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Tigris
Tigris river in Baghdad
Map of the Tigris–Euphrates river system
Location
Country	Turkey, Syria, Iraq
Source region	Armenian Highlands
Cities	Elazığ, Diyarbakır, Mosul, Baghdad
Physical characteristics
Source	Lake Hazar
• location	Gölardı, Turkey
• coordinates	38°29′0″N 39°25′0″E / 38.48333°N 39.41667°E / 38.48333; 39.41667
• elevation	1,150 m (3,770 ft)
Mouth	Shatt al-Arab
• location	Al-Qurnah, Iraq
• coordinates	31°0′18″N 47°26′31″E / 31.00500°N 47.44194°E / 31.00500; 47.44194
• elevation	1 m (3.3 ft)
Length	1,900 km (1,200 mi)
Basin size	375,000 km (145,000 sq mi)
Discharge
• location	Baghdad
• average	1,014 m/s (35,800 cu ft/s)
• minimum	337 m/s (11,900 cu ft/s)
• maximum	2,779 m/s (98,100 cu ft/s)
Basin features
Progression	Shatt al-Arab → Persian Gulf
River system	Tigris–Euphrates river system
Tributaries
• left	Garzan, Botan, Khabur, Greater Zab, Lesser Zab, 'Adhaim, Cizre, Diyala
• right	Wadi Tharthar

The Tigris (/ˈtaɪɡrɪs/ TY-griss; see below) is the eastern of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia, the other being the Euphrates. The river flows south from the mountains of the Armenian Highlands through the Syrian and Arabian Deserts, before merging with the Euphrates and reaching to the Persian Gulf.

The Tigris passes through historical cities like Mosul, Tikrit, Samarra, and Baghdad. It is also home to archaeological sites and ancient religious communities, including the Mandaeans, who use it for baptism. In ancient times, the Tigris nurtured the Assyrian Empire, with remnants like the relief of King Tiglath-Pileser.

Today, the Tigris faces modern threats from geopolitical instability, dam projects, poor water management, and climate change, leading to concerns about its sustainability. Efforts to protect and preserve the river's legacy are ongoing, with local archaeologists and activists working to safeguard its future.

Etymology

The Ancient Greek form Tigris (Τίγρις) is an alternative form of Tígrēs (Τίγρης), which was adapted from Old Persian 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎠 (Tigrā), itself from Elamite Tigra, itself from Sumerian 𒀀𒇉𒈦𒄘𒃼 (Idigna or Idigina, probably derived from *id (i)gina "running water"). The Sumerian term, which can be interpreted as "the swift river", contrasts the Tigris to its neighbour, the Euphrates, whose leisurely pace caused it to deposit more silt and build up a higher bed than the Tigris. The Sumerian form was borrowed into Akkadian as Idiqlat and from there into the other Semitic languages (compare Hebrew: חִדֶּקֶל‎, romanized: Ḥîddéqel; Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: דיגלת‎, דיקגלת‎, romanized: diqlāṯ or diglāṯ; Classical Syriac: ܕܩܠܬ‎, romanized: Deqlāṯ, Arabic: دِجلَة, romanized: Dijlah).

Another name for the Tigris used in Middle Persian was Arvand Rud, literally "swift river". Today, however, Arvand Rud (Persian: اروندرود) refers to the confluence of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, known in Arabic as the Šaṭṭ al-ʿArab. In Kurdish languages, it is known as Ava Mezin, "the Great Water".

The name of the Tigris in languages that have been important in the region:

Language	Name for Tigris
Akkadian	𒁇𒄘𒃼, Idiqlat
Arabic	دِجلَة, Dijlah; حُدَاقِل, Ḥudāqil
Aramaic	דיגלת, Diglath
Armenian	Տիգրիս, Tigris, Դգլաթ, Dglatʿ
Greek	ἡ Τίγρης, -ητος, hē Tígrēs, -ētos; ἡ, ὁ Τίγρις, -ιδος, hē, ho Tígris, -idos
Hebrew	חִדֶּקֶל, Ḥiddéqel
Hurrian	Aranzah
Persian	Old Persian: 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎠 Tigrā; Middle Persian: Tigr; Persian: دجله Dejle
Sumerian	𒁇𒄘𒃼 Idigna/Idigina
Syriac	ܕܸܩܠܵܬܼ Deqlaṯ
Turkish	Dicle
Kurdish	Dîcle, Dijlê, دیجلە

Geography

The Tigris is 1,750 km (1,090 mi) long, rising in the Taurus Mountains of eastern Turkey about 25 km (16 mi) southeast of the city of Elazığ and about 30 km (19 mi) from the headwaters of the Euphrates. The river then flows for 400 km (250 mi) through Southeastern Turkey before forming part of the Syria-Turkey border. This stretch of 44 km (27 mi) is the only part of the river that is located in Syria. Some of its affluences are Garzan, Anbarçayi, Batman, and the Great and the Little Zab.

Close to its confluence with the Euphrates, the Tigris splits into several channels. First, the artificial Shatt al-Hayy branches off, to join the Euphrates near Nasiriyah. Second, the Shatt al-Muminah and Majar al-Kabir branch off to feed the Central Marshes. Further downstream, two other distributary channels branch off (the Al-Musharrah and Al-Kahla), to feed the Hawizeh Marshes. The main channel continues southwards and is joined by the Al-Kassarah, which drains the Hawizeh Marshes. Finally, the Tigris joins the Euphrates near al-Qurnah to form the Shatt-al-Arab. According to Pliny and other ancient historians, the Euphrates originally had its outlet into the sea separate from that of the Tigris.

Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, stands on the banks of the Tigris. The port city of Basra straddles the Shatt al-Arab. In ancient times, many of the great cities of Mesopotamia stood on or near the Tigris, drawing water from it to irrigate the civilization of the Sumerians. Notable Tigris-side cities included Nineveh, Ctesiphon, and Seleucia, while the city of Lagash was irrigated by the Tigris via a canal dug around 2900 B.C.

Navigation

The Tigris has long been an important transport route in a largely desert country. Shallow-draft vessels can go as far as Baghdad, but rafts have historically been needed for transport downstream from Mosul.

Management and water quality

The Tigris is heavily dammed in Iraq and Turkey to provide water for irrigating the arid and semi-desert regions bordering the river valley. Damming has also been important for averting floods in Iraq, to which the Tigris has historically been notoriously prone following April melting of snow in the Turkish mountains. Mosul Dam is the largest dam in Iraq.

Recent Turkish damming of the river has been the subject of some controversy, for both its environmental effects within Turkey and its potential to reduce the flow of water downstream.

Water from both rivers is used as a means of pressure during conflicts.

In 2014 a major breakthrough in developing consensus between multiple stakeholder representatives of Iraq and Turkey on a Plan of Action for promoting exchange and calibration of data and standards pertaining to Tigris river flows was achieved. The consensus, known as the "Geneva Consensus On Tigris River", was reached at a meeting organized in Geneva by the think tank Strategic Foresight Group.

In February 2016, the United States Embassy in Iraq as well as the Prime Minister of Iraq Haider al-Abadi issued warnings that Mosul Dam could collapse. The United States warned people to evacuate the floodplain of the Tigris because between 500,000 and 1.5 million people were at risk of drowning due to flash flood if the dam collapses, and that the major Iraqi cities of Mosul, Tikrit, Samarra, and Baghdad were at risk.

Religion and mythology

In Sumerian mythology, the Tigris was created by the god Enki, who filled the river with flowing water.

In Hittite and Hurrian mythology, Aranzah (or Aranzahas in the Hittite nominative form) is the Hurrian name of the Tigris River, which was deified. He was the son of Kumarbi and the brother of Teshub and Tašmišu, one of the three gods spat out of Kumarbi's mouth onto Mount Kanzuras. Later he colluded with Anu and the Teshub to destroy Kumarbi (The Kumarbi Cycle).

The Tigris appears twice in the Old Testament. First, in the Book of Genesis, it is the third of the four rivers branching off the river issuing out of the Garden of Eden. The second mention is in the Book of Daniel, wherein Daniel states he received one of his visions "when I was by that great river the Tigris".

The Tigris River is also mentioned in Islam in Sunan Abi Daud 4306. The tomb of Imam Ahmad Bin Hanbal and Syed Abdul Razzaq Jilani is in Baghdad and the flow of Tigris restricts the number of visitors.

Baháʼu'lláh, the founder of the Baháʼí Faith, also wrote The Hidden Words around 1858 while he walked along the banks of the Tigris river during his exile in Baghdad.

The river featured on the coat of arms of Iraq from 1932 to 1959.

See also

• Assyria
• Cradle of civilization
• Ilisu Dam Campaign campaign against a dam on Tigris in Turkey
• List of places in Iraq
• Mountains of Ararat
• Geography of Iraq
• Zagros Mountains

References

1. Stone, Michael E.; Topchyan, Aram (2022). Jews in Ancient and Medieval Armenia: First Century BCE to Fourteenth Century CE. Oxford University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-19-758207-7.
2. Nicoll, Kathleen. "Geomorphic Evolution of the Upper Basin of the Tigris River, Turkey". University of Utah. Archived from the original on 2023-10-25. Retrieved 2021-09-05.
3. ^ Isaev, V.A.; Mikhailova, M.V. (2009). "The hydrology, evolution, and hydrological regime of the mouth area of the Shatt al-Arab River". Water Resources. 36 (4): 380–395. doi:10.1134/S0097807809040022. S2CID 129706440.
4. Kolars, J.F.; Mitchell, W.A. (1991). The Euphrates River and the Southeast Anatolia Development Project. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 6–8. ISBN 0-8093-1572-6.
5. F. Delitzsch, Sumerisches Glossar, Leipzig (1914), IV, 6, 21.
6. Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. "Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2024-07-10.
7. "Tigris Meaning - Bible Definition and References". Bible Study Tools. Retrieved 2024-07-10.
8. Guo, Rongxing (7 July 2020). "2.1.3 Comparing the Euphrates and Tigris". Wadier: A New History of Civilizations (PDF). Vol. I: What do the Ancestral Voices and Glyphs Say?. pp. 100–104. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
9. ^ Genesis 2:14
10. E. Laroche, Glossaire de la langue Hourrite, Paris (1980), p. 55.
11. "Diyarbakir". europeanwalledtowns. Archived from the original on 2023-10-25. Retrieved 2019-11-10.
12. Pliny: Natural History, VI, XXVI, 128-131
13. Namio Egami, "The Report of The Japan Mission For The Survey of Under-Water Antiquities At Qurnah: The First Season," (1971-72), 1-45, https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/orient1960/8/0/8_0_1/_pdf Archived 2018-10-31 at the Wayback Machine.
14. Larsen, M.T., The Conquest of Assyria: Excavations in an Antique Land Archived 2023-03-26 at the Wayback Machine, Routledge, 2014, pp 344-49
15. "Mesopotamia, Tigris-Euphrates, 1914-1917, despatches, killed and died, medals". naval-history.net. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
16. Vidal, John. "Water supply key to the outcome of conflicts in Iraq and Syria, experts warn", The Guardian, 2 July 2014. Archived 2016-12-04 at the Wayback Machine.
17. Sümer, Vakur (1 December 2014). "Analysis & Water Agenda". ORSAM. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-11-28.
18. Borger, Julian (29 February 2016). "Iraqi PM and US issue warnings over threat of Mosul dam collapse". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 29 February 2016. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
19. "US warns of Mosul dam collapse in northern Iraq". BBC News. 29 February 2016. Archived from the original on 29 February 2016. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
20. Jeremy A. Black, The Literature of Ancient Sumer, Oxford University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-19-926311-6, p. 220–221.
21. Daniel 10:4
22. "Sunan Abi Dawud 4306 – Battles (Kitab Al-Malahim) – كتاب الملاحم – Sunnah.com – River of Dajal(Tigris)". sunnah.com. Archived from the original on 2021-04-13. Retrieved 2021-02-10.

External links

• Livius.org: Tigris
• Hausleiter, A.; M. Roaf; St J. Simpson; R. Wenke; P. Flensted Jensen; R. Talbert; T. Elliott; S. Gillies (27 December 2020). "Places: 912964 (Tigris/Diglitus fl.)". Pleiades. Retrieved March 9, 2012.
• Managing the Tigris and Euphrates Watershed
• Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law Peace Palace Library
• Outline of WWI Battles involving the Tigris River
• Old maps of the Tigris, Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The National Library of Israel

v t e The Tigris
Countries	Turkey (523 km) Syria (40 km) Iraq (1,377 km)
Cities	Diyarbakır Bismil Hasankeyf Cizre Mosul Tikrit Samarra Kadhimiya Baghdad Amarah Al-Kūt Kemune
Tributaries	Ambar Kuru Pamuk Hazro Batman Garzan Göksu Savur Botan Little Khabur Great Zab Little Zab 'Adhaim Diyala
Dams	Dicle Ilısu Cizre Mosul Badush Samarra Kut

v t e Ancient Mesopotamia
Geography	Modern Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Mesopotamian Marshes Persian Gulf Syrian Desert Taurus Mountains Tigris–Euphrates river system Euphrates Tigris Zagros Mountains Hamrin Mountains Sinjar Mountains Ancient Fertile Crescent Adiabene Akkad Armani Assyria Babylonia Chaldea Elam Gutium Hamazi Hittites Kassites Media Mitanni Simurrum Subartu Suhum Sumer Tukri Urartu Cities
(Pre)history	Prehistory Acheulean Mousterian Trialetian Zarzian Natufian Nemrik Khiamian Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) Hassuna/Samarra Halaf Ubaid Uruk Jemdet Nasr Kish civilization History Early Dynastic Akkadian Gutians Simurrum Ur III Isin-Larsa Old Babylonian Kassite Middle Babylonian Neo-Assyrian Neo-Babylonian Fall of Babylon Achaemenid Seleucid Parthian Roman Sasanian Muslim conquest
Languages	Akkadian Amorite Aramaic Eblaite Elamite Gutian Hittite Hurrian Kassite Luwian Median Middle Persian Old Persian Parthian Proto-Armenian Sutean Sumerian Urartian
Culture/society	Architecture Art Akitu Cuneiform Babylonian astronomy Babylonian mathematics Akkadian literature Economy of Sumer Warfare in Sumer Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire Sumerian cuisine Sumerian literature Music Indus-Mesopotamia relations Egypt-Mesopotamia relations Royal titles List of rulers
Archaeology	Looting Destruction by ISIL Tell
Religion	Ancient Mesopotamian religion Sumerian religion Deities Mesopotamian myths Divination Prayers Ziggurat (Temple)
Academia	Assyriology Assyriologists Hittitology Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary Chicago Assyrian Dictionary Chicago Hittite Dictionary

v t e Iraq topics
History Chronology Ubaid period Hassuna culture Halaf culture Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period Samarra culture Uruk period Jemdet Nasr period Sumer Subartu Akkadian Empire Gutian dynasty Neo-Sumerian Empire Isin-Larsa period First Babylonian Empire Old Assyrian Period Middle Assyrian Empire Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire Simurrum culture Babylonia Assyria Neo-Assyrian Empire Neo-Babylonian Empire Babylonian captivity Fall of Babylon Achaemenid Assyria Seleucid Babylonia Parthian Babylonia Sassanid Asorestan 638–1958 Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia Umayyad Caliphate Abbasid Caliphate Buyid dynasty Qara Qoyunlu Aq Qoyunlu Safavids Ottoman Iraq (incl. Mamluk dynasty) Mandate for Mesopotamia Mandatory Iraq Kingdom of Iraq Kings Arab Federation Republic 1958–1968 1968–2003 2003–2011 2011–present Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region (National Command) Saddam Hussein Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes 1977 Shia uprising in Iraq 1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq Weapons of mass destruction Iran–Iraq War Operation Opera Invasion of Kuwait Gulf War 1991 uprisings Sanctions Iraq War U.S. invasion Iraqi insurgency U.S. troop withdrawal Insurgency (2011–2013) War (2014–2017) Fall of Mosul Mosul liberation Insurgency 2019–2021 protests 2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis
Geography Faw peninsula Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Borders Euphrates river Hamrin Mountains Iraqi Kurdistan Lakes Islands Mesopotamia Mesopotamian Marshes Persian Gulf Places Shatt al-Arab Syrian Desert Tigris river Umm Qasr Zagros Mountains Wildlife Sinjar Mountains
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v t e Rivers of Syria by drainage basin
Mediterranean	Orontes River (Karasu and Afrin River) Nahr al-Kabir Nahr al-Kabir al-Shamali Nahr as-Sinn
Persian Gulf	Euphrates (Sajur River, Balikh River and Khabur) Tigris
endorheic	Queiq Awaj Barada Banias River Yarmouk River

v t e Rivers of Turkey by drainage basin
Black Sea	Sakarya Filyos Bartın Kızılırmak (Halys) Gök Terme Yeşilırmak Yağlıdere Aksu Gelevara Kara Dere Çoruh
Marmara	Biga Susurluk (Simav)
Aegean	Meriç (Maritsa) Tunca Karamenderes (Scamander) Bakırçay Gediz Küçük Menderes Büyük Menderes Azmak
Mediterranean Sea	Eşen Aksu Manavgat Köprüçay Kaledran Dragon Sini Soğuksu Babadıl Göksu Limonlu Alata (Sorgun) Tömük Karacaoğlan Tece Mezitli (Liparis) Efrenk (Müftü) Deliçay Berdan (Tarsus) Seyhan Ceyhan Payas Asi (Orontes) Deli Çay
Persian Gulf	Fırat (Euphrates) Dicle (Tigris) Hezil
Caspian	Aras Kura
Turkey portal Category

• Tigris River
• International rivers of Asia
• Rivers of Iraq
• Rivers of Kurdistan
• Rivers of Syria
• Rivers of Turkey
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