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Nadine Gordimer
Gordimer at the Gothenburg Book Fair, 2010
Born	(1923-11-20)20 November 1923 Springs, Transvaal, Union of South Africa
Died	13 July 2014(2014-07-13) (aged 90) Johannesburg, South Africa
Occupation	Writer
Language	English
Period	Apartheid-era South Africa
Genre	Novels dramatic plays
Notable works	The Conservationist Burger's Daughter July's People
Notable awards	Booker Prize 1974 Nobel Prize in Literature 1991
Spouse	Gerald Gavron (1949–1952) Reinhold Cassirer (1954–2001)
Children	2

Nadine Gordimer (20 November 1923 – 13 July 2014) was a South African writer and political activist. She received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1991, recognised as a writer "who through her magnificent epic writing has ... been of very great benefit to humanity".

Gordimer was one of the most honored female writers of her generation. She received the Booker Prize for The Conservationist, and the Central News Agency Literary Award for The Conservationist, Burger's Daughter and July's People.

Gordimer's writing dealt with moral and racial issues, particularly apartheid in South Africa. Under that regime, works such as Burger's Daughter were banned. She was active in the anti-apartheid movement, joining the African National Congress during the days when the organisation was banned, and gave Nelson Mandela advice on his famous 1964 defence speech at the trial which led to his conviction for life. She was also active in HIV/AIDS causes.

Early life

Gordimer was born to Jewish parents near Springs, an East Rand mining town outside Johannesburg. She was the second daughter of Isidore Gordimer (1887–1962), a Lithuanian Jewish immigrant watchmaker from Žagarė in Lithuania (then part of the Russian Empire), and Hannah "Nan" (née Myers) Gordimer (1897–1973), a British Jewish immigrant from London. Her father was raised with an Orthodox Jewish education before immigrating with his family to South Africa at the age of 13. Her mother was from an established family and came to South Africa at the age of 6 with her parents. Gordimer was raised in a secular household. Her mother was not religiously observant, and mostly assimilated, whereas her father maintained a membership of the local Orthodox synagogue and attended once a year for the Yom Kippur services.

Family background

Gordimer's early interest in racial and economic inequality in South Africa was shaped in part by her parents. Her father's experience as a refugee from Tsarist Russia helped form Gordimer's political identity, but he was neither an activist nor particularly sympathetic toward the experiences of black people under apartheid. Conversely, Gordimer saw activism by her mother, whose concern about the poverty and discrimination faced by black people in South Africa led her to found a crèche for black children. Gordimer also witnessed government repression first-hand as a teenager; the police raided her family home, confiscating letters and diaries from a servant's room.

Gordimer was educated at a Catholic convent school, but was largely home-bound as a child because her mother, for "strange reasons of her own", did not put her into school (apparently, she feared that Gordimer had a weak heart). Home-bound and often isolated, she began writing at an early age, and published her first stories in 1937 at the age of 13. Her first published work was a short story for children, "The Quest for Seen Gold", which appeared in the Children's Sunday Express in 1937; "Come Again Tomorrow", another children's story, appeared in Forum around the same time. At the age of 16, she had her first adult fiction published.

Career

Gordimer studied for a year at the University of the Witwatersrand, where she mixed for the first time with fellow professionals across the colour bar. She also became involved in the Sophiatown renaissance. She did not complete her degree, but moved to Johannesburg in 1948, where she lived thereafter. While taking classes in Johannesburg, she continued to write, publishing mostly in local South African magazines. She collected many of these early stories in Face to Face, published in 1949.

In 1951, the New Yorker accepted Gordimer's story "A Watcher of the Dead", beginning a long relationship, and bringing Gordimer's work to a much larger public. Gordimer, who said she believed the short story was the literary form for our age, continued to publish short stories in the New Yorker and other prominent literary journals. Her first publisher, Lulu Friedman, was the wife of the Parliamentarian Bernard Friedman, and it was at their house, "Tall Trees" in First Avenue, Lower Houghton, Johannesburg, that Gordimer met other anti-apartheid writers. Gordimer's first novel, The Lying Days, was published in 1953.

Activism and professional life

The arrest of her best friend, Bettie du Toit, in 1960 and the Sharpeville massacre spurred Gordimer's entry into the anti-apartheid movement. Thereafter, she quickly became active in South African politics, and was close friends with Nelson Mandela's defence attorneys (Bram Fischer and George Bizos) during his 1962 trial. She also helped Mandela edit his famous speech "I Am Prepared to Die", given from the defendant's dock at the trial. When Mandela was released from prison in 1990, she was one of the first people he wanted to see.

During the 1960s and 1970s, she continued to live in Johannesburg, although she occasionally left for short periods of time to teach at several universities in the United States. She had begun to achieve international literary recognition, receiving her first major literary award, the W. H. Smith Commonwealth Literary Award, in 1961. Throughout this time, Gordimer continued to demand through both her writing and her activism that South Africa re-examine and replace its long-held policy of apartheid. In 1973, she was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature by Artur Lundkvist of the Swedish Academy's Nobel committee.

During this time, the South African government banned several of her works, two for lengthy periods of time. The Late Bourgeois World was Gordimer's first personal experience with censorship; it was banned in 1976 for a decade by the South African government. A World of Strangers was banned for twelve years. Other works were censored for lesser amounts of time. Burger's Daughter, published in June 1979, was banned one month later. The Publications Committee's Appeal Board reversed the censorship of Burger's Daughter three months later, determining that the book was too one-sided to be subversive. Gordimer responded to this decision in Essential Gesture (1988), pointing out that the board banned two books by black authors at the same time it unbanned her own work. Gordimer's subsequent novels escaped censorship under apartheid. In 2001, a provincial education department temporarily removed July's People from the school reading list, along with works by other anti-apartheid writers, describing July's People as "deeply racist, superior and patronising"—a characterisation that Gordimer took as a grave insult, and that many literary and political figures protested.

In South Africa, she joined the African National Congress when it was still listed as an illegal organisation by the South African government. While never blindly loyal to any organisation, Gordimer saw the ANC as the best hope for reversing South Africa's treatment of black citizens. Rather than simply criticising the organisation for its perceived flaws, she advocated joining it to address them. She hid ANC leaders in her own home to aid their escape from arrest by the government, and she said that the proudest day of her life was when she testified at the 1986 Delmas Treason Trial on behalf of 22 South African anti-apartheid activists. (See Simon Nkoli, Mosiuoa Lekota, etc.) Throughout these years she also regularly took part in anti-apartheid demonstrations in South Africa, and traveled internationally speaking out against South African apartheid and discrimination and political repression.

Her works began achieving literary recognition early in her career, with her first international recognition in 1961, followed by numerous literary awards throughout the ensuing decades. Literary recognition for her accomplishments culminated with the Nobel Prize for Literature on 3 October 1991, which noted that Gordimer "through her magnificent epic writing has—in the words of Alfred Nobel—been of very great benefit to humanity".

Gordimer's activism was not limited to the struggle against apartheid. She resisted censorship and state control of information, and fostered the literary arts. She refused to let her work be aired by the South African Broadcasting Corporation because it was controlled by the apartheid government. Gordimer also served on the steering committee of South Africa's Anti-Censorship Action Group. A founding member of the Congress of South African Writers, Gordimer was also active in South African letters and international literary organisations. She was Vice President of International PEN.

In the post-apartheid 1990s and 21st century, Gordimer was active in the HIV/AIDS movement, addressing a significant public health crisis in South Africa. In 2004, she organised about 20 major writers to contribute short fiction for Telling Tales, a fundraising book for South Africa's Treatment Action Campaign, which lobbies for government funding for HIV/AIDS prevention and care. On this matter, she was critical of the South African government, noting in 2004 that she approved of everything President Thabo Mbeki had done except his stance on AIDS.

In 2005, Gordimer went on lecture tours and spoke on matters of foreign policy and discrimination beyond South Africa. For instance, in 2005, when Fidel Castro fell ill, Gordimer joined six other Nobel prize winners in a public letter to the United States warning it not to seek to destabilise Cuba's communist government. Gordimer's resistance to discrimination extended to her even refusing to accept "shortlisting" in 1998 for the Orange Prize, because the award recognizes only women writers. Gordimer also taught at the Massey College of the University of Toronto as a lecturer in 2006.

She was a vocal critic of the ANC government's Protection of State Information Bill, publishing a lengthy condemnation in The New York Review of Books in 2012.

Personal life

Gordimer had a daughter, Oriane (born 1950), by her first marriage in 1949 to Gerald Gavron (Gavronsky), a local dentist, from whom she was divorced within three years. In 1954, she married Reinhold Cassirer, a highly respected art dealer from the well-known German-Jewish Cassirer family. Cassirer established the South African Sotheby's and later ran his own gallery; their "wonderful marriage" lasted until his death from emphysema in 2001. Their son, Hugo, was born in 1955, and is a filmmaker in New York, with whom Gordimer collaborated on at least two documentaries. Gordimer's daughter, Oriane Gavronsky, has two children and lives in the South of France. Gordimer also spent time with her family in France, as she and Cassirer had bought a small hilltop home near Nice.

In a 1979–80 interview Gordimer, who was Jewish, identified herself as an atheist, but added: "I think I have a basically religious temperament, perhaps even a profoundly religious one." She was not involved in Jewish communal life, though both her husbands were Jewish. In a 1996 interview she said: "The only time I seriously enquired into religion was in my mid-thirties, when I experienced a strange kind of loss or lack in myself and thought this may be because I had no religion." She read Teilhard de Chardin, Simone Weil and books about world religions, continuing: "For the first time in my life I learned something about Judaism, the religion of my parents. But it didn't happen. I could not take the leap of faith." She did, however, feel that her moral values emerged from the Judeo-Christian tradition.

She did not feel that being from an oppressed people was the reason that she was engaged in the anti-apartheid struggle: "I get rather annoyed when people suggest that my engagement in the anti-apartheid struggle can somehow be traced back to my Jewishness... I refuse to accept that one must oneself have been exposed to prejudice and exploitation to be opposed to it. I like to think that all decent people, whatever their religious or ethnic background, have an equal responsibility to fight what is evil. To say otherwise is to concede too much."

In 2008, Gordimer defended her decision to attend a Jerusalem Writers Conference in Israel. Gordimer could be critical of Israel, but rejected comparison of its policies to apartheid in South Africa.

Until the end of her life, she lived in the same home in Parktown in Johannesburg for over five decades. In 2006, Gordimer was attacked in her home by robbers, sparking outrage in the country. Gordimer apparently refused to move into a gated complex, against the advice of some friends. Although her children and grandchildren lived overseas and friends had emigrated, she had no plans to leave South Africa permanently: "It's always been a nightmare in my mind, to be cut off."

Unauthorised biography

Ronald Suresh Roberts published a biography of Gordimer, No Cold Kitchen, in 2006. She had granted Roberts interviews and access to her personal papers, with an understanding that she would authorise the biography in return for a right to review the manuscript before publication. However, Gordimer and Roberts failed to reach an agreement over his account of the illness and death of Gordimer's husband Reinhold Cassirer and an affair Gordimer had in the 1950s, as well as criticism of her views on the Israel–Palestine conflict. Gordimer disowned the book, accusing Roberts of breach of trust. Publishers Bloomsbury Publishing in London and Farrar, Straus and Giroux in New York subsequently withdrew from the project. Suresh subsequently criticised Gordimer for her decision and her stances on other issues.

Death

Gordimer died in her sleep at her Johannesburg home on 13 July 2014 at the age of 90.

Works, themes, and reception

Gordimer achieved lasting international recognition for her works, most of which deal with political issues, as well as the "moral and psychological tensions of her racially divided home country." Virtually all of Gordimer's works deal with themes of love and politics, particularly concerning race in South Africa. Always questioning power relations and truth, Gordimer tells stories of ordinary people, revealing moral ambiguities and choices. Her characterisation is nuanced, revealed more through the choices her characters make than through their claimed identities and beliefs. She also weaves in subtle details within the characters' names.

Overview of critical works

Her first published novel, The Lying Days (1953), takes place in Gordimer's home town of Springs, Transvaal, an East Rand mining town near Johannesburg. Arguably a semi-autobiographical work, The Lying Days is a Bildungsroman, charting the growing political awareness of a young white woman, Helen, toward small-town life and South African racial division.

In her 1963 work, Occasion for Loving, Gordimer puts apartheid and love squarely together. Her protagonist, Ann Davis, is married to Boaz Davis, an ethnomusicologist, but in love with Gideon Shibalo, an artist with several failed relationships. Davis is white, however, and Shibalo is black, and South Africa's government criminalised such relationships.

Gordimer collected the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for A Guest of Honour in 1971 and, in common with a number of winners of this award, she was to go on to win the Booker Prize. The Booker was awarded to Gordimer for her 1974 novel, The Conservationist, and was a co-winner with Stanley Middleton's novel Holiday. The Conservationist explores Zulu culture and the world of a wealthy white industrialist through the eyes of Mehring, the antihero. Per Wästberg described The Conservationist as Gordimer's "densest and most poetical novel". Thematically covering the same ground as Olive Schreiner's The Story of an African Farm (1883) and J. M. Coetzee's In the Heart of the Country (1977), the "conservationist" seeks to conserve nature to preserve the apartheid system, keeping change at bay. When an unidentified corpse is found on his farm, Mehring does the "right thing" by providing it a proper burial; but the dead person haunts the work, a reminder of the bodies on which Mehring's vision would be built.

Gordimer's 1979 novel Burger's Daughter is the story of a woman analysing her relationship with her father, a martyr to the anti-apartheid movement. The child of two Communist and anti-apartheid revolutionaries, Rosa Burger finds herself drawn into political activism as well. Written in the aftermath of the 1976 Soweto uprising, the novel was shortly thereafter banned by the South African government. Gordimer described the novel as a "coded homage" to Bram Fischer, the lawyer who defended Nelson Mandela and other anti-apartheid activists.

In July's People (1981), she imagines a bloody South African revolution, in which white people are hunted and murdered after blacks revolt against the apartheid government. The work follows Maureen and Bamford Smales, an educated white couple, hiding for their lives with July, their long-time former servant. The novel plays off the various groups of "July's people": his family and his village, as well as the Smales. The story examines how people cope with the terrible choices forced on them by violence, race hatred, and the state.

The House Gun (1998) was Gordimer's second post-apartheid novel. It follows the story of a couple, Claudia and Harald Lingard, dealing with their son Duncan's murder of one of his housemates. The novel treats the rising crime rate in South Africa and the guns that virtually all households have, as well as the legacy of South African apartheid and the couple's concerns about their son's lawyer, who is black. The novel was optioned for film rights to Granada Productions.

Gordimer's award-winning 2002 novel, The Pickup, considers the issues of displacement, alienation, and immigration; class and economic power; religious faith; and the ability for people to see, and love, across these divides. It tells the story of a couple: Julie Summers, a white woman from a financially secure family, and Abdu, an illegal Arab immigrant in South Africa. After Abdu's visa is refused, the couple returns to his homeland, where she is the alien. Her experiences and growth as an alien in another culture form the heart of the work.

Get a Life, written in 2005 after the death of her long-time spouse, Reinhold Cassirer, is the story of a man undergoing treatment for a life-threatening disease. While clearly drawn from personal life experiences, the novel also continues Gordimer's exploration of political themes. The protagonist is an ecologist, battling installation of a planned nuclear plant. But he is at the same time undergoing radiation therapy for his cancer, causing him personal grief and, ironically, rendering him a nuclear health hazard in his own home. Here, Gordimer again pursues the questions of how to integrate everyday life and political activism. New York Times critic J. R. Ramakrishnan, who noted a similarity with author Mia Alvar, wrote that Gordimer wrote about "long-suffering spouses and (the) familial enablers of political men" in her fiction.

Jewish themes and characters

Gordimer has occasionally given voice to Jewish characters, rituals and themes in her short stories and novels.

Kenneth Bonert, writing in The Forward, expressed the view that Jewish identity was rarely explored in her work: "For all of her Jewish heritage and personal connections (not only were her parents and family Jews, so were both of her husbands), overt signs of Jewishness are largely absent from her body of work. It's impossible to guess from the books alone that Gordimer was Jewish; and it would be easy to assume the contrary, since whenever Jews do appear in her fiction, they tend to be seen through the eyes of a non-Jew, looking in with almost anthropological fascination onto an alien culture."

In The Later Fiction by Nadine Gordimer (Palgrave Macmillan, 1993), edited by Bryce King, Michael Wade fostered a discussion on Jewish identity as a repressed theme in Gordimer's novel, A Sport of Nature (1987): "Any exploration of the Jewish theme in Nadine Gordimer's writing, especially her novels, in an exploration of the absent, the unwritten, the repressed." Wade noted parallels between Gordimer's white, Jewish social milieu with those of Jewish writers living in urban areas on America's east coast: "Jewishness functioning as a mysterious but ineluctable cultural component of individual identity and expressed as an aspect of the nominally Jewish writer's particular, unique quest for identity in a heterogeneous society".

Benjamin Ivry, writing in The Forward, highlighted several examples where Gordimer employed Jewish characters and themes: "Gordimer proved that indeed anything was possible when examining the personal significance of Yiddishkeit."

In 1951, she wrote "A Watcher of the Dead" for The New Yorker. It centres on the death of a Jewish grandmother and her family observing the ritual of Shemira, as they arrange for a shomer to watch over the body from the time of death until burial. The story later appeared in The Soft Voice of the Serpent the following year.

In the same collection, Gordimer's story, "The Defeated" appeared. It follows the narrator's friendship with a young Jewish immigrant, Miriam Saiyetowitz. Miriam's parents operate a Concession store among the mine compound stores. They later study together at university to become teachers, and Miriam marries a doctor. The narrator visits Miriam's parents on an impulse at their store, they feel abandoned by Miriam, who rarely visits from Johannesburg with their grandson. The narrator explained "I stood there in Miriam's guilt before the Saiyetovitzes, and they were silent, in the accusation of the humble." For Wade: "Miriam's punishment of her parents for their otherness is severe and complete, and conceals Gordimer's own desire to avenge her sense of displacement on her parents for their otherness."

In her debut novel The Lying Days (1953), a major character, Joel Aaron, son of a working class Jewish shopkeeper, acts as a voice of conscience. He has progressive, enlightened views about apartheid. His ethical stances and sense of Jewish identity and ancestry impresses his non-Jewish white middle-class friend, Helen: "His nature had for mine the peculiar charm of the courage to be itself without defiance." Joel is known for his intelligence and integrity. In contrast to Miriam in "The Defeated", Aaron effortlessly accepts his parents and their background. He is a Zionist and makes aliyah to Israel.

In A World of Strangers (1958), there is less Jewish character development, with only a reference to an older man at a party with a thick Eastern European accent with an attractive blonde spouse. In Occasion for Loving (1963), a Jewish character, Boaz Davis appears, but for Wade: "the only Jewish thing is his name".

For Wade, Gordimer saw her father as the most emblematic symbol of Jewishness in her household: "she was compelled to make him both the sign of Jewishness and the object of her rejection." The Jewish otherness is also attributed to the patriarch in "Harry's Presence", a 1960 short story by Gordimer. It is notable as Gordimer's only treatment of the Jewish immigrant experience that does not include or mention black characters.

In 1966, Gordimer wrote an original story for The Jewish Chronicle. "The Visit" includes an extract from the Talmud and follows David Levy returning home from a Friday night Shabbat service. In the same year she published "A Third Presence" for The London Magazine. The story follows two Jewish sisters, Rose and Naomi Rasovsky. According to Wade: "The story's ending indicates that Gordimer has not yet broken through the wool-and-iron barriers of confusion and conflict aroused by the question of her Jewish identity."

In 1983, she published "Letter from His Father" in The London Review of Books, a response to Franz Kafka's "Letter to His Father". In the letter, Gordimer makes references to Yiddish, Yom Kippur, Aliyah, Kibbutzim and Yiddish theatre.

Hillela, a Jewish South African woman, figures as the protagonist of A Sport of Nature, (1987). Wade concluded: "By writing A Sport of Nature in the transcendent style she chose, she tried again to give meaning to her personal muddle over Jewish identity and experience, this time by creating Hillela, whose name represents the deepest moral and prophetic tradition in Jewish history, and who, united with Reuel (=Jethro), the great (not-Jewish) guide and adviser of the beginnings of that history, is able to resolve the inherent contradictions of (the writer's?) white-South-African-radical-Jewish identity. But Hillela is perhaps the most striking example in all Gordimer's writing of 'the Jew that went away', and it is not clear that she succeeds in creating the new sign she seems to have sought."

In the short story "My Father Leaves Home", that appears in Jump: And Other Stories (1991), Gordimer describes an Eastern European shtetl, presumably the hometown of the title character. The anti-semitism the character faced in Europe makes him more sensitive to racism against black people in South Africa.

In Gordimer's final novel No Time Like the Present (2012), one of the central characters, Stephen, is half-Jewish and married to a Zulu woman. His nephew's Bar Mitzvah prompts a meditation on his own Jewish background and he fails to grasp his brother's embrace of Judaism.

Nobel Prize in Literature

Gordimer was nominated for Nobel Prize in Literature in 1972 and 1973 by Swedish Academy member Artur Lundkvist.

Honours and awards

• W. H. Smith Commonwealth Literary Award for Friday's Footprint (1961)
• James Tait Black Memorial Prize for A Guest of Honour (1972)
• Booker Prize for The Conservationist (1974)
• Central News Agency Literary Award for The Conservationist (1974)
• Grand Aigle d'Or (France) (1975)
• Orange Prize shortlist; she declined
• Central News Agency Literary Award for Burger's Daughter (1979)
• Central News Agency Literary Award for July's People (1981)
• Scottish Arts Council Neil M. Gunn Fellowship (1981)
• Modern Language Association Honorary Fellow (1984)
• Rome Prize (1984)
• Premio Malaparte (Italy) (1985)
• Nelly Sachs Prize (Germany) (1985)
• Bennett Award (United States) (1987)
• Anisfield-Wolf Book Award for A Sport of Nature (1988)
• Inducted as an honorary member into Phi Beta Kappa (1988)
• Central News Agency Literary Award for My Son's Story (1990)
• Nobel Prize for Literature (1991)
• International Botev Prize Laureate (1996)
• Commonwealth Writers' Prize for the Best Book from Africa for The Pickup (2002)
• Booker Prize longlist for The Pickup (2001)
• Officier of the Legion of Honour (2007)
• American Philosophical Society, Member (2008)
• American Academy of Arts and Letters, Honorary Member (1979)
• American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Honorary Member (1980)
• Royal Society of Literature, Fellow
• Congress of South African Writers, Patron
• Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, Commander
• 15 honorary degrees
• Senior Fellow, Massey College of the University of Toronto
• Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member Archbishop Desmond Tutu at an awards ceremony at St. George's Cathedral in Cape Town, South Africa (2009)
• Order of the Aztec Eagle

Tribute

On 20 November 2015, Google celebrated her 92nd birthday with a Google Doodle.

Bibliography

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (July 2017)

Novels

• The Lying Days (1953)
• A World of Strangers (1958)
• Occasion for Loving (1963)
• The Late Bourgeois World (1966)
• A Guest of Honour (1970)
• The Conservationist (1974) – joint winner of the Booker prize in 1974
• Burger's Daughter (1979)
• July's People (1981)
• A Sport of Nature (1987)
• My Son's Story (1990)
• None to Accompany Me (1994)
• The House Gun (1998)
• The Pickup (2001)
• Get a Life (2005)
• No Time Like the Present (2012)

Plays

• The First Circle, in Six One-act Plays by South African Authors (1949)

Short fiction

Collections

• Face to Face (1949)
• The Soft Voice of the Serpent (1952)
• Six Feet of the Country (1956)
• Which New Era Would That Be? (1956)
• Friday's Footprint (1960)
• Not for Publication (1965)
• Livingstone's Companions (1970)
• "City Lovers" (1975)
• Selected Stories (1975)
• Some Monday for Sure (1976)
• No Place Like: Selected Stories (1978)
• A Soldier's Embrace (1980)
• Town and Country Lovers (1982), published by Sylvester & Orphanos
• Something Out There (1984)
• Correspondence Course and other Stories (1984)
• The Moment Before the Gun Went Off (1988)
• Once Upon a Time (1989)
• Crimes of Conscience (1991)
• Jump: And Other Stories (1991)
• Why Haven't You Written: Selected Stories 1950-1972 (1992)
• Something for the Time Being 1950-1972 (1992)
• Loot and Other Stories (2003)
• Beethoven Was One-Sixteenth Black (2007)
• "A Beneficiary" (2007)
• Life Times: Stories, 1952–2007. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 2011. ISBN 978-0374270537.

Essays, reporting and other contributions

• The Black Interpreters (1973)
• What Happened to Burger's Daughter or How South African Censorship Works (1980)
• The Essential Gesture: Writing, Politics and Places (1988)
• Writing and Being: The Charles Eliot Norton Lectures (1995)
• Living in Hope and History (1999)
• Telling Times: Writing and Living, 1950–2008. Norton. 2010. ISBN 978-0-393-06628-9.
• "Nelson Mandela". The Talk of the Town. Postscript. The New Yorker. Vol. 89, no. 41. 16 December 2013. pp. 24, 26.

Edited works

• Telling Tales (2004)

Other

• The Gordimer Stories (1981–82) – adaptations of seven short stories; she wrote screenplays for four of them
• On the Mines (1973)
• Lifetimes Under Apartheid (1986)
• Choosing for Justice: Allan Boesak (1983) (documentary with Hugo Cassirer)
• Berlin and Johannesburg: The Wall and the Colour Bar (documentary with Hugo Cassirer)

Source:

Reviews

Girdwood, Alison (1984), Gordimer's South Africa, a review of Something Out There, in Parker, Geoff (ed.), Cencrastus No. 18, Autumn 1984, p. 50, ISSN 0264-0856

See also

• List of female Nobel laureates
• List of Jewish Nobel laureates

References

1. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Literature 1991". Nobelprize. 7 October 2010. Retrieved 7 October 2010.
2. ^ Ettin, Andrew Vogel (1993). Betrayals of the Body Politic: The Literary Commitments of Nadine Gordimer. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-0-8139-1430-5. although she had always referred to her father as Lithuanian, in recent years she has noted that his parents lived and worked in Riga, and now she identifies him as Latvian.
3. Newman, Judie, ed. (2003). Nadine Gordimer's 'Burger's daughter': A Casebook. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-19-514717-9. She believed for many years that he was Lithuanian (like many South African Jewish immigrants) and only discovered later in life that he was Latvian.
4. Gordimer, Nadine (1990). Bazin, Nancy Topping; Seymour, Marilyn Dallman (eds.). Conversations with Nadine Gordimer. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. p. xix. ISBN 978-0-87805-445-9. 1923 – Born, 20 November in Springs, a small mining town in the Transvaal, South Africa. Second daughter of Isidore Gordimer, Jewish watchmaker and jeweler who had emigrated from Latvia at age 13, and Nan Myers Gordimer, a native of England.
5. ^ Wästberg, Per (26 April 2001). "Nadine Gordimer and the South African Experience". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 16 August 2010.
6. ^ Gordimer, Nadine & Villa-Vicencio, Charles (October 1996) . "Nadine Gordimer: A Vocation to Write". In Villa-Vicencio, Charles (ed.). The Spirit of Freedom South African Leaders on Religion and Politics. University of California Press. pp. 104–113. ISBN 9780520200456.
7. "Heroes – Trailblazers of the Jewish People". Beit Hatfutsot. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
8. Gordimer, Nadine.A South African Childhood The New Yorker. 8 October 1954
9. ^ "A Writer's Life: Nadine Gordimer", Telegraph, 3 April 2006.
10. ^ Nadine Gordimer, Guardian Unlimited (last visited 25 January 2007).
11. ^ Nadine Gordimer: A Sport of Nature, The Anisfield-Wolf Book Awards.
12. New Yorker, 9 June 1951.
13. "A mixture of ice and fulfilled desire". Mail & Guardian. 14 November 2005. Retrieved 16 August 2010.
14. "Nadine Gordimer Biography and Interview". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
15. Glen Frankel (5 December 2013). "The Speech at Rivonia Trial that Changed History". Washington Post.
16. Wästberg, Per (26 April 2001). "Nadine Gordimer and the South African Experience". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
17. "Nobelarkivet-1973" (PDF). svenskaakademien.se. 2 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
18. ^ Jonathan Steele, "White magic", The Guardian (London), 27 October 2001.
19. Gail Caldwell, "South African Writer Given Nobel", The Boston Globe, 4 October 1991.
20. "Radiation, Race, and Molly Bloom: Nadine Gordimer Talks with BookForum", BookForum, Feb / March 2006.
21. Gordimer wrote an account of the censorship in "What Happened to Burger's Daughter or How South African Censorship Works".
22. "Burger’s Daughter was the last of Gordimer’s novels to enter the censorship system. Though her short-story collection A Soldier’s Embrace (1980) was scrutinised and passed in 1980, July’s People (1981), A Sport of Nature (1987), and My Son’s Story (1990) appear not to have been submitted in any of their editions." Peter D. McDonald, The Literature Police: Apartheid Censorship and Its Cultural Consequences (Oxford: Oxford UP, 2009), 239.
23. BBC News, "South Africa reinstates authors", 22 April 2001.
24. ^ "Gordimer detractors 'insulting', says Asmal Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine", News24.com, 19 April 2001.
25. Anuradha Kumar, "New Boundaries", The Hindu, 1 August 2004.
26. ^ Donald Morrison, "Nadine Gordimer", Time Magazine, 60 Years of Heroes (2006).
27. "Nobel Prize in Literature 1991 – Press Release". Nobel Media AB. 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
28. Christopher S. Wren, "Former Censors Bow Coldly to Apartheid Chronicler", New York Times, 6 October 1991.
29. "Nadine Gordimer: A Life Well Lived (1923-2014)". PEN America. 14 July 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
30. ^ Agence France-Presse, "Nobel laureates join battle against AIDS", 1 December 2004.
31. Gordimer and literary giants fight AIDS Archived 8 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine, iafrica.com, 29 November 2004.
32. Nadine Gordimer and Anthony Sampson, Letter to The New Review of Books, 16 November 2000.
33. ^ "Nadine Gordimer, anti-apartheid author, dies aged 90". The Telegraph. 14 July 2014. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
34. South Africa: The New Threat to Freedom The New York Review of Books. 24 May 2012
35. Gordimer’s family requests privacy SAPA. 15 July 2014
36. ^ Anthony Sampson on Nadine Gordimer: 'She was conscious of living in a land of heroes' The Guardian. 16 July 2014
37. Jannika Hurwitt, Interview with Gordimer, Paris Review, 88, Summer 1983.
38. ^ 'Prickly' Gordimer, anti-apartheid star The Jewish Chronicle. 17 July 2014
39. Nadine Gordimer Defends Decision to Attend J'lem Writers Conference Haaretz. 30 April 2008
40. Nadine Gordimer, chronicler of South Africa, dies at 90 The Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 14 July 2014
41. Magdalena, Karina. "Die miesies hy skryf". Die Burger. 26 November 2011
42. Gray, Stephen, and Nadine Gordimer. “An Interview with Nadine Gordimer.” Contemporary Literature, vol. 22, no. 3, 1981, pp. 263–71. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1208279. Accessed 24 July 2024.
43. Johnson, RW (29 October 2006). "Nobel writer Nadine Gordimer, 82, attacked and robbed". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 20 February 2007. Retrieved 22 February 2010.
44. Gordimer's sorrow for men who robbed her The Guardian. 2 November 2006
45. ^ Donadio, Rachel (31 December 2006). "Nadine Gordimer and the Hazards of Biography". New York Times. Retrieved 12 April 2007.
46. "SA novelist Nadine Gordimer dies". News24.com. 14 July 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
47. Smith, David (15 July 2014). "Nadine Gordimer dies aged 90". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
48. Becker, Jillian (September 2014). "Nadine Gordimer: 'Comrade Madam'". Standpoint. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
49. Liukkonen, Petri. "Nadine Gordimer". Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008.
50. "Judith Newman Special Commissioned Essay on The Lying Days by Nadine Gordimer Essay – Critical Essays". eNotes.com. 20 November 1923. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
51. "Bram Fischer Human Rights Programme". Wits School of Law. 2005. Archived from the original on 4 July 2007. Retrieved 16 August 2010.
52. "The Nobel Prize in Literature 1991". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
53. Garner, Dwight; Gordimer, Nadine (March 1998). "The Salon Interview: Nadine Gordimer". salon.com. Archived from the original on 31 March 2007. Retrieved 8 April 2007.
54. ReadingGroup Guide, The House Gun by Nadine Gordimer, Bookreporter.com
55. David Medalie, "'The Context of the Awful Event': Nadine Gordimer's The House Gun", Journal of Southern African Studies, v.25, n.4 (December 1999), pp. 633–644.
56. J. M. Coetzee Review of The Pickup and Loot and Other Stories, nytimes.com, 23 October 2003.
57. Sue Kossew, "Review of Nadine Gordimer, The Pickup Archived 21 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine", Quodlibet, v.1, February 2005.
58. Penguin Book Clubs/Reading Guides, Nadine Gordimer's The Pickup Archived 6 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine, penguingroup.com; accessed 19 June 2015.
59. Anthony York, "The Pickup by Nadine Gordimer Archived 3 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine" (book review), Salon.com, 6 December 2001.
60. J. R. Ramakrishnan (19 June 2015). "'In the Country,' by Mia Alvar". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 April 2016. ... Alvar's elegant examination of the political wife is reminiscent of the long-suffering spouses and familial enablers of political men in Nadine Gordimer's fiction...
61. ^ The Gift Nadine Gordimer Gave to Me The Forward. 3 October 2019
62. Wade, Michael (1993). "A Sport of Nature: Identity and Repression of the Jewish Subject". In King, Bryce (ed.). The Later Fiction of Nadine Gordimer. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 155. ISBN 0312085346.
63. ^ The Jewish Life and Times of Nadine Gordimer The Forward. 14 July 2014
64. ^ Gordimer, Nadine. A Watcher of the Dead The New Yorker. 9 June 1951
65. Wade, Michael (1993). "A Sport of Nature: Identity and Repression of the Jewish Subject". In King, Bryce (ed.). The Later Fiction of Nadine Gordimer. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 157–158. ISBN 0312085346.
66. Wade, Michael (1993). "A Sport of Nature: Identity and Repression of the Jewish Subject". In King, Bryce (ed.). The Later Fiction of Nadine Gordimer. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 158. ISBN 0312085346.
67. Wade, Michael (1993). "A Sport of Nature: Identity and Repression of the Jewish Subject". In King, Bryce (ed.). The Later Fiction of Nadine Gordimer. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 156. ISBN 0312085346.
68. ^ Wade, Michael (1993). "A Sport of Nature: Identity and Repression of the Jewish Subject". In King, Bryce (ed.). The Later Fiction of Nadine Gordimer. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 162. ISBN 0312085346.
69. Gordimer, Nadine. A Third Presence The London Magazine. Vol 6, No. 6, September 1966. Accessed on 27 July 2024
70. Wade, Michael (1993). "A Sport of Nature: Identity and Repression of the Jewish Subject". In King, Bryce (ed.). The Later Fiction of Nadine Gordimer. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 164. ISBN 0312085346.
71. Gordimer, Nadine. Letter from his Father The London Review of Books. Vol 5 No. 1, 20 October 1983
72. Wade, Michael (1993). "A Sport of Nature: Identity and Repression of the Jewish Subject". In King, Bryce (ed.). The Later Fiction of Nadine Gordimer. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 171. ISBN 0312085346.
73. "Nomination Archive - Nadine Gordimer". NobelPrize.org. March 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
74. ^ "Nadine Gordimer". British Council. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
75. ^ "Nadine Gordimer". LibraryThing. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
76. ^ Brendon Nicholls (2013). Nadine Gordimer's July's People: A Routledge Study Guide. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-71871-9.
77. "Past Honorary Fellows | Modern Language Association". Mla.org. 27 December 1959. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
78. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (20 November 1923). "UNHCR Gordimer, Nadine". Unhcr.org. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
79. Mehren, Elizabeth (16 May 1985). "Merger Of The Arts, Scholarship, Funding : Rome Prize Sidesteps The Cutbacks". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 15 September 2013.
80. "Bennett Award Acceptance Speech, 1986". The Hudson Review. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
81. "Winners by Year". Anisfield-Wolf. 2018. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
82. "Nobel Laureates Who Are BK Members (through 2009)" (PDF). Pbk.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
83. "На колене пред слънцето на свободата!". Retrieved 1 October 2018.
84. "Nadine Gordimer". Macmillan Publishers. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
85. Sue Kossew (February 2005). "Nadine Gordimer, The Pickup" (PDF). Quodlibet: The Australian Journal of Trans-national Writing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
86. Celean Jacobson, "Nadine Gordimer awarded Legion of Honour" Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Mail & Guardian Online, 1 April 2007.
87. "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
88. ^ Mohit K. Ray, ed. (2007). The Atlantic Companion to Literature in English. Atlantic Publishers & Dis. ISBN 978-81-269-0832-5.
89. Scott Kraft (4 October 1991). "Perceptive Works Earned Respect of S. African Blacks : Nobel: Nadine Gordimer's opposition to apartheid, evident in her books, also took her to court". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
90. "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
91. "2009 Summit Photo". Nobel Prize-winning author Nadine Gordimer receives the Golden Plate Award from Archbishop Desmond Tutu.
92. "Francisco González receives Mexico's Order of the Aztec Eagle honor". BBVA. 18 April 2018. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
93. "Nadine Gordimer's 92nd Birthday". Google. 20 November 2015.
94. Davies, Dominic. "A Very Long Engagement". The Oxonian Review. Archived from the original on 2 June 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
95. Gordimer, Nadine (5 October 1975). "City Lovers". The New Yorker. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
96. Gordimer, Nadine (14 May 2007). "A Beneficiary". The New Yorker. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
97. "Nadine Gordimer". Biblio. Retrieved 2 October 2018.

Further reading

Brief biographies

• Nadine Gordimer at British Council: Literature
• LitWeb.net: Nadine Gordimer Biography (2003)
• Guardian Books "Author Page", with profile and links to further articles

Obituaries

• The Guardian
• The Independent
• The New York Times
• The Washington Post
• The Wall Street Journal

Critical studies

• Stephen Clingman, The Novels of Nadine Gordimer: History from the Inside (1986)
• John Cooke, The Novels of Nadine Gordimer
• Andrew Vogel Ettin, Betrayals of the Body Politic: The Literary Commitments of Nadine Gordimer (1993)
• Dominic Head, Nadine Gordimer (1994)
• Christopher Heywood, Nadine Gordimer (1983)
• Santayana, Vivek. 2021. Most difficult and least glamorous : the politics of style in the late works of Nadine Gordimer. University of Edinburgh: Doctoral dissertation.
• Rowland Smith, editor, Critical Essays on Nadine Gordimer (1990)
• Barbara Temple-Thurston, Nadine Gordimer Revisited (1999) ISBN 978-0-8057-4608-2
• Kathrin Wagner, Rereading Nadine Gordimer (1994)
• Louise Yelin, From the Margins of Empire: Christina Stead, Doris Lessing, Nadine Gordimer (1998)
• Nadine Gordimer's Politics Article by Jillian Becker in Commentary, February 1992

Articles

Ian Fullerton, Politics and the South African Novel in English, in Bold, Christine (ed.) Cencrastus No. 3, Summer 1980, pp. 22 & 23

Short reviews

• Index of New York Times articles on Gordimer

Speeches and interviews

• Ian Fullerton & Glen Murray, An Interview with Nadine Gordimer, in Murray, Glen (ed.), Cencrastus No. 6, Autumn 1981, pp. 2 – 5
• Jannika Hurwitt (Summer 1983). "Nadine Gordimer, The Art of Fiction No. 77". The Paris Review. Summer 1983 (88).
• Nadine Gordimer, Nancy Topping Bazin, and Marilyn Dallman Seymour, Conversations with Nadine Gordimer (1990)
• Nadine Gordimer on Nobelprize.org with the Nobel Lecture, 7 December 1991 Writing and Being
• Nadine Gordimer: The Ultimate Safari reading from 2007 PEN World Voices Festival
• A Conversation with Nadine Gordimer at The Arthur Miller Freedom to Write Lecture, 2007 from PEN American Center

Biographies

• Ronald Suresh Roberts, No Cold Kitchen: A Biography of Nadine Gordimer (2005)

Research archives

• Collection Index for Nadine Gordimer Short Stories and Novel Manuscript collection, 1958–1965 (Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, University of Texas, Austin, Texas)
• Guide to the Gordimer manuscripts, 1934–1991 (Lilly Library, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana)
• Nadine Gordimer Collection at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin

External links

• Works by Nadine Gordimer at Open Library
• Nadine Gordimer at IMDb
• Short Stories by Nadine Gordimer on the Web
• Appearances on C-SPAN
• Portraits of Nadine Gordimer at the National Portrait Gallery, London

v t e Works by Nadine Gordimer
Novels	The Lying Days (1953) A World of Strangers (1958) Occasion for Loving (1963) The Late Bourgeois World (1966) A Guest of Honour (1970) The Conservationist (1974) Burger's Daughter (1979) July's People (1981) A Sport of Nature (1987) My Son's Story (1990) None to Accompany Me (1994) The Pickup (2001) Get a Life (2005) No Time Like the Present (2012)
Collections	The Soft Voice of the Serpent (1952) Loot and Other Stories (2003) Beethoven Was One-Sixteenth Black (2007)
Other works	What Happened to Burger's Daughter or How South African Censorship Works (1980) Telling Tales (2004)
Category

Awards received by Nadine Gordimer

v t e Recipients of the Booker Prize List of winners and nominated authors The Best of the Booker The Golden Man Booker International Booker Prize 1969–79 1969: P. H. Newby (Something to Answer For) 1970: Bernice Rubens (The Elected Member) 1970 Lost Prize: J. G. Farrell (Troubles) 1971: V. S. Naipaul (In a Free State) 1972: John Berger (G.) 1973: J. G. Farrell (The Siege of Krishnapur) 1974: Nadine Gordimer (The Conservationist) and Stanley Middleton (Holiday) 1975: Ruth Prawer Jhabvala (Heat and Dust) 1976: David Storey (Saville) 1977: Paul Scott (Staying On) 1978: Iris Murdoch (The Sea, The Sea) 1979: Penelope Fitzgerald (Offshore) 1980s 1980: William Golding (Rites of Passage) 1981: Salman Rushdie (Midnight's Children) 1982: Thomas Keneally (Schindler's Ark) 1983: J. M. Coetzee (Life & Times of Michael K) 1984: Anita Brookner (Hotel du Lac) 1985: Keri Hulme (The Bone People) 1986: Kingsley Amis (The Old Devils) 1987: Penelope Lively (Moon Tiger) 1988: Peter Carey (Oscar and Lucinda) 1989: Kazuo Ishiguro (The Remains of the Day) 1990s 1990: A. S. Byatt (Possession) 1991: Ben Okri (The Famished Road) 1992: Michael Ondaatje (The English Patient) and Barry Unsworth (Sacred Hunger) 1993: Roddy Doyle (Paddy Clarke Ha Ha Ha) 1994: James Kelman (How Late It Was, How Late) 1995: Pat Barker (The Ghost Road) 1996: Graham Swift (Last Orders) 1997: Arundhati Roy (The God of Small Things) 1998: Ian McEwan (Amsterdam) 1999: J. M. Coetzee (Disgrace) 2000s 2000: Margaret Atwood (The Blind Assassin) 2001: Peter Carey (True History of the Kelly Gang) 2002: Yann Martel (Life of Pi) 2003: DBC Pierre (Vernon God Little) 2004: Alan Hollinghurst (The Line of Beauty) 2005: John Banville (The Sea) 2006: Kiran Desai (The Inheritance of Loss) 2007: Anne Enright (The Gathering) 2008: Aravind Adiga (The White Tiger) 2009: Hilary Mantel (Wolf Hall) 2010s 2010: Howard Jacobson (The Finkler Question) 2011: Julian Barnes (The Sense of an Ending) 2012: Hilary Mantel (Bring Up the Bodies) 2013: Eleanor Catton (The Luminaries) 2014: Richard Flanagan (The Narrow Road to the Deep North) 2015: Marlon James (A Brief History of Seven Killings) 2016: Paul Beatty (The Sellout) 2017: George Saunders (Lincoln in the Bardo) 2018: Anna Burns (Milkman) 2019: Margaret Atwood (The Testaments) and Bernardine Evaristo (Girl, Woman, Other) 2020s 2020: Douglas Stuart (Shuggie Bain) 2021: Damon Galgut (The Promise) 2022: Shehan Karunatilaka (The Seven Moons of Maali Almeida) 2023: Paul Lynch (Prophet Song) 2024: Samantha Harvey (Orbital) v t e Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Literature 1901–1920 1901: Sully Prudhomme 1902: Theodor Mommsen 1903: Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson 1904: Frédéric Mistral / José Echegaray 1905: Henryk Sienkiewicz 1906: Giosuè Carducci 1907: Rudyard Kipling 1908: Rudolf Eucken 1909: Selma Lagerlöf 1910: Paul Heyse 1911: Maurice Maeterlinck 1912: Gerhart Hauptmann 1913: Rabindranath Tagore 1914 1915: Romain Rolland 1916: Verner von Heidenstam 1917: Karl Gjellerup / Henrik Pontoppidan 1918 1919: Carl Spitteler 1920: Knut Hamsun 1921–1940 1921: Anatole France 1922: Jacinto Benavente 1923: W. B. Yeats 1924: Władysław Reymont 1925: George Bernard Shaw 1926: Grazia Deledda 1927: Henri Bergson 1928: Sigrid Undset 1929: Thomas Mann 1930: Sinclair Lewis 1931: Erik Axel Karlfeldt (posthumously) 1932: John Galsworthy 1933: Ivan Bunin 1934: Luigi Pirandello 1935 1936: Eugene O'Neill 1937: Roger Martin du Gard 1938: Pearl S. Buck 1939: Frans Eemil Sillanpää 1940 1941–1960 1941 1942 1943 1944: Johannes V. Jensen 1945: Gabriela Mistral 1946: Hermann Hesse 1947: André Gide 1948: T. S. Eliot 1949: William Faulkner 1950: Bertrand Russell 1951: Pär Lagerkvist 1952: François Mauriac 1953: Winston Churchill 1954: Ernest Hemingway 1955: Halldór Laxness 1956: Juan Ramón Jiménez 1957: Albert Camus 1958: Boris Pasternak 1959: Salvatore Quasimodo 1960: Saint-John Perse 1961–1980 1961: Ivo Andrić 1962: John Steinbeck 1963: Giorgos Seferis 1964: Jean-Paul Sartre (declined award) 1965: Mikhail Sholokhov 1966: Shmuel Yosef Agnon / Nelly Sachs 1967: Miguel Ángel Asturias 1968: Yasunari Kawabata 1969: Samuel Beckett 1970: Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn 1971: Pablo Neruda 1972: Heinrich Böll 1973: Patrick White 1974: Eyvind Johnson / Harry Martinson 1975: Eugenio Montale 1976: Saul Bellow 1977: Vicente Aleixandre 1978: Isaac Bashevis Singer 1979: Odysseas Elytis 1980: Czesław Miłosz 1981–2000 1981: Elias Canetti 1982: Gabriel García Márquez 1983: William Golding 1984: Jaroslav Seifert 1985: Claude Simon 1986: Wole Soyinka 1987: Joseph Brodsky 1988: Naguib Mahfouz 1989: Camilo José Cela 1990: Octavio Paz 1991: Nadine Gordimer 1992: Derek Walcott 1993: Toni Morrison 1994: Kenzaburō Ōe 1995: Seamus Heaney 1996: Wisława Szymborska 1997: Dario Fo 1998: José Saramago 1999: Günter Grass 2000: Gao Xingjian 2001–2020 2001: V. S. Naipaul 2002: Imre Kertész 2003: J. M. Coetzee 2004: Elfriede Jelinek 2005: Harold Pinter 2006: Orhan Pamuk 2007: Doris Lessing 2008: J. M. G. Le Clézio 2009: Herta Müller 2010: Mario Vargas Llosa 2011: Tomas Tranströmer 2012: Mo Yan 2013: Alice Munro 2014: Patrick Modiano 2015: Svetlana Alexievich 2016: Bob Dylan 2017: Kazuo Ishiguro 2018: Olga Tokarczuk 2019: Peter Handke 2020: Louise Glück 2021–present 2021: Abdulrazak Gurnah 2022: Annie Ernaux 2023: Jon Fosse 2024: Han Kang v t e 1991 Nobel Prize laureates Chemistry Richard R. Ernst (Switzerland) Literature (1991) Nadine Gordimer (South Africa) Peace Aung San Suu Kyi (Burma) Physics Pierre-Gilles de Gennes (France) Physiology or Medicine Erwin Neher (Germany) Bert Sakmann (Germany) Economic Sciences Ronald Coase (United Kingdom) Nobel Prize recipients 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

• Novels
• Literature
• Writing
• Theatre
• Politics
• South Africa
• Judaism

• Nadine Gordimer
• 1923 births
• 2014 deaths
• Nobel laureates in Literature
• South African Nobel laureates
• Women Nobel laureates
• Booker Prize winners
• Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
• James Tait Black Memorial Prize recipients
• Jewish dramatists and playwrights
• Jewish South African anti-apartheid activists
• South African anti-apartheid activists
• Jewish atheists
• Jewish women writers
• Recipients of the Legion of Honour
• People from Springs, Gauteng
• South African atheists
• South African dramatists and playwrights
• South African Jews
• South African people of British-Jewish descent
• South African people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
• South African women novelists
• South African women short story writers
• South African short story writers
• 20th-century South African novelists
• 20th-century South African women writers
• 21st-century South African novelists
• 21st-century South African women writers
• South African women dramatists and playwrights
• White South African anti-apartheid activists
• 20th-century dramatists and playwrights
• 20th-century short story writers
• 21st-century short story writers
• Columbia University faculty
• The New Yorker people
• Academic staff of the University of Toronto
• Jewish Nobel laureates
• South African secular Jews