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{{Close Relationships}} {{Close Relationships}}
'''Abusive power and control''' (also '''controlling behavior''' and '''coercive control''') is behavior used by an ] to gain and/or maintain control over another person. Abusers are commonly motivated by ], personal gain, personal ], ], or the enjoyment of exercising power and control.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lehmann |first1=Peter |last2=Simmons |first2=Catherine A. |last3=Pillai |first3=Vijayan K. |date=2012-08-01 |title=The Validation of the Checklist of Controlling Behaviors (CCB): Assessing Coercive Control in Abusive Relationships |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801212456522 |journal=Violence Against Women |language=en |volume=18 |issue=8 |pages=913–933 |doi=10.1177/1077801212456522 |issn=1077-8012 |pmid=23008428 |s2cid=39673421}}</ref> The victims of this behavior are often subject to ], ], ], ], or ]. '''Controlling behavior''' in relationships are behaviors exhibited by an individual who seeks to gain and maintain control over another person.<ref>Antai, D. (2011). Controlling behavior, power relations within intimate relationships and intimate partner physical and sexual violence against women in Nigeria. BMC public health, 11, 1-11.</ref><ref>Graham-Kevan, N., & Archer, J. (2008). Does controlling behavior predict physical aggression and violence to partners?. Journal of Family Violence, 23, 539-548.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Contributor |first=WebMD Editorial |title=Signs of Controlling Behavior |url=https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/signs-controlling-behavior |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=WebMD |language=en}}</ref> Abusers may utilize tactics such as ] or ], and may seek personal gain, personal ], and the enjoyment of exercising power and control.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lehmann |first1=Peter |last2=Simmons |first2=Catherine A. |last3=Pillai |first3=Vijayan K. |date=2012-08-01 |title=The Validation of the Checklist of Controlling Behaviors (CCB): Assessing Coercive Control in Abusive Relationships |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801212456522 |journal=Violence Against Women |language=en |volume=18 |issue=8 |pages=913–933 |doi=10.1177/1077801212456522 |issn=1077-8012 |pmid=23008428 |s2cid=39673421}}</ref> The victims of this behavior are often subject to psychological, ], ], or ].


==Overview== ==Overview==
] and abusers may control their victims with a range of tactics, including, but not limited to, ] (such as ], ], ], ], ]), ] (taking away aversive tasks or items), intermittent or partial reinforcement, ] (such as ], ]s, ], ], ]s) and traumatic tactics (such as ] or ]).<ref name=braiker>{{cite book |last1=Braiker |first1=Harriet B |title=Who's Pulling Your Strings?: How to Break the Cycle of Manipulation and Regain Control of Your Life |date=2003 |publisher=McGraw Hill Professional |location=New York |isbn=9780071435680 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dGwgiQvyeq0C |access-date=24 July 2021 |chapter=An Overview of Manipulation}}</ref>{{page needed|date=July 2021}} ] and abusers may control their victims with a range of tactics, including, but not limited to, ] (such as ], ], ], ], ]), ] (taking away aversive tasks or items), intermittent or partial reinforcement, ] (such as ], ]s, ], ]s) and traumatic tactics (such as ] or ]).<ref name=braiker>{{cite book |last1=Braiker |first1=Harriet B |title=Who's Pulling Your Strings?: How to Break the Cycle of Manipulation and Regain Control of Your Life |date=2003 |publisher=McGraw Hill Professional |location=New York |isbn=9780071435680 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dGwgiQvyeq0C |access-date=24 July 2021 |chapter=An Overview of Manipulation}}</ref>{{page needed|date=July 2021}}


⚫ The ] of the victim are exploited, with those who are particularly vulnerable being most often selected as targets.<ref name="braiker" />{{rp|3}}<ref name="simon">{{cite book |last1=Simon |first1=George K. |title=In Sheep's Clothing: Understanding and Dealing with Manipulative People |date=1996 |publisher=A.J. Christopher |location=Little Rock, Arkansas |isbn=9780965169608 |edition=revised |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MV-fjg3baSoC |chapter=Recognizing the Tactics of Manipulation and Control}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Psychopathology of Everyday Life: How to Deal with Manipulative People |first=Martin|last=Kantor |year=2006 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-0-275-98798-5}}</ref> ] can occur between abusers and victims as the result of ongoing ] in which the intermittent reinforcement of ] and punishment creates powerful emotional bonds (that are resistant to change) and a ].<ref name="Sanderson">{{cite book | last=Sanderson | first=C. | title=Counselling Survivors of Domestic Abuse | publisher=] | year=2008 | isbn=978-1-84642-811-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5vA42Opyx9cC | access-date=28 November 2021 | page=}}</ref> An attempt may be made to ], ], ], ], or ] the abusive behavior, or to ] for it.<ref name="CrossonTower208">{{Cite book|title= Understanding Child Abuse and Neglect |first= Cynthia |last=Crosson-Tower |isbn=0-205-40183-X |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |year=2005|page=208}}</ref><ref name="Ferraro">{{cite book|author=Monique Mattei Ferraro|author2=Eoghan Casey|author3=Michael McGrath|title=Investigating Child Exploitation and Pornography: The Internet, the Law and Forensic Science |publisher=]|isbn=0121631052|year=2005|page=159|access-date=April 6, 2016|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=BtjzJhcAAGYC&pg=PA159}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Christiane Sanderson|title= Counselling Adult Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse|publisher=]|isbn= 1843103354|year= 2006|access-date=April 6, 2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hpq-SvwKtkUC&pg=PA30}}</ref>
element of coercive control is that it consists in a pattern, thus connecting multiple occurrences of abuse that may not be of the same nature.<ref name="Myhill & Hohl" />


⚫ ===Personality disorders===
⚫ The ] of the victim are exploited, with those who are particularly vulnerable being most often selected as targets.<ref name="braiker" />{{rp|3}}<ref name="simon">{{cite book |last1=Simon |first1=George K. |title=In Sheep's Clothing: Understanding and Dealing with Manipulative People |date=1996 |publisher=A.J. Christopher |location=Little Rock, Arkansas |isbn=9780965169608 |edition=revised |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MV-fjg3baSoC |chapter=Recognizing the Tactics of Manipulation and Control}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Psychopathology of Everyday Life: How to Deal with Manipulative People |first=Martin|last=Kantor |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-275-98798-5}}</ref> ] can occur between abusers and victims as the result of ongoing ] in which the intermittent reinforcement of ] and punishment creates powerful emotional bonds (that are resistant to change) and a ].<ref name="Sanderson">{{cite book | last=Sanderson | first=C. | title=Counselling Survivors of Domestic Abuse | publisher=] | year=2008 | isbn=978-1-84642-811-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5vA42Opyx9cC | access-date=28 November 2021 | page=}}</ref> An attempt may be made to ], ], ], ], or ] the abusive behavior, or to ] for it.<ref name="CrossonTower208">{{Cite book|title= Understanding Child Abuse and Neglect |first= Cynthia |last=Crosson-Tower |isbn=0-205-40183-X |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |year=2005|page=208}}</ref><ref name="Ferraro">{{cite book|author=Monique Mattei Ferraro|author2=Eoghan Casey|author3=Michael McGrath|title=Investigating Child Exploitation and Pornography: The Internet, the Law and Forensic Science |publisher=]|isbn=0121631052|year=2005|page=159|access-date=April 6, 2016|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=BtjzJhcAAGYC&pg=PA159}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Christiane Sanderson|title= Counselling Adult Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse|publisher=]|isbn= 1843103354|year= 2006|access-date=April 6, 2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hpq-SvwKtkUC&pg=PA30}}</ref>
⚫ In the study of ], certain ] display characteristics involving the need to gain ] or control over others:<ref>Larsen, Randy J., and ]. ''Personality Psychology: Domains of Knowledge about Human Nature''. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2010. ISBN 978-0073370682</ref> There are many different types of personality disorders and they are often characterized by 3 clusters. Individuals with cluster B personality disorders might be more prone to some negative behaviors related to having power and control over others. Cluster B includes narcissistic, histrionic, borderline, and antisocial personality disorder.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Personality disorders – Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/personality-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20354463 |access-date=2022-07-17 |website=Mayo Clinic |language=en}}</ref>

Based on statistical evidence, certain personality disorders correlate with abusive tendencies of individuals with those specific personality disorders when also compiled with abusive childhoods themselves.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1= Miller |first1= Paul M.|last2=Lisak|first2=David|date=1999-06-01|title=Associations Between Childhood Abuse and Personality Disorder Symptoms in College Males|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/088626099014006005|journal=Journal of Interpersonal Violence|language=en|volume=14|issue=6|pages=642–656|doi= 10.1177/088626099014006005|s2cid= 144858964 |issn=0886-2605}}</ref> {{Failed verification|date=November 2022}}

⚫ ==Personality disorders==
⚫ In the study of ], certain ] display characteristics involving the need to gain ] or control over others:<ref>Larsen, Randy J., and ]. ''Personality Psychology: Domains of Knowledge about Human Nature''. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2010. ISBN 978-0073370682</ref> There are many different types of personality disorders and they are often characterized by 3 clusters. Individuals with cluster B personality disorders might be more prone to some negative behaviors related to having power and control over others. Cluster B includes narcissistic, histrionic, borderline, and antisocial personality disorder. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Personality disorders - Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/personality-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20354463 |access-date=2022-07-17 |website=Mayo Clinic |language=en}}</ref>

* Individuals with ] tend to display a superficial charm that helps to disarm others, giving a good likable first impression. If someone likes another person, they're much more apt to comply with them. Because they lack empathy, they see other people as instruments and pawns. The effects of this lack of empathy essentially gives them a ] sense of ]. Due to their ], they are well suited to con and/or ] others into complying with their wishes.

* Individuals with ] tend to display ] and are sensitive to others' attitudes toward them. Being so averse to rejection may give them motivation to gain compliance in order to control perceptions of others.
* Individuals with ] need to be the ]; and in turn, draw people in so they may use (and eventually dispose of) their relationship.
* Individuals with ] have an inflated self-importance, hypersensitivity to ], and a sense of ] that compels them to ] others to comply with their requests. To maintain their ], and protect their vulnerable ], ] need to control the behavior of others – particularly that of ] seen as extensions of themselves.<ref name="co">Rappoport, Alan, Ph. D. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811150356/http://alanrappoport.com/pdf/Co-Narcissism%20Article.pdf |date=2015-08-11 }}.</ref>
* Individuals with ] derive pleasure from the distress caused by their aggressive, demeaning, and cruel behavior toward others. They have poor ability to control their reactions and become enraged by minor disturbances, with some sadists being more severely abusive. They use a wide range of behaviors to inappropriately control others, ranging from ], ]s, ], ], and restricting the ] of others. Often the purpose of their behavior is to control and intimidate others.<ref name="Raine pp. 126-128">Adrian Raine; José Sanmartin</ref>{{full citation needed |date=June 2022}} The sadistic individuals are likely rigid in their beliefs, ] of other ] or other "]s", ], and ]. They may seek positions in which they are able to exert power over others, such as a ], ] ], or ] who misuse their positions of power to control or brutalize others. For instance, a psychiatrist may institutionalize a patient by misusing ].<ref name="Raine pp. 126-128" />


== Law == == Law ==
In ], the ] created a criminal offence for controlling or coercive behavior in an intimate or family relationship.<ref> 05 Dec 2015 '']''</ref><ref> ''Daily Echo'' 27 Mar 2019</ref> For the purposes of this offence, the coercive behaviour must have been engaged in "repeatedly or continuously".<ref> 05 Dec 2015 '']''</ref> Another element of the offence is that it must have had, or have, a "serious effect"<ref> 05 Dec 2015 '']''</ref> on the victim. One way this can be proved, is that the coercive behaviour can be shown to have caused the victim to fear violence on at least two occasions, or for it to have had, or have, a "substantial adverse effect on the victims’ day to day activities".<ref> 05 Dec 2015 '']''</ref> The prosecution should be able to show that there was intent to control or coerce the targeted person in some manner.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Controlling or Coercive Behaviour in an Intimate or Family Relationship|url=https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal-guidance/controlling-or-coercive-behaviour-intimate-or-family-relationship|website=CPS.gov.uk}} ] Text was copied from this source, which is available under an . © Crown copyright.</ref> In 2019, the UK government made teaching about what coercive control was a mandatory part of the education syllabus on relationships.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Price |first1=Hannah |title=Coercive control: 'I was 16 and thought it was normal' |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcthree/article/f2b92a97-66d8-42b5-8d70-6a38c29b82e1 |website=BBC |date=27 October 2020 |access-date=October 27, 2020}}</ref> In ], the ] created a criminal offence for controlling or coercive behavior in an intimate or family relationship.<ref> 05 Dec 2015 '']''</ref><ref> ''Daily Echo'' 27 Mar 2019</ref> For the purposes of this offence, the coercive behaviour must have been engaged in "repeatedly or continuously".<ref> 05 Dec 2015 '']''</ref> Another element of the offence is that it must have had, or have, a "serious effect"<ref> 05 Dec 2015 '']''</ref> on the victim. One way this can be proved, is that the coercive behaviour can be shown to have caused the victim to fear violence on at least two occasions, or for it to have had, or have, a "substantial adverse effect on the victims' day to day activities".<ref> 05 Dec 2015 '']''</ref> The prosecution should be able to show that there was intent to control or coerce the targeted person in some manner.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Controlling or Coercive Behaviour in an Intimate or Family Relationship|url=https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal-guidance/controlling-or-coercive-behaviour-intimate-or-family-relationship|website=CPS.gov.uk}} ] Text was copied from this source, which is available under an . © Crown copyright.</ref> In 2019, the UK government made teaching about what coercive control was a mandatory part of the education syllabus on relationships.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Price |first1=Hannah |title=Coercive control: 'I was 16 and thought it was normal' |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcthree/article/f2b92a97-66d8-42b5-8d70-6a38c29b82e1 |website=BBC |date=27 October 2020 |access-date=October 27, 2020}}</ref>


In 2019, Ireland enacted the Domestic Violence Act 2018, which allowed for the practice of coercive control to be identifiable based upon its effects on the victim. On this basis, it was defined as 'any evidence of deterioration in the physical, psychological, or emotional welfare of the applicant or a dependent person which is caused directly by fear of the behaviour of the respondent.'.<ref>{{cite web |last1= Baumann, J.D. |first1=Mark |title=Coercive control and emotional abuse illegal in U.K., France, Ireland –and Clallam? |url=https://clallamcountybar.com/coercive-control-and-emotional-abuse-illegal-in-u-k-france-ireland-clallam-county/ |website= Clallam County Bar Clallam County lawyers & legal news |access-date=27 October 2020}}</ref> In 2019, Ireland enacted the Domestic Violence Act 2018, which allowed for the practice of coercive control to be identifiable based upon its effects on the victim. On this basis, it was defined as 'any evidence of deterioration in the physical, psychological, or emotional welfare of the applicant or a dependent person which is caused directly by fear of the behaviour of the respondent.'.<ref>{{cite web |last1= Baumann, J.D. |first1=Mark |title=Coercive control and emotional abuse illegal in U.K., France, Ireland –and Clallam? |url=https://clallamcountybar.com/coercive-control-and-emotional-abuse-illegal-in-u-k-france-ireland-clallam-county/ |website= Clallam County Bar Clallam County lawyers & legal news |date=2 January 2019 |access-date=27 October 2020}}</ref>


In the United States, to assist in preventing and stopping domestic violence against children, there have been laws put into place to mandate report in specific professions, such as teacher, doctor, or care provider, any suspected abuse happening in the home.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hyman|first1=Ariella|last2=Schillinger|first2=Dean|last3=Lo|first3=Bernard|date=1995-06-14|title=Laws Mandating Reporting of Domestic Violence: Do They Promote Patient Well-being?|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/388829|journal=JAMA|language=en|volume=273|issue=22|pages=1781–1787|doi=10.1001/jama.1995.03520460063037|pmid=7769774|issn=0098-7484}}</ref> In the United States, to assist in preventing and stopping domestic violence against children, there have been laws put into place to mandate report in specific professions, such as teacher, doctor, or care provider, any suspected abuse happening in the home.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hyman|first1=Ariella|last2=Schillinger|first2=Dean|last3=Lo|first3=Bernard|date=1995-06-14|title=Laws Mandating Reporting of Domestic Violence: Do They Promote Patient Well-being?|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/388829|journal=JAMA|language=en|volume=273|issue=22|pages=1781–1787|doi=10.1001/jama.1995.03520460063037|pmid=7769774|issn=0098-7484}}</ref>


Family law is mostly under the jurisdiction of state and local governments in the United States. As such, states are unequally tackling coercive control through legislation. Family law is mostly under the jurisdiction of state and local governments in the United States. As such, states are unequally tackling coercive control through legislation.

] is a law in the U.S. state of ] that expands the definition of domestic violence to include coercive control. The law is named for two women, both victims of domestic violence: ] and Jennifer Magnano.<ref name="Murdock">{{cite news |last1=Murdock |first1=Zach |title=Survivors of domestic violence urge Connecticut lawmakers to pass reforms named for Jennifer Farber Dulos, Jennifer Magnano |url=https://www.courant.com/politics/hc-pol-jennifers-law-domestic-violence-20210324-x36vmtaz55d7dh2wuznxtvxdrq-story.html |access-date=29 June 2021 |work=Hartford Courant |date=24 Mar 2021}}</ref> It became a law in 2021.<ref name="Agogliati">{{cite news |last1=Agogliati |first1=Mike |title=Lamont signs "Jennifer's Law" expanding domestic violence definition |url=https://www.wfsb.com/news/lamont-signs-jennifers-law-expanding-domestic-violence-definition/article_c4970ba4-d86f-11eb-8819-c73f8f4afd59.html?block_id=995304 |access-date=29 June 2021 |work=WFSB News |date=28 Jun 2021}}</ref>


== See also == == See also ==
{{Portal|Psychology}} {{Portal|Psychology}}
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West Island Women Shelter (2020), ''Coercive Control: Screening Questionnaire and Evaluation Grid''<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Coercive Control: Screening Questionnaire and Evaluation Grid |url=https://wiws.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Outils-Complementaires-English-v4.pdf |access-date=24 May 2023 |website=West Island Women's Shelter}}</ref> West Island Women Shelter (2020), ''Coercive Control: Screening Questionnaire and Evaluation Grid''<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Coercive Control: Screening Questionnaire and Evaluation Grid |url=https://wiws.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Outils-Complementaires-English-v4.pdf |access-date=24 May 2023 |website=West Island Women's Shelter}}</ref>



{{Abuse}} {{Abuse}}

Latest revision as of 03:38, 11 December 2024

Aspect of personal relationships

Relationships
(Outline)
Types
Genetic or adoptive
By marriage
Partner(s)
Intimate and sexual
Activities
Endings
Emotions and feelings
Practices
Abuse

Controlling behavior in relationships are behaviors exhibited by an individual who seeks to gain and maintain control over another person. Abusers may utilize tactics such as intimidation or coercion, and may seek personal gain, personal gratification, and the enjoyment of exercising power and control. The victims of this behavior are often subject to psychological, physical, sexual, or financial abuse.

Overview

Manipulators and abusers may control their victims with a range of tactics, including, but not limited to, positive reinforcement (such as praise, superficial charm, flattery, ingratiation, love bombing), negative reinforcement (taking away aversive tasks or items), intermittent or partial reinforcement, psychological punishment (such as silent treatment, threats, emotional blackmail, guilt trips) and traumatic tactics (such as verbal abuse or explosive anger).

The vulnerabilities of the victim are exploited, with those who are particularly vulnerable being most often selected as targets. Traumatic bonding can occur between abusers and victims as the result of ongoing cycles of abuse in which the intermittent reinforcement of reward and punishment creates powerful emotional bonds (that are resistant to change) and a climate of fear. An attempt may be made to normalize, legitimize, rationalize, deny, or minimize the abusive behavior, or to blame the victim for it.

Personality disorders

In the study of abnormal psychology, certain personality disorders display characteristics involving the need to gain compliance or control over others: There are many different types of personality disorders and they are often characterized by 3 clusters. Individuals with cluster B personality disorders might be more prone to some negative behaviors related to having power and control over others. Cluster B includes narcissistic, histrionic, borderline, and antisocial personality disorder.

Law

In England and Wales, the Serious Crime Act 2015 created a criminal offence for controlling or coercive behavior in an intimate or family relationship. For the purposes of this offence, the coercive behaviour must have been engaged in "repeatedly or continuously". Another element of the offence is that it must have had, or have, a "serious effect" on the victim. One way this can be proved, is that the coercive behaviour can be shown to have caused the victim to fear violence on at least two occasions, or for it to have had, or have, a "substantial adverse effect on the victims' day to day activities". The prosecution should be able to show that there was intent to control or coerce the targeted person in some manner. In 2019, the UK government made teaching about what coercive control was a mandatory part of the education syllabus on relationships.

In 2019, Ireland enacted the Domestic Violence Act 2018, which allowed for the practice of coercive control to be identifiable based upon its effects on the victim. On this basis, it was defined as 'any evidence of deterioration in the physical, psychological, or emotional welfare of the applicant or a dependent person which is caused directly by fear of the behaviour of the respondent.'.

In the United States, to assist in preventing and stopping domestic violence against children, there have been laws put into place to mandate report in specific professions, such as teacher, doctor, or care provider, any suspected abuse happening in the home.

Family law is mostly under the jurisdiction of state and local governments in the United States. As such, states are unequally tackling coercive control through legislation.

Jennifers' Law is a law in the U.S. state of Connecticut that expands the definition of domestic violence to include coercive control. The law is named for two women, both victims of domestic violence: Jennifer Farber Dulos and Jennifer Magnano. It became a law in 2021.

See also

References

  1. Antai, D. (2011). Controlling behavior, power relations within intimate relationships and intimate partner physical and sexual violence against women in Nigeria. BMC public health, 11, 1-11.
  2. Graham-Kevan, N., & Archer, J. (2008). Does controlling behavior predict physical aggression and violence to partners?. Journal of Family Violence, 23, 539-548.
  3. Contributor, WebMD Editorial. "Signs of Controlling Behavior". WebMD. Retrieved 2024-10-24. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  4. Lehmann, Peter; Simmons, Catherine A.; Pillai, Vijayan K. (2012-08-01). "The Validation of the Checklist of Controlling Behaviors (CCB): Assessing Coercive Control in Abusive Relationships". Violence Against Women. 18 (8): 913–933. doi:10.1177/1077801212456522. ISSN 1077-8012. PMID 23008428. S2CID 39673421.
  5. ^ Braiker, Harriet B (2003). "An Overview of Manipulation". Who's Pulling Your Strings?: How to Break the Cycle of Manipulation and Regain Control of Your Life. New York: McGraw Hill Professional. ISBN 9780071435680. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  6. Simon, George K. (1996). "Recognizing the Tactics of Manipulation and Control". In Sheep's Clothing: Understanding and Dealing with Manipulative People (revised ed.). Little Rock, Arkansas: A.J. Christopher. ISBN 9780965169608.
  7. Kantor, Martin (2006). The Psychopathology of Everyday Life: How to Deal with Manipulative People. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-0-275-98798-5.
  8. Sanderson, C. (2008). Counselling Survivors of Domestic Abuse. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. ISBN 978-1-84642-811-1. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
  9. Crosson-Tower, Cynthia (2005). Understanding Child Abuse and Neglect. Allyn & Bacon. p. 208. ISBN 0-205-40183-X.
  10. Monique Mattei Ferraro; Eoghan Casey; Michael McGrath (2005). Investigating Child Exploitation and Pornography: The Internet, the Law and Forensic Science. Academic Press. p. 159. ISBN 0121631052. Retrieved April 6, 2016.
  11. Christiane Sanderson (2006). Counselling Adult Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. ISBN 1843103354. Retrieved April 6, 2016.
  12. Larsen, Randy J., and David M. Buss. Personality Psychology: Domains of Knowledge about Human Nature. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2010. ISBN 978-0073370682
  13. "Personality disorders – Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2022-07-17.
  14. Statutory guidance framework: controlling or coercive behaviour in an intimate or family relationship 05 Dec 2015 gov.uk
  15. "University graduate from Poole admits controlling and coercive behaviour" Daily Echo 27 Mar 2019
  16. Statutory guidance framework: controlling or coercive behaviour in an intimate or family relationship 05 Dec 2015 gov.uk
  17. Statutory guidance framework: controlling or coercive behaviour in an intimate or family relationship 05 Dec 2015 gov.uk
  18. Statutory guidance framework: controlling or coercive behaviour in an intimate or family relationship 05 Dec 2015 gov.uk
  19. "Controlling or Coercive Behaviour in an Intimate or Family Relationship". CPS.gov.uk. Text was copied from this source, which is available under an Open Government Licence v2.0. © Crown copyright.
  20. Price, Hannah (27 October 2020). "Coercive control: 'I was 16 and thought it was normal'". BBC. Retrieved October 27, 2020.
  21. Baumann, J.D., Mark (2 January 2019). "Coercive control and emotional abuse illegal in U.K., France, Ireland –and Clallam?". Clallam County Bar Clallam County lawyers & legal news. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
  22. Hyman, Ariella; Schillinger, Dean; Lo, Bernard (1995-06-14). "Laws Mandating Reporting of Domestic Violence: Do They Promote Patient Well-being?". JAMA. 273 (22): 1781–1787. doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03520460063037. ISSN 0098-7484. PMID 7769774.
  23. Murdock, Zach (24 Mar 2021). "Survivors of domestic violence urge Connecticut lawmakers to pass reforms named for Jennifer Farber Dulos, Jennifer Magnano". Hartford Courant. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
  24. Agogliati, Mike (28 Jun 2021). "Lamont signs "Jennifer's Law" expanding domestic violence definition". WFSB News. Retrieved 29 June 2021.

External links

Juripop, Domestic and Sexual Violence (Free Training Programs)

West Island Women Shelter (2020), Coercive Control: Screening Questionnaire and Evaluation Grid

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  1. "Domestic and Sexual Violence: Free Training Programs". Juripop. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
  2. "Coercive Control: Screening Questionnaire and Evaluation Grid" (PDF). West Island Women's Shelter. 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
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