed at least 30 people in the Republic of the Congo on January 12,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-01-12 |title=30 Killed, Scores Hurt in Train Collision |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-jan-12-mn-11524-story.html |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> a ] over a bridge that killed 59 people in ] on June 22,<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2001-06-24 |title=59 Die in India as Rail Bridge Collapses |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/24/world/59-die-in-india-as-rail-bridge-collapses.html |access-date=2022-12-03 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> a ] that killed 31 people in ] on September 2,<ref>{{Cite web |title=31 Killed in Indonesian Train Crash |url=https://apnews.com/article/3b8746efd22930885eba3cc7cd08b2ae |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref> and a ] that killed 42 people at the ] in Indonesia on December 25.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kareem |first=Abdul |date=2016-12-24 |title=December 25, 2001: Train crash in Indonesia kills 42 |url=https://gulfnews.com/today-history/december-25-2001-train-crash-in-indonesia-kills-42-1.1950989 |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=Gulf News |language=en}}</ref> The deadliest ] include ] at ], Russia, which killed 145 people on July 4,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-07-05 |title=Russia in mourning after air crash - July 5, 2001 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/07/04/siberia.plane/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=CNN}}</ref> ] at ] in ], Italy, which killed 118 people on October 8,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Willan |first=Philip |date=2001-10-09 |title=118 killed as jet crashes at Milan airport |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/oct/09/philipwillan |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> and ] in ], New York City, which killed 265 people on November 12.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-12 |title=Vault: Deadly Flight 587 crash stuns NYC 2 months after 9/11 |url=https://abc7ny.com/flight-587-vault-eyewitness-news-wabc-archives/11228966/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=ABC7 New York |language=en}}</ref>
{{further|Category:2001 in economic history}}
{{see also|2001 world oil market chronology|Economic effects of the September 11 attacks}}
].]]
A ] took place among many developed economies in 2001.<ref name=":7" /> It was amplified by the ], in which ] went out of business every day for much of the year due to an overvaluation of the tech industry.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last1=Johnson |first1=Bobbie |last2=Francisco |first2=San |date=2009-12-14 |title=Ten years of technology: 2001 |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2009/dec/14/technology-decade-2001 |access-date=2023-09-30 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=October 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006204734/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2009/dec/14/technology-decade-2001 |url-status=live }}</ref> Further economic disruption occurred in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Huddleston |first=Tom |date=2020-04-09 |title=How many recessions you've actually lived through and what happened in every one |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/09/what-happened-in-every-us-recession-since-the-great-depression.html |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210180825/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/09/what-happened-in-every-us-recession-since-the-great-depression.html |url-status=live }}</ref> These factors gave the first major demonstration of globalization causing mutual downturn across nations rather than the more typical mutual growth.<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|page=7}} Global growth in 2001 was the lowest in a decade, though middle income countries such as those in Eastern Europe were able to sustain growth despite the global downturn.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/publication/world-economic-situation-and-prospects-2002/ |title=World Economic Situation and Prospects 2002 |publisher=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs |year=2002 |isbn=92-1-109141-1 |access-date=September 29, 2023 |archive-date=November 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128003013/https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/publication/world-economic-situation-and-prospects-2002/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Rp|page=30}} Unemployment and ] became concerns across developed nations.<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|page=3}} The year also marked a decline in ] by about 1.5%, which contrasted with the 11% increase in 2000. This was the first negative change in international trade since 1982. IT industries and the dot-com crash are attributed for the decline in trade.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/its2002_e/its2002_e.pdf |title=International trade statistics 2002 |date=2002 |publisher=World Trade Organization |isbn=92-870-1225-3 |issn=1020-4997 |access-date=2022-11-28 |archive-date=December 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206202829/https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/its2002_e/its2002_e.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>


Economic crises took place ] and ].<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|page=16}} The recession in Argentina negatively affected the economy throughout Latin America,<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|page=37}} and the years-long economic crisis reached its peak in December, causing widespread social unrest and the resignation of the President of Argentina.<ref name=":10">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/annualregister200000unse/ |title=The Annual Register: A Record of World Events 2001 |publisher=Keesing's Worldwide |year=2002 |isbn=1-886994-45-5 |editor-last=Lewis |editor-first=D. S. |volume=243}}</ref>{{Rp|page=16}}<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last1=Epstein |first1=Edward |title=Broken Promises?: The Argentine Crisis and Argentine Democracy |last2=Pion-Berlin |first2=David |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7391-5268-3 |pages=3 |language=en}}</ref> America Online (]), a U.S.&nbsp;online service provider, was at the apex of its popularity and purchased the media conglomerate ]. The deal was announced on January 10, in the largest merger in history at that time. AOL would rapidly shrink thereafter, partly due to the decline of ] and rise of ], and the deal would fall apart before the end of the decade, which would be regarded as one of the world's greatest business failures.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Lovelace |first=Berkeley |date=2018-06-13 |title=Steve Case to AT&T: Learn from my AOL-Time Warner failures |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/13/steve-case-to-att-learn-from-my-aol-time-warner-failures.html |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=December 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201171523/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/13/steve-case-to-att-learn-from-my-aol-time-warner-failures.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite news |last=Arango |first=Tim |date=2010-01-11 |title=How the AOL-Time Warner Merger Went So Wrong |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/11/business/media/11merger.html |access-date=2022-12-01 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=January 24, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124024239/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/11/business/media/11merger.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Natural disasters ===
]; About 585 of the deaths are caused by landslides in ] and ].]]
{{main|List of earthquakes in 2001|Tropical cyclones in 2001}}


Major businesses that ended operations in 2001 included the American energy company ] and the national airlines of Belgium and Switzerland (] and ], respectively).<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=189}} The ] took place in October 2001 when, Enron was found to be committing fraud, bringing about the criminal conviction of several executives and causing the company to undergo the largest bankruptcy at that point in U.S. history.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=How the Enron Scandal Changed American Business Forever |url=https://time.com/6125253/enron-scandal-changed-american-business-forever/ |access-date=2022-12-01 |magazine=Time |language=en |archive-date=December 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201054738/https://time.com/6125253/enron-scandal-changed-american-business-forever/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ] declined in 2001, with the exception of ], which saw significant growth.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=178}}
There were four earthquakes in 2001 that caused significant casualties. El Salvador was struck by two of them: ] on January 13 and ] on February 13, which resulted in the deaths of at least 944 and 315 people respectively.<ref name="proteccioncivil">{{cite web|title = Consolidado Final de Afectaciones - Terremoto El Salvador 13 de Enero de 2001|language=es|url=http://proteccioncivil.gob.sv/zonadescargas/Terremoto%20Enero%20de%202001%20-%20Final.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924082509/http://www.proteccioncivil.gob.sv/zonadescargas/Terremoto%20Enero%20de%202001%20-%20Final.pdf|archive-date=September 24, 2015}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> ] in ], India, on January 26 killed between 13,805 and 20,023 people, and destroyed nearly 340,000 buildings.<ref name="USGS">{{cite web|title=Preliminary Earthquake Report |publisher=USGS Earthquake Hazards Program |url=http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/2001/eq_010126/ |access-date=21 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071120094220/http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/2001/eq_010126/ |archive-date=20 November 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen|first=Kavita|title=Economic consequences of the Gujarat earthquake |website=Academia |date=January 2001 |url=https://www.academia.edu/4617331}}</ref> ], then the strongest that had occurred globally since ], killed at least 77 people in Peru on June 23.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|date=July 3, 2001|title=Initial Report on 23 June 2001 Arequipa, Peru Earthquake|url=https://www.eeri.org/lfe/pdf/peru_arequipa_initial_reconnaissance_part1.pdf|access-date=November 30, 2021|website=eeri.org}}</ref> ] struck China with an ] near ], close to the border between ] and ], on November 14, but it occurred in a sparsely populated mountainous region and there were no casualties.<ref name="VanderWoerd_etal_2005">{{cite journal |last1=Van Der Woerd J. |last2=Meriaux, A.S. |last3=Klinger, Y. |last4=Ryerson, F.J. |last5=Gaudemer, Y. |last6=Tapponnier, P. |year=2002 |title=The 14 November 2001, Mw 7.8 Kokoxili earthquake in northern Tibet (Qinghai Province, China) |url=http://eost.unistra.fr/fileadmin/upload/EOST/Jeromevdw/publications/vdWoerd_et_al._SRL2002.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Seismological Research Letters |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=125–135 |doi=10.1785/gssrl.73.2.125 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901174057/http://eost.unistra.fr/fileadmin/upload/EOST/Jeromevdw/publications/vdWoerd_et_al._SRL2002.pdf |archive-date=1 September 2020}}</ref>


== Environment and weather ==
The ] was slightly more active than normal, including 15 tropical storms and hurricanes. The deadliest storms were ] in June, ] in October, and ] in November. All three of these storms had their names ] by the ]. Tropical Storm Allison was the deadliest tropical storm to hit the United States without reaching hurricane strength.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=John L. Beven|author2=Stewart R. Stewart|volume=131|issue=7|author3=Miles B. Lawrence|author4=Lixion A. Avila|journal=Monthly Weather Review|author5=James L. Franklin|author6=Richard J. Pasch|date=July 1, 2003|pages=1454–1484|url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/131/7/1520-0493_2003_131_1454_ashso_2.0.co_2.xml?tab_body=pdf|title=Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2001|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<1454:ASHSO>2.0.CO;2|issn=1520-0493|bibcode = 2003MWRv..131.1454B |citeseerx=10.1.1.406.2342|s2cid=123028502 }}</ref> The ] was slightly larger than average, including 28 tropical storms, 20 typhoons, and 11 intense typhoons. The most powerful storms were ] in October and ] in December.<ref name="TSR2001Summ">{{cite web |last1=Rockett |first1=Paul |last2=Saunders |first2=Mark |last3=Roberts |first3=Frank |date=January 25, 2002 |title=Summary of 2001 NW Pacific Typhoon Season and Verification of Authors' Seasonal Forecasts |url=https://www.tropicalstormrisk.com/docs/TSRNWP2001Verification.pdf |website=Tropical Storm Risk |publisher=University College London}}</ref>
{{main|2001 in the environment}}


{{see also|List of earthquakes in 2001|Tropical cyclones in 2001}}]]]2001 was the second hottest year on record at the time, exceeded only by ].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Annual 2001 Global Climate Report |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/global/200113 |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=National Centers for Environmental Information |archive-date=March 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325051126/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/global/200113 |url-status=live }}</ref> The ] released its ] on July 12.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=213}} It warned that climate change in the 21st century could cause decreases in ]s and an increase in temperature-related ailments and deaths.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Readfearn |first=Graham |date=2014-03-31 |title=The hellish monotony of 25 years of IPCC climate change warnings |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/planet-oz/2014/mar/31/ipcc-climate-change-impacts-report-history-warnings |access-date=2023-03-25 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=March 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325051126/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/planet-oz/2014/mar/31/ipcc-climate-change-impacts-report-history-warnings |url-status=live }}</ref> Droughts occurred in Australia, Central America, Kenya, and the Middle East, the latter continuing from years prior. Hungary, Russia and Southeast Asia experienced significant rains, causing flooding. ] underwent a severe winter.<ref name=":0" /> ], which had been ongoing since 1998, ended in the east Atlantic by April 2001.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=186}}
== Economy ==
{{further|Early 2000s recession}}
{{see also|2001 world oil market chronology|Economic effects of the September 11 attacks}}


The ] was weakened in March when President George W. Bush determined that the United States would relinquish its commitments to the agreement, but an effort to maintain the agreement in Europe was led by Germany.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|pages=486–487}} There was an environmental scare in Europe during an investigation into depleted uranium from the ], but it was shown to pose no threat.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=485}} The ], which restricted several organic pollutants, was signed on May 22 and 23.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=491}}
A minor economic decline took place among many developed economies in 2001. The United States saw a recession from March to November after a correction of the ], an over-valued tech industry. Further economic disruption occurred in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Huddleston |first=Tom |date=2020-04-09 |title=How many recessions you've actually lived through and what happened in every one |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/09/what-happened-in-every-us-recession-since-the-great-depression.html |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> European economies also saw stalled growth in 2001,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tran |first=Mark |date=2001-07-19 |title=Eurozone 'close to recession' |url=http://www.theguardian.com/business/2001/jul/19/9 |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> with Germany entering a brief recession toward the end of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tran |first=Mark |date=2002-05-23 |title=Germany pulls out of recession with 0.2% growth |url=http://www.theguardian.com/business/2002/may/23/globalrecession2 |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Argentina's years-long economic crisis reached its peak in December when a ] prompted the freezing of deposits, in turn causing widespread social unrest and the resignation of the President of Argentina.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://economics.rabobank.com/publications/2013/august/the-argentine-crisis-20012002-/ |title=The Argentine Crisis 2001/2002 |last=van de Wiel |first=Iris |date=2013-08-23 |publisher=Rabobank |access-date=2022-12-10}}</ref> Overall, 2001 marked a decline in ] by about 1.5%, which was a significant contrast from the 11% increase in 2000. This was the first negative growth in international trade since 1982. IT industries and the dot-com crash are attributed for the decline in trade.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/its2002_e/its2002_e.pdf |title=International trade statistics 2002 |date=2002 |publisher=World Trade Organization |isbn=92-870-1225-3 |issn=1020-4997 |access-date=2022-11-28}}</ref>


There were four earthquakes in 2001 that caused significant casualties. El Salvador was struck by two of them: ] on January 13 and ] on February 13, which resulted in the deaths of at least 944 and 315 people respectively.<ref name="proteccioncivil">{{cite web |title=Consolidado Final de Afectaciones - Terremoto El Salvador 13 de Enero de 2001 |url=http://proteccioncivil.gob.sv/zonadescargas/Terremoto%20Enero%20de%202001%20-%20Final.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924082509/http://www.proteccioncivil.gob.sv/zonadescargas/Terremoto%20Enero%20de%202001%20-%20Final.pdf |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |language=es}}</ref><ref name="USAID-2001" /> ], a 7.7-magnitude earthquake in ], India, on January 26 killed between 13,805 and 20,023 people, and destroyed nearly 340,000 buildings.<ref name="USGS">{{cite web |title=Preliminary Earthquake Report |url=http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/2001/eq_010126/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071120094220/http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/2001/eq_010126/ |archive-date=20 November 2007 |access-date=21 November 2007 |publisher=USGS Earthquake Hazards Program}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Kavita |date=January 2001 |title=Economic consequences of the Gujarat earthquake |url=https://www.academia.edu/4617331 |website=Academia |access-date=November 30, 2022 |archive-date=November 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130074959/https://www.academia.edu/4617331 |url-status=live }}</ref> ], then the strongest that had occurred globally since ], killed at least 77 people in Peru on June 23.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date=July 3, 2001 |title=Initial Report on 23 June 2001 Arequipa, Peru Earthquake |url=https://www.eeri.org/lfe/pdf/peru_arequipa_initial_reconnaissance_part1.pdf |access-date=November 30, 2021 |website=eeri.org |archive-date=December 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205135748/https://www.eeri.org/lfe/pdf/peru_arequipa_initial_reconnaissance_part1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ] struck China with an ] near ], close to the border between ] and ], on November 14, but it occurred in a sparsely populated mountainous region and there were no casualties.<ref name="VanderWoerd_etal_2005">{{cite journal |last1=Van Der Woerd J. |last2=Meriaux, A.S. |last3=Klinger, Y. |last4=Ryerson, F.J. |last5=Gaudemer, Y. |last6=Tapponnier, P. |year=2002 |title=The 14 November 2001, Mw 7.8 Kokoxili earthquake in northern Tibet (Qinghai Province, China) |url=http://eost.unistra.fr/fileadmin/upload/EOST/Jeromevdw/publications/vdWoerd_et_al._SRL2002.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Seismological Research Letters |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=125–135 |doi=10.1785/gssrl.73.2.125 |bibcode=2002SeiRL..73..125V |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901174057/http://eost.unistra.fr/fileadmin/upload/EOST/Jeromevdw/publications/vdWoerd_et_al._SRL2002.pdf |archive-date=1 September 2020 | issn = 0895-0695}}</ref> Sicily saw the eruption of ], beginning on July 17 and continuing into the next month.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=185}}
Greece became the 12th country to join the ] on January 1.<ref name=":58" /> America Online (]), a U.S. online service provider, was at the apex of its popularity and purchased the media conglomerate ]. The deal took effect on January 11, in the largest merger in history at that time.<ref name=":45">{{Cite web |date=2001-01-11 |title=AOL-Time Warner deal gets OK |url=https://money.cnn.com/2001/01/11/deals/hold_aol/ |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=CNN}}</ref> AOL would rapidly shrink thereafter, partly due to the decline of ] and rise of ], and the deal would fall apart before the end of the decade, which would be regarded as one of the world's greatest business failures.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lovelace |first=Berkeley |date=2018-06-13 |title=Steve Case to AT&T: Learn from my AOL-Time Warner failures |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/13/steve-case-to-att-learn-from-my-aol-time-warner-failures.html |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Arango |first=Tim |date=2010-01-11 |title=How the AOL-Time Warner Merger Went So Wrong |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/11/business/media/11merger.html |access-date=2022-12-01 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The ] took place in October 2001 when ] Corporation, an American energy company based in ], Texas, was found to be committing fraud, bringing about the criminal conviction of several executives and causing the company to undergo the largest bankruptcy at that point in U.S. history.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=How the Enron Scandal Changed American Business Forever |url=https://time.com/6125253/enron-scandal-changed-american-business-forever/ |access-date=2022-12-01 |magazine=Time |language=en}}</ref> The national airlines of Belgium and Switzerland (] and ], respectively) ended operations in 2001.<ref name=":43" /><ref name=":44" />


The ] was slightly more active than normal, including 15 tropical storms and hurricanes. The deadliest storms were ] in June, ] in October, and ] in November. All three of these storms had their names ] by the ]. Tropical Storm Allison was the deadliest tropical storm to hit the United States without reaching hurricane strength.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=John L. Beven |author2=Stewart R. Stewart |author3=Miles B. Lawrence |author4=Lixion A. Avila |author5=James L. Franklin |author6=Richard J. Pasch |date=July 1, 2003 |title=Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2001 |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/131/7/1520-0493_2003_131_1454_ashso_2.0.co_2.xml?tab_body=pdf |journal=Monthly Weather Review |volume=131 |issue=7 |pages=1454–1484 |bibcode=2003MWRv..131.1454B |citeseerx=10.1.1.406.2342 |doi=10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<1454:ASHSO>2.0.CO;2 |issn=1520-0493 |s2cid=123028502 |access-date=November 30, 2022 |archive-date=November 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130165511/https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/131/7/1520-0493_2003_131_1454_ashso_2.0.co_2.xml?tab_body=pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The ] was slightly larger than average, including 28 tropical storms, 20 typhoons, and 11 intense typhoons. The most powerful storms were ] in October and ] in December.<ref name="TSR2001Summ">{{cite web |last1=Rockett |first1=Paul |last2=Saunders |first2=Mark |last3=Roberts |first3=Frank |date=January 25, 2002 |title=Summary of 2001 NW Pacific Typhoon Season and Verification of Authors' Seasonal Forecasts |url=https://www.tropicalstormrisk.com/docs/TSRNWP2001Verification.pdf |website=Tropical Storm Risk |publisher=University College London |access-date=November 30, 2022 |archive-date=November 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130162449/https://www.tropicalstormrisk.com/docs/TSRNWP2001Verification.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Politics ==
{{Main|2001 in politics}}] recognized 63% of national governments as electoral democracies by the end of 2001, with the Gambia and Mauritania being recognized as democracies following peaceful transfers of power. Peru also saw a significant expansion of civil rights, emerging from the authoritarian rule of ]. Argentina, Liberia, Trinidad and Tobago, and Zimbabwe underwent significant ] in 2001, with Liberia and Zimbabwe recognized as authoritarian governments by the end of the year. 64.65% of the world's population lived in countries that generally respected human rights, while 35.35% lived in countries that denied political rights and civil liberties.<ref name=":50">{{Cite report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2020-02/Freedom_in_the_World_2001-2002_complete_book.pdf |title=Freedom in the World: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties 2001-2002 |last=Karatnycky |first=Adrian |date=2002}}</ref>


== Health ==
] became the predominant global political concern amidst the September 11 attacks and the War on Terror. ] was identified as a major threat to democracy and human rights, both in the ] through the implementation of ] and in the rest of the world through terrorism.<ref name=":50" />
{{Further|Category:2001 in health}}
]: millions of cattle died during the ]]]
The ] (WHO) began a five-year program to reduce ] following a warning of the problem's severity by the ] the previous year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-06-24 |title=Ten Great Public Health Achievements --- Worldwide, 2001--2010 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6024a4.htm |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |archive-date=December 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207232929/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6024a4.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The WHO's Commission on Macroeconomics and Health released a report in 2001 detailing how spending by developed nations could protect health in developing nations.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2002-01-05 |title=The big events of 2001 |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=324 |issue=7328 |pages=0 |issn=0959-8138 |pmc=1121931}}</ref> New drugs developed in 2001 include ] to treat cancer, and ] to treat diabetes.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=224}} 2001 saw the first self-contained ] implanted in a patient.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=25}}


Outbreaks of ] occurred in Chad, India, Pakistan, Tanzania, South Africa, and throughout Western Africa; outbreaks of ] took place in Brazil, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, and Peru; and outbreaks of ] occurred in the ] as well as Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Ethiopia. Other major disease outbreaks included ] in Kosovo and Pakistan, ] in India and South Korea, ] in Spain and Norway, ] in Venezuela, and ] in Zambia.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=223}} Spain's outbreak of Legionnaires' disease was the largest ever recorded, with 449 confirmed cases and more than 800 suspected ones.<ref name="auto17">{{Cite journal |last1=García-Fulgueiras |first1=Ana |last2=Navarro |first2=Carmen |last3=Fenoll |first3=Daniel |last4=García |first4=José |last5=González-Diego |first5=Paulino |last6=Jiménez-Buñuales |first6=Teresa |last7=Rodriguez |first7=Miguel |last8=Lopez |first8=Rosa |last9=Pacheco |first9=Francisco |last10=Ruiz |first10=Joaquín |last11=Segovia |first11=Manuel |last12=Baladrón |first12=Beatriz |last13=Pelaz |first13=Carmen |date=2003 |title=Legionnaires' Disease Outbreak in Murcia, Spain |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=9 |issue=8 |pages=915–921 |doi=10.3201/eid0908.030337 |issn=1080-6040 |pmc=3020623 |pmid=12967487}}</ref> An ] outbreak continued from 2000 in Uganda until the final case was diagnosed on January 16.<ref name="auto13">{{Cite journal |last1=Okware |first1=S. I. |last2=Omaswa |first2=F. G. |last3=Zaramba |first3=S. |last4=Opio |first4=A. |last5=Lutwama |first5=J. J. |last6=Kamugisha |first6=J. |last7=Rwaguma |first7=E. B. |last8=Kagwa |first8=P. |last9=Lamunu |first9=M. |date=2002 |title=An outbreak of Ebola in Uganda |journal=Tropical Medicine & International Health |volume=7 |issue=12 |pages=1068–1075 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-3156.2002.00944.x |issn=1360-2276 |pmid=12460399 |s2cid=31488443|doi-access=free }}</ref> Another outbreak occurred in Gabon and the Republic of the Congo in October, which continued until July 2002.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite journal |date=2003-06-27 |title=Outbreak(s) of Ebola haemorrhagic fever, Congo and Gabon, October 2001-July 2002 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15571171/ |journal=Relevé Épidémiologique Hebdomadaire |volume=78 |issue=26 |pages=223–228 |issn=0049-8114 |pmid=15571171 |access-date=December 8, 2022 |archive-date=December 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208004925/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15571171/ |url-status=live }}</ref> An ] of ] occurred among livestock in the United Kingdom in 2001, resulting in millions of farm animals being slaughtered to prevent spread.<ref name="Knight-Jones">{{cite journal |last1=Knight-Jones |first1=T. J. |last2=Rushton |first2=J |year=2013 |title=The economic impacts of foot and mouth disease – What are they, how big are they and where do they occur? |journal=Preventive Veterinary Medicine |volume=112 |issue=3–4 |pages=161–173 |doi=10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.07.013 |pmc=3989032 |pmid=23958457}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/britannica200100ency |title=Encyclopædia Britannica: 2001 Year in Review |date=2002 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |isbn=9780852298312 |language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=153–155}}
=== Domestic ===
]
The ] was the '']'' government of Afghanistan in 2001, but for several years it had operated as a ] while the Taliban-led ] held '']'' control over most of the country.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ibrahimi |first=S. Yaqub |date=2017-11-02 |title=The Taliban's Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001): 'War-Making and State-Making' as an Insurgency Strategy |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2017.1374598 |journal=Small Wars & Insurgencies |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=947–972 |doi=10.1080/09592318.2017.1374598 |s2cid=148986180 |issn=0959-2318}}</ref> Despite pleas from the international community to spare them, the Taliban proceeded to destroy the ] starting on March 2, having declared that they are idols.<ref name=":54" /> The Islamic State of Afghanistan was restored to power following the invasion of Afghanistan with the appointment of president Hamid Karzai on December 22.<ref name=":4" />


Approximately 400,000 people in ] were exposed to ] by ]s and other harmful particles such as asbestos and metals as a result of the ], and many would go on to suffer chronic illness as a result of exposure.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-01 |title=Toxins and Health Impacts: Health Effects of 9/11 - WTC Health Program |url=https://www.cdc.gov/wtc/exhibition/toxins-and-health-impacts.html |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=Centers for Disease Control |language=en |archive-date=December 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208003659/https://www.cdc.gov/wtc/exhibition/toxins-and-health-impacts.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A series of ] against American government and media figures in October further spurred precautions against bioterrorism.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=222}}
The ] took place in the Philippines in January. Protests amid a corruption scandal and the resulting ] of President ] caused the president to announce his resignation, and he was succeeded by Vice President ] on January 20.<ref name=":5" /> ] took place in ] in central ], China, on January 23. Five members of the ], a religious movement banned in mainland China, are alleged to have set themselves on fire, but details surrounding the incident are disputed by Falun Gong sources.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=24 January 2001 |title=Tiananmen tense after fiery protests |publisher=CNN |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/01/24/asia.falun.03/ |access-date=9 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222110517/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/01/24/asia.falun.03/ |archive-date=22 February 2007}}</ref> Thousands of protesters stormed the Indonesian parliament building on January 29.<ref name=":6" /> The ] escalated with ] on December 19, prompting President ] to resign two days later.<ref name=":21" /><ref name=":92">{{Cite web |date=2001-12-20 |title=Argentina in state of siege after deadly riots |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/americas/12/19/argentina.riots/ |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=CNN}}</ref>


== Politics and law ==
Two former heads of government were arrested in 2001: President ] of Serbia (1997–2000) was arrested on April 2 for his role in the ],<ref name=":56" /> and President ] of Argentina (1989–1999) was arrested on June 7 for ].<ref name=":57" />
{{Main|2001 in politics}}] recognized 63% of national governments as electoral democracies by the end of 2001, with the Gambia and Mauritania being recognized as democracies following peaceful transfers of power. Peru also saw a significant expansion of civil rights after emerging from the authoritarian rule of ]. Argentina, Liberia, Trinidad and Tobago, and Zimbabwe underwent significant ] in 2001, with Liberia and Zimbabwe recognized as authoritarian governments by the end of the year. 64.65% of the world's population lived in countries that generally respected human rights, while 35.35% lived in countries that denied political rights and civil liberties.<ref name="Karatnycky-2002">{{Cite report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2020-02/Freedom_in_the_World_2001-2002_complete_book.pdf |title=Freedom in the World: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties 2001-2002 |last=Karatnycky |first=Adrian |date=2002 |access-date=December 7, 2022 |archive-date=October 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019090656/http://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2020-02/Freedom_in_the_World_2001-2002_complete_book.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>


] became the predominant global political concern amidst the September 11 attacks and the War on Terror. ] was identified as a major threat to democracy and human rights, both in the ] through the implementation of ] and in the rest of the world through terrorism.<ref name="Karatnycky-2002" />{{Undue weight inline|date=December 2023|reason=This is cited to a booklet published by Freedom House in 2002. Its contents are intently focused on the latter half of 2001 and it does not have the required historical distance to view these events with clarity.}} ], the ability to prosecute human rights violators, the number of refugees, and the problems of economic disadvantage were among the global human rights concerns that were given the most attention in 2001.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=312}}
Ghana underwent its first peaceful transfer of power since 1979 when ] was sworn in as ] on January 7.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/P5Ghana2018.pdf |title=Ghana |date=2018 |publisher=Center for Systemic Peace |access-date=2022-12-02}}</ref> The Netherlands became the first modern country to legalize ] on April 1.<ref name=":47" /> The ] was ] on June 1 by Crown Prince ], who effectively became king upon his father's death. King Dipendra died days later and was succeeded by his uncle ].<ref name="massacre" /> The ] was ] on December 24, creating a federal government with a rotating presidency and granting increased autonomy to the three island administrations.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/P5Comoros2018.pdf |title=Comoros |date=2018 |publisher=Center for Systemic Peace |access-date=2022-12-02}}</ref>


=== International === === Domestic politics ===
] leaving the '']'' after resigning on December 21]]
{{further|Constitutive Act of the African Union}}
The ] was the '']'' government of Afghanistan in 2001, but for several years it had operated as a ] while the Taliban-led ] held '']'' control over most of the country.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ibrahimi |first=S. Yaqub |date=2017-11-02 |title=The Taliban's Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001): 'War-Making and State-Making' as an Insurgency Strategy |journal=Small Wars & Insurgencies |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=947–972 |doi=10.1080/09592318.2017.1374598 |s2cid=148986180 |issn=0959-2318}}</ref> The Islamic State of Afghanistan was restored to power following the invasion of Afghanistan with the appointment of president Hamid Karzai on December 22.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=43}}
{{see also|China–United States relations|Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration}}
], adopted at its 14th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government in 2010]]
Two major regional organizations were announced in 2001: The ] was established on May 26 as a pan-African forum to promote unity between African countries, including cooperation in economic and security issues. It would take effect in 2002, replacing the ].<ref name=":48" /> The ] was announced on June 15 to facilitate political and economic cooperation between Asian countries.<ref name=":59" /> Three countries joined the ] (WTO) in 2001: Lithuania on May 31,<ref name=":49">{{Cite web |date=2021-05-31 |title=Lithuania marks 20th anniversary of its accession to the World Trade Organization |url=https://ca.urm.lt/default/en/news/lithuania-marks-20th-anniversary-of-its-accession-to-the-wold-trade-organization-1 |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania}}</ref> Moldova on July 26,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-26 |title=The Republic of Moldova marks 20 years since joining the World Trade Organization |url=https://mfa.gov.md/en/content/republic-moldova-marks-20-years-joining-world-trade-organization |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of the Republic of Moldova}}</ref> and China on December 11.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China and the WTO |url=https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/china_e.htm |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=World Trade Organization}}</ref> The WTO began the ] in November to negotiate lower trade barriers between countries and integrate developing nations into the global economy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Doha Development Agenda |url=https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/eu-and-wto/doha-development-agenda_en |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=European Commission |language=en}}</ref>


] became president of the Democratic Republic of the Congo following ] of his father, President. ].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/time2002annual00edit |title=Time Annual 2002 |publisher=Time Magazine |year=2002|isbn=9781929049622 }}</ref>{{Rp|page=77}} President ] of Indonesia was removed from office after thousands of protesters stormed the parliament building, and he was replaced by Vice President ], daughter of former president ].<ref name="the Guardian-2001a" /><ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=77}} The ] took place in the Philippines in January when President ] resigned amid an ], and he was succeeded by Vice President ].<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=77}} The ] escalated with ] in December, prompting President ] to resign on December 20 and the fall of the interim government soon after.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=16}}<ref name=":9" />
The ] was signed on May 22 to limit the production of ]s.<ref name=":64" /> The ] began on August 31, in ], South Africa, under the auspices of the ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Racism and Human Rights (World Conference Against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance - 2001) |url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/campaigns/race/ |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Israel and the United States withdrew from the conference on September 3 over objections to a draft resolution document equating ] with racism and singling out the Jewish state for war crimes.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-04-20 |title=Anti-Semitism at the UN |url=https://www.dw.com/en/controversy-over-israel-dogs-un-racism-conference-again/a-4193498 |access-date=2022-12-04 |archive-date=2022-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120043740/https://www.dw.com/en/controversy-over-israel-dogs-un-racism-conference-again/a-4193498|website=] |language=en}}</ref> The ] agreement took effect on October 30, establishing the right to environmental information and ] for European and Central Asian countries.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rodenhoff |first=Vera |date=2002 |title=The Aarhus Convention and its Implications for the 'Institutions' of the European Community |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9388.00332 |journal=Review of European Community & International Environmental Law |language=en |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=343–357 |doi=10.1111/1467-9388.00332 |issn=0962-8797}}</ref> The ], the first international treaty to address ], was signed on November 23.<ref name=":62" />


Kosovo and East Timor both held elections for the first time in 2001 as they sought independence.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=18}} Other changes in leadership included the ] of ] as ], the ] of ] as ],<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=16}} the selection of ] as ],<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=19}} and the ] of ] as ]. Other leaders saw reconfirmation, including the ] of ] as ] and the victory of the United Kingdom's ] led by ] in ].<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=77}}
A ] occurred between China and the United States when military planes of the two countries collided on April 1.<ref name=":7" />


In response to the September 11 attacks, the United States passed the controversial ] that granted the U.S. government significant surveillance powers.<ref name=":8" /> Ghana underwent its first peaceful transfer of power since 1979 when ] was sworn in as ] on January 7.<ref name="auto19">{{Cite report |url=https://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/P5Ghana2018.pdf |title=Ghana |date=2018 |publisher=Center for Systemic Peace |access-date=2022-12-02 |archive-date=December 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205172817/https://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/P5Ghana2018.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The Netherlands became the first modern country to legalize ] on April 1.<ref name="William Binchy-20072">{{cite book |author1=Oran Doyle |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b4IhAQAAIAAJ |title=Committed Relationships and the Law |author2=William Binchy |publisher=Four Courts Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-84682-087-8 |page=89}}</ref> The ] was ] on June 1 by Crown Prince ], who became king upon his father's death. Dipendra fell into a coma after shooting himself, and he died days later. He in turn was succeeded by his uncle ].<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|pages=72–73}} The ] was ] on December 24, creating a federal government with a rotating presidency and granting increased autonomy to the three island administrations.<ref name="auto15">{{Cite report |url=https://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/P5Comoros2018.pdf |title=Comoros |date=2018 |publisher=Center for Systemic Peace |access-date=2022-12-02 |archive-date=December 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202041859/https://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/P5Comoros2018.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Science and technology ==
{{Main|2001 in science|2001 in spaceflight}}
The ] released the first draft of its ] sequence on February 12.<ref name=":16" /> The first self-contained ] was implanted on July 2.<ref name=":17" /> Several accomplishments were made in the field of ] in 2001, including the clone of a ]<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2001-01-13 |title=Scientists Clone Endangered Gaur but It Dies |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/13/science/scientists-clone-endangered-gaur-but-it-dies.html |access-date=2022-11-30 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> the clone of a ],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-10-01 |title=Endangered sheep cloned |language=en-GB |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1573309.stm |access-date=2022-11-30}}</ref> and the first clone of a human embryo.<ref name=":18" />


=== International politics ===
]: (L-R) ], ], and ]]]
]]]
There were only 57 successful orbital spaceflights in 2001, the fewest since 1963. Eight of these launches were crewed missions. Two failed spaceflights also took place.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Space Flight 2001 - The Year in Review |url=https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/reports/2001/index.html |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=NASA |language=en}}</ref> The '']'' made the first successful landing of a spacecraft on an asteroid on February 12.<ref name=":10" /> The '']'' space station was ] and destroyed on March 23.<ref name=":11" /> The '']'' orbiter was launched on April 7 and arrived at Mars on October 24.<ref name=":40" /> American entrepreneur ] became the first ] on April 28 aboard the Russian ].<ref name=":12" /> ] was discovered on May 22.<ref name=":13" /> The ] probe was launched on August 8 to collect ] samples.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |title=Genesis |url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/genesis/in-depth/ |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=NASA}}</ref> '']'' carried out a flyby of ] on September 22,<ref name=":41" /> and ] carried out a flyby of ] on October 15.<ref name=":14" /> An atmosphere was discovered on an ] for the first time on November 27.<ref name=":15" />
Two major regional organizations were announced in 2001. The ] was established on May 26 as a pan-African forum to promote unity between African countries, including cooperation in economic and security issues, and would replace the ] in 2002.<ref name="Adeniyi-2016" /> The ] was announced on June 15 to facilitate political and economic cooperation between Asian countries.<ref name="SCO-2017" /> Three countries joined the ] (WTO) in 2001: Lithuania on May 31,<ref name="Lithuania-2021">{{Cite web |date=2021-05-31 |title=Lithuania marks 20th anniversary of its accession to the World Trade Organization |url=https://ca.urm.lt/default/en/news/lithuania-marks-20th-anniversary-of-its-accession-to-the-wold-trade-organization-1 |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania}}</ref> Moldova on July 26,<ref name="auto23">{{Cite web |date=2021-07-26 |title=The Republic of Moldova marks 20 years since joining the World Trade Organization |url=https://mfa.gov.md/en/content/republic-moldova-marks-20-years-joining-world-trade-organization |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of the Republic of Moldova |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120215454/https://mfa.gov.md/en/content/republic-moldova-marks-20-years-joining-world-trade-organization |url-status=live }}</ref> and China on December 11.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |title=China and the WTO |url=https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/china_e.htm |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=World Trade Organization |archive-date=February 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224134433/https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/china_e.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The WTO began the ] in November to negotiate lower trade barriers between countries and integrate developing nations into the global economy.<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|page=18}}


The ] began on August 31, in ], South Africa, under&nbsp;the auspices of the ].<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |title=Racism and Human Rights (World Conference Against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance - 2001) |url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/campaigns/race/ |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=Human Rights Watch |archive-date=December 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209022152/https://www.hrw.org/legacy/campaigns/race/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Israel and the United States withdrew from the conference on September 3 over objections to a draft resolution document equating ] with racism and singling out the Jewish state for war crimes.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|date=2009-04-20 |title=Anti-Semitism at the UN |url=https://www.dw.com/en/controversy-over-israel-dogs-un-racism-conference-again/a-4193498 |access-date=2022-12-04 |archive-date=2022-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120043740/https://www.dw.com/en/controversy-over-israel-dogs-un-racism-conference-again/a-4193498|website=] |language=en}}</ref> The ] took effect on October 30, establishing the right to environmental information and ] for European and Central Asian countries.<ref name="auto7">{{Cite journal |last=Rodenhoff |first=Vera |date=2002 |title=The Aarhus Convention and its Implications for the 'Institutions' of the European Community |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9388.00332 |journal=Review of European Community & International Environmental Law |language=en |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=343–357 |doi=10.1111/1467-9388.00332 |issn=0962-8797 |access-date=December 2, 2022 |archive-date=December 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202223718/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9388.00332 |url-status=live }}</ref> The ] was marred by anti-globalization protests in ], Italy. Massive demonstrations, drawing an estimated 200,000 people, were held against the meeting. One demonstrator, ], was killed by a policeman, and several others were injured.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=76}}{{Failed verification|date=November 2023}} The September 11 attacks demonstrated a need for international law to address terrorism and other non-state actors, and a push by UN Secretary General ] in November saw progress in multiple international treaties.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=491}} The ], the first international treaty to address ], was signed on November 23.<ref name="Weber-2003" />
Apple Inc. released the ] ] for ] computers on March 24.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Chen |first=Brian X. |title=March 24, 2001: Apple Unleashes Mac OS X |language=en-US |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/2010/03/macos-x-released/ |access-date=2022-12-04 |issn=1059-1028}}</ref> ] wireless technology first became available on October 1 when it was ] by Japanese telecommunications company ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Kieren |date=2001-10-01 |title=World's first 3G network live today |url=https://www.theregister.com/2001/10/01/worlds_first_3g_network_live/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=The Register |language=en}}</ref> Microsoft released the ] operating system to retail on October 25.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Microsoft Releases Windows XP |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/tdih/october/25/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=Computer History Museum}}</ref> The ], a self-balancing ] invented by ], was unveiled on December 3 after months of public speculation and media hype,<ref name="speculation">{{cite episode |url=http://www.cc.com/events/month-of-zen/live.html |title=January 26, 2000 |series=] |date=26 July 2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702125349/http://www.cc.com/events/month-of-zen/live.html |archive-date=2 July 2015}}</ref> on the ] morning program '']''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/thisdayintech/2009/12/1203segway-unveiled |title=Wired.com retrospective |access-date=2009-04-12 | first=Dylan |last=Tweney}}</ref>

Diplomatic disputes in 2001 included a ] when an American ] and a Chinese ] collided over the South China Sea,<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|pages=70–71}} and a dispute between Japan and North Korea when the North Korean leader's son, ], attempted to sneak into ].<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=76}} ]s and stricter penalties against delinquent students became controversial educational practices in several countries.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=206}}

=== Law ===
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Milosevic in Hague (cropped 4 to 3 ratio).jpg
| image2 = Radislav Krstic2013.jpg
| footer = Former Serbian President ] and general ] both faced prosecution in 2001 by the ].
| total_width = 250
}}
Belgium set precedent when the government prosecuted crimes of the ], invoking a 1993 law that gave Belgian courts jurisdiction over ] violations that take place anywhere in the world.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=226}} In another first for international law, the ] determined that ] was a war crime.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=374}} President ] of Serbia (1997–2000) was arrested on April 1 for his role in the ] and other crimes against humanity committed during the ]. He was the first head of state to see trial for war crimes in this manner.<ref name=":5"/>{{Rp|page=230}} The tribunal also prosecuted general ], bringing its first conviction for genocide.<ref name=":10"/>{{Rp|page=18}}

The ] heard two new cases in 2001: Liechtenstein challenged Germany's claim that Lichtenstein property had been seized from Germany during World War II, and Nicaragua brought a challenge against Colombia regarding maritime borders. It delivered judgement in a 1991 case of a territorial dispute between Bahrain and Qatar, and it ruled in a German challenge against the United States that the court's own provisional orders are binding.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=492}}

== Religion ==
{{Further|Category:2001 in religion}}
] used to stand before being destroyed by the ].]]
The religiously motivated September 11 attacks came to dominate global discourse about religion in 2001.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=300}} Following the attacks, both ] and ] came to the fore, with an increase in ], particularly in the United States and Europe.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brown |first=Andrew |date=2011-09-10 |title=Why 9/11 was good for religion |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/sep/10/911-religion-september-11 |access-date=2023-03-26 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=March 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326044838/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/sep/10/911-religion-september-11 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Banks |first=Adelle M. |date=2021-09-09 |title=9/11 became a catalyst for interfaith relations and cooperation |url=https://religionnews.com/2021/09/09/9-11-became-a-catalyst-for-interfaith-relations-and-cooperation/ |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=Religion News Service |language=en-US |archive-date=March 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326044839/https://religionnews.com/2021/09/09/9-11-became-a-catalyst-for-interfaith-relations-and-cooperation/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The imposition of religious law became a major subject of debate, particularly in Afghanistan, where the perpetrators of the attacks were protected by the fundamentalist Taliban, as well as Nigeria, where conflict between Christians and Muslims escalated amid the implementation of Islamic law.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=300}} Prior to the attacks, the Taliban had incited a different religious controversy by destroying the ] despite the international community's pleas.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=76}} Another religious conflict took place in ], Sudan, when Christians were forcibly expelled from the Anglican cathedral during Easter services.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=470}}

] made trips throughout 2001 to preach for good relations with other religions: he became the first pope to visit a mosque in Syria to build relations with Muslims, and he visited Greece to build relations with Orthodox Christians. Relations between Catholicism and Judaism were strained following a dispute over the release of Holocaust records held by the Vatican.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|pages=300–301}} The Pope named 37 cardinals on January 21, bringing the total number to 128.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=469}} The ] also began investigations of ] among its priests in 2001, with 3,000 cases being considered over the following decade.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lewis |first=Aidan |date=2010-05-04 |title=Looking behind the Catholic sex abuse scandal |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8654789.stm |access-date=2023-03-26 |archive-date=February 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206012930/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8654789.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> The subject of women's ordination was also a subject of debate within the Catholic Church.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=470}}

The duodecennial Hindu pilgrimage and festival ] was held for 42 days in January and February 2001.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=308}} A {{Convert|50|sqmi|km2|adj=on}} ] was created within ] to support the festival.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=471}} The ] in Oman was completed in May. At the time, its chandelier was the largest in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Al-Shaibany |first=Saleh |date=2022-10-01 |title=Iconic carpet, chandelier at the Grand Mosque is a big attraction for tourists |url=https://timesofoman.com/article/121900-iconic-carpet-chandelier-at-the-grand-mosque-is-a-big-attraction-for-tourists |website=Times of Oman |language=en |access-date=March 26, 2023 |archive-date=March 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326044838/https://timesofoman.com/article/121900-iconic-carpet-chandelier-at-the-grand-mosque-is-a-big-attraction-for-tourists |url-status=live }}</ref> ] became a social phenomenon in 2001 after a ] as Jedi caused it to become the fourth largest religion in the United Kingdom and the second largest religion in New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacobs |first=Frank |date=2016-03-03 |title=Where Have All the Jedi gone? |url=https://bigthink.com/strange-maps/where-have-all-the-jedi-gone/ |website=Big Think |language=en-US |access-date=March 26, 2023 |archive-date=March 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326044838/https://bigthink.com/strange-maps/where-have-all-the-jedi-gone/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Science ==
{{Main|2001 in science}}
] was first described in 2001.]]
Several anthropological and archaeological developments were made in 2001, including the extraction of ] from prehistoric skeletons<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=158}} and the discovery of an ] lodged in the shoulder of ], a 5,300-year-old mummy, after a ] was performed on him.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=128}} Newly described hominids included '']''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahelanthropus tchadensis |url=http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/sahelanthropus-tchadensis |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program |language=en |archive-date=June 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629225632/https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/sahelanthropus-tchadensis |url-status=live }}</ref> and '']'', while two additional hominids, '']'' and '']'', were proposed.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|pages=158–159}} January saw the extraction of DNA from a 60,000-year-old skeleton, the oldest human DNA to be studied to that point.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=480}} In October, the discovery of a prehistoric '']'' skeleton was announced after digging began the previous year.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=125}} Archaeological discoveries include ] in ], 40,000-year-old tools in ], ] citizens in a pit adjacent to the ], a walled city at ], and a 2,900-year-old ] in ].<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|pages=160–162}}

Two different groups, the ] and ], published the first maps of the human genome on February 15 and 16, respectively. ] was a controversial subject in 2001, and opponents called for bans on human cloning internationally.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|pages=477–478}}{{Rp|page=215}} Other developments in genetics included a completed sequencing of the '']'' genome and an experiment saw the successful creation of tomatoes ] to survive in saltwater.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=237}} The ] was among the animals first ] in 2001.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Shields |first1=Fiona |last2=Hilaire |first2=Eric |date=2012-09-13 |title=10 new mammals discovered in past 10 years |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/sep/13/new-mammals-discovered-10-years |access-date=2023-03-25 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=March 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325184702/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/sep/13/new-mammals-discovered-10-years |url-status=live }}</ref> Birds discovered include the ], the ], the ], and the ].<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=215}} The '']'' tree was rediscovered on Mauritius when it was thought extinct since 1863.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=238}} Conversely, the 1993 discovery of '']'' was determined in February 2001 to be unfounded.<ref name=":5" />

The discovery of the ] on the ] was formally announced in 2001.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=183}} The phenomenon of ] was confirmed in 2001, while the 1999 discovery of ] was retracted.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=263}} The ] was founded in 2001 as a joint project between several northern countries.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=210}}

=== Technology and transportation ===
{{Further|2001 in spaceflight|2001 in aviation|2001 in rail transport}}]: (L-R) ], ], and ]]]The computer industry saw major decline during the recession in 2001.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=175}} Apple Computer Inc. released the ] ] for ] computers on March 24,<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=176}}<ref name=":17">{{Cite magazine |last=Chen |first=Brian X. |title=March 24, 2001: Apple Unleashes Mac OS X |url=https://www.wired.com/2010/03/macos-x-released/ |magazine=Wired |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028 |access-date=2022-12-04 |archive-date=December 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204014509/https://www.wired.com/2010/03/macos-x-released/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and it discontinued the ].<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=176}} ] wireless technology first became available on October 1 when it was ] by Japanese telecommunications company ] with its ] service.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=182}} Microsoft released the ] operating system to retail on October 25.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=175}}<ref name="auto8">{{Cite web |title=Microsoft Releases Windows XP |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/tdih/october/25/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=Computer History Museum |archive-date=December 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203043603/https://www.computerhistory.org/tdih/october/25/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The most powerful ] as of 2001 was designed by ] for the ] in the United States. Several ] scares took place in 2001, including the ], ], and ] worms.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=180}}

There were only 57 successful orbital spaceflights in 2001, the fewest since 1963. Eight of these launches were crewed missions. Two failed spaceflights also took place.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Space Flight 2001 - The Year in Review |url=https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/reports/2001/index.html |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=NASA |language=en |archive-date=April 7, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407032841/http://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/reports/2001/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The '']'' made the first successful landing of a spacecraft on an asteroid on February 12, and the ] was connected to the ] the same month.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|pages=474–475}} The Russian '']'' space station was ] and destroyed on March 23, landing in the Pacific Ocean.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|pages=126}} The '']'' orbiter was launched on April 7 and arrived at Mars on October 24.<ref name="NASA Mars-2001" /> American entrepreneur ] became the first ] on April 28 aboard the Russian ].<ref name="NASA-2001" /> ] was discovered on May 22.<ref name="Minor Planet Center" /> The ] probe was launched on August 8 to collect ] samples.<ref name="NASA-Genesis-2004">{{Cite web |title=Genesis |url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/genesis/in-depth/ |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=NASA |archive-date=May 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504105535/https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/genesis/in-depth/ |url-status=live }}</ref> '']'' carried out a flyby of ] on September 22,<ref name="NASA-DS1-2001" /> and ] carried out a flyby of ] on October 15.<ref name="JPL-2001" /> An atmosphere was discovered on an ] for the first time on November 27.<ref name="Hubble-2001" />

Air travel in the United States and worldwide was heavily affected by the September 11 attacks. Commercial flights in the United States were grounded for three days,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Clark |first1=David E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZbCAAAAQBAJ |title=The Impact of 9/11 on Business and Economics: The Business of Terror |last2=McGibany |first2=James M. |last3=Myers |first3=Adam |date=2009-08-31 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-10006-0 |editor-last=Morgan |editor-first=Matthew J. |pages=75–76 |language=en |chapter=The Effects of 9/11 on the Airline Travel Industry |access-date=March 25, 2023 |archive-date=September 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929025204/https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZbCAAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> and air travel then became subject to significantly increased security measures.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martinez |first=Marta Rodriguez |date=2021-09-10 |title=How have the 9/11 attacks changed life for Europeans? |url=https://www.euronews.com/2021/09/10/how-have-the-9-11-attacks-changed-life-for-europeans |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=euronews |language=en |archive-date=March 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325053817/https://www.euronews.com/2021/09/10/how-have-the-9-11-attacks-changed-life-for-europeans |url-status=live }}</ref> ] opened in ] on March 22, and the ] railway opened in France.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=166}} The ] nuclear submarine was lifted from the ] after the ] of the previous year.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|pages=74–75}} The ], a self-balancing ] invented by ], was unveiled on December 3 after months of public speculation and media hype,<ref name="speculation">{{cite episode |url=http://www.cc.com/events/month-of-zen/live.html |title=January 26, 2000 |series=] |date=26 July 2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702125349/http://www.cc.com/events/month-of-zen/live.html |archive-date=2 July 2015}}</ref> on the ] morning program '']''.<ref name="auto4">{{cite news |last=Tweney |first=Dylan |title=Wired.com retrospective |url=https://www.wired.com/thisdayintech/2009/12/1203segway-unveiled |access-date=2009-04-12 |archive-date=February 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140206032414/http://www.wired.com/thisdayintech/2009/12/1203segway-unveiled/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The reveal that it was a self-balancing transporter was seen as a disappointment.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=477}}


==Events== ==Events==
===January=== ===January===
* ] – Greece becomes the 12th country to join the ].<ref name=":58">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2001-01-01 |title=Greece joins euro |url=http://www.theguardian.com/business/2001/jan/01/emu.theeuro |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> * ] – Greece becomes the 12th country to join the ].<ref name="The Guardian-2001c">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2001-01-01 |title=Greece joins euro |url=http://www.theguardian.com/business/2001/jan/01/emu.theeuro |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=The Guardian |language=en |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120215445/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2001/jan/01/emu.theeuro |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] – Ghana undergoes its first peaceful transfer of power since 1979 when ] is sworn in as ].<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/P5Ghana2018.pdf |title=Ghana |date=2018 |publisher=Center for Systemic Peace |access-date=2022-12-02}}</ref> * ] – Ghana undergoes its first peaceful transfer of power since 1979 when ] is sworn in as ].<ref name="auto19"/>
* ] &ndash; ] launches ], a software program that acts as a ], media library, and the client app for the ].<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |title=Apple Introduces iTunes — World's Best and Easiest To Use Jukebox Software |url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2001/01/09Apple-Introduces-iTunes-Worlds-Best-and-Easiest-To-Use-Jukebox-Software/ |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=Apple Newsroom |language=en-US}}</ref> * ] ] launches ], a software program that acts as a ] and media library.<ref name="Apple Newsroom">{{Cite web |title=Apple Introduces iTunes — World's Best and Easiest To Use Jukebox Software |url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2001/01/09Apple-Introduces-iTunes-Worlds-Best-and-Easiest-To-Use-Jukebox-Software/ |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=Apple Newsroom |language=en-US |archive-date=June 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604220521/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2001/01/09Apple-Introduces-iTunes-Worlds-Best-and-Easiest-To-Use-Jukebox-Software/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] – The merger of ] and ], the largest business merger in history at that time, takes effect.<ref name=":45">{{Cite web |date=2001-01-11 |title=AOL-Time Warner deal gets OK |url=https://money.cnn.com/2001/01/11/deals/hold_aol/ |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=CNN}}</ref> * ] – ] and ] announce what was at the time the world's largest business merger.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":14" />
* ] – A ] hits El Salvador, killing at least 944 people and causing massive landslides, which leaves thousands of those affected homeless.<ref name="proteccioncivil" /><ref name="USAID-2001">{{Cite web |title=El Salvador - Earthquakes Final Fact Sheet, Fiscal Year (FY) 2001 - El Salvador |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/el-salvador/el-salvador-earthquakes-final-fact-sheet-fiscal-year-fy-2001 |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=ReliefWeb |date=September 7, 2001 |publisher=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs |language=en |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120030336/https://reliefweb.int/report/el-salvador/el-salvador-earthquakes-final-fact-sheet-fiscal-year-fy-2001 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] – ]: A train collision in the Republic of the Congo kills at least 30 people.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-01-12 |title=30 Killed, Scores Hurt in Train Collision |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-jan-12-mn-11524-story.html |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; A ] hits El Salvador, killing at least 944 people and causing massive landslides, which leaves thousands of those affected homeless.<ref name="proteccioncivil"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=El Salvador - Earthquakes Final Fact Sheet, Fiscal Year (FY) 2001 - El Salvador |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/el-salvador/el-salvador-earthquakes-final-fact-sheet-fiscal-year-fy-2001 |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs |language=en}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ] is launched.<ref name="KockJungSyn2016">Kock, N., Jung, Y., & Syn, T. (2016). {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927001627/http://cits.tamiu.edu/kock/pubs/journals/2016JournalIJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration/Kock_etal_2016_IJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration.pdf |date=September 27, 2016 }} International Journal of e-Collaboration (IJeC), 12(2), 1–8.</ref>
* ] * ]
** ]: The President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo is shot in his office during the ] and rushed to ] in Zimbabwe for medical treatment; his death will be announced two days later.<ref name="BanksOverstreet2008">{{cite book|author1=Arthur S Banks|author2=William Overstreet|author3=Thomas Muller|title=Political Handbook of the World 2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vXU_CplFBLYC|date=15 April 2008|publisher=CQ Press|isbn=978-0-87289-528-7|page=282}}</ref> His son ] will be sworn in as his replacement the following week.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-01-23 |title=Joseph Kabila Takes Power In Congo |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/joseph-kabila-takes-power-in-congo/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CBS News |language=en-US}}</ref> ** ]: The President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo is shot in his office during the ] and rushed to ] in Zimbabwe for medical treatment; his death will be announced two days later. He is succeeded by his son, ].<ref name=":3"/>{{Rp|page=29}}
** The final documented case of the 2000–2001 Uganda ] outbreak is diagnosed.<ref name="auto13"/>
** The final documented case of the 2000–2001 Uganda ] outbreak is diagnosed.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Okware |first1=S. I. |last2=Omaswa |first2=F. G. |last3=Zaramba |first3=S. |last4=Opio |first4=A. |last5=Lutwama |first5=J. J. |last6=Kamugisha |first6=J. |last7=Rwaguma |first7=E. B. |last8=Kagwa |first8=P. |last9=Lamunu |first9=M. |date=2002 |title=An outbreak of Ebola in Uganda |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12460399/ |journal=Tropical Medicine & International Health: TM & IH |volume=7 |issue=12 |pages=1068–1075 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-3156.2002.00944.x |issn=1360-2276 |pmid=12460399 |s2cid=31488443}}</ref>
* ] * ]
** ], a former ], is ] as the 43rd president of the United States.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-01-20 |title=President Bush sworn in |language=en-GB |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1127937.stm |access-date=2022-11-20}}</ref> ** ], a former ], is ] as the 43rd president of the United States.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-01-20 |title=President Bush sworn in |language=en-GB |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1127937.stm |access-date=2022-11-20 |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120030329/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1127937.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>
** Impeachment proceedings against Philippine President ] end prematurely as he is peacefully overthrown in the ]. Vice President ] succeeds him as president.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Paddock |first=Richard C. |date=2001-01-20 |title=Estrada Quits; New Philippine Leader Installed |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-jan-20-mn-14778-story.html |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> ** Impeachment proceedings against Philippine President ] end prematurely as he is peacefully overthrown in the ]. Vice President ] succeeds him as president.<ref name="Paddock-2001">{{Cite web |last=Paddock |first=Richard C. |date=2001-01-20 |title=Estrada Quits; New Philippine Leader Installed |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-jan-20-mn-14778-story.html |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120030332/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-jan-20-mn-14778-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ]
* ] &ndash; ]: Talks between Israel and the ] begin in Egypt.<ref>{{cite book|title=Japanese Colleges and Universities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oXrYAAAAIAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Maruzen Company|isbn=978-4-621-03357-9|page=88}}</ref>
** ]: Talks between Israel and the ] begin in Egypt.<ref>{{cite book|title=Japanese Colleges and Universities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oXrYAAAAIAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Maruzen Company|isbn=978-4-621-03357-9|page=88|access-date=July 4, 2020|archive-date=December 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207101227/https://books.google.com/books?id=oXrYAAAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
], part of the ]]]
** ] names 37 cardinals in one day for a total of 128.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=469}}
* ] &ndash; The ] begins when a police station is shelled by the ] in ], near the border with Kosovo.<ref name=":24">{{Cite web |last=Marusic |first=Sinisa Jakov |date=2021-01-22 |title=20 Years On, Armed Conflict's Legacy Endures in North Macedonia |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2021/01/22/20-years-on-armed-conflicts-legacy-endures-in-north-macedonia/ |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=Balkan Insight |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ] – The ] begins when a police station is shelled by the ] in ], near the border with Kosovo.<ref name="Marusic-2021"/>
* ] – ] takes place in ] in central ], China. Five members of the ] are alleged to have set themselves on fire, but details surrounding the incident are disputed by Falun Gong sources.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=24 January 2001 |title=Tiananmen tense after fiery protests |publisher=CNN |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/01/24/asia.falun.03/ |access-date=9 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222110517/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/01/24/asia.falun.03/ |archive-date=22 February 2007}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; A 7.7 {{M|w|link=y}} ] shakes ] with a maximum ] of X (''Extreme''), leaving thousands of people dead and more than 166,000 others injured.<ref name=":38">{{Cite web |title=M7.7 Bhuj " Republic Day " Earthquake, 2001 |url=http://asc-india.org/lib/20010126-kachchh.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200051/http://asc-india.org/lib/20010126-kachchh.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=18 November 2006}}</ref> * ] ] takes place in ] in central ], China. Five members of the ] are alleged to have set themselves on fire, but details surrounding the incident are disputed by Falun Gong sources.<ref name="auto18">{{cite news |author= |date=24 January 2001 |title=Tiananmen tense after fiery protests |publisher=CNN |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/01/24/asia.falun.03/ |access-date=9 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222110517/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/01/24/asia.falun.03/ |archive-date=22 February 2007}}</ref>
* ] – A 7.7 {{M|w|link=y}} ] shakes ] with a maximum ] of X (''Extreme''), leaving thousands of people dead and more than 166,000 others injured.<ref name="ASC-2001">{{Cite web |title=M7.7 Bhuj " Republic Day " Earthquake, 2001 |url=http://asc-india.org/lib/20010126-kachchh.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200051/http://asc-india.org/lib/20010126-kachchh.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=18 November 2006}}</ref>
* ] – Corruption scandals surrounding Indonesian President ] prompt thousands of protesters to storm the Indonesian ].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2001-01-29 |title=Clashes as 10,000 besiege Indonesian parliament |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/jan/29/indonesia |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref>
* ] – Corruption scandals surrounding Indonesian President ] prompt thousands of protesters to storm the Indonesian ].<ref name="the Guardian-2001a">{{Cite web |date=2001-01-29 |title=Clashes as 10,000 besiege Indonesian parliament |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/jan/29/indonesia |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=the Guardian |language=en |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120215443/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/jan/29/indonesia |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] – ]: Japan Airlines Flight 907 and Flight 958 almost collided with each other in ], Shizuoka, ]. Flight 907 safely landed at Narita Airport and Flight 958 continued to Naha Airport. 100 people were injured.<ref>{{cite web|title=On this Day in Japan: JAL's Near Miss Collision Above Suruga Bay|date=January 30, 2021 |url=https://www.tokyoweekender.com/japan-life/news-and-opinion/day-japan-jals-near-miss-colision/}}</ref>


===February=== ===February===
* ] – ]: ] of the ] party is elected ].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sontag |first=Deborah |date=2001-02-07 |title=The Sharon Victory: The Overview; Sharon Easily Ousts Barak to Become Israel's Premier; Calls for a Reconciliation |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/07/world/sharon-victory-overview-sharon-easily-ousts-barak-become-israel-s-premier-calls.html |access-date=2022-11-20 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> * ] – ]: ] of the ] party is elected ].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sontag |first=Deborah |date=2001-02-07 |title=The Sharon Victory: The Overview; Sharon Easily Ousts Barak to Become Israel's Premier; Calls for a Reconciliation |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/07/world/sharon-victory-overview-sharon-easily-ousts-barak-become-israel-s-premier-calls.html |access-date=2022-11-20 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120215448/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/07/world/sharon-victory-overview-sharon-easily-ousts-barak-become-israel-s-premier-calls.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
]&nbsp;as seen from the&nbsp;''NEAR''&nbsp;spacecraft]]
* ]
** ]: The submarine ] accidentally strikes and sinks the Japanese training vessel ''Ehime Maru'' near Hawaii, resulting in nine deaths, including several students and teachers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/MAB0501.pdf|title=Marine Accident Brief|publisher=National Transportation Safety Board|access-date=January 15, 2001}}</ref>
** ]: Militants kill 15 people in their homes in ], ].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2001-02-11 |title=Militants massacre 15 villagers in Rajouri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/militants-massacre-15-villagers-in-rajouri/articleshow/20443043.cms |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
] as seen from the ''NEAR'' spacecraft]]
* ] * ]
** The '']'' spacecraft touches down in the "saddle" region of ], a ], becoming the first spacecraft to land on an ].<ref name=":10">{{cite news|url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/near-shoemaker/in-depth/|title=NEAR Shoemaker|publisher=NASA|access-date=April 26, 2021}}</ref> ** The '']'' spacecraft touches down in the "saddle" region of ], a ], becoming the first spacecraft to land on an ].<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|pages=474–475}}
** The ] publishes the first draft of its ] sequence.<ref name=":16">{{Cite news |last=Wade |first=Nicholas |date=2001-02-12 |title=Long-Held Beliefs Are Challenged By New Human Genome Analysis |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/12/us/long-held-beliefs-are-challenged-by-new-human-genome-analysis.html |access-date=2022-11-23 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ** The ] publishes the first draft of its ] sequence.<ref name="Wade-2001">{{Cite news |last=Wade |first=Nicholas |date=2001-02-12 |title=Long-Held Beliefs Are Challenged By New Human Genome Analysis |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/12/us/long-held-beliefs-are-challenged-by-new-human-genome-analysis.html |access-date=2022-11-23 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=November 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123230753/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/12/us/long-held-beliefs-are-challenged-by-new-human-genome-analysis.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] &ndash; A ] hits El Salvador, killing at least 315 people.<ref name=":0" /> * ] A ] hits El Salvador, killing at least 315 people.<ref name="USAID-2001" />
* ] &ndash; ]: British and U.S. forces ] to disable Iraq's air defense network.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2001-02-16 |title=US and British aircraft attack Iraq |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/feb/16/iraq |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> * ] ]: British and U.S. forces ] to disable Iraq's air defense network.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2001-02-16 |title=US and British aircraft attack Iraq |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/feb/16/iraq |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=The Guardian |language=en |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120030325/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/feb/16/iraq |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] – ] driver ] is ] during a race.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=316}}<ref name="Caldwell-2001" />
*] &ndash; The ] begins.<ref name=":55">{{cite news |last=Morris |first=Doug |title=A farmer's negligence |work=BBC News |date=30 May 2002 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2016461.stm |access-date=22 April 2015}}</ref>
* ] – The ] begins.<ref name="Morris-2002">{{cite news |last=Morris |first=Doug |title=A farmer's negligence |work=BBC News |date=30 May 2002 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2016461.stm |access-date=22 April 2015 |archive-date=January 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121214317/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2016461.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] – The ] (ICTY) sentences three Bosnian Serb soldiers to prison for ], recognizing it as a ] for the first time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-02-22 |title=Historic trial makes rape war crime |url=https://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/02/22/hague.trial.04/index.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN}}</ref>
* ] – The ] (ICTY) sentences three Bosnian Serb soldiers to prison for ], recognizing it as a ] for the first time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-02-22 |title=Historic trial makes rape war crime |url=https://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/02/22/hague.trial.04/index.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124021406/https://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/02/22/hague.trial.04/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] – ]: Mass ethnic violence begins in ], Indonesia, killing hundreds of people.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-02-28 |title=Witnesses Detail Slaughter Of 118 Madurese on Borneo |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2001/02/28/witnesses-detail-slaughter-of-118-madurese-on-borneo/bdd70e93-8a71-43a7-a103-5434324d2b08/ |access-date=2022-11-20 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> * ] – ]: Mass ethnic violence begins in ], Indonesia, killing hundreds of people.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-02-28 |title=Witnesses Detail Slaughter Of 118 Madurese on Borneo |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2001/02/28/witnesses-detail-slaughter-of-118-madurese-on-borneo/bdd70e93-8a71-43a7-a103-5434324d2b08/ |access-date=2022-11-20 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>


===March=== ===March===
* ] &ndash; Despite pleas from the international community to spare them, the ] of Afghanistan begins destroying the ], having declared that they are ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/science/archaeology/2001-03-22-afghan-buddhas.htm |title=Why the Taliban are destroying Buddhas |publisher=Usatoday.com |date=22 March 2001 |access-date=9 October 2013}}</ref><ref name=":54">{{cite news |date=12 March 2001| title = Destruction of Giant Buddhas Confirmed| publisher = ]| url = http://www.beliefnet.com/story/70/story_7096_1.html| access-date = 6 January 2008}}</ref> * ] Despite pleas from the international community to spare them, the ] of Afghanistan begins destroying the ], having declared that they are ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/science/archaeology/2001-03-22-afghan-buddhas.htm |title=Why the Taliban are destroying Buddhas |publisher=Usatoday.com |date=22 March 2001 |access-date=9 October 2013 |archive-date=August 29, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829010435/http://www.usatoday.com/news/science/archaeology/2001-03-22-afghan-buddhas.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="AFP-2001">{{cite news| date = 12 March 2001| title = Destruction of Giant Buddhas Confirmed| publisher = ]| url = http://www.beliefnet.com/story/70/story_7096_1.html| access-date = 6 January 2008| archive-date = September 28, 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080928231734/http://www.beliefnet.com/story/70/story_7096_1.html| url-status = live}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; The Hintze Ribeiro Bridge ] in northern Portugal, killing 59 people.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1202214.stm |title=Portugal bridge collapse 'kills 70' |publisher=BBC News |date=5 March 2001 |access-date=18 November 2019 }}</ref> * ] The Hintze Ribeiro Bridge ] in northern Portugal, killing 59 people.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1202214.stm |title=Portugal bridge collapse 'kills 70' |publisher=BBC News |date=5 March 2001 |access-date=18 November 2019 |archive-date=March 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307171536/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1202214.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] – ]: Violence erupts between Albanian rebels and Macedonian soldiers in ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-03-14 |title=Macedonia: Ethnic Albanian Violence Spreads |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1095959.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |language=en}}</ref> Conflict in Tetovo will continue for months during the 2001 insurgency in Macedonia.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=August 9, 2001 |title=Battle for Tetovo rages |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/08/09/macedonia.attack/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN}}</ref> * ] – ]: Violence erupts between Albanian rebels and Macedonian soldiers in ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-03-14 |title=Macedonia: Ethnic Albanian Violence Spreads |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1095959.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |language=en |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124161738/https://www.rferl.org/a/1095959.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Conflict in Tetovo will continue for months during the 2001 insurgency in Macedonia.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=August 9, 2001 |title=Battle for Tetovo rages |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/08/09/macedonia.attack/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124161738/http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/08/09/macedonia.attack/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] – ]: 108 people are killed in a series of bombings in ], China.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-03-17 |title=China says 108 killed in blasts |language=en-GB |work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1226222.stm |access-date=2022-11-20}}</ref> * ] – ]: 108 people are killed in a series of bombings in ], China.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-03-17 |title=China says 108 killed in blasts |language=en-GB |work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1226222.stm |access-date=2022-11-20 |archive-date=April 10, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410091351/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1226222.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ]
* ] – '']'' is ] as an early ] after the discovery of remains in Kenya.<ref name=":02">{{cite journal |last=Leakey |first=Meave G. |author-link=Meave Leakey |display-authors=etal |year=2001 |title=New hominin genus from eastern Africa shows diverse middle Pliocene lineages |journal=] |volume=410 |issue=6827 |pages=433–440 |bibcode=2001Natur.410..433L |doi=10.1038/35068500 |pmid=11260704 |s2cid=4409453}}</ref>
** '']'' is ] as an early ] after the discovery of remains in Kenya.<ref name="Leakey-2001">{{cite journal |last=Leakey |first=Meave G. |author-link=Meave Leakey |display-authors=etal |year=2001 |title=New hominin genus from eastern Africa shows diverse middle Pliocene lineages |journal=] |volume=410 |issue=6827 |pages=433–440 |bibcode=2001Natur.410..433L |doi=10.1038/35068500 |pmid=11260704 |s2cid=4409453}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; The ] is processed, with debris falling into the South Pacific Ocean after the station ] and is destroyed.<ref name=":11">{{cite news | title = Mir Destroyed in Fiery Descent | publisher = ] | url = http://archives.cnn.com/2001/TECH/space/03/23/mir.descent/index.html | access-date = 10 November 2009 | date = 22 March 2001 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091121134003/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/TECH/space/03/23/mir.descent/index.html | archive-date = 21 November 2009 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
** ] opens in ], South Korea.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=166}}
* ] – Apple Inc. released the ] ] for ] computers.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Chen |first=Brian X. |title=March 24, 2001: Apple Unleashes Mac OS X |url=https://www.wired.com/2010/03/macos-x-released/ |magazine=Wired |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028 |access-date=2022-12-04}}</ref>
* ] – The ] is processed, with debris falling into the South Pacific Ocean after the station ] and is destroyed.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|pages=126}}
* ] – The United States declares its intention to end involvement in the ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Borger |first=Julian |date=2001-03-29 |title=Bush kills global warming treaty |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2001/mar/29/globalwarming.usnews |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref>
* ] – Apple Inc. released the ] ] for ] computers.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=176}}<ref name=":17" />
* ] – ] goes out of business and is purchased by its chief competitor, the ], bringing an end to the ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://itrwrestling.com/features/on-this-day-march-26-2001-wcw-nitros-final-show/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |title=On This Day: March 26 2001, WCW Nitro's Final Show - Inside the Ropes |date=March 26, 2021 }}</ref>
* ] – The United States declares its intention to end involvement in the ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Borger |first=Julian |date=2001-03-29 |title=Bush kills global warming treaty |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2001/mar/29/globalwarming.usnews |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=The Guardian |language=en |archive-date=November 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122203853/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2001/mar/29/globalwarming.usnews |url-status=live }}</ref>


===April=== ===April===
] on April 1, the first day in which the possibility to marry was opened to same-sex couples]] ]&nbsp;on April 1, the first day in which the possibility to marry was opened to same-sex couples]]
* ] * ]
** The ] goes into effect in the Netherlands, which becomes the first modern country to legalize ].<ref name=":47">{{cite book|author1=Oran Doyle|author2=William Binchy|title=Committed Relationships and the Law|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b4IhAQAAIAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Four Courts Press|isbn=978-1-84682-087-8|page=89}}</ref> ** The ] goes into effect in the Netherlands, which becomes the first modern country to legalize ].<ref name="William Binchy-20072" />
** ]: A Chinese fighter jet collides with a U.S. ] surveillance aircraft, which is forced to make an emergency landing in ], China. The U.S. crew is detained for 10 days and the ] Chinese pilot, Wang Wei, goes missing and is presumed dead.<ref name=":7">{{Citation | title = Air Forces Monthly|date=May 2001| volume = 158| page = 4}}</ref> ** ]: A Chinese fighter jet collides with a U.S. ] surveillance aircraft, which is forced to make an emergency landing in ], China. The U.S. crew is detained for 10 days and the ] Chinese pilot, Wang Wei, goes missing and is presumed dead.<ref name="Air Forces Monthly-2001">{{Citation | title = Air Forces Monthly|date=May 2001| volume = 158| page = 4}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; Former ] ] surrenders to police special forces to be tried on charges of ].<ref name=":56">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/02/world/milosevic-surrender-overview-milosevic-arrest-came-with-pledge-for-fair-trial.html|title=Milosevic Surrender: The overview; Milosevic arrest came with pledge for a fair trial|author1=Steven Erlanger|author2=Carlotta Gall|date=April 2, 2001|website=New York Times|access-date=April 5, 2021}}</ref> ** Former ] ] surrenders to police special forces to be tried on charges of ].<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=230}}
* ] – The ] orbiter '']'' launches on a ] rocket.<ref name=":40">{{Cite web |last= |title=2001 Mars Odyssey |url=https://mars.nasa.gov/mars-exploration/missions/odyssey |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=NASA Mars Exploration |language=en}}</ref> * ] – The ] orbiter '']'' launches on a ] rocket.<ref name="NASA Mars-2001">{{Cite web |last= |title=2001 Mars Odyssey |url=https://mars.nasa.gov/mars-exploration/missions/odyssey |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=NASA Mars Exploration |language=en |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124172241/https://mars.nasa.gov/mars-exploration/missions/odyssey/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] – ]'s football team wins against ] in a record ], just two days after setting the record with a ] against ].<ref name=":11" />
* ] – ]: 43 people are killed when ] is overcrowded.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2001-04-12 |title=Families mourn 43 killed in football stampede |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/apr/12/football |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref>
* ] – ] files for bankruptcy and ceases operations, is eventually bought by its competitor, the ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.morningjournal.com/2001/04/15/ecw-officially-bankrupt-officially-done/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |title=ECW officially bankrupt, officially done |date=15 April 2001 }}</ref>
* ] * ]
** ] is chosen as ].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thayer |first=Carlyle A. |date=2002 |title=Vietnam in 2001: The Ninth Party Congress and After |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/as.2002.42.1.81 |journal=Asian Survey |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=81–89 |doi=10.1525/as.2002.42.1.81 |jstor=10.1525/as.2002.42.1.81 |issn=0004-4687}}</ref> ** ] is chosen as ].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thayer |first=Carlyle A. |date=2002 |title=Vietnam in 2001: The Ninth Party Congress and After |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/as.2002.42.1.81 |journal=Asian Survey |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=81–89 |doi=10.1525/as.2002.42.1.81 |jstor=10.1525/as.2002.42.1.81 |issn=0004-4687 |access-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-date=November 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104125830/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/as.2002.42.1.81 |url-status=live }}</ref>
** Israel occupies an area in the ], killing two people. Israeli forces withdraw the same day after the United States denounces the attack.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |date=2001-04-18 |title=Israel pulls out of Gaza |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/04/17/mideast.violence.06/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN}}</ref> ** Israel occupies an area in the ], killing two people. Israeli forces withdraw the same day after the United States denounces the attack.<ref name="CNN-2001a">{{Cite web |date=2001-04-18 |title=Israel pulls out of Gaza |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/04/17/mideast.violence.06/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124021417/http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/04/17/mideast.violence.06/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
** ]: A group of junior officers make a failed attempt to overthrow President ] of Burundi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-04-18 |title=Burundi coup foiled, government says |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/africa/04/18/burundi.unrest.02/ |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=CNN}}</ref> * ] – ]: A group of junior officers make a failed attempt to overthrow President ] of Burundi.<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|page=218}}
* ] – ] wins an upset victory against champion ] in the "]" boxing match.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=536}}<ref name=":12" />
]
* ] – A ceasefire is broken during the ] in Sri Lanka.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=51}}
* ] * ]
** ] becomes the 86th ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-21 |title=Junichiro Koizumi Fast Facts |url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/08/27/world/asia/junichiro-koizumi-fast-facts/index.html |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> ** ] becomes the 86th ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-21 |title=Junichiro Koizumi Fast Facts |url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/08/27/world/asia/junichiro-koizumi-fast-facts/index.html |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120233014/https://www.cnn.com/2013/08/27/world/asia/junichiro-koizumi-fast-facts/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
** The ] votes to dismiss Prime Minister ].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tyler |first=Patrick E. |date=2001-04-26 |title=Ukrainian Parliament Votes to Oust Prime Minister |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/26/world/ukrainian-parliament-votes-to-oust-prime-minister.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ** The ] votes to dismiss Prime Minister ].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tyler |first=Patrick E. |date=2001-04-26 |title=Ukrainian Parliament Votes to Oust Prime Minister |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/26/world/ukrainian-parliament-votes-to-oust-prime-minister.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124021408/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/26/world/ukrainian-parliament-votes-to-oust-prime-minister.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] * ]
** The Russian spacecraft ] lifts off from the ] in Kazakhstan, carrying the first ], American entrepreneur ], and two Russian cosmonauts.<ref name=":12">{{cite book|author=United States. President|title=Aeronautics and Space Report of the President|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z1DpUAFmghAC&pg=PA138|publisher=U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration|pages=138}}</ref> ** The Russian spacecraft ] lifts off from the ] in Kazakhstan, carrying the first ], American entrepreneur ], and two Russian cosmonauts.<ref name="NASA-2001">{{cite book|author=United States. President|title=Aeronautics and Space Report of the President|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z1DpUAFmghAC&pg=PA138|publisher=U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration|pages=138|access-date=April 8, 2021|archive-date=December 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207101225/https://books.google.com/books?id=z1DpUAFmghAC&pg=PA138#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>
** ]: Eight Macedonian soldiers are killed in an ambush by the NLA near ], a village in the ], Macedonia. It represents the heaviest death toll for the government forces in a single incident during the insurgency.<ref>{{cite web |title=8 soldiers slain in ambush near Albanian region |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2001-04-29/news/0104290288_1_albanian-macedonia-in-late-march-slav-majority |date=29 April 2001 |publisher=] |access-date=5 February 2015}}</ref> ** ]: Eight Macedonian soldiers are killed in an ambush by the NLA near ], a village in the ], Macedonia. It represents the heaviest death toll for the government forces in a single incident during the insurgency.<ref>{{cite web |title=8 soldiers slain in ambush near Albanian region |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2001/04/29/8-soldiers-slain-in-ambush-near-albanian-region/ |date=29 April 2001 |publisher=] |access-date=5 February 2015 |archive-date=February 2, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202210050/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2001-04-29/news/0104290288_1_albanian-macedonia-in-late-march-slav-majority |url-status=live }}</ref>


===May=== ===May===
* ] &ndash; In ], Bosnia and Herzegovina, an attempt is made to reconstruct the historic 16th-century ]. ] respond with riots and mass violence against ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2016/05/07/historic-bosnian-mosque-reopens-amid-heavy-security-05-07-2016/|title=Historic Bosnian Mosque Reopens amid Heavy Security|date=May 7, 2016|author=Danijel Kovacevic|website=Balkan Transitional Justice|access-date=September 1, 2021}}</ref> * ] In ], Bosnia and Herzegovina, an attempt is made to reconstruct the historic 16th-century ]. ] respond with riots and mass violence against ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2016/05/07/historic-bosnian-mosque-reopens-amid-heavy-security-05-07-2016/|title=Historic Bosnian Mosque Reopens amid Heavy Security|date=May 7, 2016|author=Danijel Kovacevic|website=]|access-date=September 1, 2021|archive-date=September 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901091157/https://balkaninsight.com/2016/05/07/historic-bosnian-mosque-reopens-amid-heavy-security-05-07-2016/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ] – The ] coalition led by ] wins the ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001 |title=Italy – Parliamentary Chamber: Camera dei Deputati |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2157_01.htm |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=] |archive-date=September 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920055314/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2157_01.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] – ]: 126 people are killed in a crowd crush in ] during a ].<ref name=":51">{{Cite web |last=Boateng |first=Kojo Akoto |date=2017-05-09 |title=May 9 victims remembered 16-yrs on; Herbert Mensah urges discipline |url=https://citifmonline.com/2017/05/may-9-victims-remembered-16-yrs-on-herbert-mensah-urges-discipline/ |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=Citi 97.3 FM |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; The ] coalition led by ] wins the ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001 |title=Italy Parliamentary Chamber: Camera dei Deputati |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2157_01.htm |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=]}}</ref> * ] ]: A Hamas suicide bomber kills six people in ], Israel. The Israeli government responds with the first use of airstrikes against Palestine since 1967.<ref name="BBC-2001a">{{Cite news |date=2001-05-20 |title=Arabs seek to isolate Israel |language=en-GB |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1340003.stm |access-date=2022-11-24 |archive-date=November 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118095450/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1340003.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] – The ] results in the disarmament of the ], ending the ].<ref name="auto14">{{Cite web |title=Demilitarization Statement (Konculj Agreement) |url=https://www.peaceagreements.org/view/1430 |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=www.peaceagreements.org |publisher=University of Edinburgh |archive-date=April 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420054703/https://www.peaceagreements.org/view/1430 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] – ]: A Hamas suicide bomber kills six people in ], Israel. The Israeli government responds with the first use of airstrikes against Palestine since 1967.<ref name=":33">{{Cite news |date=2001-05-20 |title=Arabs seek to isolate Israel |language=en-GB |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1340003.stm |access-date=2022-11-24}}</ref>
* ] – The ] results in the disarmament of the ], ending the ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Demilitarization Statement (Konculj Agreement) |url=https://www.peaceagreements.org/view/1430 |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=www.peaceagreements.org |publisher=University of Edinburgh}}</ref>
* ] * ]
** ], a large ] and a ] ], is discovered during the ].<ref name=":13">{{cite web |title=28978 Ixion (2001 KX76) |publisher=International Astronomical Union |work=Minor Planet Center |url=https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=28978 |access-date = November 20, 2022}}</ref> ** ], a large ] and a ] ], is discovered during the ].<ref name="Minor Planet Center">{{cite web |title=28978 Ixion (2001 KX76) |publisher=International Astronomical Union |work=Minor Planet Center |url=https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=28978 |access-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-date=January 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120070851/https://minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=28978 |url-status=live }}</ref>
** The ] is adopted by 127 countries to limit pollution internationally.<ref name=":64">{{Cite web |date=2001-05-23 |title=127 Countries Adopt Toxic Chemicals Treaty |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-may-23-mn-1454-story.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> ** The ] is adopted by 127 countries to limit pollution internationally.<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=491}}<ref name="LA Times-2001">{{Cite web |date=2001-05-23 |title=127 Countries Adopt Toxic Chemicals Treaty |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-may-23-mn-1454-story.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124172230/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-may-23-mn-1454-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] – Sherpa ], 15, becomes the youngest person to reach the summit of ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12246591.boy-of-15-is-youngest-to-climb-everest-young-sherpa-lost-five-fingers-to-frostbite-in-earlier-attempt-on-summit/|title=Boy of 15 is youngest to climb Everest Young Sherpa lost five fingers to frostbite in earlier attempt on summit|date=May 25, 2001|website=Herald Scotland|access-date=September 1, 2001|archive-date=September 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901091154/https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12246591.boy-of-15-is-youngest-to-climb-everest-young-sherpa-lost-five-fingers-to-frostbite-in-earlier-attempt-on-summit/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ]
* ] – The ] is formed to replace the ]. It will begin operation the following year.<ref name="Adeniyi-2016">{{Cite journal |last1=Adeniyi |first1=Olatunbosun |last2=Opara |first2=Ngozi Mercy |last3=Adeyemo |first3=Toyosi |last4=Ekeria |first4=Augustina Irenosen |last5=Faith-Lois |first5=Bolorunduro |date=2016 |title=African Union and the Challenges of Development |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26893815 |journal=Journal of African Union Studies |volume=5 |issue=2/3 |pages=67–89 |jstor=26893815 |issn=2050-4292 |access-date=November 23, 2022 |archive-date=November 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123230753/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26893815 |url-status=live }}</ref>
** Sherpa ], 15, becomes the youngest person to reach the summit of ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12246591.boy-of-15-is-youngest-to-climb-everest-young-sherpa-lost-five-fingers-to-frostbite-in-earlier-attempt-on-summit/|title=Boy of 15 is youngest to climb Everest Young Sherpa lost five fingers to frostbite in earlier attempt on summit|date=May 25, 2001|website=Herald Scotland|access-date=September 1, 2001}}</ref>
* ] – ]: Central African forces led by ] carry out a failed attempt to overthrow the government of the Central African Republic. Dozens are killed in the ensuing violence.<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|page=249}}
** The Versailles Wedding Hall ] in ], Israel, killing 23 people and injuring 380 others.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/1356398.stm |title=Wedding survivors recall night of horror |work=] |access-date=18 February 2017 |date=28 May 2001 |publisher=BBC}}</ref>
* ] – The ] is formed to replace the ]. It will begin operation the following year.<ref name=":48">{{Cite journal |last1=Adeniyi |first1=Olatunbosun |last2=Opara |first2=Ngozi Mercy |last3=Adeyemo |first3=Toyosi |last4=Ekeria |first4=Augustina Irenosen |last5=Faith-Lois |first5=Bolorunduro |date=2016 |title=African Union and the Challenges of Development |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26893815 |journal=Journal of African Union Studies |volume=5 |issue=2/3 |pages=67–89 |jstor=26893815 |issn=2050-4292}}</ref>
* ] – ]: Central African forces led by ] carry out a failed attempt to overthrow the government of the Central African Republic. Dozens are killed in the ensuing violence.<ref name=":63">{{Cite web |date=2015-11-03 |title=Trial for 28 May 2001 coup attempt begins |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/30311/central-african-republic-trial-28-may-2001-coup-attempt-begins |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=The New Humanitarian |language=en}}</ref>
* ] * ]
** Lithuania joins the ].<ref name="Lithuania-2021"/>
** Lithuania joins the ].<ref name=":49">{{Cite web |date=2021-05-31 |title=Lithuania marks 20th anniversary of its accession to the World Trade Organization |url=https://ca.urm.lt/default/en/news/lithuania-marks-20th-anniversary-of-its-accession-to-the-wold-trade-organization-1 |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania}}</ref>
** Research into ] confirms that it is identified with mutation of the ] gene.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Seppa |first=Nathan |date=2001-05-23 |title=Genetic flaw found in painful gut disease |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/genetic-flaw-found-painful-gut-disease |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=Science News |language=en-US}}</ref> ** Research into ] confirms that it is identified with mutation of the ] gene.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Seppa |first=Nathan |date=2001-05-23 |title=Genetic flaw found in painful gut disease |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/genetic-flaw-found-painful-gut-disease |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=Science News |language=en-US |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124172231/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/genetic-flaw-found-painful-gut-disease |url-status=live }}</ref>


===June=== ===June===
* ] * ]
** Crown Prince ] kills his father, the king, his mother and other members of the royal family with an assault rifle and then shoots himself in the ]. Dipendra is recognized as King of Nepal while in a coma.<ref name=massacre/> ** Crown Prince ] kills his father, the king, his mother and other members of the royal family with an assault rifle and then shoots himself in the ]. Dipendra is recognized as King of Nepal while in a coma.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|pages=72–73}}
** ]: A Hamas suicide bomber kills 21 people, mostly teenagers, in the Dolphinarium disco in ], Israel.<ref>{{cite news |last=Fisher |first=Ian |date=29 January 2006 |title=In Hamas's Overt Hatred, Many Israelis See Hope |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/29/international/middleeast/29israel.html |access-date=2022-11-20}}</ref> ** ]: A Hamas suicide bomber kills 21 people, mostly teenagers, in the Dolphinarium disco in ], Israel.<ref>{{cite news |last=Fisher |first=Ian |date=29 January 2006 |title=In Hamas's Overt Hatred, Many Israelis See Hope |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/29/international/middleeast/29israel.html |access-date=2022-11-20 |archive-date=November 11, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111022312/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/29/international/middleeast/29israel.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ] ascends the throne of Nepal on the death of his nephew, Dipendra.<ref name=massacre/> * ] ] ascends the throne of Nepal on the death of his nephew, Dipendra.<ref name="massacre">{{cite news |date=2 June 2001 |title=Nepal mourns slain king |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1366170.stm |url-status=live |access-date=31 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107091236/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1366170.stm |archive-date=7 January 2009}}</ref>
] and ] at Main Street after Tropical Storm Allison hit Houston, Texas, U.S.]] ] and ] at Main Street after Tropical Storm Allison hit Houston, Texas, U.S.]]
* ] – ] hits the U.S. state of ], severely flooding ] and killing 23 people.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-05 |title=Remembering Tropical Storm Allison |url=https://www.noaa.gov/education/stories/remembering-tropical-storm-allison |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=www.noaa.gov |language=en}}</ref> * ] – ] hits the U.S. state of ], severely flooding ] and killing 23 people.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-05 |title=Remembering Tropical Storm Allison |url=https://www.noaa.gov/education/stories/remembering-tropical-storm-allison |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=www.noaa.gov |language=en |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120215448/https://www.noaa.gov/education/stories/remembering-tropical-storm-allison |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] * ]
** ]: ] and the ] win a second landslide victory.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/06/08/uk.election.05/index.html|title=CNN.com - Blair celebrates historic poll win - June 8, 2001|website=edition.cnn.com}}</ref> ** ]: ] and the ] win a second landslide victory.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/06/08/uk.election.05/index.html|title=CNN.com - Blair celebrates historic poll win - June 8, 2001|website=edition.cnn.com|access-date=April 11, 2022|archive-date=April 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411105203/https://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/06/08/uk.election.05/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
** Former Argentinian president ] is arrested on suspicion of illegal arms sales.<ref name=":57">{{Cite web |date=2001-06-07 |title=Spokesman: Ex-Argentine president arrested |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/americas/06/07/menem.arrest.02/index.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN}}</ref> ** Former Argentinian president ] is arrested on suspicion of illegal arms sales.<ref name="CNN-2001i">{{Cite web |date=2001-06-07 |title=Spokesman: Ex-Argentine president arrested |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/americas/06/07/menem.arrest.02/index.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124021407/http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/americas/06/07/menem.arrest.02/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] – ]: Albanian rebels violate a 24-hour cease fire with Macedonian soldiers.<ref name=":25">{{Cite web |date=2001-06-12 |title=Rebels breach Macedonia truce |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/06/12/macedonia.fighting/index.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN}}</ref> * ] – ]: Albanian rebels violate a 24-hour cease fire with Macedonian soldiers.<ref name="CNN-2001c">{{Cite web |date=2001-06-12 |title=Rebels breach Macedonia truce |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/06/12/macedonia.fighting/index.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124161738/http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/06/12/macedonia.fighting/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] &ndash; Declaration to establish the ] is signed.<ref name=":59">{{cite web|url=http://eng.sectsco.org/about_sco/|title=About SCO|publisher=Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028182720/http://eng.sectsco.org/about_sco/|archive-date=28 October 2017|access-date=2017-06-09}}</ref> * ] Declaration to establish the ] is signed.<ref name="SCO-2017">{{cite web|url=http://eng.sectsco.org/about_sco/|title=About SCO|publisher=Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028182720/http://eng.sectsco.org/about_sco/|archive-date=28 October 2017|access-date=2017-06-09}}</ref>
* ] * ]
** Syria withdraws thousands of forces from a decades-long military presence in ], Lebanon.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2001-06-20 |title=After Decades, Thousands of Syrian Troops Leave Beirut |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/20/world/after-decades-thousands-of-syrian-troops-leave-beirut.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ** Syria withdraws thousands of forces from a decades-long military presence in ], Lebanon.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2001-06-20 |title=After Decades, Thousands of Syrian Troops Leave Beirut |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/20/world/after-decades-thousands-of-syrian-troops-leave-beirut.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124021409/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/20/world/after-decades-thousands-of-syrian-troops-leave-beirut.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
** Germany enacts a program to compensate ] that were subject to slave labor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-06-19 |title=Germany approves Nazi pay-out |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/06/19/germany.slaves.1601/index.html?related |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN}}</ref> ** Germany enacts a program to compensate ] that were subject to slave labor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-06-19 |title=Germany approves Nazi pay-out |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/06/19/germany.slaves.1601/index.html?related |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124021408/http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/06/19/germany.slaves.1601/index.html?related |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] – The world's ] is run by BHP Iron Ore between Newman and Port Hedland in Western Australia (a distance of {{convert|275|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=or}}); the train consists of 682 loaded iron ore wagons and 8 ] locomotives, giving a gross weight of almost 100,000 tonnes and moves 82,262 tonnes of ore; the train is {{convert|7.353|km|mi|abbr=on}} long.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hamersley Freight Line |url=http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/hamersley-freight-line/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512100443/http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/hamersley-freight-line/ |archive-date=12 May 2015 |access-date=2022-11-20 |work=Railway Technology}}</ref>
** A missile hits a soccer field in northern Iraq, killing 23 people and wounding 11 more. According to U.S. officials, it is an Iraqi missile that malfunctioned.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/21/world/23-iraqis-reported-killed.html?scp=8&sq=Iraq&st=nyt|title=23 Iraqis Reported Killed|location=Iraq; Great Britain|website=The New York Times|date=2001-06-21|access-date=2015-11-25}}</ref>
* ] – An 8.4 {{M|w|link=y}} ] shakes coastal Peru with a maximum ] of VIII (''Severe''). A destructive tsunami follows, leaving at least 77 people dead, and 2,687 others injured.<ref name="auto1" /><ref name="Keefer-2004">{{Cite journal |last1=Keefer |first1=David K. |last2=Moseley |first2=Michael E. |date=2004-07-27 |title=Southern Peru desert shattered by the great 2001 earthquake: Implications for paleoseismic and paleo-El Niño–Southern Oscillation records |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=101 |issue=30 |pages=10878–10883 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0404320101 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=491987 |pmid=15263069 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; The world's ] is run by BHP Iron Ore between Newman and Port Hedland in Western Australia (a distance of {{convert|275|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=or}}); the train consists of 682 loaded iron ore wagons and 8 ] locomotives, giving a gross weight of almost 100,000 tonnes and moves 82,262 tonnes of ore; the train is {{convert|7.353|km|mi|abbr=on}} long.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hamersley Freight Line |url=http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/hamersley-freight-line/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512100443/http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/hamersley-freight-line/ |archive-date=12 May 2015 |access-date=2022-11-20 |work=Railway Technology}}</ref>
* ] – ]: Russian forces carry out a '']'' operation in Alkhan-Kala, ], Chechnya, during the ]. Chechen warlord ] is killed.<ref name="BBC-2001b">{{Cite news |date=2001-06-25 |title=Russians kill Chechen warlord |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1406317.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412152951/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1406317.stm |archive-date=April 12, 2012 |access-date=2022-11-24 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* ] – ]: A train derailment in ], India kills at least 59 people.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2001-06-24 |title=59 Die in India as Rail Bridge Collapses |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/24/world/59-die-in-india-as-rail-bridge-collapses.html |access-date=2022-12-03 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; An 8.4 {{M|w|link=y}} ] shakes coastal Peru with a maximum ] of VIII (''Severe''). A destructive tsunami follows, leaving at least 77 people dead, and 2,687 others injured.<ref name="auto1"/><ref name=":39">{{Cite journal |last1=Keefer |first1=David K. |last2=Moseley |first2=Michael E. |date=2004-07-27 |title=Southern Peru desert shattered by the great 2001 earthquake: Implications for paleoseismic and paleo-El Niño–Southern Oscillation records |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=101 |issue=30 |pages=10878–10883 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0404320101 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=491987 |pmid=15263069 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* ] – ]: Russian forces carry out a '']'' operation in Alkhan-Kala, ], Chechnya, during the ]. Chechen warlord ] is killed.<ref name=":37">{{Cite news |date=2001-06-25 |title=Russians kill Chechen warlord |language=en-GB |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1406317.stm |access-date=2022-11-24}}</ref>


===July=== ===July===
* July – The largest ever recorded outbreak of ] occurs in ], Spain. 449 cases are confirmed, with more than 800 suspected ones.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=García-Fulgueiras |first1=Ana |last2=Navarro |first2=Carmen |last3=Fenoll |first3=Daniel |last4=García |first4=José |last5=González-Diego |first5=Paulino |last6=Jiménez-Buñuales |first6=Teresa |last7=Rodriguez |first7=Miguel |last8=Lopez |first8=Rosa |last9=Pacheco |first9=Francisco |last10=Ruiz |first10=Joaquín |last11=Segovia |first11=Manuel |last12=Baladrón |first12=Beatriz |last13=Pelaz |first13=Carmen |date=2003 |title=Legionnaires' Disease Outbreak in Murcia, Spain |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=9 |issue=8 |pages=915–921 |doi=10.3201/eid0908.030337 |issn=1080-6040 |pmc=3020623 |pmid=12967487}}</ref> * July – The largest ever recorded outbreak of ] occurs in ], Spain. 449 cases are confirmed, with more than 800 suspected ones.<ref name="auto17"/>
* ] &ndash; The world's first self-contained ] is implanted in ] in the United States.<ref name=":17">{{cite book|author=Johnson Publishing Company|title=Jet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-7QDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22|date=10 September 2001|publisher=Johnson Publishing Company|pages=22}}</ref> * ] The world's first self-contained ] is implanted in ] in the United States.<ref name="Jet-2001">{{cite book|author=Johnson Publishing Company|title=Jet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-7QDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22|date=10 September 2001|publisher=Johnson Publishing Company|pages=22|access-date=October 31, 2020|archive-date=December 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207101217/https://books.google.com/books?id=-7QDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ] crashes on approach while landing at ], Russia, killing all 145 people aboard.<ref name="ASN">{{cite web |title=ASN Aircraft accident Tupolev Tu-154M RA-85845 Burdakovka |url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20010704-0 |access-date=2022-11-20 |publisher=Aviation Safety Network}}</ref> * ] ] crashes on approach while landing at ], Russia, killing all 145 people aboard.<ref name="ASN">{{cite web |title=ASN Aircraft accident Tupolev Tu-154M RA-85845 Burdakovka |url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20010704-0 |access-date=2022-11-20 |publisher=Aviation Safety Network |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120043737/https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20010704-0 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ]: Ethnic violence is provoked in ], England, by the far-right ] and far-left ].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2001-07-08 |title=Race riots ignite Bradford |url=http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2001/jul/08/uk.race |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> * ] ]: Ethnic violence is provoked in ], England, by the far-right ] and far-left ].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2001-07-08 |title=Race riots ignite Bradford |url=http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2001/jul/08/uk.race |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=The Guardian |language=en |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120215447/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2001/jul/08/uk.race |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] – The ] releases its ].<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=213}}
* ] &ndash; The ] chooses Beijing to host the ].<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/13/sports/beijing-is-selected-as-2008-host-city.html | title = Beijing Is Selected as 2008 Host City|first=Jere| last=Longman| website = The New York Times | date = July 13, 2001| access-date = September 18, 2017}}</ref>
* ] – The ] chooses Beijing to host the ].<ref>{{Cite web| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/13/sports/beijing-is-selected-as-2008-host-city.html| title = Beijing Is Selected as 2008 Host City| first = Jere| last = Longman| website = The New York Times| date = July 13, 2001| access-date = September 18, 2017| archive-date = September 18, 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170918110655/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/13/sports/beijing-is-selected-as-2008-host-city.html| url-status = live}}</ref>
* ] – ]: India and Pakistan begin talks to improve relations. The summit ends inconclusively on July 16.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-07-17 |title=Agra summit at a glance |language=en-GB |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1430367.stm |access-date=2022-11-24}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; China and Russia sign the ].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tyler |first=Patrick E. |date=2001-07-17 |title=Russia and China Sign 'Friendship' Pact |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/17/world/russia-and-china-sign-friendship-pact.html |access-date=2022-11-20 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> * ] ]: India and Pakistan begin talks to improve relations. The summit ends inconclusively on July 16.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-07-17 |title=Agra summit at a glance |language=en-GB |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1430367.stm |access-date=2022-11-24 |archive-date=January 3, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103201846/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1430367.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] – China and Russia sign the ].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tyler |first=Patrick E. |date=2001-07-17 |title=Russia and China Sign 'Friendship' Pact |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/17/world/russia-and-china-sign-friendship-pact.html |access-date=2022-11-20 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120043739/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/17/world/russia-and-china-sign-friendship-pact.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]]] ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]]]
* ]–] &ndash; The ] takes place in ], Italy. Massive demonstrations, drawing an estimated 200,000 people, are held against the meeting by members of the ]. One demonstrator, ], is killed by a policeman, and several others are injured.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-07-21 |title=G8 summit death shocks leaders |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/07/20/genoa.protests/ |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=CNN}}</ref> * ]–] The ] takes place in ], Italy. Massive demonstrations, drawing an estimated 200,000 people, are held against the meeting by members of the ]. One demonstrator, ], is killed by a policeman, and several others are injured.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-07-21 |title=G8 summit death shocks leaders |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/07/20/genoa.protests/ |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=CNN |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120043738/http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/07/20/genoa.protests/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] – ] is ] as the first female president of Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ningrum |first=Desi Aditia |date=2019-10-19 |title=Presiden Megawati dan Pelantikan Dalam Sunyi |trans-title=President Megawati and the Silent Inauguration |url=https://www.merdeka.com/politik/presiden-megawati-dan-pelantikan-dalam-sunyi.html |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=merdeka.com |language=Indonesian}}</ref> * ] – ] is ] as the first female president of Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ningrum |first=Desi Aditia |date=2019-10-19 |title=Presiden Megawati dan Pelantikan Dalam Sunyi |trans-title=President Megawati and the Silent Inauguration |url=https://www.merdeka.com/politik/presiden-megawati-dan-pelantikan-dalam-sunyi.html |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=merdeka.com |language=Indonesian |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120233014/https://www.merdeka.com/politik/presiden-megawati-dan-pelantikan-dalam-sunyi.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] * ]
** ]: The ] bomb the ] in Sri Lanka during the ].<ref name="Jane's Intelligence Review">{{cite web |year=2001 |title=Intelligence failures exposed by Tamil Tiger airport attack |url=http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/jir/jir010903_1_n.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225162532/http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/jir/jir010903_1_n.shtml |archive-date=February 25, 2008 |access-date=June 3, 2006 |publisher=Jane's Intelligence Review}}</ref> ** ]: The ] bomb the ] in Sri Lanka during the ].<ref name="Jane's Intelligence Review">{{cite web |year=2001 |title=Intelligence failures exposed by Tamil Tiger airport attack |url=http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/jir/jir010903_1_n.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225162532/http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/jir/jir010903_1_n.shtml |archive-date=February 25, 2008 |access-date=June 3, 2006 |publisher=Jane's Intelligence Review}}</ref>
** ], deposed as the last ] when a child, is sworn in as the democratically elected 48th ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1455674.stm|title=Bulgaria's ex-King swears oath to republic|website=BBC|date=25 July 2001}}</ref> ** ], deposed as the last ] when a child, is sworn in as the democratically elected 48th ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1455674.stm|title=Bulgaria's ex-King swears oath to republic|website=BBC|date=25 July 2001|access-date=March 5, 2022|archive-date=January 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107215126/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1455674.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ] – Moldova joins the World Trade Organization.<ref name="auto23"/>
* ] – Moldova joins the World Trade Organization.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-26 |title=The Republic of Moldova marks 20 years since joining the World Trade Organization |url=https://mfa.gov.md/en/content/republic-moldova-marks-20-years-joining-world-trade-organization |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of the Republic of Moldova}}</ref>
* ] – ] becomes the ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-07-28 |title=Peru's Toledo swears in as president, vows to fight poverty |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/americas/07/28/peru.toledo/ |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=CNN}}</ref> * ] – ] becomes the ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-07-28 |title=Peru's Toledo swears in as president, vows to fight poverty |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/americas/07/28/peru.toledo/ |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=CNN |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120215448/http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/americas/07/28/peru.toledo/ |url-status=live }}</ref>


===August=== ===August===
* August – A ceasefire is negotiated to end the ].<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Sudan_Oil_and_Human_Rights/3WQkACoP3FkC |title=Sudan, Oil, and Human Rights |last=Rone |first=Jemera |date=2003 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=77}}</ref> * August – A ceasefire is negotiated to end the ].<ref name="auto6"/>
* ] – The ICTY convicts Bosnian Serb General ] on the charge of ] for his role in the ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-08-01 |title=Radislav Krstic becomes the First Person to be Convicted of Genocide at the ICTY and is Sentenced to 46 Years Imprisonment. |url=https://www.icty.org/en/press/radislav-krstic-becomes-first-person-be-convicted-genocide-icty-and-sentenced-46-years |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia}}</ref> * ] – The ICTY convicts Bosnian Serb general ] on the charge of ] for his role in the ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-08-01 |title=Radislav Krstic becomes the First Person to be Convicted of Genocide at the ICTY and is Sentenced to 46 Years Imprisonment. |url=https://www.icty.org/en/press/radislav-krstic-becomes-first-person-be-convicted-genocide-icty-and-sentenced-46-years |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia |archive-date=November 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123214630/https://www.icty.org/en/press/radislav-krstic-becomes-first-person-be-convicted-genocide-icty-and-sentenced-46-years |url-status=live }}</ref>
]. The hexagons consist of a variety of ultra-pure, semiconductor-grade wafers, including ], ], ] on sapphire, ]-like carbon films,<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/02/090218095842.htm |title=Diamond-like Films Help In Study Of Solar Winds |publisher=Sandia National Laboratories |first=Michael |last=Padilla |date=February 16, 2009 |access-date=December 4, 2022 |archive-date=December 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204161631/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/02/090218095842.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and other materials.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Genesis Solar-Wind Collector Materials |journal=Space Science Reviews |first1=A. J. G. |last1=Jurewicz |first2=D. S. |last2=Burnett |first3=R. C. |last3=Wiens |first4=T. A. |last4=Friedmann |first5=C. C. |last5=Hays |first6=R. J. |last6=Hohlfelder |first7=K. |last7=Nishiizumi |first8=J. A. |last8=Stone |first9=D. S. |last9=Woolum |first10=R. |last10=Becker |first11=A. L. |last11=Butterworth |first12=A. J. |last12=Campbell |first13=M. |last13=Ebihara |first14=I. A. |last14=Franchi |first15=V. |last15=Heber |first16=C. M. |last16=Hohenberg |first17=M. |last17=Humayun |first18=K. D. |last18=McKeegan |first19=K. |last19=McNamara |first20=A. |last20=Meshik |first21=R. O. |last21=Pepin |first22=D. |last22=Schlutter |first23=R. |last23=Wieler |display-authors=1 |volume=105 |issue=3–4 |pages=535–560 |date=January 2003 |doi=10.1023/A:1024469927444 |bibcode=2003SSRv..105..535J|s2cid=51768025 }}</ref>]]
* ] – ]: 17 Hindus in ], ], are killed by ] militants.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-08-04 |title=Ultras massacre 17 in Doda |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010805/main1.htm |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=Tribune India}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ]: 28 mentally ill persons bound by chains are burnt to death at a faith-based institution at ], ], India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/education.nsf/(docid)/0D59DAEFA60E200A652571850021EE28 |title=Deliverance in Erwadi |author=Asha Krishnakumar |date=18 August 2001 |publisher=Frontline |access-date=24 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322151720/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/education.nsf/(docid)/0D59DAEFA60E200A652571850021EE28 |archive-date=22 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
]. The hexagons consist of a variety of ultra-pure, semiconductor-grade wafers, including ], ], ] on sapphire, ]-like carbon films,<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/02/090218095842.htm |title=Diamond-like Films Help In Study Of Solar Winds |publisher=Sandia National Laboratories |first=Michael |last=Padilla |date=February 16, 2009}}</ref> and other materials.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Genesis Solar-Wind Collector Materials |journal=Space Science Reviews |first1=A. J. G. |last1=Jurewicz |first2=D. S. |last2=Burnett |first3=R. C. |last3=Wiens |first4=T. A. |last4=Friedmann |first5=C. C. |last5=Hays |first6=R. J. |last6=Hohlfelder |first7=K. |last7=Nishiizumi |first8=J. A. |last8=Stone |first9=D. S. |last9=Woolum |first10=R. |last10=Becker |first11=A. L. |last11=Butterworth |first12=A. J. |last12=Campbell |first13=M. |last13=Ebihara |first14=I. A. |last14=Franchi |first15=V. |last15=Heber |first16=C. M. |last16=Hohenberg |first17=M. |last17=Humayun |first18=K. D. |last18=McKeegan |first19=K. |last19=McNamara |first20=A. |last20=Meshik |first21=R. O. |last21=Pepin |first22=D. |last22=Schlutter |first23=R. |last23=Wieler |display-authors=1 |volume=105 |issue=3–4 |pages=535–560 |date=January 2003 |doi=10.1023/A:1024469927444 |bibcode=2003SSRv..105..535J|s2cid=51768025 }}</ref>]]
* ] * ]
** The ] probe is launched from ].<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |title=Genesis |url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/genesis/in-depth/ |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=NASA}}</ref> ** The ] probe is launched from ].<ref name="NASA-Genesis-2004"/>
** Albanian rebels ] a convoy of the ] near ], North Macedonia, killing 10 soldiers.<ref name="Marusic&Bosilkovski">{{cite web|last1=Marusic|first1=Sinisa Jakov|last2=Bosilkovski|first2=Igor|date=8 August 2016|title=Macedonia Marks Karpalak Ambush Massacre Anniversary|website=Balkan Insight|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2016/08/08/macedonia-marks-karpalak-massacre-anniversary-08-08-2016/|access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref> ** Albanian rebels ] a convoy of the ] near ], North Macedonia, killing 10 soldiers.<ref name="Marusic&Bosilkovski">{{cite web|last1=Marusic|first1=Sinisa Jakov|last2=Bosilkovski|first2=Igor|date=8 August 2016|title=Macedonia Marks Karpalak Ambush Massacre Anniversary|website=Balkan Insight|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2016/08/08/macedonia-marks-karpalak-massacre-anniversary-08-08-2016/|access-date=1 March 2022|archive-date=November 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127025258/https://balkaninsight.com/2016/08/08/macedonia-marks-karpalak-massacre-anniversary-08-08-2016/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; A ] restaurant in ] is ] by a Palestinian Hamas terrorist, killing 15 civilians and injuring 130 others.<ref>{{cite book|author=Nitzan S. Ben-Shaul|title=A Violent World: TV News Images of Middle Eastern Terror and War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tAxlAAAAMAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-3798-9|page=128}}</ref> * ] A ] restaurant in ] is ] by a Palestinian Hamas terrorist, killing 15 civilians and injuring 130 others.<ref>{{cite book|author=Nitzan S. Ben-Shaul|title=A Violent World: TV News Images of Middle Eastern Terror and War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tAxlAAAAMAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-3798-9|page=128|access-date=May 20, 2021|archive-date=December 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207101310/https://books.google.com/books?id=tAxlAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ] * ]
** ]: 252 people are killed by ] in an attack on a train during the ].<ref name=":35">{{cite book|title=Landmine Monitor Report 2002: Toward a Mine-free World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPj16Xxyi9kC&pg=PA66|year=2002|publisher=Human Rights Watch|isbn=978-1-56432-277-7|pages=66}}</ref> ** ]: 252 people are killed by ] in an attack on a train during the ].<ref name="HRW-2002">{{cite book|title=Landmine Monitor Report 2002: Toward a Mine-free World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPj16Xxyi9kC&pg=PA66|year=2002|publisher=Human Rights Watch|isbn=978-1-56432-277-7|pages=66|access-date=May 20, 2021|archive-date=December 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207101225/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPj16Xxyi9kC&pg=PA66#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>
** The United States and the United Kingdom bomb air force installations in Iraq in response to attacks on American and British planes.<ref name=":36">{{Cite web |date=August 10, 2001 |title=Allies attack 3 Iraqi air defense sites |url=https://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/08/10/iraq.strike/index.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=www.cnn.com}}</ref> ** The United States and the United Kingdom bomb air force installations in Iraq in response to attacks on American and British planes.<ref name="CNN-2001h">{{Cite web |date=August 10, 2001 |title=Allies attack 3 Iraqi air defense sites |url=https://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/08/10/iraq.strike/index.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124072718/https://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/08/10/iraq.strike/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] – Macedonian and Albanian representatives sign the ] to reduce conflicts during the insurgency.<ref name=":26">{{Cite web |last=Rogers |first=Walter |date=August 13, 2001 |title=Q&A: What the deal means for Macedonia - |url=https://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/08/13/rogers.macedonia.otsc/index.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN}}</ref> * ] – Macedonian and Albanian representatives sign the ] to reduce conflicts during the insurgency.<ref name="Rogers-2001">{{Cite web |last=Rogers |first=Walter |date=August 13, 2001 |title=Q&A: What the deal means for Macedonia - |url=https://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/08/13/rogers.macedonia.otsc/index.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124072724/https://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/08/13/rogers.macedonia.otsc/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ]: ] sends a military forces to the ] in response to the ongoing insurgency.<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |last= |title=Peace support operations in North Macedonia (2001-2003) |url=https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_52121.htm |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=NATO |language=en}}</ref> * ] ]: ] sends a military forces to the ] in response to the ongoing insurgency.<ref name="NATO-2001">{{Cite web |last= |title=Peace support operations in North Macedonia (2001-2003) |url=https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_52121.htm |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=NATO |language=en |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120043741/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_52121.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] – ]: Eight people including singer and actress ], and several members of her entourage are killed after their overloaded aircraft crashes shortly after takeoff at Marsh Harbour Airport.<ref>{{cite web |title=CRASH OF A CESSNA 402B IN MARSH HARBOUR: 9 KILLED |url=https://www.baaa-acro.com/crash/crash-cessna-402b-marsh-harbour-9-killed |website=Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives |access-date=28 February 2023 |archive-date=August 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824221652/https://www.baaa-acro.com/crash/crash-cessna-402b-marsh-harbour-9-killed |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] – A ] Israeli strike kills ] leader ]. Palestinian militants respond by firing on Israeli civilians. Israeli forces occupy ], Palestine to combat the militants.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |date=August 27, 2001 |title=Israeli troops take positions in West Bank town |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/08/27/mideast/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN}}</ref>
* ] – A ] Israeli strike kills ] leader ]. Palestinian militants respond by firing on Israeli civilians. Israeli forces occupy ], Palestine to combat the militants.<ref name="CNN-2001b">{{Cite web |date=August 27, 2001 |title=Israeli troops take positions in West Bank town |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/08/27/mideast/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124072720/http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/08/27/mideast/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] – The ] begins in ], South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Racism and Human Rights (World Conference Against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance - 2001) |url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/campaigns/race/ |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Israel and the United States withdraw three days later, alleging ] in the conference.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-04-20 |title=Anti-Semitism at the UN |url=https://www.dw.com/en/controversy-over-israel-dogs-un-racism-conference-again/a-4193498 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120043740/https://www.dw.com/en/controversy-over-israel-dogs-un-racism-conference-again/a-4193498 |archive-date=2022-11-20 |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=] |language=en}}</ref>
* ] – The ] begins in ], South Africa.<ref name="auto3"/> Israel and the United States withdraw three days later, alleging ] in the conference.<ref name=":16" />


===September=== ===September===
* ] – ]: Clashes between Christian and Muslim rioters begin in ], Nigeria. The conflict will continue until September 17, during which time hundreds of people will be killed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Minchakpu |first=Obed |title=Religious Riots in Nigeria Leave Hundreds Dead |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2001/octoberweb-only/10-1-23.0.html |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=ChristianityToday.com |date=October 2001 |language=en |archive-date=November 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123230757/https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2001/octoberweb-only/10-1-23.0.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] – ]: 44 people are killed in a building fire in ], Tokyo, Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-09-01 |title=Tokyo blast kills 44 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/09/01/japan.explosion/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=CNN}}</ref>
* ] – A suicide bomber kills ], military commander of the Afghan ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-09 |title=Death of an Afghan icon: 20 years since the assassination of Ahmad Shah Massoud |url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20210909-death-of-an-afghan-icon-20-years-since-the-assassination-of-ahmad-shah-massoud |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=France 24 |archive-date=February 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221041019/https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20210909-death-of-an-afghan-icon-20-years-since-the-assassination-of-ahmad-shah-massoud |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] – ]: A trail collision in ], Indonesia kills 31 people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=31 Killed in Indonesian Train Crash |url=https://apnews.com/article/3b8746efd22930885eba3cc7cd08b2ae |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref>
]&nbsp;and the&nbsp;] during the ] in New York City]]
* ] – ]: Clashes between Christian and Muslim rioters begin in ], Nigeria. The conflict will continue until September 17, during which time hundreds of people will be killed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Minchakpu |first=Obed |title=Religious Riots in Nigeria Leave Hundreds Dead |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2001/octoberweb-only/10-1-23.0.html |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=ChristianityToday.com |language=en}}</ref>
* ] – Approximately 2,977 victims are killed or fatally injured in the ] after two ]s,<ref name=typeofplane>https://therideronline.com/top-story/2024/09/remembering-911/</ref> ] and ], are hijacked and crashed into the Twin Towers of the ]. Two ]s,<ref name="typeofplane" /> ] and ], are also hijacked. ] crashes into ] and ] crashes into grassland in ] as a result of passengers fighting to regain control of the airplane. The Twin Towers ] as a result of the burning jet fuel from the crashes.<ref name="Anderson2003">{{cite book|author=Dale Anderson|title=The Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=97g_zXNWidQC|date=July 2003|publisher=World Almanac Library|isbn=978-0-8368-5380-3|access-date=August 9, 2021|archive-date=December 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207101229/https://books.google.com/books?id=97g_zXNWidQC|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ]
* ] – ], ], delivers ] praising Muslim Americans and condemning ] in the ].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Beauchamp |first=Zack |date=September 22, 2015 |title=Today's GOP Should Take Lessons on Islam from George W. Bush |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/9/22/9371313/republicans-islam-bush |work=]}}</ref>
**A suicide bomber kills ], military commander of the Afghan ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-09 |title=Death of an Afghan icon: 20 years since the assassination of Ahmad Shah Massoud |url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20210909-death-of-an-afghan-icon-20-years-since-the-assassination-of-ahmad-shah-massoud |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=France 24}}</ref>
* ] – The ] begin in the United States, which cause five fatalities and 17 other infections.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2011-02-15 |title=Timeline: How The Anthrax Terror Unfolded |language=en |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2011/02/15/93170200/timeline-how-the-anthrax-terror-unfolded |access-date=2022-11-20 |archive-date=December 26, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226203612/http://www.npr.org/2011/02/15/93170200/timeline-how-the-anthrax-terror-unfolded |url-status=live }}</ref>
**68 people ] in ], Estonia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Paasma |first1=R. |last2=Hovda |first2=K. E. |last3=Tikkerberi |first3=A. |last4=Jacobsen |first4=D. |date=2007 |title=Methanol mass poisoning in Estonia: outbreak in 154 patients |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17364632/ |journal=Clinical Toxicology |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=152–157 |doi=10.1080/15563650600956329 |issn=1556-3650 |pmid=17364632|s2cid=2015163 }}</ref>
* ] – Palestinian leader ] forbids Palestinian soldiers from firing on Israeli forces, even in self-defence. Israel agrees to a ceasefire.<ref name="CNN-2001f">{{Cite web |date=September 19, 2001 |title=Both sides order cease-fires in Mideast |url=https://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/09/18/arafat.cease/index.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124072723/https://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/09/18/arafat.cease/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
] and the ] just after the ] in New York City]]
* ] – In an ] to a joint session of ], U.S. President George W. Bush declares a ], officially the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT).<ref name="Hoffman-2021">{{cite web|url=https://institute.global/policy/war-terror-20-years-crossroads-or-cul-de-sac|title=The War on Terror 20 Years on: Crossroads or Cul-De-Sac?|date=March 18, 2021|website=Tony Blair Institute for global Change|author=Bruce Hoffman|access-date=August 9, 2021|archive-date=August 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809074921/https://institute.global/policy/war-terror-20-years-crossroads-or-cul-de-sac|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; Approximately 2,977 victims are killed or fatally injured in the ] after ] and ] are hijacked and crash into the Twin Towers of the ], ] is hijacked and crashes into ], and ] is hijacked and crashes into grassland in ] as a result of passengers fighting to regain control of the airplane. The Twin Towers collapse as a result of the crashes.<ref name="Anderson2003">{{cite book|author=Dale Anderson|title=The Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=97g_zXNWidQC|date=July 2003|publisher=World Almanac Library|isbn=978-0-8368-5380-3}}</ref>
* ] – American spacecraft '']'' flies within {{convert|2200|km}} of ].<ref name="NASA-DS1-2001">{{Cite web |title=Deep Space 1 |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1998-061A |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=] |archive-date=May 5, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505130029/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1998-061A |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] – The ] begin in the United States, which cause five fatalities and 17 other infections.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2011-02-15 |title=Timeline: How The Anthrax Terror Unfolded |language=en |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2011/02/15/93170200/timeline-how-the-anthrax-terror-unfolded |access-date=2022-11-20}}</ref>
* ] – Palestinian leader ] forbids Palestinian soldiers from firing on Israeli forces, even in self-defence. Israel agrees to a ceasefire.<ref name=":34">{{Cite web |date=September 19, 2001 |title=Both sides order cease-fires in Mideast |url=https://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/09/18/arafat.cease/index.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN}}</ref> * ] – ]: In ], Switzerland, Friedrich Leibacher shoots 18 people, killing 14 of them and then himself.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 September 2001 |title=Gunman kills 14 in Swiss assembly |publisher=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1566321.stm |access-date=2022-11-20 |archive-date=January 6, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070106093902/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1566321.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] &ndash; In an address to a joint session of ], U.S. President George W. Bush declares a ], officially the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT).<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://institute.global/policy/war-terror-20-years-crossroads-or-cul-de-sac|title=The War on Terror 20 Years on: Crossroads or Cul-De-Sac?|date=March 18, 2021|website=Tony Blair Institute for global Change|author=Bruce Hoffman|access-date=August 9, 2021}}</ref>
* ] – ]: A fertilizer factory explodes in ], France, killing 31 people.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-21 |title=Toulouse remembers 31 killed in AZF factory explosion 20 years ago |url=https://www.connexionfrance.com/article/French-news/Toulouse-remembers-31-killed-in-AZF-factory-explosion-20-years-ago |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=The Connexion}}</ref>
*] &ndash; American spacecraft '']'' flies within {{convert|2200|km}} of ].<ref name=":41">{{Cite web |title=Deep Space 1 |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1998-061A |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=]}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ]: In ], Switzerland, Friedrich Leibacher shoots 18 people, killing 14 of them and then himself.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 September 2001 |title=Gunman kills 14 in Swiss assembly |publisher=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1566321.stm |access-date=2022-11-20}}</ref>


===October=== ===October===
* ] * ]
** ] militants ] the state legislature building in ], Kashmir, killing 38 people.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dugger |first=Celia W. |date=2001-10-04 |title=Kashmir Mourns 38 Attack Victims |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/04/world/world-briefing-asia-india-kashmir-mourns-38-attack-victims.html |access-date=2022-11-20 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ** ] militants ] the state legislature building in ], Kashmir, killing 38 people.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dugger |first=Celia W. |date=2001-10-04 |title=Kashmir Mourns 38 Attack Victims |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/04/world/world-briefing-asia-india-kashmir-mourns-38-attack-victims.html |access-date=2022-11-20 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120061310/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/04/world/world-briefing-asia-india-kashmir-mourns-38-attack-victims.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
** ] wireless technology first becomes available when it is ] by Japanese telecommunications company ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Kieren |date=2001-10-01 |title=World's first 3G network live today |url=https://www.theregister.com/2001/10/01/worlds_first_3g_network_live/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=The Register |language=en}}</ref> ** ] wireless technology first becomes available when it is ] by Japanese telecommunications company ].<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=182}}
] ]
* ] &ndash; ], the national airline of Switzerland, seeks bankruptcy protection and grounds its entire fleet, stranding thousands of people worldwide.<ref name=":44">{{Cite web |last1=Milner |first1=Mark |last2=Harper |first2=Keith |last3=Clark |first3=Andrew |date=2001-10-03 |title=Financial crisis grounds Swissair fleet |url=http://www.theguardian.com/business/2001/oct/03/theairlineindustry.internationalnews |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> * ] ], the&nbsp;national airline&nbsp;of Switzerland, seeks bankruptcy protection and grounds its entire fleet, stranding thousands of people worldwide.<ref name="Milner-2001">{{Cite web |last1=Milner |first1=Mark |last2=Harper |first2=Keith |last3=Clark |first3=Andrew |date=2001-10-03 |title=Financial crisis grounds Swissair fleet |url=http://www.theguardian.com/business/2001/oct/03/theairlineindustry.internationalnews |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=The Guardian |language=en |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120061313/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2001/oct/03/theairlineindustry.internationalnews |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] * ]
** ] is accidentally shot down by the ] over the Black Sea en route from ], Israel, to ], Russia; all 78 people on board are killed.<ref>{{cite web |title=MH17 crash: History of passenger planes shot down |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-28361223 |website=BBC News |access-date=20 May 2021 |date=2014-07-20}}</ref> ** ] is accidentally shot down by the ] over the Black Sea en route from ], Israel, to ], Russia; all 78 people on board are killed.<ref>{{cite web |title=MH17 crash: History of passenger planes shot down |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-28361223 |website=BBC News |access-date=20 May 2021 |date=2014-07-20 |archive-date=May 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520154738/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-28361223 |url-status=live }}</ref>
** ]: Fighting escalates between Georgia and the breakaway state ].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-10-08 |title=UN helicopter shot down in Georgia |language=en-GB |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1586098.stm |access-date=2022-11-24}}</ref> ** ]: Fighting escalates between Georgia and the breakaway state ].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-10-08 |title=UN helicopter shot down in Georgia |language=en-GB |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1586098.stm |access-date=2022-11-24 |archive-date=April 20, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420204439/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1586098.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ]: In response to the September 11 attacks, Afghanistan is invaded by a ], beginning the ].<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Tyler |first=Patrick E. |date=2001-10-08 |title=A Nation Challenged: The Attack; U.S. and Britain Strike Afghanistan, Aiming at Bases and Terrorist Camps; Bush warns 'Taliban Will Pay a Price' |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/08/world/nation-challenged-attack-us-britain-strike-afghanistan-aiming-bases-terrorist.html |access-date=2022-11-20 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> * ] ]: In response to the September 11 attacks, Afghanistan is invaded by a ], beginning the ].<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=41}}
* ] * ]
** ]: A twin-engine ] and ] jetliner collide in heavy fog during takeoff from ], Italy, killing 118 people.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Uj0jAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yewDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6610%2C3360451 |work=Deseret News |location=(Salt Lake City, Utah, USA) |agency=Associated Press |title=114 die when jet hits plane, then rams building in Milan |date=8 October 2001 |page=A2}}</ref> ** ]: A twin-engine ] and ] jetliner collide in heavy fog during takeoff from ], Italy, killing 118 people.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Uj0jAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yewDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6610%2C3360451 |work=Deseret News |location=(Salt Lake City, Utah, US) |via=Associated Press |title=114 die when jet hits plane, then rams building in Milan |date=8 October 2001 |page=A2 |access-date=November 30, 2021 |archive-date=November 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130074949/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Uj0jAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yewDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6610,3360451 |url-status=live }}</ref>
** ] hits Belize, causing $250 million (2001 ]) in damage.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-09-10 |title=Powerful Hurricane Iris slams Belize |url=https://www.tampabay.com/archive/2001/10/09/powerful-hurricane-iris-slams-belize/ |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=Tampa Bay Times |language=en}}</ref> ** ] hits Belize, causing $250&nbsp;million (2001&nbsp;]) in damage.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-09-10 |title=Powerful Hurricane Iris slams Belize |url=https://www.tampabay.com/archive/2001/10/09/powerful-hurricane-iris-slams-belize/ |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=Tampa Bay Times |language=en |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120225128/https://www.tampabay.com/archive/2001/10/09/powerful-hurricane-iris-slams-belize/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] – American scientists create the first successful ] of a human ].<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |date=2001-11-24 |title=The First Human Cloned Embryo |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-first-human-cloned-em/ |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=Scientific American |language=en}}</ref> * ] – American scientists create the first successful ] of a human ].<ref name="Cibelli-2001">{{Cite web |date=2001-11-24 |title=The First Human Cloned Embryo |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-first-human-cloned-em/ |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=Scientific American |language=en |archive-date=November 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123230753/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-first-human-cloned-em/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] &ndash; NASA's ] spacecraft passes within {{convert|181|km}} of ]'s moon ].<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last= |date=2001-10-16 |title=Galileo Millennium Mission Status |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/galileo-millennium-mission-status-11 |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory |language=en-US}}</ref> * ] NASA's ] spacecraft passes within {{convert|181|km}} of ]'s moon ].<ref name="JPL-2001">{{Cite web |last= |date=2001-10-16 |title=Galileo Millennium Mission Status |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/galileo-millennium-mission-status-11 |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory |language=en-US |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120061309/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/galileo-millennium-mission-status-11 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] – American planes misidentify and bomb a ] facility in Afghanistan. A similar error occurs again on October 27.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Becker |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Schmitt |first2=Eric |date=2001-10-27 |title=A Nation Challenged: The Bombing; U.S. Planes Bomb a Red Cross Site |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/27/nyregion/a-nation-challenged-the-bombing-us-planes-bomb-a-red-cross-site.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> * ] – American planes misidentify and bomb a ] facility in Afghanistan. A similar error occurs again on October 27.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Becker |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Schmitt |first2=Eric |date=2001-10-27 |title=A Nation Challenged: The Bombing; U.S. Planes Bomb a Red Cross Site |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/27/nyregion/a-nation-challenged-the-bombing-us-planes-bomb-a-red-cross-site.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124072719/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/27/nyregion/a-nation-challenged-the-bombing-us-planes-bomb-a-red-cross-site.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ]: Israeli tourism minister ] is assassinated by the ].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bennet |first1=James |date=16 October 2001 |title=Right-Wing Israeli Minister Is Killed |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/16/international/17WIRE-ISRA.html}}</ref> * ] ]: Israeli tourism minister ] is assassinated by the ].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bennet |first1=James |date=16 October 2001 |title=Right-Wing Israeli Minister Is Killed |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/16/international/17WIRE-ISRA.html |access-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-date=February 18, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218003159/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/16/international/17WIRE-ISRA.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ]
* ] &ndash; An Indonesian fishing boat, the '']'', sinks on route to ]. 353 people are killed, most of whom are asylum seekers.<ref>{{cite book|author=Robert Manne|title=Left Right Left: Political Essays, 1977-2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xcbyJnSgh9YC&pg=PA421|year=2005|publisher=Black Inc.|isbn=978-1-86395-142-5|pages=421}}</ref>
** Apple Inc. introduces the ], a ]&nbsp;and multi-purpose&nbsp;mobile device.<ref name="Apple-2001">{{Cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2001/10/23Apple-Presents-iPod/|title=Apple Presents iPod|publisher=]|access-date=February 18, 2019|date=October 23, 2001|archive-date=August 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804025431/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2001/10/23Apple-Presents-iPod/|url-status=live}}</ref> The company will sell an estimated 450 million iPod products by May 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mickle |first=Tripp |date=2022-05-10 |title=Farewell to the iPod |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/10/technology/apple-ipod-phasing-out.html |access-date=2022-12-04 |archive-date=2022-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202214236/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/10/technology/apple-ipod-phasing-out.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
]
** The ] begins disarmament, ending a decades-long conflict in ].<ref name="auto11">{{Cite web |date=2001-10-23 |title=IRA begins disarming |url=https://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/10/23/ira.announce/index.html |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=CNN |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120061310/https://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/10/23/ira.announce/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ]
* ] – The ''2001 Mars Odyssey'' arrives at Mars.<ref name="NASA Mars-2001" />
** Apple Inc. introduces the ], a ] and multi-purpose mobile device.<ref name=":53">{{Cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2001/10/23Apple-Presents-iPod/|title=Apple Presents iPod|publisher=]|access-date=February 18, 2019|date=October 23, 2001}}</ref> The company will sell an estimated 450 million iPod products by May 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mickle |first=Tripp |date=2022-05-10 |title=Farewell to the iPod |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/10/technology/apple-ipod-phasing-out.html |access-date=2022-12-04 |archive-date=2022-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202214236/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/10/technology/apple-ipod-phasing-out.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
** The ] begins disarmament, ending a decades-long conflict in ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-10-23 |title=IRA begins disarming |url=https://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/10/23/ira.announce/index.html |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=CNN}}</ref>
* ] – The ''2001 Mars Odyssey'' arrives at Mars.<ref name=":40" />
* ] * ]
** Citing connotations with the ], the government of Rwanda adopts ] for the country.<ref>{{cite news |last=Vesperini |first=Helen |date=31 December 2001 |title=Rwanda unveils new flag and anthem |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1735405.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031105035109/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1735405.stm |archive-date=5 November 2003}}</ref> ** To avoid connotations with the ], the government of Rwanda adopts ] for the country.<ref>{{cite news |last=Vesperini |first=Helen |date=31 December 2001 |title=Rwanda unveils new flag and anthem |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1735405.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031105035109/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1735405.stm |archive-date=5 November 2003}}</ref>
** Microsoft releases the ] operating system to retail.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Microsoft Releases Windows XP |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/tdih/october/25/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=Computer History Museum}}</ref> ** Microsoft releases the ] operating system to retail.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=175}}<ref name="auto8" />
* ] – The ] takes effect, establishing the right to environmental information and ] for European and Central Asian countries.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rodenhoff |first=Vera |date=2002 |title=The Aarhus Convention and its Implications for the 'Institutions' of the European Community |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9388.00332 |journal=Review of European Community & International Environmental Law |language=en |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=343–357 |doi=10.1111/1467-9388.00332 |issn=0962-8797}}</ref> * ] – The ] takes effect, establishing the right to environmental information and ] for European and Central Asian countries.<ref name="auto7"/>


===November=== ===November===
* November – The World Trade Organization begins the ] to negotiate lower trade barriers between countries and integrate developing nations into the global economy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Doha Development Agenda |url=https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/eu-and-wto/doha-development-agenda_en |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=European Commission |language=en}}</ref> * November – The World Trade Organization begins the ] to negotiate lower trade barriers between countries and integrate developing nations into the global economy.<ref name="auto24">{{Cite web |title=Doha Development Agenda |url=https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/eu-and-wto/doha-development-agenda_en |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=European Commission |language=en |archive-date=December 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203035823/https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/eu-and-wto/doha-development-agenda_en |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] – An interim government in Burundi begins the peace process for the ].<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=27}}
* ] &ndash; ] hits Cuba, where the storm is the strongest tropical cyclone to make landfall on the island in more than ]. It is the costliest hurricane in Cuban history to this point with an estimated $2&nbsp;billion in damage.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL152001_Michelle.pdf |title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Michelle |last=Beven |first=Jack |date=2002-01-23 |publisher=] |access-date=2022-11-20}}</ref>
* ] – ] hits Cuba, where the storm is the strongest tropical cyclone to make landfall on the island in more than ]. It is the costliest hurricane in Cuban history to this point with an estimated $2&nbsp;billion in damage.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL152001_Michelle.pdf |title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Michelle |last=Beven |first=Jack |date=2002-01-23 |publisher=] |access-date=2022-11-20 |archive-date=December 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213202507/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL152001_Michelle.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], the national airline of Belgium, goes bankrupt.<ref name=":43">{{Cite web |last=Orban |first=André |date=2021-11-06 |title=Twenty years ago, Sabena was declared bankrupt |url=https://www.aviation24.be/do-you-remember/20-years-ago-sabena-declared-bankrupt/ |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=Aviation24.be |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* ] – ], the national airline of Belgium, goes bankrupt.<ref name="Orban-2021">{{Cite web |last=Orban |first=André |date=2021-11-06 |title=Twenty years ago, Sabena was declared bankrupt |url=https://www.aviation24.be/do-you-remember/20-years-ago-sabena-declared-bankrupt/ |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=Aviation24.be |language=en-GB |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120061308/https://www.aviation24.be/do-you-remember/20-years-ago-sabena-declared-bankrupt/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] * ]
** ]: The ] government, led by ], is re-elected with a slightly increased majority, defeating the ] led by ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://australianpolitics.com/elections/federal-2001|title=2001 Federal Election &#124; AustralianPolitics.com|website=australianpolitics.com}}</ref> ** ]: The ] government, led by ], is re-elected with a slightly increased majority, defeating the ] led by ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://australianpolitics.com/elections/federal-2001|title=2001 Federal Election &#124; AustralianPolitics.com|website=australianpolitics.com|access-date=February 26, 2018|archive-date=July 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701165516/http://australianpolitics.com/elections/federal-2001|url-status=live}}</ref>
** ]: American and Northern Alliance forces take ] in the first major offensive of the ].<ref name=":27">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2001-11-09 |title='Taliban fall' in Mazar-i-Sharif |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/nov/09/afghanistan.terrorism7 |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> ** ]: American and Northern Alliance forces take ] in the first major offensive of the ].<ref name="The Guardian-2001">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2001-11-09 |title='Taliban fall' in Mazar-i-Sharif |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/nov/09/afghanistan.terrorism7 |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=The Guardian |language=en |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124072728/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/nov/09/afghanistan.terrorism7 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] &ndash; Two French journalists, ] and ], and a German colleague, ], are killed in Afghanistan during an attack on their convoy.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024012/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/13/world/nation-challenged-media-two-french-radio-journalists-german-are-killed-taliban.html |date=April 16, 2020 }}, '']'', November 13, 2001</ref> * ] Two French journalists, ] and ], and a German colleague, ], are killed in Afghanistan during an attack on their convoy.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416024012/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/13/world/nation-challenged-media-two-french-radio-journalists-german-are-killed-taliban.html |date=April 16, 2020 }}, '']'', November 13, 2001</ref>
* ] * ]
** ] crashes in ], New York City, minutes after takeoff from ], killing all 260 people on board.<ref>{{cite book|author=United States. National Transportation Safety Board|title=Annual Report to Congress|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A7cgAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA23|year=2002|publisher=National Transportation Safety Board|pages=23}}</ref> ** ] crashes in ], ], on the ] shortly after ], killing all 260 people aboard the plane as well as five people on the ground.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ranter |first=Harro |date=November 12, 2001 |title=ASN Aircraft accident Airbus A300B4-605R N14053 Belle Harbor, NY |url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20011112-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420004450/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20011112-0 |archive-date=April 20, 2014 |access-date=April 20, 2016 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=]}}</ref>
** ]: ] forces take the city of ] from the Taliban.<ref name=":28">{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2001 |title=Alliance halts advance on Kabul, takes Herat |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/central/11/12/ret.move.on.kabul/index.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN}}</ref> ** ]: ] forces take the city of ] from the Taliban.<ref name="CNN-2001d">{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2001 |title=Alliance halts advance on Kabul, takes Herat |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/central/11/12/ret.move.on.kabul/index.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124161738/http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/central/11/12/ret.move.on.kabul/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] * ]
** ]: Northern Alliance forces take the Afghan capital ].<ref name=":29">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2001-11-13 |title=Northern Alliance takes Kabul |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/nov/13/afghanistan.terrorism15 |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> ** ]: Northern Alliance forces take the Afghan capital ].<ref name="The Guardian-2001b">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2001-11-13 |title=Northern Alliance takes Kabul |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/nov/13/afghanistan.terrorism15 |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=The Guardian |language=en |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120061313/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/nov/13/afghanistan.terrorism15 |url-status=live }}</ref>
** ] strikes China with an ] near ], but it occurs in a sparsely populated mountainous region and there are no casualties.<ref name="VanderWoerd_etal_2005">{{cite journal |last1=Van Der Woerd J. |last2=Meriaux, A.S. |last3=Klinger, Y. |last4=Ryerson, F.J. |last5=Gaudemer, Y. |last6=Tapponnier, P. |year=2002 |title=The 14 November 2001, Mw 7.8 Kokoxili earthquake in northern Tibet (Qinghai Province, China) |url=http://eost.unistra.fr/fileadmin/upload/EOST/Jeromevdw/publications/vdWoerd_et_al._SRL2002.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Seismological Research Letters |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=125–135 |doi=10.1785/gssrl.73.2.125 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901174057/http://eost.unistra.fr/fileadmin/upload/EOST/Jeromevdw/publications/vdWoerd_et_al._SRL2002.pdf |archive-date=1 September 2020}}</ref> ** ] strikes China with an ] near ], but it occurs in a sparsely populated mountainous region and there are no casualties.<ref name="VanderWoerd_etal_2005"/>
* ] &ndash; ] enters the ] market with the release of the ], a ], in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-06-12|title=Xbox Arrives in New York Tonight at Toys "R" Us Times Square|website=]|url=http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/press/2001/nov01/11-14midnightmadnesspr.aspx|access-date=2021-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612000737/http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/press/2001/nov01/11-14midnightmadnesspr.aspx|archive-date=June 12, 2013}}</ref> * ] ] enters the ] market with the release of the ], a&nbsp;], in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-06-12|title=Xbox Arrives in New York Tonight at Toys "R" Us Times Square|website=]|url=http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/press/2001/nov01/11-14midnightmadnesspr.aspx|access-date=2021-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612000737/http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/press/2001/nov01/11-14midnightmadnesspr.aspx|archive-date=June 12, 2013}}</ref>
* ] – The ] meteor shower occurs in its heaviest concentration in decades as Earth passes through a debris cloud.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 18, 2001 |title=Meteor storm provides stellar show |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/TECH/space/11/16/meteor.showers/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN}}</ref> * ] – The ] meteor shower occurs in its heaviest concentration in decades as Earth passes through a debris cloud.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 18, 2001 |title=Meteor storm provides stellar show |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/TECH/space/11/16/meteor.showers/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124172230/http://www.cnn.com/2001/TECH/space/11/16/meteor.showers/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] &ndash; The ], the first international treaty to address ], is signed in ], Hungary.<ref name=":62">{{Cite journal |last=Weber |first=Amalie M. |date=2003 |title=The Council of Europe's Convention on Cybercrime |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24120528 |journal=Berkeley Technology Law Journal |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=425–446 |jstor=24120528 |issn=1086-3818}}</ref> * ] The ], the first international treaty to address ], is signed in ], Hungary.<ref name="Weber-2003">{{Cite journal |last=Weber |first=Amalie M. |date=2003 |title=The Council of Europe's Convention on Cybercrime |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24120528 |journal=Berkeley Technology Law Journal |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=425–446 |jstor=24120528 |issn=1086-3818 |access-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120061308/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24120528 |url-status=live }}</ref>
] (left)]] ] (left)]]
* ] &ndash; A hydrogen atmosphere is discovered on the ] ], nicknamed Osiris, by the ]. It is the first atmosphere detected on an extrasolar planet.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |title=Hubble Makes First Direct Measurements of Atmosphere on World Around another Star |url=https://hubblesite.org/contents/news-releases/2001/news-2001-38 |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=HubbleSite.org |language=en}}</ref> * ] A hydrogen atmosphere is discovered on the ] ], nicknamed Osiris, by the ]. It is the first atmosphere detected on an extrasolar planet.<ref name="Hubble-2001">{{Cite web |title=Hubble Makes First Direct Measurements of Atmosphere on World Around another Star |url=https://hubblesite.org/contents/news-releases/2001/news-2001-38 |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=HubbleSite.org |language=en}}</ref>


===December=== ===December===
* December – ]: Hundreds of Taliban prisoners are killed by the forces of ].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gall |first=Carlotta |date=2002-05-01 |title=Study Hints at Mass Killing of the Taliban |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/01/world/study-hints-at-mass-killing-of-the-taliban.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> * December – ]: Hundreds of Taliban prisoners are killed by the forces of ].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gall |first=Carlotta |date=2002-05-01 |title=Study Hints at Mass Killing of the Taliban |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/01/world/study-hints-at-mass-killing-of-the-taliban.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202170819/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/01/world/study-hints-at-mass-killing-of-the-taliban.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] * ]
** The ] produces a report on ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-12-01 |title=The Responsibility to Protect: Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, 2001 |url=https://www.globalr2p.org/resources/the-responsibility-to-protect-report-of-the-international-commission-on-intervention-and-state-sovereignty-2001/ |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect}}</ref> ** The ] produces a report on ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-12-01 |title=The Responsibility to Protect: Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, 2001 |url=https://www.globalr2p.org/resources/the-responsibility-to-protect-report-of-the-international-commission-on-intervention-and-state-sovereignty-2001/ |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120061309/https://www.globalr2p.org/resources/the-responsibility-to-protect-report-of-the-international-commission-on-intervention-and-state-sovereignty-2001/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
** A series of ] in ] are carried out by Hamas. Ten people are killed and hundreds more are injured.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2001 |title=Terror strikes in Jerusalem kill 10 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/12/01/mideast/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN}}</ref> ** A series of ] in ] are carried out by Hamas. Ten people are killed and hundreds more are injured.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2001 |title=Terror strikes in Jerusalem kill 10 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/12/01/mideast/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124072719/http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/12/01/mideast/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] * ]
** ] files for ] protection five days after ] cancels a US$8.4&nbsp;billion buyout bid (to this point, the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history).<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Oppel |first1=Richard A. |last2=Sorkin |first2=Andrew Ross |date=2001-12-03 |title=Enron's Collapse: The Overview; Enron Corp. Files Largest U.S. Claim for Bankruptcy |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/03/business/enron-s-collapse-the-overview-enron-corp-files-largest-us-claim-for-bankruptcy.html |access-date=2022-11-20 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ** ] files for ] protection five days after ] cancels a US$8.4&nbsp;billion buyout bid (to this point, the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history).<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Oppel |first1=Richard A. |last2=Sorkin |first2=Andrew Ross |date=2001-12-03 |title=Enron's Collapse: The Overview; Enron Corp. Files Largest U.S. Claim for Bankruptcy |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/03/business/enron-s-collapse-the-overview-enron-corp-files-largest-us-claim-for-bankruptcy.html |access-date=2022-11-20 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120061312/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/03/business/enron-s-collapse-the-overview-enron-corp-files-largest-us-claim-for-bankruptcy.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
** ]: A Hamas militant carries out a suicide bombing in ], Israel, killing 15 people.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2, 2001 |title=Bus blast kills at least 16 in Haifa, Israel |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/12/02/haifa.attack/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN}}</ref> ** ]: A Hamas militant carries out a suicide bombing in ], Israel, killing 15 people.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2, 2001 |title=Bus blast kills at least 16 in Haifa, Israel |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/12/02/haifa.attack/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124072718/http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/12/02/haifa.attack/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] – The ], a self-balancing ] invented by ], is unveiled after months of public speculation and media hype<ref name="speculation">{{cite episode |url=http://www.cc.com/events/month-of-zen/live.html |title=January 26, 2000 |series=] |date=26 July 2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702125349/http://www.cc.com/events/month-of-zen/live.html |archive-date=2 July 2015}}</ref> on the ] morning program '']''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Tweney |first=Dylan |title=Wired.com retrospective |url=https://www.wired.com/thisdayintech/2009/12/1203segway-unveiled |access-date=2009-04-12}}</ref> * ] – The ], a self-balancing ] invented by ], is unveiled after months of public speculation and media hype<ref name="speculation"/> on the ] morning program '']''.<ref name="auto4"/>
* ] – ]: An American airstrike mistakenly targets a friendly position, killing 11 people in a ] incident.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2001-12-05 |title=Three U.S. Troops Killed by Stray Bomb |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=80352&page=1 |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref> * ] – ]: An American airstrike mistakenly targets a friendly position, killing 11 people in a ] incident.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2001-12-05 |title=Three U.S. Troops Killed by Stray Bomb |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=80352&page=1 |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=ABC News |language=en |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124161737/https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=80352&page=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] – ]: The Taliban surrenders in ], its final stronghold.<ref name=":30">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2001-12-06 |title=Taliban Agrees to Surrender Kandahar |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=80347&page=1 |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref> * ] – ]: The Taliban surrenders in ], its final stronghold.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=42}}
* ] – An ebola outbreak is confirmed in Gabon.<ref name="auto2"/>
* ] – An ebola outbreak is confirmed in Gabon.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2003-06-27 |title=Outbreak(s) of Ebola haemorrhagic fever, Congo and Gabon, October 2001-July 2002 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15571171/ |journal=Relevé Épidémiologique Hebdomadaire |volume=78 |issue=26 |pages=223–228 |issn=0049-8114 |pmid=15571171}}</ref>
* ] – China joins the World Trade Organization. * ] – China joins the World Trade Organization.<ref name=":15" />
* ] * ]
** ]: Nine people and five terrorists are killed in a terrorist attack in ], leading to the ].<ref name=":8">{{cite web |url=http://www.indianembassy.org/new/parliament_dec_13_01.htm |title=Terrorist Attack on the Parliament of India |date=2001-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611152203/http://www.indianembassy.org/new/parliament_dec_13_01.htm |archive-date=2010-06-11 |publisher=Embassy of India – Washington DC |access-date=2018-12-12 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> ** ]: Nine people and five terrorists are killed in a terrorist attack in ], leading to the ].<ref name="Embassy of India-2001">{{cite web |url=http://www.indianembassy.org/new/parliament_dec_13_01.htm |title=Terrorist Attack on the Parliament of India |date=2001-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611152203/http://www.indianembassy.org/new/parliament_dec_13_01.htm |archive-date=2010-06-11 |publisher=Embassy of India – Washington DC |access-date=2018-12-12 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
** U.S. President George W. Bush announces the American withdrawal from the 1972 ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remarks Announcing the United States Withdrawal From the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-announcing-the-united-states-withdrawal-from-the-anti-ballistic-missile-treaty |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=www.presidency.ucsb.edu}}</ref> ** U.S. President George W. Bush announces the American withdrawal from the 1972 ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remarks Announcing the United States Withdrawal From the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-announcing-the-united-states-withdrawal-from-the-anti-ballistic-missile-treaty |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=www.presidency.ucsb.edu |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120061323/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-announcing-the-united-states-withdrawal-from-the-anti-ballistic-missile-treaty |url-status=live }}</ref>
** ] becomes the ], the ] and ] of Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-12-13 |title=Malaysia's king sworn in |language=en-GB |work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1707855.stm |access-date=2022-11-20}}</ref> ** ] becomes the ], the&nbsp;]&nbsp;and&nbsp;]&nbsp;of&nbsp;Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-12-13 |title=Malaysia's king sworn in |language=en-GB |work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1707855.stm |access-date=2022-11-20 |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120215438/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1707855.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] – The ] is reopened to the public after 12 years of reconstruction.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-12-15 |title=Less leaning tower of Pisa reopens |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/12/15/pisa.tower/ |archive-date=2022-12-03 |website=CNN}}</ref> * ] – The ] is reopened to the public after 12 years of reconstruction.<ref name="auto21"/>
* ] – ]: American forces take ], a cave complex and the headquarters of Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan. Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden escapes during the battle and goes into hiding.<ref name=":31">{{Cite report |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CPRT-111SPRT53709/html/CPRT-111SPRT53709.htm |title=Rota Bora Revisited: How We Failed to Get bin Laden and Why It Matters Today |last=Kerry |first=John F. |date=2009-11-30 |author-link=John Kerry |access-date=2022-11-24}}</ref> * ] – ]: American forces take ], a cave complex and the headquarters of Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan. Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden escapes during the battle and goes into hiding.<ref name="Kerry-2009">{{Cite report |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CPRT-111SPRT53709/html/CPRT-111SPRT53709.htm |title=Rota Bora Revisited: How We Failed to Get bin Laden and Why It Matters Today |last=Kerry |first=John F. |date=2009-11-30 |author-link=John Kerry |access-date=2022-11-24 |archive-date=November 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120161725/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CPRT-111SPRT53709/html/CPRT-111SPRT53709.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] &ndash; A record-high ] of 1085.6 ] (32.06 ]) is recorded at ], Mongolia.<ref name="ASU1">{{cite web |title=World: Highest Sea Level Air Pressure Above 750 meters |url=http://wmo.asu.edu/highest-sea-lvl-air-pressure-above-700m |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013225735/http://wmo.asu.edu/highest-sea-lvl-air-pressure-above-700m |archive-date=13 October 2012 |publisher=Arizona State University}}</ref> * ] A record-high ] of 1085.6 ] (32.06 ]) is recorded at ], Mongolia.<ref name="ASU1">{{cite web |title=World: Highest Sea Level Air Pressure Above 750 meters |url=http://wmo.asu.edu/highest-sea-lvl-air-pressure-above-700m |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013225735/http://wmo.asu.edu/highest-sea-lvl-air-pressure-above-700m |archive-date=13 October 2012 |publisher=Arizona State University}}</ref>
* ] – President ] of Argentina resigns in response to the ] against Argentina's ].<ref name=":21">{{Cite news |last=Krauss |first=Clifford |date=2001-12-21 |title=Argentine Leader, His Nation Frayed, Abruptly Resigns |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/21/world/argentine-leader-his-nation-frayed-abruptly-resigns.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> * ] – President ] of Argentina resigns in response to the ] against Argentina's ].<ref name="Krauss-2001">{{Cite news |last=Krauss |first=Clifford |date=2001-12-21 |title=Argentine Leader, His Nation Frayed, Abruptly Resigns |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/21/world/argentine-leader-his-nation-frayed-abruptly-resigns.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124072723/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/21/world/argentine-leader-his-nation-frayed-abruptly-resigns.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
]-2 anti-aircraft gun that was mounted on the North Korean vessel sunk in the Battle of Amami-Ōshima]] ]-2&nbsp;anti-aircraft gun that was mounted on the North Korean vessel sunk in the Battle of Amami-Ōshima]]
* ] * ]
** ]: A ] ship and an armed North Korean vessel engage in conflict near the Japanese island of ], in the ]. The encounter ends in the sinking of the North Korean vessel that is later determined to have been a ] by the Japanese authorities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0XPQ/is_2002_Oct_7/ai_94075498|title=Japan announces sunken boat was N. Korean spy ship|website=BNET|date=7 October 2002|access-date=13 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/asia-pacific/1727867.stm|title=Japan says 'spy ship' fired rockets|date=25 December 2001|website=BBC News|access-date=29 January 2009}}</ref> ** ]: A ] ship and an armed North Korean vessel engage in conflict near the Japanese island of ], in the ]. The encounter ends in the sinking of the North Korean vessel that is later determined to have been a ] by the Japanese authorities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0XPQ/is_2002_Oct_7/ai_94075498|title=Japan announces sunken boat was N. Korean spy ship|website=BNET|date=7 October 2002|access-date=13 June 2018|archive-date=August 31, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831154904/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0XPQ/is_2002_Oct_7/ai_94075498/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/asia-pacific/1727867.stm|title=Japan says 'spy ship' fired rockets|date=25 December 2001|website=BBC News|access-date=29 January 2009|archive-date=June 25, 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040625144527/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/asia-pacific/1727867.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>
** ], political leader of the Northern Alliance, hands over power in Afghanistan to the interim government headed by President ].<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Gall |first=Carlotta |date=20 June 2002 |title=A Buoyant Karzai is Sworn In as Afghanistan's Leader |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/20/world/a-buoyant-karzai-is-sworn-in-as-afghanistan-s-leader.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100228162323/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/20/world/a-buoyant-karzai-is-sworn-in-as-afghanistan-s-leader.html |archive-date=28 February 2010}}</ref> ** ], political leader of the Northern Alliance, hands over power in Afghanistan to the interim government headed by President ].<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=43}}<ref name="Gall-2002">{{Cite news |last=Gall |first=Carlotta |date=20 June 2002 |title=A Buoyant Karzai is Sworn In as Afghanistan's Leader |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/20/world/a-buoyant-karzai-is-sworn-in-as-afghanistan-s-leader.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100228162323/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/20/world/a-buoyant-karzai-is-sworn-in-as-afghanistan-s-leader.html |archive-date=28 February 2010}}</ref>
* ] – The ] is ], creating a federal government with a rotating presidency and granting increased autonomy to the three island administrations.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/P5Comoros2018.pdf |title=Comoros |date=2018 |publisher=Center for Systemic Peace |access-date=2022-12-02}}</ref> * ] – The ] is ], creating a federal government with a rotating presidency and granting increased autonomy to the three island administrations.<ref name="auto15"/>
* ] – ]: A trail collision at ] kills 42 people in Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kareem |first=Abdul |date=2016-12-24 |title=December 25, 2001: Train crash in Indonesia kills 42 |url=https://gulfnews.com/today-history/december-25-2001-train-crash-in-indonesia-kills-42-1.1950989 |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=Gulf News |language=en}}</ref>
* ] * ]
** China is granted permanent ] status with the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=President Grants Permanent Trade Status to China |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/12/20011227-2.html |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov}}</ref> ** China is granted permanent ] status with the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=President Grants Permanent Trade Status to China |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/12/20011227-2.html |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov |archive-date=September 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927180553/https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/12/20011227-2.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
** ] forms within 1.5 degrees of the ]. No other tropical cyclone in recorded history has come as close to the equator.<ref name="nps">{{cite web |author1=C.P. Chang |author2=Ching-Hwang Liu |author3=Hung-Chi Kuo |year=2003 |title=Typhoon Vamei: An Equatorial Tropical Cyclone Formation |url=http://www.weather.nps.navy.mil/cpchang/papers/vamei/vamei.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723011520/http://www.weather.nps.navy.mil/cpchang/papers/vamei/vamei.htm |archive-date=23 July 2012 |publisher=Naval Postgraduate School Department of Meteorology}}</ref> ** ] forms within 1.5 degrees of the ]. No other tropical cyclone in recorded history has come as close to the equator.<ref name="nps">{{cite web |author1=C.P. Chang |author2=Ching-Hwang Liu |author3=Hung-Chi Kuo |year=2003 |title=Typhoon Vamei: An Equatorial Tropical Cyclone Formation |url=http://www.weather.nps.navy.mil/cpchang/papers/vamei/vamei.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723011520/http://www.weather.nps.navy.mil/cpchang/papers/vamei/vamei.htm |archive-date=23 July 2012 |publisher=Naval Postgraduate School Department of Meteorology}}</ref>
* ] – ]: A fire occurs in a shopping center in ], Peru, following a ], killing at least 291 people.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gonzalez |first=David |date=2002-01-06 |title=Lima Street Vendors Caught Between Police and Poverty |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/06/world/lima-street-vendors-caught-between-police-and-poverty.html |access-date=2022-12-03 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==Births==
<!-- Please do not add yourself non-notable people, fictional characters, or people without Misplaced Pages articles to this list. No red links, please. -->

===January&ndash;April===
]]]
* ] &ndash; ], Australian actress<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/angourierice/|title=Angourie Rice (@angourierice)|website=Instagram|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], Israeli basketball player<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.basketball-reference.com/international/players/deni-avdija-1.html|title=Deni Avdija International Stats|website=Basketball-Reference.com}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], Ukrainian footballer<ref>{{cite web |title=M. Mudryk |url=https://ca.soccerway.com/players/mykhailo-mudryk/509448/ |website=soccerway.com}}</ref>
* ]
** ], Spanish footballer<ref>{{cite web |title=Eric García |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/-/461179/ |website=soccerway.com}}</ref>
** ], Brazilian footballer<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.realmadrid.com/en/football/squad/rodrygo-goes|title=Rodrygo|website=Real Madrid CF|access-date=17 July 2020}}</ref>
* ]
** ], Romanian-Italian rhythmic gymnast<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.tarragona2018.cat/en/GRY/athlete/18006743|title=Tarragona 2018 info|website=Tarragona 2018|access-date=17 July 2020}}</ref>
** ], German archer<ref>{{cite web |title=Charline Schwarz |url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/143233 |website=olympedia.org}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], Argentine footballer<ref>{{cite web |title=E. Fernández |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/-/547472/ |website=soccerway.com}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], Maltese singer<ref>{{cite web |title=Michela Pace |url=https://esckaz.com/2019/mal.htm |website=esckaz.com}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], Georgian footballer<ref>{{cite web |title=Khvicha Kvaratskhelia |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/khvicha-kvaratskhelia/463156/ |website=soccerway.com |publisher=Soccer way}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], Finnish ice hockey player<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nhl.com/player/kaapo-kakko-8481554|title=Kaapo Kakko Stats and News|website=NHL|access-date=17 July 2020}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], Australian tennis player<ref>{{cite web |title=Rinky Hijikata |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/players/-/h0bh/overview |website=atptour.com}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], American actor<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tulsaworld.com/blogs/scene/popculture/pop-culture-when-should-gotham-actor-david-mazouz-become-batman/article_3e16bb5e-eb02-5424-8521-6253ba0990de.html |title=Pop culture: When should ''Gotham'' actor David Mazouz become Batman? |date=February 22, 2016 |first=Jimmie |last=Tramel |work=] |location=Oklahoma |access-date=January 8, 2017 |archive-date= January 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170109012822/http://www.tulsaworld.com/blogs/scene/popculture/pop-culture-when-should-gotham-actor-david-mazouz-become-batman/article_3e16bb5e-eb02-5424-8521-6253ba0990de.html |url-status=live |quote=Because Feb. 19 is the actor's birthday and Batman's birthday, Mazouz suggested... Mazouz is 15. }}</ref>
* ]
** ], British actress<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hellomagazine.com/film/2020041087721/outnumbered-actress-ramona-marquez-shocks-with-tattoo/|title=Outnumbered's Karen, 19, looks totally different with shocking tattoo|date=10 April 2020|author=Hollie Richardsonwebsite=Hello!|access-date=17 July 2020}}</ref>
** ], South Korean archer<ref>{{cite web |title=An San |url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/144886 |website=olympedia.org}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], English freestyle swimmer<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishswimming.org/athlete-swimming-profiles/british-swimming-profiles/freya-anderson/|title=Freya Anderson|website=British Swimming}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], Russian synchronised swimmer<ref>{{cite web |title=Varvara Subbotina |url=https://insidesynchro.org/varvara-subbotina/ |website=insidesynchro.org}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], Australian racing driver<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oscar Piastri |url=https://www.eurosport.com/formula-2/oscar-piastri_prs587678/person.shtml |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=Eurosport}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], Israeli singer<ref>{{cite web |title=18 Things to Know About Jewish Singer Noa Kirel |url=https://www.heyalma.com/18-things-to-know-about-jewish-singer-noa-kirel/ |website=heyalma.com |publisher=heyalma |access-date=18 November 2022}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], Argentine footballer<ref>{{cite web |title="FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 – Squad list: Argentina (ARG)" |url=https://fdp.fifa.org/assetspublic/ce44/pdf/SquadLists-English.pdf |website=fdp.fifa.org |publisher=Fifa |access-date=18 November 2022}}</ref>

===May&ndash;August===
]]]
* ] &ndash; ], Canadian soccer player<ref>{{cite web|url=https://canadasoccer.com/?pid=13182&t=profile&|title=Jordyn Huitema (CAN)|website=Canada Soccer|access-date=17 July 2020}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], Ukrainian synchronised swimmer<ref>{{cite web |title=Maryna Aleksiïva |url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/147036 |website=olympedia.org}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], Polish tennis player<ref>{{cite web |title=Iga Swiatek Player Stats & More WTA Official |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/players/326408/iga-swiatek |website=] |access-date=21 November 2020}}</ref>
* ]
** ], Kenyan middle distance runner<ref>{{cite web |title=Jacob KROP |url=https://www.worldathletics.org/athletes/kenya/jacob-krop-14808798 |website=worldathletics.org}}</ref>
** ], Japanese footballer<ref>{{NFT player|74562}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], French basketball player<ref>{{cite web |title=Talents du Parisien. Basket : Théo Maledon comme une évidence |url=http://www.leparisien.fr/sports/ile-de-france/talents-du-parisien-basket-theo-maledon-comme-une-evidence-15-06-2017-7052694.php |website=] |access-date=26 December 2018 |language=fr |date=15 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328231333/http://www.leparisien.fr/sports/ile-de-france/talents-du-parisien-basket-theo-maledon-comme-une-evidence-15-06-2017-7052694.php |archive-date=28 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], American actress and singer<ref>{{cite news |last=Dawidziak|first=Mark |title=Isabela Moner is a Cleveland native with two Nickelodeon shows |url=http://www.cleveland.com/tv-blog/index.ssf/2014/08/isabela_moner_is_a_cleveland_native_with_two_nickelodeon_shows.html |work=] |publisher=Plain Dealer Publishing Co. and Northeast Ohio Media Group |date=August 14, 2014 |access-date=June 30, 2015 |quote=, ... She turned 13 on July 10.}}</ref>
* ] – ], American social media personality<ref name="seventeen">{{cite web |last=Grant |first=Stacey |date=2020-03-23 |title=Everything You Need to Know About Dixie D'Amelio, Charli's Older Sister |url=https://www.seventeen.com/celebrity/celebrity-couples/g31816740/who-is-dixie-d-amelio/ |website=]}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], Italian tennis player<ref>{{cite web |title=Jannik Sinner |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/players/-/S0AG/overview |website=atptour.com |publisher=Association of Tennis Professionals}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], American basketball player<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbadraft.net/players/lamelo-ball/|title=LaMelo Ball|website=NBA|access-date=17 July 2020}}</ref>

===September&ndash;December===
]]]
* ] &ndash; ], American model and actress<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.yahoo.com/style/meet-cindy-crawfords-daughter-kaia-gerber-a-104090282078.html|title=Meet Cindy Crawford's Daughter Kaia Gerber, A 13-Year-Old Who's About to Become the Next Big Thing|work=]|publisher=Yahoo|first=Molly|last=Creeden|date=December 8, 2014|access-date=December 8, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827004308/https://www.yahoo.com/style/meet-cindy-crawfords-daughter-kaia-gerber-a-104090282078.html|archive-date=August 27, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], English footballer<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.englandfootball.com/mens-senior-team/squad/Bukayo-Saka|title=Bukayo Saka-Player profile|website=England Football|access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref>
* ] – ], English actress<ref name="monster">{{cite news |last=Didymus |first=John Thomas |date=20 December 2019 |title=Princess Cirilla of Cintra on Netflix's The Witcher: Who is the actress Freya Allan? |work=] |url=https://www.monstersandcritics.com/smallscreen/princess-cirilla-of-cintra-on-netflixs-the-witcher-who-is-the-actress-freya-allan/}}</ref>
* ] – ], Russian handball player<ref>{{cite web |title=Mikhaylichenko Elena |url=http://history.eurohandball.com/ec/cl/women/2021-22/player/571919/Elena+Mikhaylichenko |website=eurohandball.com |publisher=European Handball Federation}}</ref>
* ] – ], American basketball player<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cade Cunningham |url=https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/c/cunnica01.html |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=Basketball-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], English footballer<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.manutd.com/en/players-and-staff/detail/mason-greenwood|title=Mason Greenwood-Player profile|website=Manchester United|access-date=16 August 2022}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], princess of Lesotho<ref>{{cite web |title=Princess (Khosatsana) Senate Mary Mohato Seeiso of L |url=https://theafricanroyalfamilies.com/2022/10/07/princess-khosatsana-senate-mary-mohato-seeiso-of-lesotho/ |website=theafricanroyalfamilies.com}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], American actor<ref>{{Cite episode|title=Sean Hayes/Stranger Things Kids/Sheryl Crow|series=The Ellen DeGeneres Show|series-link=The Ellen DeGeneres Show|date=25 October 2017|season=15|number=37}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The kids of "Stranger Things" wishing Caleb McLaughlin (Lucas) a happy birthday is pure #friendshipgoals|url=https://hellogiggles.com/reviews-coverage/tv-shows/kids-of-stranger-things-all-wished-caleb-mclaughlin-a-happy-birthday/|website=]|first=Sarah|last=Terry|date=October 13, 2016}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], American actress<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.disneychannelmedianet.com/web/showpage/showpage.aspx?program_id=3158326&type=blanchard|title=Rowan Blanchard: "Riley Matthews"|publisher=Disney Channel Medianet|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140812020935/http://www.disneychannelmedianet.com/web/showpage/showpage.aspx?program_id=3158326&type=blanchard|archive-date=August 12, 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=July 2, 2019}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], daughter and Heiress Apparent of ]<ref>{{cite news|language=fr|url=http://www.lalibre.be/actu/belgique/les-premieres-declarations-du-prince-philippe-51b87552e4b0de6db9a65659|title=Les premières déclarations du Prince Philippe|quote=Le Prince Philippe a annoncé, dans la nuit de jeudi à vendredi à la presse, que la Princesse Élisabeth Thérèse Marie Hélène était née à 21h58 par césarienne.|date=2001-10-26}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], Indian Paralympian and rifle shooter<ref>{{cite web |title=Avani Lekhara Biography (Para-Shooting – India): Early Life, Career, Paralympics 2020, Family, Wife, Kids, Awards, Achievements, Records, Social Media |url=https://thesportstattoo.com/avani-lekhara-paralympic-biography/ |website=thesportstattoo.com}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ] of Japan<ref>{{cite news|title=Girl Born to Japan's Princess|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/01/world/girl-born-to-japan-s-princess.html|newspaper=] |date=1 December 2001|access-date=16 November 2011}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], Ugandan long distance runner<ref>{{cite web |title=Oscar CHELIMO |url=https://www.worldathletics.org/athletes/_/14805793 |website=worldathletics.org}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; ], American singer<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Keith|last=Caulfield|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/8545478/billie-eilish-when-we-all-fall-asleep-biggest-album-2019|title= The Year in Charts 2019: Billie Eilish's 'When We All Fall Asleep…' Is Biggest Album of the Year|magazine= ]|date= December 5, 2019|access-date= December 31, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226080532/https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/8545478/billie-eilish-when-we-all-fall-asleep-biggest-album-2019|archive-date= December 26, 2019|url-status= live}}</ref>
* ] – ], Canadian actress<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bird |first=Michele |date=18 May 2021 |title=Here's Everything We Know About "Never Have I Ever" Actor Maitreyi Ramakrishnan So Far |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/michelelbird/never-have-i-ever-maitreyi-ramakrishnan-facts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501235146/https://www.buzzfeed.com/michelelbird/never-have-i-ever-maitreyi-ramakrishnan-facts |archive-date=4 August 2022 |website=]}}</ref>

==Deaths==
{{Further|:Category:2001 deaths}}
{{BD ToC|deaths|section=2}}

===January===
{{Main|Deaths in January 2001}}
]]]
* ] – ], American actor (b. ])<ref>{{cite news|first=Mel|last=Gussow|title=Ray Walston, Broadway Star And TV Martian, Dies at 86|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9503EFDC103BF930A35752C0A9679C8B63|work=]|date=January 3, 2001|access-date=March 20, 2013}}</ref>
* ] – ], American politician and diplomat (b. ])<ref>{{cite news |first=David|last=Stout |title=William P. Rogers, Who Served as Nixon's Secretary of State, Is Dead at 87 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B02E5D6113BF937A35752C0A9679C8B63 |work=] |date=January 4, 2001 |access-date=December 25, 2008}}</ref>
* ] – ], 9th president of Lebanon (b. ])<ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/bb4b366a4cf48bd73052d837d8114ed5|title=Ex-Lebanon President Helou Dies|date=January 7, 2001|website=AP News|access-date=April 5, 2021}}</ref>
* ] – ], 2-time prime minister of Belgium (b. ])<ref>{{cite news|title=Paul Vanden Boeynants Dies - The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2001/01/10/paul-vanden-boeynants-dies/73fa0517-40ef-401f-936d-b150a4086933/ |newspaper=Washington Post|date=January 10, 2001|access-date=April 8, 2021}}</ref>
* ]
** ], Brazilian athlete (b. ])<ref>{{cite web |title=Adhemar da Silva |url=https://www.olympic.org/adhemar-da-silva |access-date=March 14, 2021 |website=IOC}}</ref>
** ], American businessman (b. ])<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2001/jan/15/guardianobituaries.jackschofield|title=William Hewlett|date=January 15, 2001|newspaper=The Guardian|author=Jack Schofield|access-date=April 8, 2021}}</ref>
* ] – ], president of the ] (b. ]) (see ])<ref>{{cite book|title=Defense & Foreign Affairs Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7OI-AQAAIAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Perth Corporation|isbn=978-1-892998-06-4|page=380}}</ref>
* ] – ], last Queen of Italy (b. ])<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-01-28 |title=Italy's last queen dies |language=en-GB |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1141249.stm |access-date=2022-11-20}}</ref>
* ] – ], Canadian writer (b. ])<ref>{{cite news |work=The New York Times |title=Gordon R. Dickson -- Science Fiction Writer, 77 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/16/arts/gordon-r-dickson-science-fiction-writer-77.html |date=February 16, 2001 |access-date=April 1, 2010}}</ref>

===February===
{{Main|Deaths in February 2001}}
]]]
<!--]]]-->
]]]
* ]
** ], American jazz trombonist (b. ])<ref>{{cite news|last1=Fordham|first1=John|title=Obituary: JJ Johnson|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2001/feb/07/guardianobituaries.johnfordham|access-date=6 November 2015|newspaper=]|date=7 February 2001}}</ref>
** ], Greek composer (b. ])<ref>]. (5 February 2001). " {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120907041204/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/05/arts/iannis-xenakis-composer-who-built-music-on-mathematics-is-dead-at-78.html |date=September 7, 2012 }}". ''The New York Times'', p. B7</ref>
* ] – ], South Vietnamese diplomat and politician (b. ])<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/20/world/tran-van-lam-88-top-south-vietnam-aide.html | title=Tran Van Lam, 88, Top South Vietnam Aide | work=The New York Times | author=Wolfgang Saxon | date=2001-03-20}}</ref>
* ] – ], American actress, singer, and songwriter (b. ])<ref>{{cite book|last1=Brooks|first1=Patricia|title=Laid to Rest in California: a guide to the cemeteries and grave sites of the rich and famous|chapter=Chapter 8: East L.A. and the Desert|pages=235–37|year=2006|publisher=Globe Pequot Press|location=Guilford, CT|isbn=978-0762741014|last2=Brooks|first2=Jonathan|oclc=70284362}}</ref>
* ] – ], American economist, ] laureate (b. ])<ref>{{cite journal |title=Herbert A. Simon, 1916-2001 |last1=Edward Feigenbaum |date=2001 |journal=Science |volume=291 |issue=5511 |pages=2107 |doi=10.1126/science.1060171 |s2cid=180480666 |author1-link=Edward Feigenbaum }}</ref>
* ] – ], American film actor, writer and producer (b. ])<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2001-02-14 |title=Lewis Arquette, 65, Actor in Family of Performers |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/14/arts/lewis-arquette-65-actor-in-family-of-performers.html |access-date=2022-11-20 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
* ] – ], Italian-born American physicist (b. ])<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Clark | first1 = Charles W. | journal = Nature | title = Obituary: Ugo Fano (1912–2001)| volume = 410 | issue = 6825 | pages = 164 | doi = 10.1038/35065786 | year = 2001 | bibcode = 2001Natur.410..164C | s2cid = 26743870 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
* ]
** ], French painter (b. ])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/reunionfrance/1323280/Controversial-Balthus-dies-aged-92.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/reunionfrance/1323280/Controversial-Balthus-dies-aged-92.html |archive-date=January 11, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Controversial Balthus died aged 92|date=February 19, 2001|author=Richard Eden|website=The Telegraph|access-date=April 5, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
** ], American auto racing driver (b. ]) (see ])<ref name=":46">{{Cite news |last=Caldwell |first=Dave |date=2001-02-19 |title=AUTO RACING; Dale Earnhardt, 49, Racing Star |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/19/sports/auto-racing-dale-earnhardt-49-racing-star.html |access-date=2022-11-20 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
* ]
** ], American film director (b. ])<ref>{{cite news|author=Lyman, Rick|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/21/movies/stanley-kramer-filmmaker-with-social-bent-dies-at-87.html?scp=2&sq=stanley%20kramer&st=cse|title=Stanley Kramer, Filmmaker With Social Bent, Dies at 87|newspaper=New York Times|date=February 21, 2001}}</ref>
** ] French singer and songwriter (b. ])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2001/feb/20/guardianobituaries1|title=Charles Trenet|date=February 20, 2001|website=The Guardian|author=Patrick O'Conner|access-date=April 5, 2021}}</ref>
* ] – ], American actress (b. ])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oliver |first=Myrna |date=2001-02-22 |title=Rosemary DeCamp; Actress in TV and Radio Series |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-feb-22-me-28614-story.html |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ] – ], American mathematician (b. ])<ref>{{Cite news |last=Johnson |first=George |date=2001-02-27 |title=Claude Shannon, Mathematician, Dies at 84 |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/27/nyregion/claude-shannon-mathematician-dies-at-84.html |access-date=2022-11-20 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
* ] – Sir ], Australian cricketer (b. ])<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/in_depth/2001/death_of_don_bradman/1189778.stm|title=Bradman dies at 92|website=]|date=February 26, 2001|access-date=14 May 2008}}</ref>

===March===
{{Main|Deaths in March 2001}}
]]]
* ] – ], British surgeon and organ transplantation pioneer (b. ])<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/professor-sir-michael-woodruff-728979.html |title=Professor Sir Michael Woodruff |last=Morris |first=Peter |date=31 March 2001 |work=The Independent |access-date=10 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100908100208/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/professor-sir-michael-woodruff-728979.html |archive-date=8 September 2010 |location=London}}</ref>
* ] – ], American author (b. ])<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-times-obituary-robert-ludlum-hnrnp90q83v | location=London |work=The Times | title=The Times obituary: Robert Ludlum | date=August 15, 2007|access-date=April 8, 2021}}</ref>
* ] – ], American actress and singer (b. ])<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=F2seAAAAIBAJ&pg=2357,2201173 |title=TV's 'Private Secretary' Ann Sothern dies at 92| last=Thomas| first=Bob| date=March 17, 2001| work=Times Daily| page=3A| access-date=January 6, 2013}}</ref>
* ] – ], American singer-songwriter (b. ])<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.today.com/popculture/phillips-says-she-may-have-aborted-dads-child-1C9404900|title=Phillips says she may have aborted dad's child|agency=]|work=]|publisher=]|location=]|date=September 23, 2009|access-date=September 2, 2018}}</ref>
* ] – ], 51st prime minister of Romania (b. ])<ref>{{cite book|author1=Merriam-Webster|title=Britannica: The Year in Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EsYSdJScdo0C|date=March 2002|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica, Incorporated|isbn=978-0-85229-831-2|page=147}}</ref>
* ] – ], American animator and businessman (b. ])<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2001-03-23 |title=William Hanna Dies at 90; Created Cartoon Characters |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/23/arts/william-hanna-dies-at-90-created-cartoon-characters.html |access-date=2022-11-20 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
* ] – ], American jazz pianist and composer (b. ])<ref name="latimes2001">{{cite web |last=Thurber |first=Jon |date=March 31, 2001 |title=John Lewis; Led the Modern Jazz Quartet |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2001/mar/31/local/me-45108 |access-date=August 19, 2018 |work=]}}</ref>
* ] – ], American physicist, ] laureate (b. ])<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2001/apr/07/guardianobituaries.physicalsciences|title=Clifford Shull|date=April 7, 2001|newspaper=The Guardian|author=Pearce Wright|access-date=April 8, 2021}}</ref>

===April===
{{Main|Deaths in April 2001}}
]]]
<!--]]]-->
* ] – ], American actress (b. ])<ref>{{cite web |date=April 5, 2001 |title=Film Notes: Keanu Reeves' Girlfriend Killed |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/story?id=107244&page=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129103351/https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/story?id=107244&page=1 |archive-date=January 29, 2011 |access-date=2022-11-20 |publisher=ABC News}}</ref>
* ]
** ], American actor (b. ])<ref name="death">{{cite news |date=April 11, 2001 |title=David Graf; Played Many Film, TV Roles |newspaper=] |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2001/apr/11/local/me-49651 |access-date=2022-11-21}}</ref>
** ], American actress (b. ])<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gussow |first=Mel |date=2001-04-11 |title=Beatrice Straight, Versatile Star, Dies at 86 |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/11/arts/beatrice-straight-versatile-star-dies-at-86.html |access-date=2022-11-21 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
* ] – Sir ], Welsh entertainer (b. ])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1315879/Goon-star-Sir-Harry-Secombe-dies-aged-79.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1315879/Goon-star-Sir-Harry-Secombe-dies-aged-79.html |archive-date=January 11, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Goon star Sir Harry Secombe dies aged 79|author=Thomas Penny|date=12 April 2001|work=The Daily Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* ] – ], Japanese director (b. ])<ref>{{cite book|author=Harris M. Lentz III|title=Obituaries in the Performing Arts, 2001: Film, Television, Radio, Theatre, Dance, Music, Cartoons and Pop Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9LtkAAAAMAAJ|date=16 April 2002|publisher=McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers|isbn=978-0-7864-1278-5|pages=290–291}}</ref>
* ] – ], American musician and singer (b. ])<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2001-04-16 |title=Joey Ramone Dies of Cancer |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/story?id=106658&page=1 |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref>
* ]
** ], Prime Minister of Samoa (b. ])<ref>{{cite web |date=3 September 2010 |title='I've lost a friend' |url=http://www.samoaobserver.ws/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=26329&Itemid=62 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807054127/http://www.samoaobserver.ws/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=26329&Itemid=62 |archive-date=7 August 2011 |access-date=2022-11-21 |publisher=Samoa Observer}}</ref>
** ], Italian conductor and composer (b. ])<ref>{{cite news |author1=Allan Kozinn |author-link1=Allan Kozinn |title=Giuseppe Sinopoli, Intense and Physical Conductor, Dies at 54 After Collapsing Onstage |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/23/arts/giuseppe-sinopoli-intense-physical-conductor-dies-54-after-collapsing-onstage.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=6 February 2020 |work=] |date=23 April 2001 |page=B 7}}</ref>
* ] – ], Italian racing driver (b. ])<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-04-26 |title=Alboreto dies in crash |language=en-GB |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/1297146.stm |access-date=2022-11-21}}</ref>
* ] – ], ] (1971–1973) (b. ])<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-05-01 |title=Barend Biescheuvel (81) overleden |language=nl |work=de Volkskrant |url=https://www.volkskrant.nl/nieuws-achtergrond/barend-biesheuvel-81-overleden~b710feda/ |access-date=2022-11-24}}</ref>

===May===
{{Main|Deaths in May 2001}}
]]]
* ] – ], English author (b. ])<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.laweekly.com/2001-05-24/news/lots-of-screamingly-funny-sentences-no-fish/ |title=Lots of Screamingly Funny Sentences. No Fish. – page 1 |last1=Lewis |first1=Judith |last2=Shulman |first2=Dave |newspaper=LA Weekly |date=24 May 2001 |access-date=20 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010233102/http://www.laweekly.com/2001-05-24/news/lots-of-screamingly-funny-sentences-no-fish/ |archive-date= 10 October 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ]
** ], American singer (b. ])<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=UoxfAAAAIBAJ&pg=1967,4295477&dq=perry+como&hl=en |title=Crooning baritone Perry Como dies |author=Riddle, Amanda |newspaper=The Madison Courier |location=Indiana |date=May 14, 2001 |page=1 |agency=Associated Press |access-date=August 30, 2013}}</ref>
** ], Brazilian footballer (b. ])<ref>{{cite news |author1=Alex Yannis |author-link1= |title=Didi, 71, Elegant Midfielder Of Brazil's Soccer Champions |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/17/sports/didi-71-elegant-midfielder-of-brazil-s-soccer-champions.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=7 January 2019 |work=] |date=17 May 2001 |page=A 23}}</ref>
* ]
** ], American actor and playwright (b. ])<ref>{{cite news|author=Henn, Jennifer |title=Jason Miller dies |url=http://www.scrantontimestribune.com/zwire/jasonmiller/story1.htm |work=Scranton Times Tribune |date=May 24, 2001 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114031645/http://www.scrantontimestribune.com/zwire/jasonmiller/story1.htm |archive-date=January 14, 2009}}</ref>
** ], Indian novelist (b. ])<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/may/15spec.htm|title=I'm giving you a lot of trouble|last=]|date=15 May 2001|work=]|access-date=8 September 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004034951/http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/may/15spec.htm|archive-date=4 October 2009}}</ref>
* ] – ], French mathematician (b. ])<ref>{{cite book | last = Ciarlet | first = Philippe | title = Handbook of numerical analysis | publisher = Elsevier Science Pub. Co. Inc. | location = Amsterdam New York | year = 1990 | isbn = 9780080507941 | page=1048}}</ref>
* ] – ], 49th prime minister of Hungary (b. ])<ref>{{cite book|author1=Merriam-Webster|author2=편집부|title=Britannica: The Year in Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EsYSdJScdo0C|date=March 2002|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica, Incorporated|isbn=978-0-85229-831-2|page=117}}</ref>
* ] – ], Spanish footballer (b. ])<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-05-24 |title=Urruti killed in car crash |language=en-GB |work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/1348952.stm |access-date=2022-11-21}}</ref>
* ] – ], American actress (b. ])<ref name="latimes">{{cite web |author1=MYRNA OLIVER |date=June 7, 2001 |title=Anne Haney; Actress |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-jun-07-me-7593-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122004219/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-jun-07-me-7593-story.html |archive-date=January 22, 2021 |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=]}}</ref>
* ] – ], American actress and game show panelist (b. ])<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wakin |first=Daniel J. |date=2001-06-02 |title=Arlene Francis, 93, Mainstay Of 'What's My Line?' on TV |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/02/arts/arlene-francis-93-mainstay-of-what-s-my-line-on-tv.html |access-date=2022-11-21 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

===June===
{{Main|Deaths in June 2001}}
]]]
]]]
]]]
]]]
* ]
** ], South African AIDS awareness campaigner (b. ])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Simmons |first=Ann M. |date=2001-06-02 |title=Nkosi Johnson; South African Boy Sought Greater AIDS Awareness |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-jun-02-me-5527-story.html |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref>
** ]:
*** ] (b. ])<ref name="massacre" />
*** King ] (b. ])<ref name="massacre">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1366170.stm|title=Nepal mourns slain king|work=BBC News|date=2 June 2001|access-date=31 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107091236/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1366170.stm|archive-date=7 January 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>
*** ] (b. ])<ref name="massacre" />
*** ] (b. ])<ref name="massacre" />
* ] – ], American actress (b. ])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tommelleo |first=Donna |date=2001-06-02 |title=1950's TV Star Imogene Coca Dies at 92 |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/story?id=104453&page=1 |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref>
* ] – ], Mexican-American actor (b. ])<ref>{{cite news| last=Bergan| first=Ronald| date=June 5, 2001| title=Obituary: Anthony Quinn| language=en-GB| newspaper=]| location=]| url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2001/jun/05/guardianobituaries.filmnews| access-date=June 18, 2020| issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
* ] – King ] (b. ])<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-06-18 |title=Who killed Nepal King Birendra and family? Evidence points to love-crazed prince Dipendra |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20010618-who-killed-nepal-king-birendra-and-family-evidence-points-to-love-crazed-prince-dipendra-775050-2001-06-17 |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* ] – ], 45th ] (b. ])<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krauss |first=Clifford |date=2001-06-09 |title=Víctor Paz Estenssoro, 93, 4-Time Bolivia Leader, Dies |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/09/world/victor-paz-estenssoro-93-4-time-bolivia-leader-dies.html |access-date=2022-11-21 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
* ] – ], Iranian princess (b. ])<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-06-12 |title=Shah's daughter found dead |language=en-GB |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/1384283.stm |access-date=2022-11-21}}</ref>
* ]
** ], American terrorist (b. ])<ref>{{cite book |author1=Peter Hodgkinson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2bajNouhKToC&pg=PA31 |title=Capital Punishment: Strategies for Abolition |author2=William A. Schabas |date=5 February 2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-44959-5 |pages=31}}</ref>
** ], Mexican singer and actress (b. ])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imer.mx/11-de-junio-de-2001-muere-amalia-mendoza/|title=11 de junio de 2001, Muere Amalia Mendoza|date=June 11, 2018|work=imer|access-date=March 4, 2022|language=es}}</ref>
* ] – ], French cinematographer (b. ])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bergan |first=Ronald |date=2001-06-19 |title=Henri Alekan |url=http://www.theguardian.com/news/2001/jun/19/guardianobituaries.film |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref>
* ] – ], American chemist, ] laureate (b. ])<ref>{{cite book|author=Mark Christopher Carnes|title=American National Biography: Supplement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wZczV8ZxgL4C&pg=PA114|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-522202-9|pages=114}}</ref>
* ]
** ], American musician (b. ])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/22/nyregion/john-lee-hooker-bluesman-is-dead-at-83.html|title=John Lee Hooker, Bluesman, Is Dead at 83|last=Pareles|first=Jon|date=June 22, 2001|newspaper=]|access-date=February 9, 2019|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
** ], Egyptian actress (b. ])<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-06-28 |title=Egyptians mourn screen Cinderella |language=en-GB |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1412284.stm |access-date=2022-11-21}}</ref>
** ], American actor (b. ])<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lowry |first=Brian |date=2001-06-22 |title=Carroll O'Connor, TV's Archie Bunker, Dies |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2001/06/22/carroll-oconnor-tvs-archie-bunker-dies/eba65965-5db4-4877-afcf-59efb9896638/ |access-date=2001-06-22}}</ref>
* ] – ], Argentine footballer and manager (b. ])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luis Carniglia |url=https://www.footballdatabase.eu/en/player/details/42587-luis-carniglia |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=Footballdatabase.eu}}</ref>
* ] – ], French actress (b. ])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thurber |first=Jon |date=2001-06-27 |title=Corinne Calvet; French Actress |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-jun-27-me-15270-story.html |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ]
** ], Finnish author and illustrator (b. ])<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/jan/15/tove-jansson-life-words-westin-review|title=Tove Jansson: Life, Art, Words by Boel Westin – review|last1=Prideaux|first1=Sue|date=2014-01-15|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=18 November 2014}}</ref>
** ], American actor and director (b. ])<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harmetz |first=Aljean |date=2001-06-29 |title=Jack Lemmon, Dark and Comic Actor, Dies at 76 |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/29/movies/jack-lemmon-dark-and-comic-actor-dies-at-76.html |access-date=2022-11-21 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
** ], English actress (b. ])<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2001-06-28 |title=Carry On star Joan Sims dies after long illness |url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2001/jun/28/news |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref>
* ] – ], American philosopher (b. ])<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-06-30 |title=Mortimer Adler Dies |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2001/06/30/mortimer-adler-dies/f6ee312f-74d4-44c3-8dc5-cba839c544af/ |access-date=2022-11-21}}</ref>
* ] – ], Egyptian patriarch (b. ])<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lewis |first=Paul |date=2001-07-08 |title=Maximus V, the Patriarch of Greek Catholics, Dies at 93 |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/08/world/maximus-v-the-patriarch-of-greek-catholics-dies-at-93.html |access-date=2022-11-21 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
* ]
** ], American guitarist and record producer (b. ])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/04/us/guitars-gently-weep-as-nashville-pays-tribute-to-chet-atkins.html|title=Guitars Gently Weep as Nashville Pays Tribute to Chet Atkins|date=July 4, 2001|work=The New York Times|access-date=September 19, 2016}}</ref>
** ], English footballer and manager (b. ])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rookwood |first=Dan |date=2001-07-02 |title=Liverpool's Joe Fagan dies at 80 |url=http://www.theguardian.com/football/2001/jul/02/newsstory.sport |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref>
** ], American jazz tenor saxophonist (b. ])<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ratliff |first=Ben |date=2001-07-03 |title=Joe Henderson, Saxophonist And Composer, Dies at 64 |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/03/arts/joe-henderson-saxophonist-and-composer-dies-at-64.html |access-date=2022-11-21 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

===July===
{{Main|Deaths in July 2001}}
<!--]]]-->
]]]
* ] – ], Soviet physicist, ] laureate (b. ])<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718214730/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nikolay-Basov |date=July 18, 2021 }}. Encyclopaedia Britannica</ref>
* ] – ], 38th ] (b. ])<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cañas-Dinarte |first=Carlos |date=2001-07-11 |title=Fallece el ex presidente Alvaro Magaña |trans-title=Ex-president Alvaro Magaña dies |work=elsalvador.com |url=http://archivo.elsalvador.com/noticias/2001/7/11/NACIONAL/nacio14.html |access-date=2022-11-24}}</ref>
* ] – ], Dutch musician (b. ])<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-07-12 |title=Rock star leaps to his death from Lennon 'bed-in' hotel |url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/world/arid-30018001.html |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=Irish Examiner |language=en}}</ref>
* ] – ], American publisher (b. ])<ref>{{Cite news |last=Berger |first=Marilyn |date=2001-07-18 |title=Katharine Graham of Washington Post Dies at 84 |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/18/us/katharine-graham-of-washington-post-dies-at-84.html |access-date=2022-11-23 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
* ] – ], Indian actor (b. ])<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Mehta |first1=Riju |last2=Ram |first2=Arun |date=2001-08-06 |title=Legendary film actor Sivaji Ganesan passes away |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/obituary/story/20010806-legendary-film-actor-sivaji-ganesan-passes-away-773950-2001-08-05 |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* ] – ], Soviet gymnast (b. ])<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-03 |title=Bocharova, star of 1st Soviet Olympic gymnastics team, dies |url=https://apnews.com/article/ad15ff7a14b1a92d4a7f9c9f9efe4e17 |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>
* ] – ], 16th Chancellor of Austria (b. ])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Connolly |first=Kate |date=2001-08-07 |title=Josef Klaus |url=http://www.theguardian.com/news/2001/aug/07/guardianobituaries.kateconnolly |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref>
* ] – ], Bengali writer (b. ])<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-28 |title=Sofa's death anniv today |url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/144747/sofas-death-anniv-today |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=New Age |language=en}}</ref>
* ] – ], Polish politician (b. ])<ref>{{Cite news |last=McFadden |first=Robert D. |date=2001-07-30 |title=Edward Gierek Dies at 88; Polish Communist Reformer |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/30/world/edward-gierek-dies-at-88-polish-communist-reformer.html |access-date=2022-11-23 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
* ]
** ], American author (b. ])<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/03/books/poul-anderson-science-fiction-novelist-dies-at-74.html |title=Poul Anderson, Science Fiction Novelist, Dies at 74 |date =3 August 2001 |access-date=24 October 2018 |author= Douglas Martin |website= The New York Times}}</ref>
** ], 15th ] (b. ])<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-08-01 |title=Francisco da Costa Gomes Dies |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2001/08/01/francisco-da-costa-gomes-dies/4b8fdaf7-2c5a-40e8-89aa-5bd015e64b88/ |access-date=2022-11-23}}</ref>

===August===
{{Main|Deaths in August 2001}}
]]]
]]]
* ] – ], American actor, writer, producer, and musician (b. ])<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2001-08-08 |title=Lorenzo Music -- Actor, 64 |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/08/arts/lorenzo-music-actor-64.html |access-date=2022-11-23 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
* ]
** ], American musician (b. ])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2001/08/08/musician-larry-adler-87-dies/83c70110-2abc-4c5d-a23e-81804ea375b8/|title=Musician Larry Adler, 87, Dies|date=8 August 2001|access-date=6 October 2018|via=www.washingtonpost.com}}</ref>
** ], Brazilian writer (b. ])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/07/arts/jorge-amado-dies-at-88-brazil-s-leading-novelist.html|title=Jorge Amado dies at 88; Brazil's leading novelist|date=7 August 2001|website=New York Times |access-date=5 April 2021}}</ref>
** ], 4th and final ] (]) (b. ])<ref>{{Cite news |last=Butterfield |first=Fox |date=2001-08-08 |title=Duong Van Minh, 85, Saigon Plotter, Dies |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/08/world/duong-van-minh-85-saigon-plotter-dies.html |access-date=2022-11-23 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
** ], German general (b. ])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wilhelm Mohnke |url=https://www.liberationroute.com/en/stories/213/wilhelm-mohnke |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=Liberation Route Europe |publisher=Council of Europe}}</ref>
* ] – ], Kenyan athlete (b. ])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/richard-chelimo|title=Richard Chelimo|website=IOC|access-date=March 14, 2021}}</ref>
* ] – ], South African journalist and anti-apartheid activist (b. ])<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1337951/Donald-Woods.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1337951/Donald-Woods.html |archive-date=January 11, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Donald Woods (obituary)|newspaper=]|date=20 August 2001|access-date=11 July 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* ]
** ], British astronomer and writer (b. ])<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Burbidge | first1 = G. | author-link = Geoffrey Burbidge| doi = 10.1098/rsbm.2003.0013 | title = Sir Fred Hoyle. 24 June 1915 – 20 August 2001 Elected FRS 1957 | journal = ] | volume = 49 | pages = 213–247 | year = 2003 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
** ], American actress (b. ])<ref>{{Cite news |last=Berkvist |first=Robert |date=2001-08-21 |title=Kim Stanley, Reluctant but Gripping Broadway and Hollywood Actress, Dies at 76 |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/21/arts/kim-stanley-reluctant-but-gripping-broadway-and-hollywood-actress-dies-at-76.html |access-date=2022-11-23 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
* ] – ], American actress (b. ])<ref>{{Cite news |last=McKinley |first=Jesse |date=2001-08-24 |title=Kathleen Freeman, 78, Actress Playing Comic Character Roles |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/24/theater/kathleen-freeman-78-actress-playing-comic-character-roles.html |access-date=2022-11-23 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
* ] – ], American actress (b. ])<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bernstein |first=Adam |date=2001-08-27 |title=Jane Greer, 76, Dies |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2001/08/27/jane-greer-76-dies/8bee8db9-6f4b-41cf-a4d8-6d24c3894e1e/ |access-date=2022-11-23}}</ref>
* ] – ], American singer and actress (b. ]) (see ])<ref name=crash>{{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/SHOWBIZ/Music/08/26/death.aaliyah/ |title=U.S. investigators to probe Aaliyah crash |date=August 27, 2001 |publisher=CNN |access-date=April 8, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413035550/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/SHOWBIZ/Music/08/26/death.aaliyah/ |archive-date=April 13, 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ] – ], 8th prime minister of Faroe Islands (b. ])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kvinfo.dk/side/170/bio/1739/query/Marita%20Petersen/|title=Marita Petersen (1940 - 2001)|website=Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon|access-date=April 8, 2021}}</ref>
* ] – ], Palestinian militant leader (b. ])<ref name=":22" />
* ] – ], 9th president of Bangladesh (b. ])<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-30 |title= |script-title=bn:সাবেক রাষ্ট্রপতি আফম আহসানউদ্দিন চৌধুরীর মৃত্যুবার্ষিকী আজ |trans-title=Today is the death anniversary of former President Afam Ahsanuddin Chowdhury |url=https://www.ekushey-tv.com/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9C/77497 |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=Ekushey Television Limited |language=bn}}</ref>

===September===
{{Main|Deaths in September 2001}}
]]]
<!--]]]-->
* ]
** ], South African cardiac surgeon (b. ])<ref>{{cite news | title=Autopsy confirms asthma killed Barnard | date= 5 September 2001 | url =http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main_old.php?id=4655&archive=1 | work =] | access-date =15 March 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927202905/http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main_old.php?id=4655&archive=1 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 27 September 2007}}</ref>
** ], American actor (b. ])<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2001-09-03 |title=Troy Donahue, 65, Actor Cast In 1960's Teenage Romances |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/03/arts/troy-donahue-65-actor-cast-in-1960-s-teenage-romances.html |access-date=2022-11-23 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
* ]
** ], American film critic (b. ])<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2001-09-04 |title=Influential Film Critic Pauline Kael Dies |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/story?id=102591&page=1 |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref>
** ], Vietnamese American actress (b. ])<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-10-22 |title=26 años después: Así están hoy los Power Rangers originales |trans-title=26 years later: This is where the original Power Rangers are today |work=El Nueve |url=https://www.elnueve.com/26-anos-despues-asi-estan-hoy-los-power-rangers-originales |access-date=2022-11-24}}</ref>
* ] – ], Afghan military commander (b. ])<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2001-09-10 |title=Taliban Foe Hurt and Aide Killed by Bomb |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/10/world/taliban-foe-hurt-and-aide-killed-by-bomb.html |access-date=2022-11-23 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
* ] – 2,996 people (2,977 victims and 19 hijackers) who died in the ] (see ])<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2013-07-27 |title=September 11 Terror Attacks Fast Facts |url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/07/27/us/september-11-anniversary-fast-facts/index.html |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>
* ] – ], Chinese-American actor (b. ])<ref>{{Cite web |last=McLellan |first=Dennis |date=2001-09-26 |title=Victor Wong, 74; Artist Was Also Character Actor |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-sep-26-me-50017-story.html |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ] – ], Czechoslovakian-Egyptian-British tennis player (b. ])<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-07 |title=Wimbledon winner and ice hockey world champion Jaroslav Drobný born 100 years ago |url=https://english.radio.cz/wimbledon-winner-and-ice-hockey-world-champion-jaroslav-drobny-born-100-years-8730567 |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=Radio Prague International |language=en}}</ref>
* ] – ], American actress (b. ])<ref>{{Cite news |last=Severo |first=Richard |date=2001-09-15 |title=Dorothy McGuire, Steadfast Heroine of Film, Dies at 83 |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/15/movies/dorothy-mcguire-steadfast-heroine-of-film-dies-at-83.html |access-date=2022-11-23 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
* ] – ], 51st ] (b. ])<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-09-22 |title=Marcos Perez Jimenez Dies at 87 |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2001/09/22/marcos-perez-jimenez-dies-at-87/eb4e4128-b707-489d-88a6-359d2af3b413/ |access-date=2022-11-23}}</ref>
* ] – ], Ukrainian violinist (b. ])<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/23/nyregion/violinist-isaac-stern-dies-at-81-led-efforts-to-save-carnegie-hall.html?pagewanted=all | title=Violinist Isaac Stern Dies at 81; Led Efforts to Save Carnegie Hall | work=The New York Times | author=Allan Kozinn | date=2001-09-23 | access-date=2015-04-12}}</ref>
* ]
** ], American actress (b. ])<ref>{{Cite news |last=McKinley |first=Jesse |date=2001-10-05 |title=Gloria Foster, Stage Actress, Is Dead at 64 |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/05/theater/gloria-foster-stage-actress-is-dead-at-64.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
** ], 2nd ] (]) (b. ])<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/01/us/nguyen-van-thieu-is-dead-at-76-last-president-of-south-vietnam.html | title=Nguyen Van Thieu Is Dead at 76; Last President of South Vietnam | work=The New York Times | author=Fox Butterfield | date=2001-10-01}}</ref>

===October===
{{Main|Deaths in October 2001}}
]]]
* ] – ], Pakistani serial killer (b. ])<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-10-10 |title=Javed Iqbal, accomplice found dead in jail |url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/717/lahore-javed-iqbal-accomplice-found-dead-in-jail |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=Dawn |language=en}}</ref>
* ] – ], American actor, choreographer, director, and producer (b. ])<ref>{{cite news|title=Paid Notice: Deaths ROSS, HERBERT D.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/12/classified/paid-notice-deaths-ross-herbert-d.html|access-date=26 January 2017|work=]|date=12 October 2001}}</ref>
* ] – ], Chinese military figure (b. ])<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kristof |first=Nicholas D. |date=2001-10-19 |title=Zhang Xueliang, 100, Dies; Warlord and Hero of China |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/19/world/zhang-xueliang-100-dies-warlord-and-hero-of-china.html |access-date=2022-11-23 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
* ]
** ], French athlete (b. ])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/micheline-ostermeyer|title=Micheline Ostermeyer|website=IOC|access-date=March 14, 2021}}</ref>
** ], Israeli general and politician (b. ]) (see ])<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hockstader |first=Lee |date=2001-10-25 |title=Israel Details Assassination Plot Against Zeevi |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2001/10/25/israel-details-assassination-plot-against-zeevi/8510343d-e9b4-4ced-ac7e-e98168bd655f/ |access-date=2022-11-23}}</ref>
* ] – ], English football player and coach (b. ])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Glanville |first=Brian |date=2001-10-23 |title=Bertie Mee |url=http://www.theguardian.com/news/2001/oct/23/guardianobituaries.brianglanville |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref>
* ] – ], Soviet and Russian actor (b. ])<ref>''In Brief: Beloved Comic Actor Vitsin Dies.'' Valeria Korchagina. '']''. p. 4. October 24, 2001.</ref>
* ] – ], Czechoslovak filmmaker (b. ])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bergan |first=Ronald |date=2001-11-20 |title=Obituary: Jaromil Jires |url=http://www.theguardian.com/news/2001/nov/20/guardianobituaries.filmnews |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref>
* ] – ], Queen consort of ] (b. ])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meylan |first=Vincent |title=The precious jewels of Iran's 'sad-eyed' princess |url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/iran-sad-eyed-princess-soraya-bakhtiari/index.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

===November===
{{Main|Deaths in November 2001}}
<!--]]]-->
]]]
* November
** ], Al-Qaeda leader (b. ])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dawoud |first=Khaled |date=2001-11-19 |title=Obituary: Mohammed Atef |url=http://www.theguardian.com/news/2001/nov/19/guardianobituaries.afghanistan |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref>
** ], Indian spy (b. ])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Dalip |date=2002-12-29 |title=India's forgotten spy - Agent's family fights an impossible battle |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/india-s-forgotten-spy-agent-s-family-fights-an-impossible-battle/cid/849809 |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>
* ] – ], President of the Dominican Republic (b. ])<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lewis |first=Paul |date=2001-11-02 |title=Juan Bosch, 92, Freely Elected Dominican President, Dies |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/02/world/juan-bosch-92-freely-elected-dominican-president-dies.html |access-date=2022-11-23 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
* ] – Sir ], Austrian-born art historian (b. ])<ref>Obituary, Daily Telegraph{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1361589/Sir-Ernst-Gombrich-OM.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1361589/Sir-Ernst-Gombrich-OM.html |archive-date=January 11, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Sir Ernst Gombrich OM |date=6 November 2001 |access-date=6 May 2012 |location=London |work=The Daily Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* ] – ], 73rd prime minister of Iran (b. ])<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-11-18 |title=Gholamreza Azhari, 83; Briefly Served as Iran's Prime Minister |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-nov-18-me-5666-story.html |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ] – ], English novelist and playwright (b. ])<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bernstein |first=Adam |date=2001-11-08 |title=Anthony Shaffer Dies |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2001/11/08/anthony-shaffer-dies/a44467db-3514-4b84-89fc-1a7ff6265fca/ |access-date=2022-11-23}}</ref>
* ] – ], 37th ] and 6th ] (b. ])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/10/world/giovanni-leone-italy-s-ex-president-dies-at-93.html|title=Giovanni Leone, Italy's Ex-President, Dies at 93|last=Honan|first=William H.|work=The New York Times |date=November 10, 2001 |access-date=19 August 2018|language=en}}</ref>
* ] – ], American author (b. ])<ref>{{cite news |title=All times a great artist, Ken Kesey is dead at age 66 |last=Baker |first=Jeff |date=November 11, 2001 |work=The Oregonian |page=A1}}</ref>
* ] – Satguru ], American-born Hindu guru (b. ])<ref>{{Cite news |last=Martin |first=Douglas |date=2001-11-18 |title=Satguru Subramuniyaswami, Hindu Spiritual Leader, Dies at 74 |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/18/obituaries/satguru-subramuniyaswami-hindu-spiritual-leader-dies-at-74.html |access-date=2022-11-23 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
* ] – ], Argentine footballer and coach (b. ])<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-11-17 |title=Juan Carlos Lorenzo, 79; Coached Argentina in '62, '66 World Cups |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-nov-17-me-5321-story.html |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ]
** ], Princess of Greece and Denmark (b. ])<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-11-30 |title=H R H Princess George of Hanover |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1363868/H-R-H-Princess-George-of-Hanover.html |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref>
** ], American singer (b. ]) (see ])<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-11-27 |title=Pop Singer Melanie Thornton Dies in Crash |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2001/11/27/pop-singer-melanie-thornton-dies-in-crash/37b0ae43-cc41-4bed-9ebe-cc4cf0fac684/ |access-date=2022-11-23}}</ref>
* ] – ], English musician (b. ])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thesmokinggun.com/documents/crime/george-harrisons-death-certificate|title=George Harrison's Death Certificate|publisher=]|access-date=22 June 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628104956/http://www.thesmokinggun.com/documents/crime/george-harrisons-death-certificate|archive-date=28 June 2012}}</ref>

===December===
{{Main|Deaths in December 2001}}
<!--]]]-->
]]]
* December – ], Soviet–Russian figure skater (b. ])<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-12-21 |title=Russia Figure Skater Kira Ivanova Dies |url=https://apnews.com/article/8479d0e6c4e5b774a3f968c4e44d4975 |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>
* ] – ], New Zealand yachtsman (b. ])<ref>{{cite web|title=Sir Peter Blake murdered|url=http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/423466/70205|date=7 December 2001|work=]|access-date=21 November 2007}}</ref>
* ] – ], American computer scientist (b. ])<ref>{{cite news|title=Computer pioneer Betty Holberton dies at 84|url=http://www.gcn.com/print/21_1/17702-1.html|publisher=Government Computer News|date=January 7, 2002|access-date=2008-06-07}}</ref>
* ] – ], Indian actor (b. ])<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1701925.stm|title=BBC News – FILM – Bollywood star Ashok Kumar dies|work=bbc.co.uk|access-date=1 August 2011|archive-date=22 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222031504/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1701925.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ] – ], Czech–Austrian footballer (b. ])<ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-01-23 |title=Josef "Pepi" Bican |url=https://english.radio.cz/josef-pepi-bican-8046129 |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=Radio Prague International}}</ref>
* ] – ], American singer (b. ])<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2001/dec/21/guardianobituaries1|title=Rufus Thomas|date=December 21, 2001|newspaper=The Guardian|author=Tony Russell|access-date=April 8, 2021}}</ref>
* ] – ], French singer-songwriter (b. ])<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2001/12/22/gilbert-becaud-french-singer-g/38755b85-c75a-4d46-815b-9f542884cc6d/ |title=Gilbert Becaud French Singer G ... |newspaper=] |access-date=2020-03-09}}</ref>
* ] – ], first president of Senegal (b. ])<ref>{{cite news|title=Léopold Senghor |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1365925/Leopold-Senghor.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1365925/Leopold-Senghor.html |archive-date=January 11, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=] |date=21 December 2001 |access-date=6 April 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* ] – ], Dutch politician and economist, ] (b. ])<ref>{{cite book|title=Annual Report|publisher=Bank for International Settlements |year=2001|page=174}}</ref>
* ] – Sir ], British actor (b. ])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2001/dec/26/guardianobituaries.filmnews|title=Sir Nigel Hawthorne|date=December 26, 2001|author=Dennis Barker|website=The Guardian|access-date=September 1, 2021}}</ref>
* ]
** ], British writer (b. ])<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lehmann-Haupt |first=Christopher |date=2002-01-20 |title=John Grigg, 77, Tory Writer Who Criticized Queen |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/20/nyregion/john-grigg-77-tory-writer-who-criticized-queen.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
** ], American actress (b. ])<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pogrebin |first=Robin |date=2002-01-02 |title=Eileen Heckart, Oscar-Winning Actress, Is Dead at 82 |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/02/arts/eileen-heckart-oscar-winning-actress-is-dead-at-82.html |access-date=2022-11-23 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
** ], Indian stockbroker (b. ])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Aditya |date=2001-12-31 |title=Harshad Mehta is dead |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/harshad-mehta-is-dead/articleshow/788522579.cms |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>


==Nobel Prizes== ==Nobel Prizes==
] ]
* ] &ndash; ], ], and ] * ] ], ], and ]
* ] &ndash; ], ], and ] * ] ], ], and ]
* ] &ndash; ], ], and ] * ] ], ], and ]
* ] &ndash; ] * ] ]
* ] &ndash; ], ] * ] ], ]
* ] &ndash; ], ], and ] * ] ], ], and ]

== See also ==


== Notes ==
* ]
{{Notelist}}
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==References== ==References==
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Latest revision as of 16:38, 12 December 2024

2001
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
This article is about the year 2001. For other uses, see 2001 (disambiguation). Calendar year
Millennium: 3rd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
2001 by topic
Arts
Music
Politics and government
Science and technology
Environment
Transportation
Sports
By sovereign state
By international organization
Categories

2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, the 2001st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 1st year of the 3rd millennium and the 21st century, and the 2nd year of the 2000s decade.

Calendar year

The year's most prominent event was the September 11 attacks against the United States by al-Qaeda, which killed 2,977 people and instigated the global war on terror. The United States led a multi-national coalition in an invasion of Afghanistan after the Taliban government was unable to extradite Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden within 24 hours. Other international conflicts in 2001 were the standoff between India and Pakistan as well as the Second Intifada between Israel and Palestine. Internal conflicts began in Macedonia, in the Central African Republic, and in Guinea. Political challenges or violent conflicts caused changes in leadership in Argentina, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Indonesia, Nepal, and the Philippines.

2001 was the second hottest year on record at the time, which was amplified by the end of a years-long La Niña phase. The Atlantic and Pacific tropical storm seasons were both more active than usual. The deadly Bhuj Earthquake took place in Gujarat on January 26, while the strongest earthquake in 36 years took place in Peru on June 23. A potential health crisis occurred when a major outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease spread among British livestock, bringing about the deaths of millions of animals. Four hominid species were described or proposed, and several major archaeological finds took place, including a set of terracotta citizens near the Terracotta Army. The pygmy three-toed sloth was also first described in 2001. The year had the fewest successful orbital spaceflights since 1963, with eight crewed missions. Successes in space exploration included the landing of NEAR Shoemaker on an asteroid and the arrival of 2001 Mars Odyssey on Mars.

Politics and religion in the final months of 2001 focused intently on the Muslim world and Islamic terrorism after the September 11 attacks. The Catholic Church was active in 2001, as Pope John Paul II went on several goodwill trips to meet with non-Catholic religious groups and investigations of sexual abuse cases among the church's priests began. Former Yugoslav president Slobodan Milošević was arrested and became the first head of state to be charged with crimes against humanity by an international body. The 27th G8 summit took place in Genoa and was met by 200,000 protestors, where one was killed. 2001 took place during a minor recession among developed and developing nations, with only middle income nations avoiding an economic downturn. The recession saw economic crises take place in Argentina and in Turkey. American energy company Enron and the European airlines Sabena and Swissair all ended operations in 2001. In popular culture, the Harry Potter and The Lord of the Rings film franchises were launched, the iPod and iTunes were invented for music, and three major sixth-generation video game systems became available. The Mac OS X and Windows XP were launched, as was the Misplaced Pages project.

Demographics

The world population on January 1, 2001, was estimated to be 6.190 billion people and increased to 6.272 billion people by January 1, 2002. An estimated 133.9 million births and 52.1 million deaths took place in 2001. The average global life expectancy was 66.8 years, an increase of 0.3 years from 2000. The rate of child mortality was 7.32%, a decrease of 0.26pp from 2000. 28.25% of people were living in extreme poverty, a decrease of 0.88pp from 2000.

There were approximately 12 million global refugees in 2001. 500,000 were settled over the course of the year, but about the same number of people were displaced in other locations, causing the number of refugees to remain largely unchanged. The largest sources of refugees were from Afghanistan and Macedonia. The number of internally displaced persons decreased from 21.8 million to 19.8 million in 2001, with the most affected areas being Afghanistan, Colombia, and Liberia.

Conflicts

Main category: Conflicts in 2001

There were 34 active armed conflicts in 28 countries in 2001, the total numbers remaining unchanged from 2000. The majority of these conflicts took place in Africa and Asia: 14 occurred in Africa and 13 occurred in Asia. 15 were classified as "major armed conflicts" by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Four new armed conflicts emerged in 2001: the insurgency in Macedonia, the attempted coup in the Central African Republic, the United States invasion of Afghanistan, and the entry of Sierra Leone's Revolutionary United Front into the RFDG Insurgency in Guinea. The Sierra Leone Civil War was the only conflict that ended in 2001.

Internal conflicts

DRC President Laurent-Désiré Kabila (left) was assassinated on January 16. Burundi President Pierre Buyoya (top) and CAR President Ange-Félix Patassé both faced coup attempts.

The Second Congo War continued with the assassination of President Laurent-Désiré Kabila on January 16. The 1999 ceasefire was mostly respected by the government and the various rebel groups, and United Nations ceasefire monitors established a presence throughout the year. The Algerian Civil War, the Angolan Civil War, and the Burundian Civil War all saw continued fighting between governments and rebels in Africa. The latter began the peace process through a provisional government on November 1. The Second Sudanese Civil War between the ruling National Islamic Front and various other groups escalated in 2001. This included a sub-conflict, the War of the Peters, which continued into 2001 until a ceasefire was negotiated in August.

Two failed coup attempts took place in 2001: a group of junior officers sought to overthrow President Pierre Buyoya in Burundi while he was out of the country on April 18, and André Kolingba, a former president of the Central African Republic, led a military coup against his successor Ange-Félix Patassé on May 28, causing several days of violence.

Several conflicts continued in Indonesia, though the insurgency in Aceh between the Indonesian government and the Free Aceh Movement was the only one to see widespread violence in 2001, as the war significantly escalated after the end of a ceasefire and breakdown of peace talks. The New People's Army rebellion saw two ceasefires between the Philippine government and the New People's Army, separated by a brief surge of heavy fighting after the assassination of a member of parliament. A ceasefire was also established with the nation's other insurgent group, the Moro Islamic Liberation Front. In Myanmar, the Karen conflict continued, and the insurgency of the Shan State resumed hostilities after a temporary peace in 1999. The Tamil Tigers declared a ceasefire and requested peace talks during the Eelam War III in Sri Lanka, but hostilities resumed on April 25, and the Tamil Tigers launched several suicide attacks in July, including the Bandaranaike Airport attack. The Nepalese Civil War also saw increased hostilities in 2001.

Macedonian soldiers during the Battle of Aračinovo

The only major conflict in Europe was the Second Chechen War between the Russian government and the separatist Chechen Republic of Ichkeria. Russian forces controlled the republic's population centers, but Chechen forces continued to use guerrilla warfare. Macedonia saw a smaller scale conflict between the Macedonian government and the National Liberation Army (NLA), which sought reform for the status of Albanian people in Macedonia. The deployment of NATO peacekeeping forces to Macedonia was authorized on August 21. Yugoslavia similarly saw an insurgency by Albanian rebels, but the conflict did not escalate. The only major conflict in South America was the Colombian conflict between the Colombian government and various far-left and far-right groups. The United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia expanded into Ecuador in 2001 and carried out attacks on Ecuadorian citizens.

International conflicts

The 2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff was the only conflict between two national governments in 2001. The territorial dispute over the region of Kashmir consisted primarily of small scale attacks by militant groups until two attacks on Indian legislature buildings: one in October and one in December. The latter provoked a major escalation of troop deployments with preparations for a major war.

The Second Intifada continued from the previous year between Israel and Palestine. The conflict escalated into an undeclared war in which Palestinian militants targeted Israeli civilians with weapons and suicide bombers with the Israeli military responding with fighter jets and missile strikes against Palestinians. Every ceasefire ended within a day of its establishment.

September 11 attacks and invasion of Afghanistan

Main articles: September 11 attacks and United States invasion of Afghanistan
The September 11 attacks were a defining event of the year 2001.

The September 11 attacks were carried out by Al-Qaeda when 19 terrorists hijacked four commercial airplanes and crashed two of them into the World Trade Center, one into the Pentagon, and one near Stonycreek Township, Pennsylvania. 2,977 people were killed; the attacks and the subsequent global war on terror are widely recognized as events that defined 2001. This was internationally recognized as an armed attack against the United States under the UN charter, and NATO invoked Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty for the first time in its history.

The Afghan Civil War between the de jure Northern Alliance government and the de facto Taliban government continued from previous years. When the Taliban refused to extradite Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden, the United States led a multi-national coalition in an invasion of Afghanistan on 7 October. The American-led coalition and the Northern Alliance captured Afghan cities until the Taliban surrendered to the Northern Alliance in Kandahar on December 6. The American-led coalition attacked the Al-Qaeda headquarters in Tora Bora in December, but Al-Qaeda's leadership had gone into hiding. An interim government of Afghanistan led by Hamid Karzai was formed on December 22.

Culture

Architecture

Main article: 2001 in architecture
The Leaning Tower of Pisa reopened in 2001.

New buildings constructed or opened in 2001 include the Bibliotheca Alexandrina in Alexandria, the Sendai Mediatheque in Sendai, the DG Bank building in Berlin, and Aurora Place in Sydney. Museums that opened in 2001 include the Jewish Museum Berlin designed by Daniel Libeskind, the National Museum of Australia designed by Howard Raggatt in Canberra, the Changi Chapel and Museum in Singapore, the Neue Galerie New York, and the Apartheid Museum in Johannesburg.

Prominent renovations made in 2001 include the Queen Elizabeth II Great Court in the British Museum and the entrance wing of the Milwaukee Art Museum. Preservation efforts were also completed on the Leaning Tower of Pisa, and it reopened to the public on December 15 after 12 years of reconstruction. Damaged and destroyed buildings included the World Trade Center buildings which were destroyed in the September 11 attacks, and the Biblioteca Gallardo in El Salvador, which was destroyed in an earthquake.

Art

Main article: 2001 in art

The 49th Venice Biennale shifted from traditional paintings and sculptures, giving an increased focus to film and architectural sculpture. Avant-garde works of art sold well, with the highest earning being Gerhard Richter's painting of candles, which sold for US$5.4 million. A decline in the fashion industry was exacerbated by the September 11 attacks; styles with military or otherwise violent iconography were phased out.

Improvements in inkjet printing made high resolution photography more practical. Japanese photographer Hiroshi Sugimoto exhibited his photographs of wax statues of historical figures to provoke questions about the nature of artistic depiction. Several iconic works of photojournalism were produced during the September 11 attacks, including The Falling Man and Raising the Flag at Ground Zero. Fritz Koenig's Sphere was the only artwork to be recovered from the site, and the sculpture continued to be displayed in its damaged form as a memorial.

The most popular exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City was artwork depicting Jacqueline Kennedy's time as first lady of the United States, followed an exhibition of works by Johannes Vermeer and the Delft School. Both exhibitions were seen by over 500,000 visitors. New art galleries and museums opened in Tokyo, Vienna and New York.

Media

Main articles: 2001 in film, 2001 in music, and 2001 in video games

The highest-grossing films in 2001 were Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, and Monsters, Inc. The highest-grossing non-English-language film was Studio Ghibli's Spirited Away (Japanese), the 15th highest-grossing film of the year. The inaugural entries in the Harry Potter and Lord of the Rings film franchises brought fantasy into mainstream culture, popularizing young adult novels and catering to fandom communities.

2001 saw the release of the GameCube and Game Boy Advance by Nintendo, the Xbox by Microsoft, and the iPod by Apple.

In music, 3.2 billion units were sold with a value of US$33.7 billion. DVD-Audio and Super Audio CD rose to prominence, with approximately 600 titles available in these formats. Portable music grew in popularity after Apple released the iTunes media library on January 9 and the first iPod music player device on October 23. The music sharing program Napster ended its services after it was accused of facilitating music piracy, but it was replaced by other programs such as FastTrack. Worldwide, the best-selling albums were Hybrid Theory (2000) by Linkin Park, No Angel (1999) by Dido, and Survivor (2001) by Destiny's Child. The best-selling non-English album was Cieli di Toscana (transl.Tuscan Skies; 2001) by Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli, which topped the charts in the Netherlands and Sweden and was the 23rd best-selling album globally.

Three major video game systems were released in 2001: the GameCube and the Game Boy Advance by Nintendo and the Xbox by Microsoft. Meanwhile, Sega ended its involvement in the market after the failure of the Dreamcast. The year 2001 is considered important in the video game industry, partly because of the release of many games recognized as classics. Many video games released in 2001 defined or redefined their respective genres, including hack and slash game Devil May Cry, first-person shooter game Halo: Combat Evolved, and open world action-adventure game Grand Theft Auto III, which is regarded as an industry-defining work.

Sports

Main article: 2001 in sports

Many sports events were postponed in the final months of 2001 after the September 11 attacks, particularly in the United States. Other sports were postponed in the United Kingdom and Ireland because of foot-and-mouth disease. Throughout the year, Salt Lake City, Utah, prepared for the 2002 Winter Olympics, while Beijing was announced as the host of the 2008 Summer Olympics.

Qualifications for the 2002 FIFA World Cup were the main football events in 2001. The world record for largest victory in an international football match was set by Australia in a 0–22 victory against Tonga on April 9. Australia set this record again with a 31–0 victory against American Samoa on April 11. The unbalanced nature of these matches prompted changes to the FIFA qualification process. In Europe, the UEFA Women's Cup began its first season, establishing a continent-wide women's league for association football under the UEFA.

American tennis players Jennifer Capriati and Venus Williams shared the four Grand Slam tournaments, whilst France won the Davis Cup for the 9th time. NASCAR driver Dale Earnhardt, described as the greatest driver in the sport's history, died in a crash during the 2001 Daytona 500 on February 18. In April, golf player Tiger Woods became the only player to achieve a "Tiger Slam" after winning the 2001 Masters Tournament, in which he consecutively won all four championship golf titles outside of a single calendar year. The "Thunder in Africa" boxing match ended in a major upset after Hasim Rahman defeated champion Lennox Lewis on April 22. Lewis would go on to win a rematch on November 11. In cricket, Australia's record-setting streak of sixteen Test victories in a row was broken by India.

Economy

Further information: Category:2001 in economic history See also: 2001 world oil market chronology and Economic effects of the September 11 attacks
Social unrest occurred during the Argentine great depression.

A minor economic decline took place among many developed economies in 2001. It was amplified by the dot-com crash, in which dot-com companies went out of business every day for much of the year due to an overvaluation of the tech industry. Further economic disruption occurred in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks. These factors gave the first major demonstration of globalization causing mutual downturn across nations rather than the more typical mutual growth. Global growth in 2001 was the lowest in a decade, though middle income countries such as those in Eastern Europe were able to sustain growth despite the global downturn. Unemployment and deflation became concerns across developed nations. The year also marked a decline in international trade by about 1.5%, which contrasted with the 11% increase in 2000. This was the first negative change in international trade since 1982. IT industries and the dot-com crash are attributed for the decline in trade.

Economic crises took place in Argentina and in Turkey. The recession in Argentina negatively affected the economy throughout Latin America, and the years-long economic crisis reached its peak in December, causing widespread social unrest and the resignation of the President of Argentina. America Online (AOL), a U.S. online service provider, was at the apex of its popularity and purchased the media conglomerate Time Warner. The deal was announced on January 10, in the largest merger in history at that time. AOL would rapidly shrink thereafter, partly due to the decline of dial-up and rise of broadband, and the deal would fall apart before the end of the decade, which would be regarded as one of the world's greatest business failures.

Major businesses that ended operations in 2001 included the American energy company Enron and the national airlines of Belgium and Switzerland (Sabena and Swissair, respectively). The Enron scandal took place in October 2001 when, Enron was found to be committing fraud, bringing about the criminal conviction of several executives and causing the company to undergo the largest bankruptcy at that point in U.S. history. E-commerce declined in 2001, with the exception of eBay, which saw significant growth.

Environment and weather

Main article: 2001 in the environment See also: List of earthquakes in 2001 and Tropical cyclones in 2001
One of the landslides caused by the January 2001 earthquake in El Salvador

2001 was the second hottest year on record at the time, exceeded only by 1998. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change released its Third Assessment Report on July 12. It warned that climate change in the 21st century could cause decreases in crop yields and an increase in temperature-related ailments and deaths. Droughts occurred in Australia, Central America, Kenya, and the Middle East, the latter continuing from years prior. Hungary, Russia and Southeast Asia experienced significant rains, causing flooding. North Asia underwent a severe winter. La Niña, which had been ongoing since 1998, ended in the east Atlantic by April 2001.

The Kyoto Protocol was weakened in March when President George W. Bush determined that the United States would relinquish its commitments to the agreement, but an effort to maintain the agreement in Europe was led by Germany. There was an environmental scare in Europe during an investigation into depleted uranium from the Kosovo War, but it was shown to pose no threat. The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, which restricted several organic pollutants, was signed on May 22 and 23.

There were four earthquakes in 2001 that caused significant casualties. El Salvador was struck by two of them: a 7.6-magnitude earthquake on January 13 and a 6.6-magnitude earthquake on February 13, which resulted in the deaths of at least 944 and 315 people respectively. The Bhuj earthquake, a 7.7-magnitude earthquake in Gujarat, India, on January 26 killed between 13,805 and 20,023 people, and destroyed nearly 340,000 buildings. An 8.4-magnitude earthquake, then the strongest that had occurred globally since 1965, killed at least 77 people in Peru on June 23. A 7.8-magnitude earthquake struck China with an epicenter near Kokoxili, close to the border between Qinghai and Xinjiang, on November 14, but it occurred in a sparsely populated mountainous region and there were no casualties. Sicily saw the eruption of Mount Etna, beginning on July 17 and continuing into the next month.

The 2001 Atlantic hurricane season was slightly more active than normal, including 15 tropical storms and hurricanes. The deadliest storms were Tropical Storm Allison in June, Hurricane Iris in October, and Hurricane Michelle in November. All three of these storms had their names retired by the World Meteorological Organization. Tropical Storm Allison was the deadliest tropical storm to hit the United States without reaching hurricane strength. The 2001 Pacific typhoon season was slightly larger than average, including 28 tropical storms, 20 typhoons, and 11 intense typhoons. The most powerful storms were Typhoon Podul in October and Typhoon Faxai in December.

Health

Further information: Category:2001 in health
Cattle being burned to prevent spread of foot-and-mouth disease: millions of cattle died during the 2001 outbreak

The World Health Organization (WHO) began a five-year program to reduce road injury fatalities following a warning of the problem's severity by the Red Cross the previous year. The WHO's Commission on Macroeconomics and Health released a report in 2001 detailing how spending by developed nations could protect health in developing nations. New drugs developed in 2001 include imatinib to treat cancer, and nateglinide to treat diabetes. 2001 saw the first self-contained artificial heart implanted in a patient.

Outbreaks of cholera occurred in Chad, India, Pakistan, Tanzania, South Africa, and throughout Western Africa; outbreaks of yellow fever took place in Brazil, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, and Peru; and outbreaks of meningococcal disease occurred in the African meningitis belt as well as Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Ethiopia. Other major disease outbreaks included Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever in Kosovo and Pakistan, measles in India and South Korea, Legionnaires' disease in Spain and Norway, dengue fever in Venezuela, and plague in Zambia. Spain's outbreak of Legionnaires' disease was the largest ever recorded, with 449 confirmed cases and more than 800 suspected ones. An ebola outbreak continued from 2000 in Uganda until the final case was diagnosed on January 16. Another outbreak occurred in Gabon and the Republic of the Congo in October, which continued until July 2002. An outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease occurred among livestock in the United Kingdom in 2001, resulting in millions of farm animals being slaughtered to prevent spread.

Approximately 400,000 people in New York City were exposed to air pollution by carcinogens and other harmful particles such as asbestos and metals as a result of the September 11 attacks, and many would go on to suffer chronic illness as a result of exposure. A series of anthrax attacks against American government and media figures in October further spurred precautions against bioterrorism.

Politics and law

Main article: 2001 in politics

Freedom House recognized 63% of national governments as electoral democracies by the end of 2001, with the Gambia and Mauritania being recognized as democracies following peaceful transfers of power. Peru also saw a significant expansion of civil rights after emerging from the authoritarian rule of Alberto Fujimori. Argentina, Liberia, Trinidad and Tobago, and Zimbabwe underwent significant democratic backsliding in 2001, with Liberia and Zimbabwe recognized as authoritarian governments by the end of the year. 64.65% of the world's population lived in countries that generally respected human rights, while 35.35% lived in countries that denied political rights and civil liberties.

Islamic terrorism became the predominant global political concern amidst the September 11 attacks and the War on Terror. Islamic extremism was identified as a major threat to democracy and human rights, both in the Muslim world through the implementation of Islamism and in the rest of the world through terrorism. Racial discrimination, the ability to prosecute human rights violators, the number of refugees, and the problems of economic disadvantage were among the global human rights concerns that were given the most attention in 2001.

Domestic politics

Former Argentine president Fernando de la Rúa leaving the Casa Rosada after resigning on December 21

The Islamic State of Afghanistan was the de jure government of Afghanistan in 2001, but for several years it had operated as a government in exile while the Taliban-led Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan held de facto control over most of the country. The Islamic State of Afghanistan was restored to power following the invasion of Afghanistan with the appointment of president Hamid Karzai on December 22.

Joseph Kabila became president of the Democratic Republic of the Congo following the assassination of his father, President. Laurent-Désiré Kabila. President Abdurrahman Wahid of Indonesia was removed from office after thousands of protesters stormed the parliament building, and he was replaced by Vice President Megawati Sukarnoputri, daughter of former president Sukarno. The Second EDSA Revolution took place in the Philippines in January when President Joseph Estrada resigned amid an impeachment, and he was succeeded by Vice President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. The Argentine great depression escalated with rioting in December, prompting President Fernando de la Rúa to resign on December 20 and the fall of the interim government soon after.

Kosovo and East Timor both held elections for the first time in 2001 as they sought independence. Other changes in leadership included the inauguration of George W. Bush as President of the United States, the election of Alejandro Toledo as President of Peru, the selection of Junichiro Koizumi as Prime Minister of Japan, and the election of Ariel Sharon as Prime Minister of Israel. Other leaders saw reconfirmation, including the reelection of Mohammad Khatami as President of Iran and the victory of the United Kingdom's Labour Party led by Tony Blair in the 2001 election.

In response to the September 11 attacks, the United States passed the controversial Patriot Act that granted the U.S. government significant surveillance powers. Ghana underwent its first peaceful transfer of power since 1979 when John Kufuor was sworn in as President of Ghana on January 7. The Netherlands became the first modern country to legalize same-sex marriage on April 1. The royal family of Nepal was killed on June 1 by Crown Prince Dipendra, who became king upon his father's death. Dipendra fell into a coma after shooting himself, and he died days later. He in turn was succeeded by his uncle Gyanendra. The Constitution of the Comoros was amended on December 24, creating a federal government with a rotating presidency and granting increased autonomy to the three island administrations.

International politics

Anti-globalization activists burning a military vehicle outside of the 27th G8 summit

Two major regional organizations were announced in 2001. The African Union was established on May 26 as a pan-African forum to promote unity between African countries, including cooperation in economic and security issues, and would replace the Organisation of African Unity in 2002. The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation was announced on June 15 to facilitate political and economic cooperation between Asian countries. Three countries joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001: Lithuania on May 31, Moldova on July 26, and China on December 11. The WTO began the Doha Development Round in November to negotiate lower trade barriers between countries and integrate developing nations into the global economy.

The World Conference against Racism 2001 began on August 31, in Durban, South Africa, under the auspices of the United Nations. Israel and the United States withdrew from the conference on September 3 over objections to a draft resolution document equating Zionism with racism and singling out the Jewish state for war crimes. The Aarhus Convention took effect on October 30, establishing the right to environmental information and environmental justice for European and Central Asian countries. The 27th G8 summit was marred by anti-globalization protests in Genoa, Italy. Massive demonstrations, drawing an estimated 200,000 people, were held against the meeting. One demonstrator, Carlo Giuliani, was killed by a policeman, and several others were injured. The September 11 attacks demonstrated a need for international law to address terrorism and other non-state actors, and a push by UN Secretary General Kofi Annan in November saw progress in multiple international treaties. The Convention on Cybercrime, the first international treaty to address cybercrime, was signed on November 23.

Diplomatic disputes in 2001 included a diplomatic incident when an American spy plane and a Chinese fighter plane collided over the South China Sea, and a dispute between Japan and North Korea when the North Korean leader's son, Kim Jong-nam, attempted to sneak into Tokyo Disneyland. Achievement tests and stricter penalties against delinquent students became controversial educational practices in several countries.

Law

Former Serbian President Slobodan Milošević and general Radislav Krstić both faced prosecution in 2001 by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia.

Belgium set precedent when the government prosecuted crimes of the Rwandan genocide, invoking a 1993 law that gave Belgian courts jurisdiction over Geneva Conventions violations that take place anywhere in the world. In another first for international law, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia determined that wartime sexual violence was a war crime. President Slobodan Milošević of Serbia (1997–2000) was arrested on April 1 for his role in the Srebrenica massacre and other crimes against humanity committed during the Bosnian War. He was the first head of state to see trial for war crimes in this manner. The tribunal also prosecuted general Radislav Krstić, bringing its first conviction for genocide.

The International Court of Justice heard two new cases in 2001: Liechtenstein challenged Germany's claim that Lichtenstein property had been seized from Germany during World War II, and Nicaragua brought a challenge against Colombia regarding maritime borders. It delivered judgement in a 1991 case of a territorial dispute between Bahrain and Qatar, and it ruled in a German challenge against the United States that the court's own provisional orders are binding.

Religion

Further information: Category:2001 in religion
Two women walk past the cavity where the Buddhas of Bamiyan used to stand before being destroyed by the Taliban.

The religiously motivated September 11 attacks came to dominate global discourse about religion in 2001. Following the attacks, both religious tolerance and religious intolerance came to the fore, with an increase in Islamophobia, particularly in the United States and Europe. The imposition of religious law became a major subject of debate, particularly in Afghanistan, where the perpetrators of the attacks were protected by the fundamentalist Taliban, as well as Nigeria, where conflict between Christians and Muslims escalated amid the implementation of Islamic law. Prior to the attacks, the Taliban had incited a different religious controversy by destroying the Buddhas of Bamiyan despite the international community's pleas. Another religious conflict took place in Khartoum, Sudan, when Christians were forcibly expelled from the Anglican cathedral during Easter services.

Pope John Paul II made trips throughout 2001 to preach for good relations with other religions: he became the first pope to visit a mosque in Syria to build relations with Muslims, and he visited Greece to build relations with Orthodox Christians. Relations between Catholicism and Judaism were strained following a dispute over the release of Holocaust records held by the Vatican. The Pope named 37 cardinals on January 21, bringing the total number to 128. The Catholic Church also began investigations of sexual abuse cases among its priests in 2001, with 3,000 cases being considered over the following decade. The subject of women's ordination was also a subject of debate within the Catholic Church.

The duodecennial Hindu pilgrimage and festival Kumbh Mela was held for 42 days in January and February 2001. A 50-square-mile (130 km) tent city was created within Allahabad to support the festival. The Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque in Oman was completed in May. At the time, its chandelier was the largest in the world. Jediism became a social phenomenon in 2001 after a movement to self-report as Jedi caused it to become the fourth largest religion in the United Kingdom and the second largest religion in New Zealand.

Science

Main article: 2001 in science
The pygmy three-toed sloth was first described in 2001.

Several anthropological and archaeological developments were made in 2001, including the extraction of mtDNA from prehistoric skeletons and the discovery of an arrowhead lodged in the shoulder of Ötzi, a 5,300-year-old mummy, after a CT scan was performed on him. Newly described hominids included Sahelanthropus and Ardipithecus, while two additional hominids, Kenyanthropus and Orrorin, were proposed. January saw the extraction of DNA from a 60,000-year-old skeleton, the oldest human DNA to be studied to that point. In October, the discovery of a prehistoric Sarcosuchus skeleton was announced after digging began the previous year. Archaeological discoveries include rock art in Andros, 40,000-year-old tools in Mamontovaya Kurya, terracotta citizens in a pit adjacent to the Terracotta Army, a walled city at Dholavira, and a 2,900-year-old sweat lodge in Cuello.

Two different groups, the Human Genome Project and Celera Genomics, published the first maps of the human genome on February 15 and 16, respectively. Human cloning was a controversial subject in 2001, and opponents called for bans on human cloning internationally. Other developments in genetics included a completed sequencing of the oryza sativa genome and an experiment saw the successful creation of tomatoes genetically modified to survive in saltwater. The pygmy three-toed sloth was among the animals first described in 2001. Birds discovered include the Mishana tyrannulet, the Chapada flycatcher, the Vanuatu petrel, and the chestnut-eared laughingthrush. The Ruizia parviflora tree was rediscovered on Mauritius when it was thought extinct since 1863. Conversely, the 1993 discovery of pseudonovibos spiralis was determined in February 2001 to be unfounded.

The discovery of the Lost City Hydrothermal Field on the Atlantis Massif was formally announced in 2001. The phenomenon of neutrino oscillation was confirmed in 2001, while the 1999 discovery of element 118 was retracted. The University of the Arctic was founded in 2001 as a joint project between several northern countries.

Technology and transportation

Further information: 2001 in spaceflight, 2001 in aviation, and 2001 in rail transport
Crew of Soyuz TM-32: (L-R) Dennis Tito, Talgat Musabayev, and Yuri Baturin

The computer industry saw major decline during the recession in 2001. Apple Computer Inc. released the Mac OS X operating system for Mac computers on March 24, and it discontinued the Power Mac G4 Cube. 3G wireless technology first became available on October 1 when it was adopted by Japanese telecommunications company NTT Docomo with its Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access service. Microsoft released the Windows XP operating system to retail on October 25. The most powerful supercomputer as of 2001 was designed by IBM for the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in the United States. Several malware scares took place in 2001, including the Code Red, Nimda, and Sircam worms.

There were only 57 successful orbital spaceflights in 2001, the fewest since 1963. Eight of these launches were crewed missions. Two failed spaceflights also took place. The NEAR Shoemaker made the first successful landing of a spacecraft on an asteroid on February 12, and the Destiny module was connected to the International Space Station the same month. The Russian Mir space station was deorbited and destroyed on March 23, landing in the Pacific Ocean. The 2001 Mars Odyssey orbiter was launched on April 7 and arrived at Mars on October 24. American entrepreneur Dennis Tito became the first space tourist on April 28 aboard the Russian Soyuz TM-32. 28978 Ixion was discovered on May 22. The Genesis probe was launched on August 8 to collect solar wind samples. Deep Space 1 carried out a flyby of Comet Borrelly on September 22, and Galileo carried out a flyby of Io on October 15. An atmosphere was discovered on an exoplanet for the first time on November 27.

Air travel in the United States and worldwide was heavily affected by the September 11 attacks. Commercial flights in the United States were grounded for three days, and air travel then became subject to significantly increased security measures. Incheon International Airport opened in Incheon on March 22, and the TGV Mediterranee railway opened in France. The K-141 Kursk nuclear submarine was lifted from the Barents Sea after the Kursk submarine disaster of the previous year. The Segway, a self-balancing personal transporter invented by Dean Kamen, was unveiled on December 3 after months of public speculation and media hype, on the ABC News morning program Good Morning America. The reveal that it was a self-balancing transporter was seen as a disappointment.

Events

January

February

433 Eros as seen from the NEAR spacecraft

March

April

Two men marrying in Amsterdam on April 1, the first day in which the possibility to marry was opened to same-sex couples

May

June

Buffalo Bayou and White Oak Bayou at Main Street after Tropical Storm Allison hit Houston, Texas, U.S.

July

Photo session of the G8 leaders in Genoa, 2001: (L-R) Junichiro Koizumi, Tony Blair, George W. Bush, Jacques Chirac, Silvio Berlusconi, Vladimir Putin, Jean Chretien, Gerhard Schroeder, Guy Verhofstadt, and Romano Prodi

August

A Genesis collector array in the clean lab at Johnson Space Center. The hexagons consist of a variety of ultra-pure, semiconductor-grade wafers, including silicon, corundum, gold on sapphire, diamond-like carbon films, and other materials.

September

The World Trade Center and the Statue of Liberty during the September 11 attacks in New York City

October

Swissair Airbus A321-100 (2001)

November

Size comparison of HD 209458 b with Jupiter (left)

December

ZPU-2 anti-aircraft gun that was mounted on the North Korean vessel sunk in the Battle of Amami-Ōshima

Nobel Prizes

Notes

  1. SIPRI defines a major armed conflict as "the use of armed force between two or more organized armed groups, resulting in the battle-related deaths of at least 1000 people in any single calendar year and in which the incompatibility concerns control of government, territory or communal identity".

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Further reading

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