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{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2010}} {{Use British English|date=November 2010}}
{{Infobox Former Subdivision {{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Kapurthala State | conventional_long_name = Kapurthala State
|common_name = Kapurthala | common_name = Kapurthala
| era = New Imperialism
|nation = ]
| year_start = 1774
|subdivision = ]
| date_start =
|era = New Imperialism
| event_start =
|year_start = 1772
| status = Part of the ] (1772–1801) <br/> Under the ] (1801–1846) <br/> (] under the ]) (1846–1857) <br/> (] under the ]) (1857–1947)
|date_start =
| year_end = 1947
|event_start=
| date_end =
|year_end = 1947
| event_end = Accession to the ]
|date_end =
| event1 = Part of the ]
|event_end= ]
| date_event1 = 1930
|event1 =
| p1 = Sikh Confederacy
|date_event1 =
| s1 = Patiala and East Punjab States Union
|p1 = Sikh Confederacy
| flag_p1 = Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg
|s1 = India
| flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|flag_p1 =Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg
| image_flag = Kapurthala flag.svg
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag = Kapurthala flag.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Kapurthala State.jpg
| image_map = Punjab 1909.jpg
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Kapurthala State.jpg
| image_map_caption = Kapurthala State in ], 1909.
|image_map = Punjab 1909.jpg
| stat_area1 = 1320
|image_map_caption = Kapurthala State on a 1909 ] map.
| stat_year1 = 1901
|stat_area1 = 1320
| stat_pop1 = 314,341
|stat_year1 = 1901
| today = ], India
|stat_pop1 = 314,341
| footnotes = ], 1909, v. 14, ''p.&nbsp;408–416''.
|today = ], India
|footnotes = ], 1909, v. 14, ''p.&nbsp;408–416''.
}} }}
'''Kapurthala State''', with its capital at ], was a former ] in the ] of ]. Ruled by Ahluwalia Sikh rulers, spread across {{convert|510|sqmi|km2}}. According to the 1901 census the state had a population of 314,341 and contained two towns and 167 villages.<ref name="imp"> '']'', 1909, v. 14, p. 408.</ref> In 1930, Kapurthala became part of the ] and acceded to the ] in 1947. '''Kapurthala State''', was a kingdom and later ] of the ] of ]. Ruled by Ahluwalia Sikh rulers, spread across {{convert|510|sqmi|km2}}. According to the 1901 census the state had a population of 314,341 and contained two towns and 167 villages.<ref name="imp"> '']'', 1909, v. 14, p. 408.</ref> In 1930, Kapurthala became part of the ] and acceded to the ] in 1947.


In colonial India, Kapurthala State was known for its ], with its Sikh ruler ] building the ] for his Muslim subjects.<ref name="Venkatesh2016">{{cite web |last1=Venkatesh |first1=Karthik |title=Malerkotla, Where Tolerance is a Way of Life |url=https://thewire.in/culture/malerkotla-where-tolerance-is-a-way-of-life |publisher=] |access-date=3 November 2020 |language=English |date=16 January 2016}}</ref> At the time of the ], the ruler of the Kapurthala State ] and advocated for a united, secular country.<ref name="NDTV2009"/> In colonial India, Kapurthala State was known for its ], with its Sikh ruler ] building the ] for his Muslim subjects.<ref name="Venkatesh2016">{{cite web |last1=Venkatesh |first1=Karthik |title=Malerkotla, Where Tolerance is a Way of Life |url=https://thewire.in/culture/malerkotla-where-tolerance-is-a-way-of-life |publisher=] |access-date=3 November 2020 |language=English |date=16 January 2016}}</ref> At the time of the ], the ruler of the Kapurthala State ] and advocated for a united, secular country.<ref name="NDTV2009"/>


== Origins == == History ==
The ruling dynasty of Kapurthala originated in the ]. According to this account, Krishna's descendant Gaj built the fort of ], and lost his life in a battle against a joint ]-] army. His son ] established the city of ], and started the ] after defeating the ] in 78 CE.


=== Origin ===
After the Muslim conquest of Punjab, his descendants migrated to the ] area, where they came to be known as Bhatti ] tribe. After ]'s conquest of Jaisalmer, some of the Bhatti tribe people's migrated to ], mingled with ]. Gradually, they came to be known as Jats, and in the 17th century, they joined ]'s army. Ganda Singh of this family raided ], whose governor Dilawar Khan persuaded him to join the Lahore army, and assigned him the ] of Ahlu and some other villages. Ganda Singh's son Sadhu (or Sadho) Singh lived in Ahlu, because of which the family came to be known as Ahluwalia. Sadhu Singh and his four sons married into Kalal families, because of which the family came to be known as Ahluwalia. The descendants of Sadhu Singh son Gopal Singh (who was the grandfather of Jassa Singh) established the royal family of Kapurthala.<ref name="Ganda_1990">{{cite book |author=Ganda Singh |title=Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f4ZHAAAAMAAJ |year=1990 |publisher=Punjabi University |pages=1–4 }}</ref> The British administrator ] (1873) dismissed this account as spurious.<ref name="Ganda_1990"/> The Sikh author Gian Singh, in his ''Twarikh Raj Khalsa'' (1894), wrote that the Ahluwalia family adopted the Kalal caste identity much before Sadhu Singh.<ref>{{cite book |author=M. L. Ahluwalia|title=Land marks in Sikh history |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1DduAAAAMAAJ |year=1996 |publisher=Ashoka International |page=37 }}</ref>
According to mythology, Krishna's descendant Gaj built the fort of ], and lost his life in a battle against a joint ]-] army.{{Cn|date=September 2024}} His son ] established the city of ], and started the ] after defeating the ] in 78 CE.{{Cn|date=September 2024}}


After the Muslim conquest of Punjab, his descendants migrated to the ] area, where they came to be known as Bhatti ] tribe. After ]'s conquest of Jaisalmer, some of the Bhatti tribe people's migrated to ], and got assimilated with ]. In the 17th century, they joined ]'s army. Ganda Singh of this family raided ], whose governor Dilawar Khan persuaded him to join the Lahore army, and assigned him the ] of Ahlu and some other villages. Ganda Singh's son Sadhu (or Sadho) Singh lived in Ahlu, because of which the family came to be known as Ahluwalia. Sadhu Singh and his four sons married into Kalal families, because of which the family came to be known as Ahluwalia. The descendants of Sadhu Singh son Gopal Singh (who was the grandfather of Jassa Singh) established the royal family of Kapurthala.<ref name="Ganda_1990">{{cite book |author=Ganda Singh |title=Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f4ZHAAAAMAAJ |year=1990 |publisher=Punjabi University |pages=1–4 }}</ref> The British administrator ] (1873) dismissed this account as spurious.<ref name="Ganda_1990"/> The Sikh author Gian Singh, in his ''Twarikh Raj Khalsa'' (1894), wrote that the Ahluwalia family adopted the Kalal caste identity much before Sadhu Singh.<ref>{{cite book |author=M. L. Ahluwalia|title=Land marks in Sikh history |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1DduAAAAMAAJ |year=1996 |publisher=Ashoka International |page=37 }}</ref>
The ] rose to prominence under ],<ref name="KR_2015">{{cite book |title=Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia |author=Kaushik Roy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GpNECgAAQBAJ&pg=PT88 |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=9781317321279 |page=88 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last =Singhia |first=H.S. |title=The encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Hemkunt Press |year=2009 |location=New Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C&pg=PA111 |isbn=978-81-7010-301-1 |page=111}}</ref> who was the first person to use the name "Ahluwalia". Originally known as Jassa Singh Kalal, he styled himself as Ahluwalia after his ancestral village of Ahlu and belonged to the ] community.<ref name="Donald_1968">{{cite book |author=Donald Anthony Low |title=Soundings in Modern South Asian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfD02m8q8eYC&pg=PA70 |year=1968 |publisher=University of California Press |pages=70–71 |oclc=612533097 |language=en}}</ref> He is regarded as the founder of the Kapurthala State.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sohan Singh Seetal |title=The Sikh Misals and the Punjab States |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KD4uAAAAMAAJ |year=1981 |publisher=Lahore Book Shop |page=75 |language=en}}</ref>

The ruling dynasty of Kapurthala originated in the ]. The ] rose to prominence under ],<ref name="KR_2015">{{cite book |title=Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia |author=Kaushik Roy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GpNECgAAQBAJ&pg=PT88 |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=9781317321279 |page=88 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last =Singhia |first=H.S. |title=The encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Hemkunt Press |year=2009 |location=New Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C&pg=PA111 |isbn=978-81-7010-301-1 |page=111}}</ref> who was the first person to use the name "Ahluwalia". Originally known as Jassa Singh Kalal, he styled himself as Ahluwalia after his ancestral village of Ahlu and belonged to the ] community.<ref name="Donald_1968">{{cite book |author=Donald Anthony Low |title=Soundings in Modern South Asian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfD02m8q8eYC&pg=PA70 |year=1968 |publisher=University of California Press |pages=70–71 |oclc=612533097 |language=en}}</ref> He is regarded as the founder of the Kapurthala State.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sohan Singh Seetal |title=The Sikh Misals and the Punjab States |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KD4uAAAAMAAJ |year=1981 |publisher=Lahore Book Shop |page=75 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Establishment ===
In 1774, Jassa Singh Kalal conquered Kapurthala from Rai Ibrahim Bhatti.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dogra |first1=R. C. |title=Encyclopaedia of Sikh Religion and Culture |last2=Mansukhani |first2=Gobind Singh |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |year=1995 |isbn=9780706983685 |pages=249}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Khushwant |title=A History of the Sikhs: 1469-1839 |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1963 |volume=1 |pages=123}}</ref>


Even after other misls lost their territories to ]'s ], the emperor permitted the descendants of Jassa Singh to retain their estates. After the ] took over the Sikh territories in 1846, Jassa Singh's descendants became the ruling family of the Kapurthala State.<ref name="WHMcLeod_2009">{{cite book |author=W. H. McLeod |title=The A to Z of Sikhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&pg=PA6 |year=2009 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6344-6 |page=6 |language=en}}</ref> Even after other misls lost their territories to ]'s ], the emperor permitted the descendants of Jassa Singh to retain their estates. After the ] took over the Sikh territories in 1846, Jassa Singh's descendants became the ruling family of the Kapurthala State.<ref name="WHMcLeod_2009">{{cite book |author=W. H. McLeod |title=The A to Z of Sikhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&pg=PA6 |year=2009 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6344-6 |page=6 |language=en}}</ref>


==Religion== == Demographics ==
{{Pie chart {{Pie chart
| thumb = right | caption = Religion in Kapurthala Princely State(1941) | thumb = right | caption = Religion in Kapurthala Princely State(1941)
Line 59: Line 63:
| value4 = 3.89 | value4 = 3.89
}} }}
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" {| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religious groups in Kapurthala State (] era)
|+ ''Religion in Kapurthala State (1941)<ref name="Census1941">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/site/south-asia-open-archives/saoa/censusofindia1941-28216851/|title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1941 VOLUME VI PUNJAB PROVINCE|access-date=17 January 2023}}</ref>{{rp|42}}
! rowspan="2" |]<br>group
! colspan="2" |1901<ref name="Census1901">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25363739 |jstor=saoa.crl.25363739 |access-date=30 March 2024 |title=Census of India 1901. . Imperial tables, I-VIII, X-XV, XVII and XVIII for the Punjab, with the native states under the political control of the Punjab Government, and for the North-west Frontier Province. |year=1901 |pages=34}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1911<ref name="Census1911">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25393788 |jstor=saoa.crl.25393788 |access-date=30 March 2024 |title=Census of India 1911. Vol. 14, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1911 |pages=27}}</ref><ref name="Census1911B">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62718 |access-date=30 March 2024 |title=Census Of India 1911 Punjab Vol XIV Part II |year=1911 |pages=27 |author=Kaul, Harikishan}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1921<ref name="Census1921">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25430165 |jstor=saoa.crl.25430165 |access-date=30 March 2024 |title=Census of India 1921. Vol. 15, Punjab and Delhi. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1921 |pages=29}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1931<ref name="Census1931">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25793242 |jstor=saoa.crl.25793242 |access-date=30 March 2024 |title=Census of India 1931. Vol. 17, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1931 |pages=277}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1941<ref name="Census1941">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215541 |jstor=saoa.crl.28215541 |access-date=30 March 2024 |title=Census of India, 1941. Vol. 6, Punjab |year=1941 |pages=42 |author1=India Census Commissioner |volume=6 }}</ref>
|- |-
!]
! Religion
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
! Population
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
! Percentage
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|- |-
| ] ] ! ] ]
| 178,326
| {{Percentage | 178326 | 314351 | 2 }}
| 152,117
| {{Percentage | 152117 | 268133 | 2 }}
| 160,457
| {{Percentage | 160457 | 284275 | 2 }}
| 179,251
| {{Percentage | 179251 | 316757 | 2 }}
| 213,754 | 213,754
|{{Percentage | 213754 | 378380 | 2 }} | {{Percentage | 213754 | 378380 | 2 }}
|- |-
| ] ] ! ] ]{{efn|name=ad-dharmi|1931-1941: Including ]s}}
| 93,652
| {{Percentage | 93652 | 314351 | 2 }}
| 61,426
| {{Percentage | 61426 | 268133 | 2 }}
| 58,412
| {{Percentage | 58412 | 284275 | 2 }}
| 64,319
| {{Percentage | 64319 | 316757 | 2 }}
| 61,546
| {{Percentage | 61546 | 378380 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 42,101
| {{Percentage | 42101 | 314351 | 2 }}
| 54,275
| {{Percentage | 54275 | 268133 | 2 }}
| 64,074
| {{Percentage | 64074 | 284275 | 2 }}
| 72,177
| {{Percentage | 72177 | 316757 | 2 }}
| 88,350 | 88,350
|{{Percentage | 88350 | 378380 | 2 }} | {{Percentage | 88350 | 378380 | 2 }}
|- |-
| ] ]{{efn|name=ad-dharmi|Including ]s}} ! ] ]
| 61,546 | 226
|{{Percentage | 61546 | 378380 | 2 }} | {{Percentage | 226 | 314351 | 2 }}
| 205
| {{Percentage | 205 | 268133 | 2 }}
| 228
| {{Percentage | 228 | 284275 | 2 }}
| 27
| {{Percentage | 27 | 316757 | 2 }}
| 380
| {{Percentage | 380 | 378380 | 2 }}
|- |-
| ] ] ! ] ]
| 1,643 | 39
|{{Percentage | 1643 | 378380 | 2 }} | {{Percentage | 39 | 314351 | 2 }}
| 107
| {{Percentage | 107 | 268133 | 2 }}
| 1,100
| {{Percentage | 1100 | 284275 | 2 }}
| 983
| {{Percentage | 983 | 316757 | 2 }}
| 1,667
| {{Percentage | 1667 | 378380 | 2 }}
|- |-
! ] ]
| Others{{efn|name=others|Including ], ], ], ], ], others, or not stated}}
| 13,087 | 4
|{{Percentage | 13087 | 378380 | 2 }} | {{Percentage | 4 | 314351 | 2 }}
| 3
| {{Percentage | 3 | 268133 | 2 }}
| 4
| {{Percentage | 4 | 284275 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 316757 | 2 }}
| 6
| {{Percentage | 6 | 378380 | 2 }}
|- |-
! ] ]
| '''Total Population'''
| 3
| '''378,380'''
| '''{{Percentage | 378380 | 378380 | 2 }}''' | {{Percentage | 3 | 314351 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 268133 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 284275 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 316757 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 378380 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 314351 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 268133 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 284275 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 316757 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 378380 | 2 }}
|-
! Others
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 314351 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 268133 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 284275 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 316757 | 2 }}
| 12,677
| {{Percentage | 12677 | 378380 | 2 }}
|-
! Total population
! 314,351
! {{Percentage | 314351 | 314351 | 2 }}
! 268,133
! {{Percentage | 268133 | 268133 | 2 }}
! 284,275
! {{Percentage | 284275 | 284275 | 2 }}
! 316,757
! {{Percentage | 316757 | 316757 | 2 }}
! 378,380
! {{Percentage | 378380 | 378380 | 2 }}
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="11" | {{small|Note: ] era district borders are not an exact match in the present-day due to various bifurcations to district borders — which since created new districts — throughout the historic ] during the post-independence era that have taken into account population increases.}}
|} |}


==Royal dynasty== == Royal dynasty ==
===Sardars===
* ] (1777 – 20 October 1783)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/kapurthala.html |title=Kapurthala |access-date=11 March 2019 |archive-date=8 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808230543/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/kapurthala.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> (b. 1718 – d. 1783)<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.royalfamilyofindia.com/kapurthala/|title=KAPURTHALA|date=2013-04-12|work=Royal Family of India|access-date=2018-01-09|language=en-US}}</ref>
*] (20 October 1783 – 10 July 1801) (b. 1747 – d. 1801){{citation needed|date=June 2020}}


===Rajas=== === List of rulers ===
{| class="wikitable"
] ]]
!{{Abbr|No.|Number}}
* ] (10 July 1801 – 20 October 1837) (b. 1784 – d. 1837)<ref>{{cite web |title=History {{!}} Kapurthala Web Portal {{!}} India |url=https://kapurthala.gov.in/history/ |publisher=Government of India |access-date=25 December 2020}}</ref><ref> Cunningham, Joseph Davey, 1812-1851., Garrett, H. L. O. ed. (Herbert Leonard Offley), 1881-1941</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Griffin |first1=Lepel Henry |title=Ranjit Singh |year=1892 |publisher=Oxford : Clarendon press |url=https://archive.org/details/ranjitsingh00grif}}</ref>
!Name
* ] (20 October 1837 – 13 September 1852) (b. 1817 – d. 1852)
{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
* ] (13 September 1852 – 12 March 1861) (b. 1831 – d. 1870)<ref name=":0" />
!Portrait

! class="unsortable" |Reign
===Raja-i Rajgan===
!Ref.
* ] (12 March 1861 – 2 April 1870) (b. 1831 – d. 1870)
|-
* ] (2 April 1870 – 3 September 1877) (b. 1850 – d. 1877)
! colspan="5" |'''Sardars'''
] Bahadur, Maharaja of Kapurthala, ], ], ].]]
|-
* ] (3 September 1877 – 12 December 1911) (b. 1872 – d. 1949)<ref name=":0" />
|1

|]<br>{{Small|(1718–1783)}}
===Maharajas===
|]
* ] (12 December 1911 – 15 August 1947) (b. 1872 – d. 1949)<ref name=":0" />
|1777 – 20 October 1783
*Paramjit Singh
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Kapurthala |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/kapurthala.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808230543/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/kapurthala.html |archive-date=8 August 2018 |access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2013-04-12 |title=KAPURTHALA |language=en-US |work=Royal Family of India |url=http://www.royalfamilyofindia.com/kapurthala/ |access-date=2018-01-09}}</ref>
*] ] ]
|-
|2
|Bagh Singh Ahluwalia<br>{{Small|(1747–1801)}}
|]
|20 October 1783 – 10 July 1801
|{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
|-
! colspan="5" |Rajas
|-
|3
|]<br>{{Small|(1784–1837)}}
|]
|10 July 1801 – 20 October 1837
|<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=History {{!}} Kapurthala Web Portal {{!}} India |url=https://kapurthala.gov.in/history/ |access-date=25 December 2020 |publisher=Government of India}}</ref><ref name=":3"> Cunningham, Joseph Davey, 1812-1851., Garrett, H. L. O. ed. (Herbert Leonard Offley), 1881-1941</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite book |last1=Griffin |first1=Lepel Henry |url=https://archive.org/details/ranjitsingh00grif |title=Ranjit Singh |publisher=Oxford : Clarendon press |year=1892}}</ref>
|-
|4
|Nihal Singh<br>{{Small|(1817–1852)}}
|]
|20 October 1837 – 13 September 1852
|{{Cn|date=December 2024}}
|-
|5
|]<br>{{Small|(1831–1870)}}
|]
|13 September 1852 – 12 March 1861
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
! colspan="5" |Raja-i Rajgan
|-
|–
|]<br>{{Small|(1831–1870)}}
|]
|12 March 1861 – 2 April 1870
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|6
|Kharak Singh<br>{{Small|(1850–1877)}}
|]
|2 April 1870 – 3 September 1877
|{{Cn|date=December 2024}}
|-
|7
|]<br>{{Small|(1872–1949)}}
|]
|3 September 1877 – 12 December 1911
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
! colspan="5" |Maharajas
|-
|–
|]<br>{{Small|(1872–1949)}}
|]
|12 December 1911 – 15 August 1947
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
! colspan="5" |Titular
|-
|–
|]<br>{{Small|(1872–1949)}}
|]
|15 August 1947 – 19 June 1949
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|8
|Paramjit Singh
|
|
|{{Cn|date=December 2024}}
|-
|9
|]
|]
|
|{{Cn|date=December 2024}}
|}


===Crown Princes=== ===Crown Princes===
* Tikka Raja Shatrujit Singh<ref name="NDTV2009">{{cite web |title=An undivided India? |url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/news/the-big-fight/an-undivided-india-100356 |publisher=] |access-date=19 October 2020 |language=English |date=29 August 2009}}</ref> * Tikka Raja Shatrujit Singh<ref name="NDTV2009">{{cite web |title=An undivided India? |url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/news/the-big-fight/an-undivided-india-100356 |publisher=] |access-date=19 October 2020 |language=English |date=29 August 2009}}</ref>
=== Dewan / Ministers of Kapurthala State===

* Dewan Banna Mal Gautam (Manager Of Oudh Estates of Maharaja Kapurthala){{Cn|date=December 2024}}
* Dewan Mathra Dass (Private Secretary){{Cn|date=December 2024}}
* Dewan Ramjas Dhir{{Cn|date=December 2024}}

*Dewan Acchru Mal Gautam (Revenue Minister) s/o Dewan Banna Mal{{Cn|date=December 2024}}
* Dewan Durga Dass Gautam{{Cn|date=December 2024}}
* Dewan Ambika Parshad Gautam (Accountant General){{Cn|date=December 2024}}
* Dewan Mohabbat Rai{{Cn|date=December 2024}}
* Dewan Abdul Hamid (Prime Minister){{Cn|date=December 2024}}
* Dewan Shiv Narayan Randev (Chief Secretary Of Kapurthala State){{Cn|date=December 2024}}
* Sirdar Bhagat Ram Randev (Chief Judge){{Cn|date=December 2024}}
* Sirdar Dwarka Dass Randev, Bar At Law S/O Dewan Shiv Narayan Randev (Assistant Manager Oudh and Last Chief Justice Of Kapurthala State){{Cn|date=December 2024}}

* Dewan Hari Chand Chopra (Finance Minister){{Cn|date=December 2024}}
* Dewan Saudagar Mal{{Cn|date=December 2024}}
* Dewan Badrinath{{Cn|date=December 2024}}
* Dewan Surendranath{{Cn|date=December 2024}}
* G.T Fisher (Chief Minister){{Cn|date=December 2024}}
* Dewan Sureshwar Dass (Home Minister){{Cn|date=December 2024}}
* Dewan Ajudhia Dass (Revenue Minister){{Cn|date=December 2024}}
* Sirdar Suchet Singh{{Cn|date=December 2024}}
* Sirdar Kishan Singh{{Cn|date=December 2024}}
* Dewan Raj Kumar Chopra (Chief Justice ){{Cn|date=December 2024}}
* Dewan Jermany Dass{{Cn|date=December 2024}}
* Dewan Kuljass Rai{{Cn|date=December 2024}}

== Orders of chivalry ==
The Royal House of Kapurthala awards three ]; these knighthoods include:{{Cn|date=December 2024}}
*Nishan-i-Shahi, awarded in three classes (founded by ] in 1898){{Cn|date=December 2024}}
*Nishan-i-Iftikhar, awarded in three classes (founded by Maharaja Jagatjit Singh Bahadur in 1914){{Cn|date=December 2024}}
*Nishan-i-Askari, awarded in three classes (founded by Maharaja Jagatjit Singh Bahadur in 1927){{Cn|date=December 2024}}

The decoration of the Nishan-i-Iftikhar includes the coat of arms of Kapurthala State.<ref name="Arora1982">{{cite book |last1=Arora |first1=A. C. |title=British Policy Towards the Punjab States, 1858-1905 |date=1982 |publisher=Export India Publications |page=323 |language=en}}</ref>


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Latest revision as of 17:11, 23 December 2024

Princely state of India

Kapurthala State
1774–1947
Flag of Kapurthala Flag Coat of arms of Kapurthala Coat of arms
Kapurthala State in Punjab Province, 1909.Kapurthala State in Punjab Province, 1909.
StatusPart of the Sikh Confederacy (1772–1801)
Under the Sikh Empire (1801–1846)
(Princely State under the East India Company) (1846–1857)
(Princely State under the British Raj) (1857–1947)
Historical eraNew Imperialism
• Established 1774
• Part of the Punjab States Agency 1930
• Accession to the Indian Union 1947
Area
19011,320 km (510 sq mi)
Population
• 1901 314,341
Preceded by Succeeded by
Sikh Confederacy
Patiala and East Punjab States Union
Today part ofPunjab, India
Kapurthala state The Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1909, v. 14, p. 408–416.

Kapurthala State, was a kingdom and later Princely state of the Punjab Province of India. Ruled by Ahluwalia Sikh rulers, spread across 510 square miles (1,300 km). According to the 1901 census the state had a population of 314,341 and contained two towns and 167 villages. In 1930, Kapurthala became part of the Punjab States Agency and acceded to the Union of India in 1947.

In colonial India, Kapurthala State was known for its communal harmony, with its Sikh ruler Jagatjit Singh building the Moorish Mosque for his Muslim subjects. At the time of the Indian independence movement, the ruler of the Kapurthala State opposed the partition of India and advocated for a united, secular country.

History

Origin

According to mythology, Krishna's descendant Gaj built the fort of Gajni, and lost his life in a battle against a joint Roman-Khorasani army. His son Salibahan established the city of Sialkot, and started the Shak era after defeating the Shaks in 78 CE.

After the Muslim conquest of Punjab, his descendants migrated to the Jaisalmer area, where they came to be known as Bhatti Rajput tribe. After Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Jaisalmer, some of the Bhatti tribe people's migrated to Tarn Taran district, and got assimilated with Jats. In the 17th century, they joined Guru Hargobind's army. Ganda Singh of this family raided Lahore, whose governor Dilawar Khan persuaded him to join the Lahore army, and assigned him the fief of Ahlu and some other villages. Ganda Singh's son Sadhu (or Sadho) Singh lived in Ahlu, because of which the family came to be known as Ahluwalia. Sadhu Singh and his four sons married into Kalal families, because of which the family came to be known as Ahluwalia. The descendants of Sadhu Singh son Gopal Singh (who was the grandfather of Jassa Singh) established the royal family of Kapurthala. The British administrator Lepel Griffin (1873) dismissed this account as spurious. The Sikh author Gian Singh, in his Twarikh Raj Khalsa (1894), wrote that the Ahluwalia family adopted the Kalal caste identity much before Sadhu Singh.

The ruling dynasty of Kapurthala originated in the Ahluwalia misl. The Ahluwalia misl rose to prominence under Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, who was the first person to use the name "Ahluwalia". Originally known as Jassa Singh Kalal, he styled himself as Ahluwalia after his ancestral village of Ahlu and belonged to the Kalal community. He is regarded as the founder of the Kapurthala State.

Establishment

In 1774, Jassa Singh Kalal conquered Kapurthala from Rai Ibrahim Bhatti.

Even after other misls lost their territories to Ranjit Singh's Sikh Empire, the emperor permitted the descendants of Jassa Singh to retain their estates. After the British took over the Sikh territories in 1846, Jassa Singh's descendants became the ruling family of the Kapurthala State.

Demographics

Religion in Kapurthala Princely State(1941)

  Muslims (56.49%)  Sikhs (23.35%)  Hindus (16.27%)  Others (3.89%)
Religious groups in Kapurthala State (British Punjab province era)
Religious
group 		1901 1911 1921 1931 1941
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Islam 178,326 56.73% 152,117 56.73% 160,457 56.44% 179,251 56.59% 213,754 56.49%
Hinduism 93,652 29.79% 61,426 22.91% 58,412 20.55% 64,319 20.31% 61,546 16.27%
Sikhism 42,101 13.39% 54,275 20.24% 64,074 22.54% 72,177 22.79% 88,350 23.35%
Jainism 226 0.07% 205 0.08% 228 0.08% 27 0.01% 380 0.1%
Christianity 39 0.01% 107 0.04% 1,100 0.39% 983 0.31% 1,667 0.44%
Zoroastrianism 4 0% 3 0% 4 0% 0 0% 6 0%
Buddhism 3 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%
Judaism 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%
Others 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 12,677 3.35%
Total population 314,351 100% 268,133 100% 284,275 100% 316,757 100% 378,380 100%
Note: British Punjab province era district borders are not an exact match in the present-day due to various bifurcations to district borders — which since created new districts — throughout the historic Punjab Province region during the post-independence era that have taken into account population increases.

Royal dynasty

List of rulers

No. Name

(Birth–Death)

Portrait Reign Ref.
Sardars
1 Jassa Singh Ahluwalia
(1718–1783) 		1777 – 20 October 1783
2 Bagh Singh Ahluwalia
(1747–1801) 		20 October 1783 – 10 July 1801
Rajas
3 Fateh Singh Ahluwalia
(1784–1837) 		10 July 1801 – 20 October 1837
4 Nihal Singh
(1817–1852) 		20 October 1837 – 13 September 1852
5 Randhir Singh
(1831–1870) 		13 September 1852 – 12 March 1861
Raja-i Rajgan
– Randhir Singh
(1831–1870) 		12 March 1861 – 2 April 1870
6 Kharak Singh
(1850–1877) 		2 April 1870 – 3 September 1877
7 Jagatjit Singh
(1872–1949) 		3 September 1877 – 12 December 1911
Maharajas
– Jagatjit Singh
(1872–1949) 		12 December 1911 – 15 August 1947
Titular
– Jagatjit Singh
(1872–1949) 		15 August 1947 – 19 June 1949
8 Paramjit Singh
9 Sukhjit Singh

Crown Princes

  • Tikka Raja Shatrujit Singh

Dewan / Ministers of Kapurthala State

  • Dewan Banna Mal Gautam (Manager Of Oudh Estates of Maharaja Kapurthala)
  • Dewan Mathra Dass (Private Secretary)
  • Dewan Ramjas Dhir
  • Dewan Acchru Mal Gautam (Revenue Minister) s/o Dewan Banna Mal
  • Dewan Durga Dass Gautam
  • Dewan Ambika Parshad Gautam (Accountant General)
  • Dewan Mohabbat Rai
  • Dewan Abdul Hamid (Prime Minister)
  • Dewan Shiv Narayan Randev (Chief Secretary Of Kapurthala State)
  • Sirdar Bhagat Ram Randev (Chief Judge)
  • Sirdar Dwarka Dass Randev, Bar At Law S/O Dewan Shiv Narayan Randev (Assistant Manager Oudh and Last Chief Justice Of Kapurthala State)
  • Dewan Hari Chand Chopra (Finance Minister)
  • Dewan Saudagar Mal
  • Dewan Badrinath
  • Dewan Surendranath
  • G.T Fisher (Chief Minister)
  • Dewan Sureshwar Dass (Home Minister)
  • Dewan Ajudhia Dass (Revenue Minister)
  • Sirdar Suchet Singh
  • Sirdar Kishan Singh
  • Dewan Raj Kumar Chopra (Chief Justice )
  • Dewan Jermany Dass
  • Dewan Kuljass Rai

Orders of chivalry

The Royal House of Kapurthala awards three orders of chivalry; these knighthoods include:

  • Nishan-i-Shahi, awarded in three classes (founded by Maharaja Jagatjit Singh Bahadur in 1898)
  • Nishan-i-Iftikhar, awarded in three classes (founded by Maharaja Jagatjit Singh Bahadur in 1914)
  • Nishan-i-Askari, awarded in three classes (founded by Maharaja Jagatjit Singh Bahadur in 1927)

The decoration of the Nishan-i-Iftikhar includes the coat of arms of Kapurthala State.

Gallery

  • Qila Jallow Khana, Kapurthala State Qila Jallow Khana, Kapurthala State
  • Old Baradari at Shalimar Garden, Kapurthala State Old Baradari at Shalimar Garden, Kapurthala State
  • Photograph of the State Gurdwara of Kapurthala State during a thanksgiving service Photograph of the State Gurdwara of Kapurthala State during a thanksgiving service
  • Old court complex , Kapurthala State Old court complex , Kapurthala State
  • Photograph of Buggy Khana, Kapurthala State Photograph of Buggy Khana, Kapurthala State

See also

Notes

  1. 1931-1941: Including Ad-Dharmis

References

  1. Kapurthala state The Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1909, v. 14, p. 408.
  2. Venkatesh, Karthik (16 January 2016). "Malerkotla, Where Tolerance is a Way of Life". The Wire. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
  3. ^ "An undivided India?". NDTV. 29 August 2009. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  4. ^ Ganda Singh (1990). Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia. Punjabi University. pp. 1–4.
  5. M. L. Ahluwalia (1996). Land marks in Sikh history. Ashoka International. p. 37.
  6. Kaushik Roy (2015). Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia. Routledge. p. 88. ISBN 9781317321279.
  7. Singhia, H.S. (2009). The encyclopedia of Sikhism. New Delhi: Hemkunt Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-81-7010-301-1.
  8. Donald Anthony Low (1968). Soundings in Modern South Asian History. University of California Press. pp. 70–71. OCLC 612533097.
  9. Sohan Singh Seetal (1981). The Sikh Misals and the Punjab States. Lahore Book Shop. p. 75.
  10. Dogra, R. C.; Mansukhani, Gobind Singh (1995). Encyclopaedia of Sikh Religion and Culture. Vikas Publishing House. p. 249. ISBN 9780706983685.
  11. Singh, Khushwant (1963). A History of the Sikhs: 1469-1839. Vol. 1. Princeton University Press. p. 123.
  12. W. H. McLeod (2009). The A to Z of Sikhism. Scarecrow Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-8108-6344-6.
  13. "Census of India 1901. [Vol. 17A]. Imperial tables, I-VIII, X-XV, XVII and XVIII for the Punjab, with the native states under the political control of the Punjab Government, and for the North-west Frontier Province". 1901. p. 34. JSTOR saoa.crl.25363739. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  14. "Census of India 1911. Vol. 14, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables". 1911. p. 27. JSTOR saoa.crl.25393788. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  15. Kaul, Harikishan (1911). "Census Of India 1911 Punjab Vol XIV Part II". p. 27. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  16. "Census of India 1921. Vol. 15, Punjab and Delhi. Pt. 2, Tables". 1921. p. 29. JSTOR saoa.crl.25430165. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  17. "Census of India 1931. Vol. 17, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables". 1931. p. 277. JSTOR saoa.crl.25793242. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  18. India Census Commissioner (1941). "Census of India, 1941. Vol. 6, Punjab". p. 42. JSTOR saoa.crl.28215541. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  19. "Kapurthala". Archived from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
  20. ^ "KAPURTHALA". Royal Family of India. 12 April 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
  21. "History | Kapurthala Web Portal | India". Government of India. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  22. A history of the Sikhs, from the origin of the nation to the battles of the Sutlej. Cunningham, Joseph Davey, 1812-1851., Garrett, H. L. O. ed. (Herbert Leonard Offley), 1881-1941
  23. Griffin, Lepel Henry (1892). Ranjit Singh. Oxford : Clarendon press.
  24. Arora, A. C. (1982). British Policy Towards the Punjab States, 1858-1905. Export India Publications. p. 323.

External links

Gun salute princely states (salute states) during the British Raj
21-gun salute
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Princely states of the Punjab and Simla Hills in British India
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Historical Punjab Hill States
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