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{{short description|Wife of a reigning king}} {{short description|Wife of a reigning king}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{More citations needed |date=March 2020}} {{More citations needed |date=March 2020}}
{{Monarchism|Concepts}} {{Monarchism|Concepts}}
{{Ranks of Nobility}} {{Ranks of Nobility}}
A '''queen consort''' is the wife of a reigning ], and usually shares her spouse's social ] and status. She holds the feminine equivalent of the king's monarchical ]s and may be crowned and anointed, but historically she does not formally share the king's political and military powers, unless on occasion acting as ].<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 September 2022 |title=What is Queen Consort? What will be the role of Camilla? |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/uk/what-is-queen-consort-what-will-be-the-role-of-camilla/articleshow/94092575.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-09-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hilton |first=Lisa |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/359673870 |title=Queens consort : the autobiography |date=2009 |publisher=Phoenix |isbn=978-0-7538-2611-9 |location=London |oclc=359673870}}</ref> A '''queen consort ''' is the wife of a reigning ], and usually shares her spouse's social ] and status. She holds the feminine equivalent of the king's monarchical ]s and may be crowned and anointed, but historically she does not formally share the king's political and military powers, unless on occasion acting as ].<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 September 2022 |title=What is Queen Consort? What will be the role of Camilla? |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/uk/what-is-queen-consort-what-will-be-the-role-of-camilla/articleshow/94092575.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-09-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hilton |first=Lisa |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/359673870 |title=Queens consort : the autobiography |date=2009 |publisher=Phoenix |isbn=978-0-7538-2611-9 |location=London |oclc=359673870}}</ref>


In contrast, a ] is a female ] who rules '']'' (Latin for, "in her own right") and usually becomes queen by inheriting the throne upon the death of the previous monarch.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Susan |date=2018-12-11 |title=Four of a Kind: Queen Consort, Queen Dowager, Queen Mother, Queen Regnant |url=https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/four-of-a-kind-queen-consort-queen-dowager-queen-mother-queen-regnant/ |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=Unofficial Royalty |language=en-US}}</ref> In contrast, a ] is a female ] who rules '']'' (Latin for, "in her own right") and usually becomes queen by inheriting the throne upon the death of the previous monarch.


A ] is a widowed queen consort, and a ] is a queen dowager who is the mother of the current monarch.<ref name=":0" /> A ] is a widowed queen consort, and a ] is a queen dowager who is the mother of the current monarch.


==Titles== ==Titles==
{{citations needed section|date=December 2023}}


When a title other than king is held by the sovereign, his wife can be referred to by the feminine equivalent, such as ] or empress consort. When a title other than king is held by the sovereign, his wife can be referred to by the feminine equivalent, such as ] or empress consort.


In monarchies where ] has been practised in the past (such as ] and ]), or is practised today (such as the ] nation and the various ] polities), the number of the king’s wives and their status varies. In Morocco, ] has broken with tradition and given his wife, ], the title of princess; prior to his reign, the Moroccan monarchy had no such title. In ], the king and queen must both be of ]; his other consorts need not be royal before marriage to him but are accorded royal titles that confer status. A Zulu ] designates one of his wives as "]", an equivalent to queen consort. In monarchies where ] has been practised in the past (such as ] and ]), or is practised today (such as the ] nation and the various ] polities), the number of the king's wives and their status varies. In Morocco, ] has broken with tradition and given his wife, ], the title of princess; prior to his reign, the Moroccan monarchy had no such title. In ], the king and queen must both be of ]; his other consorts need not be royal before marriage to him but are accorded royal titles that confer status. A Zulu ] designates one of his wives as "]", an equivalent to queen consort.


The situation is more complex in ]. ] are essentially of equal rank. Although one wife, usually the one married to the ] for the longest time, may be given a ] of her own to highlight her relatively higher status compared to the other wives, she does not share her husband's ritual power as a chieftain. When a woman is to be vested with an authority similar to that of the chief, she is usually a ] in his service who, although not married to him, is expected to lead his female subjects on his behalf. The situation is more complex in ]. ] are essentially of equal rank. Although one wife, usually the one married to the ] for the longest time, may be given a ] of her own to highlight her relatively higher status compared to the other wives, she does not share her husband's ritual power as a chieftain. When a woman is to be vested with an authority similar to that of the chief, she is usually a ] in his service who, although not married to him, is expected to lead his female subjects on his behalf.


In the ], '']'' ({{lang-ota|حاصكي سلطان}}; ''Ḫāṣekī Sulṭān;'' {{IPA-tr|haseˈci suɫˈtaːn}}) was the title held by the lawful wife and imperial consort of the ].<ref name=Davis>{{cite book |title=The Ottoman Lady: A Social History from 1718 to 1918 |first=Fanny |last=Davis |year=1986 |isbn=0-313-24811-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DTIrK0et4LwC&q=pertevniyal&pg=PA11 |chapter=The Valide|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic }}</ref> The title was first used in the 16th century by ], wife of ], replacing the previous title of "] ("Head Lady").<ref name=Davis /> The bearer of the title occupied the second most important position in the Ottoman Empire for a female after ] (queen mother). In the ], '']'' ({{langx|ota|حاصكي سلطان}}; ''Ḫāṣekī Sulṭān;'' {{IPA|tr|haseˈci suɫˈtaːn}}) was the title held by the lawful wife and imperial consort of the ].<ref name=Davis>{{cite book |title=The Ottoman Lady: A Social History from 1718 to 1918 |first=Fanny |last=Davis |year=1986 |isbn=0-313-24811-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DTIrK0et4LwC&q=pertevniyal&pg=PA11 |chapter=The Valide|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic }}</ref> The title was first used in the 16th century by ], wife of ], replacing the previous title of "] ("Head Lady").<ref name=Davis /> The bearer of the title occupied the second most important position in the Ottoman Empire for a female after ] (queen mother).


While the wife of a king is usually given the title of queen, there is much less consistency for the husband of a ]. The title of ] is rare. Examples are ], in ] and ], in ]. ] in ] and ] in ] also gained the title. In Portugal, because of the practice of ], both King Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburgo-Gotha and his predecessor, King Pedro of Portugal, were treated as ruling kings in ] and were thus symbolically co-rulers with their wives, but both really had only the same power of a consort and the queen was the real ruler. While the wife of a king is usually given the title of queen, there is much less consistency for the husband of a ]. The title of ] is rare. Examples are ], in ] and ], in ]. ] in ] and ] in ] also gained the title. In Portugal, because of the practice of ], both King Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburgo-Gotha and his predecessor, King Pedro of Portugal, were treated as ruling kings in ] and were thus symbolically co-rulers with their wives, but both really had only the same power of a consort and the queen was the real ruler.


The title of ] for the husband of a reigning queen is more common. The monarchies that adopted this title did so because the title of king is usually historically higher than queen, so when the sovereign is female, her husband should never have a higher title than her. An example is ]. He married ] of the ]; because she insisted that he be given a title identifying his status, he became ].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chancellor|first1=Frank B.|title=Prince Consort|date=1931|publisher=The Dial Press|location=New York|pages=215–218}}</ref> The title of ] for the husband of a reigning queen is more common. The monarchies that adopted this title did so because the title of king is usually historically higher than queen, so when the sovereign is female, her husband should never have a higher title than her. An example is ]. He married ] of the ]; because she insisted that he be given a title identifying his status, he became ].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chancellor|first1=Frank B.|title=Prince Consort|date=1931|publisher=The Dial Press|location=New York|pages=215–218}}</ref>


==Role== ==Role==
{{citations needed section|date=December 2023}}


The traditional ] on queenship has created an image of a queen who is a king's "helpmate"<ref>{{Cite book|title=Queens, Concubines and Dowagers: The King's Wife in the Early Middle Ages|last=Stafford|first=P|year=1983|location=London|pages=100}}</ref> and provider of heirs.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Politics and Ritual in Early Medieval Europe|url=https://archive.org/details/politicsritualea00nels|url-access=limited|last=Nelson|first=J|year=1986|location=London|pages=|isbn=9780907628590 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mistry|first=Zubin|date=2019|title=Ermentrude's consecration (866): queen-making rites and biblical templates for Carolingian fertility|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/emed.12373|journal=Early Medieval Europe|language=en|volume=27|issue=4|pages=567–588|doi=10.1111/emed.12373|hdl=20.500.11820/141896e9-d116-4fc3-b50a-b9094ca0e8c0 |s2cid=213816257 |issn=1468-0254|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Queens, Concubines and Dowagers: The King's Wife in the Early Middle Ages|last=Stafford|first=P|year=1983|location=London|pages=86}}</ref> They had power within the royal household and partially within the court. Their duty was running the royal household smoothly, such as directing the children's education, supervising the staff, and managing the private royal treasury.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Queens, Concubines and Dowagers: The King's Wife in the Early Middle Ages|last=Stafford|first=P|year=1983|location=London|pages=112}}</ref> They unofficially acted as hostesses, ensuring the royal family was not involved in scandals and giving gifts to high-ranking officials in a society where this was important to maintain bonds. As a result, consorts were expected to act as wise, loyal, and chaste women.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Queens, Concubines and Dowagers: The King's Wife in the Early Middle Ages|last=Stafford|first=P|year=1983|location=London|pages=99}}</ref> The traditional ] on queenship has created an image of a queen who is a king's "helpmate"<ref>{{Cite book|title=Queens, Concubines and Dowagers: The King's Wife in the Early Middle Ages|last=Stafford|first=P|year=1983|location=London|pages=100}}</ref> and provider of heirs.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Politics and Ritual in Early Medieval Europe|url=https://archive.org/details/politicsritualea00nels|url-access=limited|last=Nelson|first=J|year=1986|location=London|pages=|isbn=9780907628590 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mistry|first=Zubin|date=2019|title=Ermentrude's consecration (866): queen-making rites and biblical templates for Carolingian fertility|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/emed.12373|journal=Early Medieval Europe|volume=27|issue=4|pages=567–588|doi=10.1111/emed.12373|hdl=20.500.11820/141896e9-d116-4fc3-b50a-b9094ca0e8c0 |s2cid=213816257 |issn=1468-0254|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Queens, Concubines and Dowagers: The King's Wife in the Early Middle Ages|last=Stafford|first=P|year=1983|location=London|pages=86}}</ref> They had power within the royal household and partially within the court. Their duty was running the royal household smoothly, such as directing the children's education, supervising the staff, and managing the private royal treasury.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Queens, Concubines and Dowagers: The King's Wife in the Early Middle Ages|last=Stafford|first=P|year=1983|location=London|pages=112}}</ref> They unofficially acted as hostesses, ensuring the royal family was not involved in scandals and giving gifts to high-ranking officials in a society where this was important to maintain bonds. As a result, consorts were expected to act as wise, loyal, and chaste women.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Queens, Concubines and Dowagers: The King's Wife in the Early Middle Ages|last=Stafford|first=P|year=1983|location=London|pages=99}}</ref>


Some royal consorts of foreign origin have served as cultural transmitters. Due to their unique position of being reared in one culture and then, when very young, promised into marriage in another land with a different culture, they have served as a cultural bridge between nations. Based on their journals, diaries, and other autobiographical or historical accounts, some exchanged and introduced new forms of art, music, religion, and fashion.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Watanabe-O'Kelly |first1=Helen |title=Cultural Transfer and the Eighteenth-Century Queen Consort |journal=German History |date=2016 |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=279–292 |doi=10.1093/gerhis/ghw002 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Some royal consorts of foreign origin have served as cultural transmitters. Due to their unique position of being reared in one culture and then, when very young, promised into marriage in another land with a different culture, they have served as a cultural bridge between nations. Based on their journals, diaries, and other autobiographical or historical accounts, some exchanged and introduced new forms of art, music, religion, and fashion.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Watanabe-O'Kelly |first1=Helen |title=Cultural Transfer and the Eighteenth-Century Queen Consort |journal=German History |date=2016 |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=279–292 |doi=10.1093/gerhis/ghw002 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
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* Grand Princess Regent ], mother of ] * Grand Princess Regent ], mother of ]
* Grand Princess Regent ], mother of ] * Grand Princess Regent ], mother of ]
* Queen Regent ], mother of ] * Queen Regent ], mother of ]
* Queen Regent ], grandmother of ] * Queen Regent ], grandmother of ]
* Queen Regent ], mother of ] of ] * Queen Regent ], mother of ] of ]
* Queen Regent ], mother of ] of ] * Queen Regent ], mother of ] of ]
* Queen Regent ], mother of ] * Queen Regent ], mother of ]
* ] ], mother of ] Damodar Rao of ] * ] ], mother of ] Damodar Rao of ]
* Queen Regent ], mother of ] * Queen Regent ], mother of ] of Spain
* Queen Regent ], mother of ] * Queen Regent ], mother of ]
* Queen Regent ], mother of ] * Queen Regent ], mother of ]
* Queen Regent ], mother of King ] * Queen Regent ], mother of ]


Similarly, in several cases in ] (now ]) the queen consort was named regent during an extended absence of the king: Similarly, in several cases in ] (now ]) the queen consort was named regent during an extended absence of the king:
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] ]
] married his half-sister ]]] ] married his half-sister ]]]
] as a regent was the first woman to rule in the ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Carlota, The Belgian Princess Who Went Mad When She Became A Mexican Empress |url=https://culturacolectiva.com/history/empress-carlota-of-mexico/ |website=] |access-date=2 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>]] ] as a regent was the first woman to rule in the ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Carlota, The Belgian Princess Who Went Mad When She Became A Mexican Empress |url=https://culturacolectiva.com/history/empress-carlota-of-mexico/ |website=] |access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref>]]
], ]]] ], ]]]


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* Queen ], consort of ] of ] * Queen ], consort of ] of ]
* Queen ], consort of ] of ] * Queen ], consort of ] of ]
* Queen ], consort of ] of ]<ref>{{cite web |title=Marie-Antoinette {{!}} Facts, Biography, & French Revolution |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Marie-Antoinette-queen-of-France |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=22 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref> * Queen ], consort of ] of ]<ref>{{cite web |title=Marie-Antoinette {{!}} Facts, Biography, & French Revolution |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Marie-Antoinette-queen-of-France |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=22 March 2020}}</ref>
* Queen ], consort of ] * Queen ], consort of ]
* Queen ] was ]'s consort for 57 years, 70 days, between 1761 and 1818, making her ]'s ]. * Queen ] was ]'s consort for 57 years, 70 days, between 1761 and 1818, making her ]'s ].
* Queen ], consort of ] * Queen ], consort of ]
* Queen ], consort of ] * Queen ], consort of ]
* Queen ], consort of ] * Queen ], consort of ]
* Queen ], consort of ] * Queen ], consort of ]
* Queen ], consort of ] * Queen ], consort of ]
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* Queen ], consort of ] * Queen ], consort of ]
* Queen ], consort of ] * Queen ], consort of ]
* Queen ], consort of ] * Queen ], consort of ]
* Queen ], consort ] * Queen ], consort ]
* Queen ], consort of ] * Queen ], consort of ] of Denmark
* Queen ], consort of ] * Queen ], consort of ]
* Queen ], consort of ] * Queen ], consort of ]
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* Queen ], consort of ] * Queen ], consort of ]
* Queen ], consort of ] * Queen ], consort of ]
* Queen ], consort of ] * Queen ], consort of ] of Spain
* Queen ], consort of ] * Queen ], consort of ]
* Queen ], consort of ] * Queen ], consort of ]
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*Ranee ], consort of ] of The Raj of Sarawak *Ranee ], consort of ] of The Raj of Sarawak
* Queen ], first consort of ] of England. She was also ] in times of war. * Queen ], first consort of ] of England. She was also ] in times of war.
* Queen ], second consort of ]. She gave birth to the future ], who was the last monarch of ]. * Queen ], second consort of ] of England. She gave birth to the future ], who was the last monarch of ].
* Queen ], third consort of ] of England. * Queen ], third consort of ] of England.
* Queen ], fourth consort of ] of England * Queen ], fourth consort of ] of England
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* Queen ], consort of ] of England * Queen ], consort of ] of England
* Queen ], consort of ] of England * Queen ], consort of ] of England
* Queen ], consort of ] of England * Queen ], consort of ] of England
* Queen ], consort of ] of England * Queen ], consort of ] of England
* Queen ], consort of ], ] of ]. * Queen ], consort of ], ] of ].
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* Queen ], first consort of ] * Queen ], first consort of ]
* Queen ], second consort of ]: When William died on 23 November 1890, Emma became regent (1890–1898) for her underaged daughter, ], the late king's only surviving child. * Queen ], second consort of ]: When William died on 23 November 1890, Emma became regent (1890–1898) for her underaged daughter, ], the late king's only surviving child.
* Queen ], consort of King ]. She was also simultaneously a princess of the ]. * Queen ], consort of King ] of Norway. She was also simultaneously a princess of the ].
* Queen ], second consort of ] * Queen ], second consort of ]
* Queen ], consort of King ] of ]. * Queen ], consort of King ] of ].
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*Queen ], consort of King ], the last King of ] *Queen ], consort of King ], the last King of ]
* Queen ], consort (or ''Mohumagadi'') of ], ] of the ] ] of ] * Queen ], consort (or ''Mohumagadi'') of ], ] of the ] ] of ]
* Queen ], principal consort (or '']kazi Enkhulu'') of ], ]. She was also simultaneously a princess of ]. * Queen ], principal consort (or '']kazi Enkhulu'') of ], ]. She was also simultaneously a princess of ]
* Queen ], chief consort of ], the first King of the ].
* Queen ], chief consort of ], the second king of the Haryanka dynasty.
⚫ * Queen ], a consort of ], the third Mauryan emperor
⚫ * Queen ], second consort of ], the third Mauryan emperor
* Queen ], third consort of ], the third Mauryan emperor


'''Past empresses consort''': '''Past empresses consort''':
* Empress ], consort of ], ]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Lawrence Barnett |title=The Dictionary of Biographical Reference: Containing One Hundred Thousand Names, Together with a Classed Index of the Biographical Literature of Europe and America |date=1871 |publisher=S. Low, Son, & Marston |page=900 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfidHuRk-M0C&pg=PA900 |language=en}}</ref> * Empress ], consort of ], ]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Lawrence Barnett |title=The Dictionary of Biographical Reference: Containing One Hundred Thousand Names, Together with a Classed Index of the Biographical Literature of Europe and America |date=1871 |publisher=S. Low, Son, & Marston |page=900 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfidHuRk-M0C&pg=PA900}}</ref>
* ], consort of ] * ], consort of ]
*], consort of ] *], consort of ]
* ], consort of ] * ], consort of ]
*Empress ], chief wife of ], Emperor of ]
*Empress ], principal consort of ], Emperor of ]
*Empress ], principal consort of ], Emperor of ] *Empress ], principal consort of ], Emperor of ]
*Empress ], principal consort of ], Emperor of ] *Empress ], principal consort of ], Emperor of ]
*], principal consort of ], Emperor of ] *Empress ], principal consort of ], Emperor of ]
* *
* ], principal consort of ] from the ] * ], principal consort of ] from the ]
* Empress ], chief consort and first wife of ], the third ] * Empress ], principal consort and first wife of ], the third ]
* Empress ], principal consort and third wife of ] * Empress ], principal consort and third wife of ]
* Empress ], principal consort of ], the third ] * Empress ], principal consort and fourth wife of ], the third ]
* Empress ], principal consort of ], the fourth ] * Empress ], principal consort of ], the fourth ]
* Empress ], chief consort of ], the fourth ] ] * Empress ], principal consort of ], the fourth ] ]
* Empress ], principal consort of ], the fifth ] * Empress ], principal consort of ], the fifth ]
* Empress ], principal consort of ], the thirteen ]
* Empress ], consort of ]. She was the ] of the ]. * Empress ], consort of ]. She was the ] of the ].
* ] ], principal consort and legal wife of ], ]. * ] ], principal consort and legal wife of ], ].
* ] ], principal consort and legal wife of ], ] * ] ], principal consort and legal wife of ], ]
* *
* ] ], principal consort of ], ] * ] ], principal consort and legal wife of ], ]
* *
* ] ], principal consort and legal wife of ], ]. She served as ] during the minority for her son ] and her grandson ] between 1623 - 1632 and again from 1649 until 1651 * ] ], principal consort and legal wife of ], ].
* ], principal consort of ], ] * ], principal consort of ], ]
*], principal consort of ], ] *], principal consort of ], ]
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* ], consort of ], ] * ], consort of ], ]
* ] ], consort of ], ] * ] ], consort of ], ]
* ] ], consort of ], ] * ] ], consort of ], ]
* Empress ], consort of ], ]. * Empress ], consort of ], ].
* ] ], consort of ], ]. * ] ], consort of ], ].
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* Empress ], consort of ], Emperor of Brazil * Empress ], consort of ], Emperor of Brazil
* ], first principal wife of ], the first emperor of the ] * ], first principal wife of ], the first emperor of the ]
* Empress ], consort of ] * Empress ], consort of ], Emperor of the French
* Empress ], consort of ] * Empress ], consort of ]
* Empress ], consort of ] * Empress ], consort of ]
* Empress ], primary consort of ] * Empress ], primary consort of ]
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* Empress ], principal consort of ], ] * Empress ], principal consort of ], ]
* Empress ], consort of ], ] * Empress ], consort of ], ]
* Empress ], principal consort of ], first ] * Empress ], principal chief consort of ], first ]
* Empress ], principal consort of ], Mauryan emperor * Empress ], principal chief consort of ], Second Mauryan emperor
* Empress ], principal consort (or ''Agramahishi'') of ], third Mauryan emperor * Empress ], chief consort of ], Second Mauryan emperor
* Empress Devi, first principal consort of ], third Mauryan emperor * Empress ], first principal chief consort (or ''Agramahishi'') of ], third Mauryan emperor
* Empress ], principal consort of ], third Mauryan emperor * Empress ], last principal chief consort of ], third Mauryan emperor
⚫ * Empress ], principal consort of ], third Mauryan emperor
⚫ * Empress ], principal consort of ], third Mauryan emperor
* ], consort of ] * ], consort of ]


'''Current queens consort''': '''Current queens consort''':
* Queen ], consort of ] of ] * Queen ], consort of ] of ]
* Queen ], consort of ] * Queen ], consort of ] of the United Kingdom
* Queen ], consort of ] * Queen ], consort of ]
* Queen ], consort of ] * Queen ], consort of ]
* Queen ], consort of ] * Queen ], consort of ]
* Queen ], consort of ] * Queen ], consort of ] of Denmark
* Queen ], consort of ] * Queen ], consort of ]
* Queen ], consort of ] * Queen ], consort of ]
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* Queen ], consort of ] * Queen ], consort of ]
* Queen ], consort of ] * Queen ], consort of ]
* Queen ], consort of ] * Queen ], consort of ] of Sweden
* Queen ], consort of ] * Queen ], consort of ] of Norway
* Queen ], consort of ] * Queen ], consort of ]


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* Queen ], consort of ] * Queen ], consort of ]
* Queen ], consort of ] * Queen ], consort of ]
* Queen ], consort of ] * Queen ], consort of ]


Because queens consort lack an ] with which to distinguish between them, many historical texts and encyclopedias refer to deceased consorts by their premarital (or maiden) name or title, not by their marital royal title (examples: Queen Mary, consort of ], is usually called ], and Queen Maria José, consort of ], is usually called ]). Because queens consort lack an ] with which to distinguish between them, many historical texts and encyclopedias refer to deceased consorts by their premarital (or maiden) name or title, not by their marital royal title (examples: Queen Mary, consort of ], is usually called ], and Queen Maria José, consort of ], is usually called ]).

Latest revision as of 06:12, 5 December 2024

Wife of a reigning king

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A queen consort is the wife of a reigning king, and usually shares her spouse's social rank and status. She holds the feminine equivalent of the king's monarchical titles and may be crowned and anointed, but historically she does not formally share the king's political and military powers, unless on occasion acting as regent.

In contrast, a queen regnant is a female monarch who rules suo jure (Latin for, "in her own right") and usually becomes queen by inheriting the throne upon the death of the previous monarch.

A queen dowager is a widowed queen consort, and a queen mother is a queen dowager who is the mother of the current monarch.

Titles

When a title other than king is held by the sovereign, his wife can be referred to by the feminine equivalent, such as princess consort or empress consort.

In monarchies where polygamy has been practised in the past (such as Morocco and Thailand), or is practised today (such as the Zulu nation and the various Yoruba polities), the number of the king's wives and their status varies. In Morocco, King Mohammed VI has broken with tradition and given his wife, Lalla Salma, the title of princess; prior to his reign, the Moroccan monarchy had no such title. In Thailand, the king and queen must both be of royal descent; his other consorts need not be royal before marriage to him but are accorded royal titles that confer status. A Zulu chieftain designates one of his wives as "Great Wife", an equivalent to queen consort.

The situation is more complex in Yorubaland. All of a chief's consorts are essentially of equal rank. Although one wife, usually the one married to the chief for the longest time, may be given a chieftaincy of her own to highlight her relatively higher status compared to the other wives, she does not share her husband's ritual power as a chieftain. When a woman is to be vested with an authority similar to that of the chief, she is usually a lady courtier in his service who, although not married to him, is expected to lead his female subjects on his behalf.

In the Ottoman Empire, haseki sultan (Ottoman Turkish: حاصكي سلطان; Ḫāṣekī Sulṭān; Turkish pronunciation: [haseˈci suɫˈtaːn]) was the title held by the lawful wife and imperial consort of the sultan. The title was first used in the 16th century by Hurrem Sultan, wife of Suleiman the Magnificent, replacing the previous title of "Baş Kadın ("Head Lady"). The bearer of the title occupied the second most important position in the Ottoman Empire for a female after valide sultan (queen mother).

While the wife of a king is usually given the title of queen, there is much less consistency for the husband of a reigning queen. The title of king consort is rare. Examples are Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, in Scotland and Francis, Duke of Cádiz, in Spain. Antoine of Bourbon-Vendôme in Navarre and Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha in Portugal also gained the title. In Portugal, because of the practice of jure uxoris, both King Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburgo-Gotha and his predecessor, King Pedro of Portugal, were treated as ruling kings in protocol and were thus symbolically co-rulers with their wives, but both really had only the same power of a consort and the queen was the real ruler.

The title of prince consort for the husband of a reigning queen is more common. The monarchies that adopted this title did so because the title of king is usually historically higher than queen, so when the sovereign is female, her husband should never have a higher title than her. An example is Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. He married Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom; because she insisted that he be given a title identifying his status, he became Albert, Prince Consort.

Role

The traditional historiography on queenship has created an image of a queen who is a king's "helpmate" and provider of heirs. They had power within the royal household and partially within the court. Their duty was running the royal household smoothly, such as directing the children's education, supervising the staff, and managing the private royal treasury. They unofficially acted as hostesses, ensuring the royal family was not involved in scandals and giving gifts to high-ranking officials in a society where this was important to maintain bonds. As a result, consorts were expected to act as wise, loyal, and chaste women.

Some royal consorts of foreign origin have served as cultural transmitters. Due to their unique position of being reared in one culture and then, when very young, promised into marriage in another land with a different culture, they have served as a cultural bridge between nations. Based on their journals, diaries, and other autobiographical or historical accounts, some exchanged and introduced new forms of art, music, religion, and fashion.

However, the consorts of monarchs have no official political power per se, even when their position is constitutionally or statutorily recognized. They often held an informal sort of power dependent on the opportunities afforded to them. Should a queen consort have had an amiable personality and high intelligence, produced a healthy heir, and gained the favor of the court, then chances were higher she would gain more power over time. Many royal consorts have been shrewd or ambitious stateswomen and, usually (but not always) unofficially, among the monarch's most trusted advisors. In some cases, the royal consort has been the chief power behind her husband's throne, e.g., Maria Luisa of Parma, wife of Charles IV of Spain. At other times the consort of a deceased monarch (the dowager queen or queen mother) has served as regent if her child, the successor to the throne, was still a minor:

Similarly, in several cases in Siam (now Thailand) the queen consort was named regent during an extended absence of the king:

Examples of queens and empresses consort

Anne of Bohemia and Hungary, consort of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor
Margaret I of Denmark (1353–1412), was first the consort of King Haakon of Norway and Sweden and later ruled Denmark, Norway and Sweden in her own right
Queen Sophia Magdalene wearing the crown of the Queen of Sweden.
Empress Nam Phương on her wedding day, 1934. Royal portrait by unknown Nguyen Dynasty photographer, taken as a wedding photo of Nam Phương and was widely used right after in French Indochina
Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun married his half-sister Ankhesenamun
Empress Carlota of Mexico as a regent was the first woman to rule in the Americas.
Teresa Cristina, Empress consort of Brazil

Past queens consort:

Past empresses consort:

Current queens consort:

Current empress consort:

Current queens consort in federal monarchies

Because queens consort lack an ordinal with which to distinguish between them, many historical texts and encyclopedias refer to deceased consorts by their premarital (or maiden) name or title, not by their marital royal title (examples: Queen Mary, consort of George V, is usually called Mary of Teck, and Queen Maria José, consort of Umberto II of Italy, is usually called Marie José of Belgium).

See also

References

  1. "What is Queen Consort? What will be the role of Camilla?". The Economic Times. 9 September 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  2. Hilton, Lisa (2009). Queens consort : the autobiography. London: Phoenix. ISBN 978-0-7538-2611-9. OCLC 359673870.
  3. ^ Davis, Fanny (1986). "The Valide". The Ottoman Lady: A Social History from 1718 to 1918. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 0-313-24811-7.
  4. Chancellor, Frank B. (1931). Prince Consort. New York: The Dial Press. pp. 215–218.
  5. Stafford, P (1983). Queens, Concubines and Dowagers: The King's Wife in the Early Middle Ages. London. p. 100.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  6. Nelson, J (1986). Politics and Ritual in Early Medieval Europe. London. pp. 7. ISBN 9780907628590.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  7. Mistry, Zubin (2019). "Ermentrude's consecration (866): queen-making rites and biblical templates for Carolingian fertility". Early Medieval Europe. 27 (4): 567–588. doi:10.1111/emed.12373. hdl:20.500.11820/141896e9-d116-4fc3-b50a-b9094ca0e8c0. ISSN 1468-0254. S2CID 213816257.
  8. Stafford, P (1983). Queens, Concubines and Dowagers: The King's Wife in the Early Middle Ages. London. p. 86.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  9. Stafford, P (1983). Queens, Concubines and Dowagers: The King's Wife in the Early Middle Ages. London. p. 112.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  10. Stafford, P (1983). Queens, Concubines and Dowagers: The King's Wife in the Early Middle Ages. London. p. 99.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  11. Watanabe-O'Kelly, Helen (2016). "Cultural Transfer and the Eighteenth-Century Queen Consort". German History. 34 (2): 279–292. doi:10.1093/gerhis/ghw002.
  12. Orr, Clarissa Campbell (2004). Queenship in Europe 1660–1815: The Role of the Consort. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–9. ISBN 0521814227.
  13. "Carlota, The Belgian Princess Who Went Mad When She Became A Mexican Empress". Cultura Colectiva. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
  14. "Marie-Antoinette | Facts, Biography, & French Revolution". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  15. Phillips, Lawrence Barnett (1871). The Dictionary of Biographical Reference: Containing One Hundred Thousand Names, Together with a Classed Index of the Biographical Literature of Europe and America. S. Low, Son, & Marston. p. 900.
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