Revision as of 01:33, 5 May 2005 view sourceMichael Hardy (talk | contribs)Administrators210,264 editsm Reverted edits by 68.229.167.23 to last version by Stevietheman← Previous edit | Latest revision as of 19:00, 22 December 2024 view source Williamstonhead (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users3,329 editsNo edit summary | ||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Short description|Free online crowdsourced encyclopedia}} | |||
] | |||
{{About|the online encyclopedia|Misplaced Pages's home page|Main Page|10=other uses|11=Misplaced Pages (disambiguation)|the primary English-language Misplaced Pages|English Misplaced Pages}} | |||
'''''Misplaced Pages''''' is a ]-based, ] ], which is written collaboratively by volunteers. It consists of 195 independent language editions sponsored by the ] ]. Entries on traditional encyclopedic topics exist alongside those on ], ] and ] topics. Its purpose is to create and distribute, worldwide, a 💕 in as many languages as possible. ''Misplaced Pages'' is one of the most popular reference sites on the Web,{{ref|PopularityRef}} receiving around 50 million hits per day. | |||
{{Protection padlock|small=yes}} | |||
{{Use American English|date=September 2024}} | |||
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2024}} | |||
{{Infobox website | |||
| name = Misplaced Pages | |||
| logo = ]<br />] | |||
| logo_caption = The ], a globe featuring ]s from various ]s | |||
| screenshot = Misplaced Pages Portal Screenshot (2022).svg{{!}}border | |||
| screenshot_alt = Misplaced Pages portal showing the different languages sorted by article count | |||
| caption = Misplaced Pages's desktop homepage | |||
| collapsible = yes | |||
| type = ] | |||
| language_count = {{NUMBEROF|active|Misplaced Pages}} | |||
| country_of_origin = United States | |||
| owner = {{Unbulleted list|]|}} | |||
| authors = {{Unbulleted list|]|]<ref name="autogenerated1" />}} | |||
| url = {{URL|https://wikipedia.org}} | |||
| commercial = No | |||
| registration = Optional{{efn|Registration is required for certain tasks, such as editing protected pages, creating pages on the English Misplaced Pages, and uploading files.}} | |||
| num_users = ] active editors{{efn|To be considered ], a user must make at least one edit or other action in a given month.}}<br />] registered users | |||
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|mf=yes|p=yes|br=yes|2001|1|15}} | |||
| current_status = Active | |||
| content_license = {{Nowrap|] 4.0}}<br />Most text is also dual-licensed under ]; media licensing varies | |||
| programming_language = ] platform<ref>{{Cite web |title=Developer hub |url=https://www.mediawiki.org/Developer_hub |access-date=September 9, 2024 |website=MediaWiki |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| oclc = 52075003 | |||
}} | |||
'''Misplaced Pages'''{{efn|Pronounced {{IPAc-en|audio=En-uk-Misplaced Pages.ogg|ˌ|w|ɪ|k|ᵻ|ˈ|p|iː|d|i|ə}} {{respell|WIK|ih|PEE|dee|ə}} or {{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Misplaced Pages.ogg|ˌ|w|ɪ|k|i|-}} {{respell|WIK|ee|PEE|dee|ə}}}} is a ] ] written and maintained by a community of ], known as ], through ] and the ] software ]. Misplaced Pages is the largest and most-read ] in history,<ref name="Wiki20">{{cite news |date=January 9, 2021 |title=Misplaced Pages is 20, and its reputation has never been higher |newspaper=] |url=https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher|url-access=subscription|access-date=February 25, 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210107163155/https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher|archive-date=January 7, 2021}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite magazine |last=Anderson |first=Chris |date=May 8, 2006 |title=Jimmy Wales – The 2006 Time 100 |url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1975813_1975844_1976488,00.html|url-status=live |magazine=]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012001311/https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1975813_1975844_1976488,00.html|archive-date=October 12, 2022|access-date=November 11, 2017}}</ref> and is consistently ranked among the ten ]s; {{as of|2024|08|lc=y}}, it was ranked fourth by ],<ref>{{cite web |date=August 2024 |title=Most Visited Websites in Worldwide 2024 |url=https://www.semrush.com/trending-websites/global/all |access-date=September 14, 2024 |publisher=Semrush}}</ref> and seventh by ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Most viewed website |url=https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/ |publisher=Similarweb |access-date=September 14, 2024}}</ref> Founded by ] and ] on January 15, 2001, Misplaced Pages has been hosted since 2003 by the ], an American ] funded mainly by donations from readers.<ref name=WF10.23.23>{{cite web |title=7 reasons you should donate to Misplaced Pages |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2022/11/03/7-reasons-you-should-donate-to-wikipedia/ |author=Seitz-Gruwell, Lisa |publisher=] |language=en-US |date=October 23, 2023|access-date=December 27, 2023|archive-date=December 27, 2023|archive-url=https://archive.today/20231227155753/https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/10/23/7-reasons-you-should-donate-to-wikipedia/}}</ref> | |||
Initially only available in English, Misplaced Pages now exists ]. The ], with its over {{#expr:{{formatnum:{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}|R}}/10^6 round1}} million articles, remains the largest of the editions, which together comprise more than {{spellnum per MOS|{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}}} articles and attract more than 1.5 billion unique device visits and 13 million edits per month (about 5{{nbsp}}edits per second on average) <!-- To calculate edits per second, I did the number of edits divided by the number of seconds in a month. If anyone finds this math incorrect, please fix it, I'm not a mathematician! --> {{as of|2024|04|lc=y}}.<!-- {{As of|2024|04|lc=y}} PLEASE UPDATE AS NEEDED --><ref name="Wikimedia_Stats" group="W">{{cite web |title=Wikistats – Statistics For Wikimedia Projects |url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/all-wikipedia-projects|access-date=August 8, 2023 |website=]|archive-date=July 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711051858/https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/all-wikipedia-projects|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2024|11|post=}}, over 25% of Misplaced Pages's ] was from the ], followed by ] at 6.2%, the ] at 5.6%, Russia at 5.0%, ] at 4.8%, and the remaining 53.3% split among other countries.{{update after|2025|06}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.similarweb.com/website/wikipedia.org/#geography |title=wikipedia.org |website=similarweb.com|access-date=November 14, 2024}}</ref> | |||
''Misplaced Pages'' contains approximately 1.5 million articles, more than 500,000<!--DON'T CHANGE THIS TO {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}--> of which are in its ], more than 200,000 in the ] and more than 100,000 in the ] and ]. It began as a complement to the expert-written ] on ] ]. Having steadily risen in popularity,{{ref|Popularity}} it has spawned several conceptually related sister projects such as ], ] and ]. Its articles are edited by volunteers in ] fashion, meaning articles are subject to change by nearly anyone. Misplaced Pages's volunteers enforce a policy of "neutral point of view." Under this, the views presented by notable persons or literature are summarized without attempting to determine an ] truth. Because of its open nature, ] and inaccuracy are problems in Misplaced Pages. | |||
Misplaced Pages has been praised for its enablement of the ], extent of coverage, unique structure, and culture. ] for ], particularly ] against women and ] against the ] (]).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Noor |first1=Poppy |title=Misplaced Pages biases |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/29/the-five-wikipedia-biases-pro-western-male-dominated |website=] |access-date=May 31, 2024 |date=July 29, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hern |first1=Alex |title=Misplaced Pages's view of the world is written by the west |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/sep/15/wikipedia-view-of-the-world-is-still-written-by-the-west |website=The Guardian |access-date=May 31, 2024 |date=September 15, 2015}}</ref> While the ] was frequently criticized in the 2000s, it has improved over time, receiving greater praise from the late 2010s onward<ref name="Wiki20" /><ref name="Econ21">{{Cite news |date=January 9, 2021 |title=Happy Birthday, Misplaced Pages |newspaper=] |url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2021/01/09/happy-birthday-wikipedia|url-access=subscription|access-date=January 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101031816/https://www.economist.com/leaders/2021/01/09/happy-birthday-wikipedia|archive-date=January 1, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Last best">{{cite news |last1=Cooke |first1=Richard |date=February 17, 2020 |title=Misplaced Pages Is the Last Best Place on the Internet |magazine=] |url=https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-online-encyclopedia-best-place-internet/|url-access=limited|access-date=October 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217081500/https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-online-encyclopedia-best-place-internet/|archive-date=December 17, 2022}}</ref> while becoming ].<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |last1=Hughes |first1=Taylor |last2=Smith |first2=Jeff |last3=Leavitt |first3=Alex |date=April 3, 2018 |title=Helping People Better Assess the Stories They See in News Feed with the Context Button |url=https://about.fb.com/news/2018/04/news-feed-fyi-more-context/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111152311/https://about.fb.com/news/2018/04/news-feed-fyi-more-context/|archive-date=January 11, 2023|access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=]}}</ref><ref name="auto" /> ] by some national governments, ranging from specific pages to the entire site.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Treisman |first=Rachel |date=April 1, 2022 |title=Russia threatens to fine Misplaced Pages if it doesn't remove some details about the war |work=] |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine|url-status=live|access-date=January 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202215844/https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine|archive-date=December 2, 2022}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Articles on ] are often accessed as sources for frequently updated information about those events.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Samantha Murphy |date=May 20, 2022 |title=Meet the Misplaced Pages editor who published the Buffalo shooting entry minutes after it started |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/20/tech/wikipedia-editors-breaking-news/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012001310/https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/20/tech/wikipedia-editors-breaking-news/index.html|archive-date=October 12, 2022|access-date=May 24, 2022 |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=McNamee |first=Kai |date=September 15, 2022 |title=Fastest 'was' in the West: Inside Misplaced Pages's race to cover the queen's death |work=] |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/09/15/1122943829/wikipedia--queen-elizabeth-ii-death-deaditors-editors-article|url-status=live|access-date=January 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115033202/https://www.npr.org/2022/09/15/1122943829/wikipedia--queen-elizabeth-ii-death-deaditors-editors-article|archive-date=January 15, 2023}}</ref> | |||
''Misplaced Pages's'' status as a ] has been controversial. It has received praise for being free, editable, and covering a wide range of topics. It has been criticized for lack of authority when compared with a traditional encyclopedia, ], and for deficiencies in traditional encyclopedic topics. Its articles have been cited by the ] and ]. ''Misplaced Pages's'' articles are available under the ]. Its German language edition has been distributed on ]s, and many of its other editions are ] or have been ] by ]s. | |||
== |
== History == | ||
{{Main|History of Misplaced Pages}} | |||
] | |||
''Misplaced Pages'' is described by its founder ] as "an effort to create and distribute a 💕 of the highest possible quality to every single person on the planet in their own language."{{ref|WalesGoal}} It is created on the wikipedia.org website using a type of ] and philosophy known as 'wiki,' from the ] "wiki wiki" which means "quick." Wales intends that ''Misplaced Pages'' should achieve an " Britannica]] or better" quality and be published on physical media. | |||
=== Nupedia === | |||
Several other ] exist or have existed on the ]. Traditional editorial policies and article ownership is used in some, such as the expert-written '']'' and defunct ''Nupedia''. More casually, websites such as ] or ] serve as general guides whose articles are written and controlled by individuals. Projects such as ''Misplaced Pages'', '']'', and the '']'', are wikis, in which articles are developed by numerous authors, and there is no formal review process. ''Misplaced Pages'' has become the largest such encyclopedic wiki by article and word count. It is distinguished from many encyclopedias in licensing its content under the ]. | |||
{{Main|Nupedia}} | |||
{{Multiple image | |||
| footer = Misplaced Pages founders ] (left) and ] (right) | |||
| width = | |||
| image1 = Jimmy Wales - August 2019 (cropped).jpg | |||
| width1 = 100 | |||
| image2 = L Sanger.jpg | |||
| width2 = 116 | |||
}} | |||
Various collaborative online encyclopedias were attempted before the start of Misplaced Pages, but with limited success.<ref>{{cite web |last=Garber |first=Megan |date=October 12, 2011 |title=The contribution conundrum: Why did Misplaced Pages succeed while other encyclopedias failed? |url=https://www.niemanlab.org/2011/10/the-contribution-conundrum-why-did-wikipedia-succeed-while-other-encyclopedias-failed/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114540/https://www.niemanlab.org/2011/10/the-contribution-conundrum-why-did-wikipedia-succeed-while-other-encyclopedias-failed/|archive-date=February 10, 2023|access-date=June 5, 2016 |website=Nieman Lab}}</ref> Misplaced Pages began as a complementary project for Nupedia, a free online English-language encyclopedia project whose articles were written by experts and reviewed under a formal process.<ref name="KockJungSyn2016">{{cite journal |last1=Kock |first1=Ned |last2=Jung |first2=Yusun |last3=Syn |first3=Thant|author1-link=Ned Kock |title=Misplaced Pages and e-Collaboration Research: Opportunities and Challenges |journal=] |date=2016 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.4018/IJeC.2016040101 |url=https://cits.tamiu.edu/kock/pubs/journals/2016JournalIJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration/Kock_etal_2016_IJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration.pdf |publisher=IGI Global |issn=1548-3681|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927001627/https://cits.tamiu.edu/kock/pubs/journals/2016JournalIJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration/Kock_etal_2016_IJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration.pdf|archive-date=September 27, 2016}}</ref> It was founded on March 9, 2000, under the ownership of ], a ] company. Its main figures were Bomis CEO ] and ], editor-in-chief for Nupedia and later Misplaced Pages.<ref name="autogenerated1" /><ref name="Meyers" /> Nupedia was initially licensed under its own Nupedia ] License, but before Misplaced Pages was founded, Nupedia switched to the ] at the urging of ].<ref name="stallman1999" group="W" /> Wales is credited with defining the goal of making a publicly editable encyclopedia,<ref name="SangerMemoir" /><ref name="Sanger" group="W" /> while Sanger is credited with the strategy of using a ] to reach that goal.<ref name="WM foundation of WP 1" group="W">{{cite web |last=T. |first=Laura |date=October 30, 2001 |title=Misplaced Pages-l: LinkBacks? |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-October/000671.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229040038/https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikipedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/OTDFENO6REC46PN354TKFOJBA5BSXBUX/|archive-date=December 29, 2022|access-date=February 20, 2007}}</ref> On January 10, 2001, Sanger proposed on the Nupedia mailing list to create a wiki as a "feeder" project for Nupedia.<ref name="nupedia feeder from WP 1" group="W">{{cite news |last=Sanger |first=Larry |date=January 10, 2001 |title=Let's Make a Wiki |publisher=] |url=https://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html|access-date=December 26, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030414014355/https://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html|archive-date=April 14, 2003}}</ref> | |||
=== |
=== Launch and growth === | ||
Misplaced Pages was launched on January 15, 2001<ref name="KockJungSyn2016" /> (referred to as '']'') as a single English-language edition at www.wikipedia.com,<ref name="WikipediaHome" group="W" /> and was announced by Sanger on the Nupedia mailing list.<ref name="SangerMemoir" /> The name originated from a ] of the words '']'' and ''encyclopedia''.<ref name="MiliardWho" /><ref name="J Sidener" /> Its integral policy of "neutral point-of-view"<ref name="NPOV" group="W" /> was codified in its first few months. Otherwise, there were initially relatively few rules, and it operated independently of Nupedia.<ref name="SangerMemoir" /> Bomis originally intended for it to be a for-profit business.<ref name="Seth-Finkelstein">{{cite news |author=Finkelstein |first=Seth |date=September 25, 2008 |title=Read me first: Misplaced Pages isn't about human potential, whatever Wales says |work=] |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/sep/25/wikipedia.internet|url-status=live|access-date=January 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207170151/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/sep/25/wikipedia.internet|archive-date=December 7, 2022}}</ref> | |||
]; also the GNU logo.]] | |||
].}}]] | |||
The ], the license under which ''Misplaced Pages's'' articles are made available, is one of many "]" ] licenses that permit the redistribution, creation of ]s, and commercial use of content provided its authors are attributed and this content remains available under the GFDL. When an author contributes original material to the project, the ] over it is retained with them, but they agree to make the work available under the GFDL. Material on ''Misplaced Pages'' may thus be distributed to, or incorporated from, resources which also use this license. ''Misplaced Pages's'' content has been mirrored or forked by hundreds of resources from database dumps. Although all text is available under the GFDL, a significant percentage of ''Misplaced Pages's'' images and sounds are non-free. Items such as ]s, song samples or copyrighted news photos are used with a claim of ]. Material has also been given to ''Misplaced Pages'' under no-] or for-Misplaced Pages-only conditions.{{ref|NonFreeImg}} | |||
Misplaced Pages gained early contributors from Nupedia, '']'' postings, and web ] indexing. Language editions were created beginning in March 2001, with a total of 161 in use by the end of 2004.<ref group="W">{{Cite mailing list |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-March/000048.html |title=Alternative language wikipedias |date=March 16, 2001|mailing-list=Misplaced Pages-L |last=Wales |first=Jimmy|access-date=January 16, 2022|archive-date=June 20, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620120728/https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-March/000048.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="WP early language stats 1" group="W">]</ref> Nupedia and Misplaced Pages coexisted until the former's servers were taken down permanently in 2003, and its text was incorporated into Misplaced Pages. The ] passed the mark of 2 million articles on September 9, 2007, making it the largest encyclopedia ever assembled, surpassing the '']'' made in China during the ] in 1408, which had held the record for almost 600 years.<ref name="EB_encyclopedia" /> | |||
''Misplaced Pages'' has been used by the media, academics, and others as a reference or supplement. News organizations have referred to ''Misplaced Pages'' articles as sources or in sidebars containing related information on the Web, some regularly.{{ref|Lih}} According to lists maintained by ''Misplaced Pages's'' editors, its articles have been cited most frequently in the ].{{ref|UsePress}} Less frequently, it has been used in academic studies, books, conferences, and court cases. For instance, the ] website refers to ''Misplaced Pages's'' article on ] in the "further reading" list of ].{{ref|C38}} Noncomprehensive lists are maintained by Wikipedians of . | |||
Citing fears of commercial advertising and lack of control, users of the ] forked from Misplaced Pages to create {{lang|es|]|italic=no}} in February 2002.<ref name="EL fears and start 1" group="W">{{cite web |title= Enciclopedia Libre: msg#00008 |url=https://osdir.com/ml/science.linguistics.wikipedia.international/2003-03/msg00008.html |website=Osdir|access-date = December 26, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006065927/https://osdir.com/ml/science.linguistics.wikipedia.international/2003-03/msg00008.html|archive-date = October 6, 2008 }}</ref> Wales then announced that Misplaced Pages would not display advertisements, and changed Misplaced Pages's domain from ''wikipedia.com'' to ''wikipedia.org''.<ref name="Shirky" /><ref group="W">{{cite web |last=Vibber |first=Brion |date=August 16, 2002 |title=Brion VIBBER at pobox.com |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2002-August/003982.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620071550/https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2002-August/003982.html|archive-date=June 20, 2014|access-date=December 8, 2020 |website=]}}</ref> | |||
===Language editions=== | |||
] | |||
After an early period of exponential growth,<ref name="wikisym slowing growth 1"/> the growth rate of the English Misplaced Pages in terms of the numbers of new articles and of editors, appears to have peaked around early 2007.<ref name="guardian WP user peak 1">{{cite news |last=Johnson |first=Bobbie |date=August 12, 2009 |title=Misplaced Pages approaches its limits |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/aug/12/wikipedia-deletionist-inclusionist|access-date=March 31, 2010|archive-date=December 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226132759/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/aug/12/wikipedia-deletionist-inclusionist+|url-status=live}}</ref> The edition reached 3 million articles in August 2009. Around 1,800 articles were added daily to the encyclopedia in 2006; by 2013 that average was roughly 800.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Misplaced Pages:Modelling Misplaced Pages extended growth |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Modelling_Wikipedia_extended_growth|access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=Misplaced Pages, The 💕 |publisher=]|archive-date=August 26, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826234512/http://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Modelling_Wikipedia%27s_growth|url-status=live}}</ref> A team at the ] attributed this slowing of growth to "increased coordination and overhead costs, exclusion of newcomers, and resistance to new edits".<ref name="wikisym slowing growth 1">{{Cite conference |last1=Suh |first1=Bongwon |last2=Convertino |first2=Gregorio |last3=Chi |first3=Ed H. |last4=Pirolli |first4=Peter |date=2009-10-25 |title=The singularity is not near: slowing growth of Misplaced Pages |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1641309.1641322 |conference=WikiSym '09: Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration | |||
''Misplaced Pages'' encompassed 92 "active" language editions in ].{{ref|LangCount}} Its five largest editions were, in descending order, ], ], ], ] and ]. In total, ''Misplaced Pages'' contained 195 language editions of varying states with a combined 1.5 million articles.{{ref|AllLangArticles}} | |||
|language=en |publisher=ACM |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1145/1641309.1641322 |isbn=978-1-60558-730-1}}</ref><!-- ''Hidden while in discussion on the talk page'': New or occasional editors have significantly higher rates of their edits reverted (removed) than an elite group of regular editors, colloquially known as "the ]". This could make it more difficult for the project to recruit and retain new contributors over the long term, resulting in stagnation in article creation. --> Others suggest that the growth is flattening naturally because articles that could be called "]"—topics that clearly merit an article—have already been created and built up extensively.<ref name="bostonreview the end of WP 1">{{cite magazine |last=Morozov |first=Evgeny |date=November–December 2009 |title=Edit This Page; Is it the end of Misplaced Pages |url=https://bostonreview.net/books-ideas/edit-page-wikipedia-evgeny-morozov |magazine=Boston Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211050926/https://bostonreview.net/books-ideas/edit-page-wikipedia-evgeny-morozov|archive-date=December 11, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen |date=March 28, 2009 |title=Misplaced Pages – Exploring Fact City |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/weekinreview/29cohen.html|url-access=limited|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430045029/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/weekinreview/29cohen.html|archive-date=April 30, 2011}}</ref><ref name="stanford WP lack of future growth 1">{{cite web |last1=Gibbons |first1=Austin |last2=Vetrano |first2=David |last3=Biancani |first3=Susan |year=2012 |title=Misplaced Pages: Nowhere to grow |url=https://snap.stanford.edu/class/cs341-2012/reports/09-GibbonsVetranoBiancaniCS341.pdf|url-status=live |publisher=Stanford Network Analysis Project|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718091331/https://snap.stanford.edu/class/cs341-2012/reports/09-GibbonsVetranoBiancaniCS341.pdf|archive-date=July 18, 2014}} {{open access}}</ref> | |||
{{anchor|Decline in participation since 2009}} | |||
Language editions operate independently of one another. Editions are not bound to the content of other language editions, and are only held to global policies such as "neutral point of view". Articles and images are nonetheless shared between ''Misplaced Pages'' editions, the former through pages to request translations organized on many of the larger language editions, and the latter through the ] repository. Translated articles represent only a small fraction of the articles in any edition.{{ref|LangTrans}} | |||
In November 2009, a researcher at the ] in Madrid, Spain found that the English Misplaced Pages had lost 49,000 editors during the first three months of 2009; in comparison, it lost only 4,900 editors during the same period in 2008.<ref name="guardian editors leaving 1">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/nov/26/wikipedia-losing-disgruntled-editors |title=Misplaced Pages falling victim to a war of words |work=The Guardian |location=London |first=Jenny |last=Kleeman |date=November 26, 2009|access-date = December 13, 2016|archive-date = December 26, 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181226132806/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/nov/26/wikipedia-losing-disgruntled-editors+|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last=Ortega Soto |first=José Felipe |date=2009 |title=Misplaced Pages: A quantitative analysis |type=PhD thesis |publisher=Rey Juan Carlos University |url=https://burjcdigital.urjc.es/handle/10115/11239 |hdl=10115/11239|access-date=March 14, 2023|archive-date=March 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314135007/https://burjcdigital.urjc.es/handle/10115/11239|url-status=live}}</ref> '']'' cited the array of rules applied to editing and disputes related to such content among the reasons for this trend.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Fowler |first1=Geoffrey A. |last2=Angwin |first2=Julia |date=November 27, 2009 |title=Volunteers Log Off as Misplaced Pages Ages |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125893981183759969|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204041034/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125893981183759969|archive-date=December 4, 2022|access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=]}}</ref> Wales disputed these claims in 2009, denying the decline and questioning the study's methodology.<ref name="telegraph Wales WP not losing editors 1">{{cite news |last=Barnett |first=Emma |date=November 26, 2009 |title=Misplaced Pages's Jimmy Wales denies site is 'losing' thousands of volunteer editors |work=] |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/6660646/Wikipedias-Jimmy-Wales-denies-site-is-losing-thousands-of-volunteer-editors.html|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=March 31, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109044012/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/6660646/Wikipedias-Jimmy-Wales-denies-site-is-losing-thousands-of-volunteer-editors.html|archive-date=November 9, 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Two years later, in 2011, he acknowledged a slight decline, noting a decrease from "a little more than 36,000 writers" in June 2010 to 35,800 in June 2011. In the same interview, he also claimed the number of editors was "stable and sustainable".<ref name="wiki-women">{{cite news |last=Rawlinson |first=Kevin |date=August 8, 2011 |title=Misplaced Pages seeks women to balance its 'geeky' editors |newspaper=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/wikipedia-seeks-women-to-balance-its-geeky-editors-2333605.html|url-status=live|url-access=registration|access-date=April 5, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421150824/https://www.independent.co.uk/tech/wikipedia-seeks-women-to-balance-its-geeky-editors-2333605.html|archive-date=April 21, 2022}}</ref> A 2013 '']'' article, "The Decline of Misplaced Pages", questioned this claim, reporting that since 2007 Misplaced Pages had lost a third of its volunteer editors, and suggesting that those remaining had focused increasingly on minutiae.<ref name="Simonite-2013">{{cite journal |last=Simonite |first=Tom |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/10/22/175674/the-decline-of-wikipedia/ |title=The Decline of Misplaced Pages |date=October 22, 2013 |journal=]|access-date = November 30, 2013|archive-date = July 31, 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220731083716/https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/10/22/175674/the-decline-of-wikipedia/|url-status = live}}</ref> In July 2012, '']'' reported that the number of administrators was also in decline.<ref>{{cite news |last=Meyer |first=Robinson |date=July 16, 2012 |title=3 Charts That Show How Misplaced Pages Is Running Out of Admins |work=The Atlantic |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/07/3-charts-that-show-how-wikipedia-is-running-out-of-admins/259829|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=January 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209095932/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/07/3-charts-that-show-how-wikipedia-is-running-out-of-admins/259829/|archive-date=December 9, 2022}}</ref> In the November 25, 2013, issue of '']'' magazine, Katherine Ward stated, "Misplaced Pages, the sixth-most-used website, is facing an internal crisis."<ref>Ward, Katherine. ''New York'' Magazine, issue of November 25, 2013, p. 18.</ref> The number of active English Misplaced Pages editors has since remained steady after a long period of decline.<ref>{{Cite news |last=F. |first=G. |date=May 5, 2013 |title=Who really runs Misplaced Pages? |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2013/05/05/who-really-runs-wikipedia|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=November 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126151121/https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2013/05/05/who-really-runs-wikipedia|archive-date=November 26, 2021 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mandiberg |first=Michael |date=February 23, 2020 |title=Mapping Misplaced Pages |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2020/02/where-wikipedias-editors-are-where-they-arent-and-why/605023/|url-access=subscription|access-date=November 26, 2021 |website=The Atlantic|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115131524/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2020/02/where-wikipedias-editors-are-where-they-arent-and-why/605023|archive-date=November 15, 2021}}</ref> | |||
=== Milestones === | |||
The following is the list of major editions in the order of article number in ].{{ref|ListOfLangEditions}} | |||
] showing number of articles in each language {{as of|2024|3|lc=y|post=.}} Languages with fewer than 1,000,000 articles are represented by one circle. Languages are grouped by region of continent and each region of continent is presented by a separate color.]] | |||
#] (546,485) | |||
In January 2007, Misplaced Pages first became one of the ten ] in the United States, according to ] Networks.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2007 |title=New Year's Resolutions Reflected in January U.S. Web Traffic |url=https://ir.comscore.com/static-files/45b068e1-1cee-412a-b48f-21ec34e7b59d|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819190445/https://ir.comscore.com/static-files/45b068e1-1cee-412a-b48f-21ec34e7b59d|archive-date=August 19, 2021|access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=] |page=3 |format=PDF}}</ref> With 42.9 million unique visitors, it was ranked #9, surpassing '']'' (#10) and ] (#11).<ref name=":4" /> This marked a significant increase over January 2006, when Misplaced Pages ranked 33rd, with around 18.3 million unique visitors.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Carlos Perez |first=Juan |date=February 17, 2007 |title=Misplaced Pages Breaks Into US Top 10 Sites |url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/129135/wikipedia_breaks_into_us_top_10_sites.html|url-status=dead |magazine=PCWorld|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319204141/http://www.pcworld.com/article/129135/wikipedia_breaks_into_us_top_10_sites.html|archive-date=March 19, 2012|access-date=March 26, 2021}}</ref> In 2014, it received 8 billion page views every month.<ref group="W">{{cite web |url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageViewsPerCountryOverview.htm |title=Wikimedia Traffic Analysis Report – Misplaced Pages Page Views Per Country |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|access-date = March 8, 2015|archive-date = October 20, 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111020212633/http://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageViewsPerCountryOverview.htm|url-status = live}}</ref> On February 9, 2014, '']'' reported that Misplaced Pages had 18 billion ] and nearly 500 million ] a month, "according to the ratings firm comScore".<ref name="small screen">{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen |date=February 9, 2014 |title=Misplaced Pages vs. the Small Screen |work=] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/10/technology/wikipedia-vs-the-small-screen.html?_r=0|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=January 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109044012/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/10/technology/wikipedia-vs-the-small-screen.html?_r=0|archive-date=November 9, 2022}}</ref> {{as of|2023|March}}, it ranked 6th in popularity, according to ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Similarweb |title=Top Websites Ranking – Most Visited Websites In The World |url=https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/|access-date=March 4, 2023 |website=]|archive-date=February 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210041116/https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/|url-status=live}}</ref> Loveland and Reagle argue that, in process, Misplaced Pages follows a long tradition of historical encyclopedias that have accumulated improvements piecemeal through "] accumulation".<ref name="sagepub WP and encyclopedic production 1">{{cite journal |first1=Jeff |last1=Loveland |first2=Joseph |last2=Reagle |date=January 15, 2013 |title=Misplaced Pages and encyclopedic production |journal=New Media & Society |volume=15 |issue=8 |page=1294 |doi=10.1177/1461444812470428 |s2cid=27886998|issn = 1461-4448}}</ref><ref name="theatlantic WP actually a reversion 1">{{cite web |last=Rosen |first=Rebecca J. |date=January 30, 2013 |title=What If the Great Misplaced Pages 'Revolution' Was Actually a Reversion? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/01/what-if-the-great-wikipedia-revolution-was-actually-a-reversion/272697|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229051117/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/01/what-if-the-great-wikipedia-revolution-was-actually-a-reversion/272697/|archive-date=December 29, 2022|access-date=February 9, 2013 |website=]}}</ref> | |||
#] (225,373) | |||
#] (115,191) | |||
#] (103,547) | |||
#] (72,713) | |||
#] (67,918) | |||
#] (65,356) | |||
#] (46,943) | |||
#] (42,424) | |||
#] (41,704) | |||
#] (26,574) | |||
#] (24,914) | |||
{{anchor|BlackoutProtest}} | |||
==Editing== | |||
On January 18, 2012, the English Misplaced Pages participated in a series of coordinated protests against two proposed laws in the ]—the ] (SOPA) and the ] (PIPA)—by ].<ref name="LA Times Jan 19">{{cite news |last=Netburn |first=Deborah |date=January 19, 2012 |title=Misplaced Pages: SOPA protest led eight million to look up reps in Congress |work=] |url=https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2012/01/wikipedia-sopa-blackout-congressional-representatives.html|url-status=live|access-date=March 6, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114230228/https://www.latimes.com/archives/blogs/technology-blog/story/2012-01-19/wikipedia-sopa-protest-led-8-million-to-look-up-reps-in-congress|archive-date=November 14, 2022}}</ref> More than 162 million people viewed the blackout explanation page that temporarily replaced its content.<ref name="BBC WP blackout protest 1">{{cite news |date=January 18, 2012 |title=Misplaced Pages joins blackout protest at US anti-piracy moves |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-16590585|url-status=live|access-date=January 19, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227191611/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-16590585|archive-date=December 27, 2022}}</ref><ref group="W">{{cite web |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/SOPA/Blackoutpage |title=SOPA/Blackoutpage |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|access-date = January 19, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622185443/https://wikimediafoundation.org/SOPA/Blackoutpage|archive-date = June 22, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
] | |||
In January 2013, ], an ], was named after Misplaced Pages;<ref>{{Cite news |last=Workman |first=Robert |date=January 5, 2013 |title=Asteroid Re-Named 'Misplaced Pages' |work=] |url=https://www.space.com/19643-asteroid-named-wikipedia.html|access-date=January 23, 2023|archive-date=January 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124023831/https://www.space.com/19643-asteroid-named-wikipedia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> in October 2014, Misplaced Pages was honored with the '']'';<ref>{{Cite news |last=Katz |first=Leslie |date=October 27, 2014 |title=A Misplaced Pages monument? It's true (we're pretty sure) |work=] |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/a-wikipedia-monument-its-true-were-pretty-sure/|access-date=January 23, 2023|archive-date=January 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124023828/https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/a-wikipedia-monument-its-true-were-pretty-sure/|url-status=live}}</ref> and, in July 2015, 106 of the 7,473 700-page volumes of Misplaced Pages became available as ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sawers |first=Paul |date=June 18, 2015 |title=You can soon buy a 7,471-volume printed version of Misplaced Pages for $500,000 |url=https://venturebeat.com/business/you-can-soon-buy-a-7471-volume-printed-version-of-wikipedia-for-500000/|access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=VentureBeat|archive-date=October 17, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017154940/https://venturebeat.com/business/you-can-soon-buy-a-7471-volume-printed-version-of-wikipedia-for-500000/|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2019, an Israeli ], ], crash landed on the surface of the ] carrying a copy of nearly all of the English Misplaced Pages engraved on thin nickel plates; experts say the plates likely survived the crash.<ref name="WRD-20190805">{{cite news |last=Oberhaus |first=Daniel |date=August 5, 2019 |title=A Crashed Israeli Lunar Lander Spilled Tardigrades On The Moon |magazine=] |url=https://www.wired.com/story/a-crashed-israeli-lunar-lander-spilled-tardigrades-on-the-moon/|url-status=live|access-date=August 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224013530/https://www.wired.com/story/a-crashed-israeli-lunar-lander-spilled-tardigrades-on-the-moon/|archive-date=December 24, 2022}}</ref><ref name="VOX-20190806">{{cite news |last=Resnick |first=Brian |title=Tardigrades, the toughest animals on Earth, have crash-landed on the moon – The tardigrade conquest of the solar system has begun. |url=https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2019/8/6/20756844/tardigrade-moon-beresheet-arch-mission |date=August 6, 2019 |work=]|access-date=August 6, 2019|archive-date=November 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129050220/https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2019/8/6/20756844/tardigrade-moon-beresheet-arch-mission|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2019, scientists reported that all 16 GB of article text from the English Misplaced Pages had been encoded into ].<ref name="CNET-20190629">{{cite news |last=Shankland |first=Stephen |date=June 29, 2019 |title=Startup packs all 16 GB of Misplaced Pages onto DNA strands to demonstrate new storage tech – Biological molecules will last a lot longer than the latest computer storage technology, Catalog believes. |work=] |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/startup-packs-all-16gb-wikipedia-onto-dna-strands-demonstrate-new-storage-tech/|url-status=live|access-date=August 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229022241/https://www.cnet.com/tech/computing/startup-packs-all-16gb-wikipedia-onto-dna-strands-demonstrate-new-storage-tech/|archive-date=December 29, 2022}}</ref> | |||
Nearly any visitor may edit ''Misplaced Pages's'' articles and have their changes be instantly displayed. It is built on the belief that collaboration among users will improve articles over time, in much the same way that ] develops. Its authors need not have any expertise or formal qualifications in the subjects which they edit, and users are warned that their contributions may be "edited mercilessly" by anyone who so wishes. Its articles are not controlled by any particular user or editorial group, and decision-making on the content and editorial policies of ''Misplaced Pages'' is instead done by ] and occasionally vote, though ] retains final judgment.{{ref|Despotism}} | |||
On January 20, 2014, Subodh Varma reporting for '']'' indicated that not only had Misplaced Pages's growth stalled, it "had lost nearly ten percent of its page views last year. There was a decline of about 2 billion between December 2012 and December 2013. Its most popular versions are leading the slide: page-views of the English Misplaced Pages declined by twelve percent, those of German version slid by 17 percent and the Japanese version lost 9 percent."<ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com">{{cite news |last=Varma |first=Subodh |date=January 20, 2014 |title=Google eating into Misplaced Pages page views? |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/29094246.cms|url-status=live|access-date=February 10, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211043545/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/29094246.cms|archive-date=December 11, 2022}}</ref> Varma added, "While Misplaced Pages's managers think that this could be due to errors in counting, other experts feel that Google's ]s project launched last year may be gobbling up Misplaced Pages users."<ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com" /> When contacted on this matter, ], associate professor at New York University and fellow at Harvard's ] said that he suspected much of the page-view decline was due to Knowledge Graphs, stating, "If you can get your question answered from the search page, you don't need to click ."<ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com" /> By the end of December 2016, Misplaced Pages was ranked the fifth most popular website globally.<ref name="Alexa">{{cite web |url=https://www.alexa.com/topsites |title=Alexa Top 500 Global Sites |website=]|access-date = December 28, 2016|archive-date = February 3, 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210203120227/https://www.alexa.com/topsites|url-status = dead}}</ref> As of January 2023, 55,791 English Misplaced Pages articles have been cited 92,300 times in scholarly journals,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://exaly.com/online-resource/146983/en.wikipedia.org |title=Citations of Misplaced Pages as an Online Resource |publisher=exaly|access-date = November 4, 2022|archive-date = November 4, 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221104134042/https://exaly.com/online-resource/146983/en.wikipedia.org|url-status = live}}</ref> from which ] was the most cited page.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://exaly.com/online-document/8348259/articles/ |title=Citations of Cloud Computing |publisher=exaly|access-date = November 4, 2022|archive-date = November 4, 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221104134042/https://exaly.com/online-document/8348259/articles/|url-status = live}}</ref> | |||
By the nature of its ], "edit wars" and prolonged disputes often occur when editors do not agree.{{ref|EditWar}} Members of its community have explained its editing process as a collaborative work of art, a ]-like ] process, or an adversarial "battlefield of ideas."{{ref|WikiExp}} Articles are always subject to editing, such that ''Misplaced Pages'' does not declare any article finished. Vandalism has been a constant problem for Misplaced Pages. In a study of the page histories of ''Misplaced Pages's'' English language edition, ] and ] researchers Viegas, Wattenberg, and Dave found the mean time to correct "mass delete" and "mass delete obscene" vandalism to be 7.7 days and 1.8 days, and the median times 2.8 minutes and 1.7 minutes respectively. In contrast, the average persistency of a revision marked "all content" was found to be 22.3 days, the median time 90.4 minutes.{{ref|VWD2004}} | |||
On January 18, 2023, Misplaced Pages debuted a new website redesign, called "Vector 2022".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Pearl |first=Mike |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Yes, Misplaced Pages looks weird. Don't freak out. |url=https://mashable.com/article/new-wikipedia-redesign|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120012235/https://mashable.com/article/new-wikipedia-redesign|archive-date=January 20, 2023|access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=]}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web |author=Tech Desk |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Misplaced Pages gets a facelift after 10 years: A look at new interface and features |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/wikipedia-gets-a-facelift-after-10-years-a-look-at-new-interface-and-features/|access-date=January 22, 2023 |website=The Indian Express|archive-date=January 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119054103/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/wikipedia-gets-a-facelift-after-10-years-a-look-at-new-interface-and-features/|url-status=live}}</ref> It featured a redesigned ], moving the ] to the left as a ], and numerous changes in the locations of buttons like the language selection tool.<ref name=":3" /><ref group="W">{{Cite news |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Misplaced Pages Gets a Fresh New Look: First Desktop Update in a Decade Puts Usability at the Forefront |work=] |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/01/18/wikipedia-gets-a-fresh-new-look-first-desktop-update-in-a-decade-puts-usability-at-the-forefront/|access-date=January 22, 2023|archive-date=January 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119234339/https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/01/18/wikipedia-gets-a-fresh-new-look-first-desktop-update-in-a-decade-puts-usability-at-the-forefront/|url-status=live}}</ref> The update initially received backlash, most notably when editors of the ] unanimously voted to revert the changes.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rauwerda |first=Annie |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Misplaced Pages's Redesign Is Barely Noticeable. That's the Point. |url=https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/wikipedia-redesign-vector-2022-skin.html|access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=Slate Magazine|archive-date=January 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120005241/https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/wikipedia-redesign-vector-2022-skin.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
===Policies=== | |||
''Misplaced Pages'' requires that its contributors observe a "neutral point of view" when writing and not include original research. Neutral point of view, itself a "non-negotiable" policy,{{ref|NPOVnegot}} articulates the encyclopedia's goal as "''representing'' disputes, ''characterizing'' them, rather than engaging in them."{{ref|NPOVwp}} If achieved, ''Misplaced Pages'' would not be written from a single "objective" point of view, but rather fairly present all views on an issue, attributed to their adherents in a neutral way. It states that views should be given weight equal to their standing. This policy has been criticized as having an unattainable goal, being unnecessary with widely discredited material, and allowing the representation of "morally offensive" views.{{ref|NPOVwp2}} Opinions or theories that have not been previously published are considered "original research", which is not allowed. The "No original research" policy states that such material cannot be properly attributed under neutral point of view, and that editors' own novel ideas or perspectives are not to be introduced.{{ref|OriginalResearch}} | |||
== Openness == | |||
''Misplaced Pages's'' contributors additionally maintain a variety of lesser policies and guidelines. In contrast to other wikis of its time, such as ]'s ], Wikipedians use "talk" pages to discuss changes to articles, rather than discussing changes within the article itself. ''Misplaced Pages'' contributors often modify, move, or delete articles which are felt to be inappropriate to an encyclopedia, such as ] definitions or original source texts.{{ref|Unsuitable}} Often, ''Misplaced Pages'' editions establish style conventions. | |||
] | |||
Unlike traditional encyclopedias, Misplaced Pages follows the ] principle regarding the security of its content, meaning that it waits until a problem arises to fix it.<ref name="zittrain">{{cite book |last=Zittrain |first=Jonathan |title=The Future of the Internet and How to Stop It – Chapter 6: The Lessons of Misplaced Pages|author-link = Jonathan Zittrain |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2008 |url=https://archive.org/details/futureofinternet00zitt |isbn=978-0-300-12487-3|access-date = December 26, 2008}}</ref> | |||
=== |
=== Restrictions === | ||
Due to Misplaced Pages's increasing popularity, some editions, including the English version, have introduced editing restrictions for certain cases. For instance, on the English Misplaced Pages and some other language editions, only registered users may create a new article.<ref group="W">]</ref> On the English Misplaced Pages, among others, particularly controversial, sensitive, or vandalism-prone pages have been protected to varying degrees.<ref name="Misplaced Pages:Protection policy" group="W">]</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hafner |first1=Katie |date=June 17, 2006 |title=Growing Misplaced Pages Refines Its 'Anyone Can Edit' Policy |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/17/technology/17wiki.html|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=December 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212184025/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/17/technology/17wiki.html|archive-date=December 12, 2022}}</ref> A frequently vandalized article can be "semi-protected" or "extended confirmed protected", meaning that only "autoconfirmed" or "extended confirmed" editors can modify it.<ref name="Misplaced Pages:Protection policy" group="W" /> A particularly contentious article may be locked so that only ] can make changes.<ref group="W">]</ref> A 2021 article in the '']'' identified Misplaced Pages's page-protection policies as "perhaps the most important" means at its disposal to "regulate its market of ideas".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Harrison |first1=Stephen |last2=Benjakob |first2=Omer |date=January 14, 2021 |title=Misplaced Pages is twenty. It's time to start covering it better. |url=https://www.cjr.org/opinion/wikipedia-is-twenty-its-time-to-start-covering-it-better.php|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117150508/https://www.cjr.org/opinion/wikipedia-is-twenty-its-time-to-start-covering-it-better.php|archive-date=January 17, 2023|access-date=January 15, 2021 |website=]}}</ref> | |||
Every user is intended to be of equal status when editing articles, and edit articles to reach consensus among editors. During ], ''Misplaced Pages'' had approximately 13,000 users which made at least five edits that month; 9,000 of these active users worked on its three largest language editions.{{ref|AuthorsCount}} A more active group of approximately 3,000 users made more than 100 edits per month, over half of these users having worked in the three largest editions. According to Wikimedia, one-quarter of ''Misplaced Pages's'' traffic comes from users without accounts, who are less likely to be editors.{{ref|WikiMediaPedia}} | |||
In certain cases, all editors are allowed to submit modifications, but review is required for some editors, depending on certain conditions. For example, the ] maintains "stable versions" of articles which have passed certain reviews.<ref name="WP some sites stable versions 1" group="W">{{cite mailing list |first=P. |last=Birken |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikide-l/2008-December/021594.html |title=Bericht Gesichtete Versionen|mailing-list=Wikide-l |date=December 14, 2008 |language=de |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|access-date=February 15, 2009|archive-date=June 22, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622083323/http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikide-l/2008-December/021594.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Following protracted trials and community discussion, the English Misplaced Pages introduced the "pending changes" system in December 2012.<ref name="BInsider pending changes intro 1">{{cite news |last=Henderson |first=William |date=December 10, 2012 |title=Misplaced Pages Has Figured Out A New Way To Stop Vandals In Their Tracks |work=] |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/pending-changes-safeguard-on-wikipedia-2012-12|url-status=live|access-date=January 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113161520/https://www.businessinsider.com/pending-changes-safeguard-on-wikipedia-2012-12|archive-date=November 13, 2022}}</ref> Under this system, new and unregistered users' edits to certain controversial or vandalism-prone articles are reviewed by established users before they are published.<ref>{{cite news |last=Frewin |first=Jonathan |date=June 15, 2010 |title=Misplaced Pages unlocks divisive pages for editing |journal=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10312095|url-status=live|access-date=August 21, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127041149/https://www.bbc.com/news/10312095|archive-date=November 27, 2022}}</ref> However, restrictions on editing may reduce the editor engagement as well as efforts to diversify the editing community.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ajmani |first1=Leah |last2=Vincent |first2=Nicholas |last3=Chancellor |first3=Stevie |date=September 28, 2023 |title=Peer Produced Friction: How Page Protection on Misplaced Pages Affects Editor Engagement and Concentration |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3610198 |journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction |language=en |volume=7 |issue=CSCW2 |pages=1–33 |doi=10.1145/3610198 |issn=2573-0142}}</ref> | |||
Maintenance tasks are performed by a group of volunteer developers, stewards, bureaucrats, and administrators, which number in the hundreds. Administrators are the largest such group, privileged with the ability to prevent articles from being edited, delete articles, or block users from editing in accordance with community policy. Many users have been temporarily or permanently blocked from editing ''Misplaced Pages''. Vandalism or the minor infraction of policies may result in a temporary block, while long-term or permanent blocks are given by Wales or, on its English edition, an Arbitration Committee for prolonged and serious infractions. | |||
=== Review of changes === | |||
Former ''Misplaced Pages'' editor-in-chief ] has said that having the ] license as a "guarantee of freedom is a strong motivation to work on a 💕."{{ref|Britannica}} In a study of ''Misplaced Pages'' as a community, Economics professor Andrea Ciffolilli argued that the low ]s of participating in wiki software create a catalyst for collaborative development, and that a "creative construction" approach encourages participation.{{ref|Ciffolilli2003}} ''Misplaced Pages'' has been viewed as a social experiment in ] or ]. Its founder has replied that it is not intended as one, though it is a consequence.{{ref|Social}} In a page on researching with Misplaced Pages, its authors argue that ''Misplaced Pages'' is valuable for being a social community. That is, authors can be asked to defend or clarify their work, and disputes are readily seen.{{ref|Researching}} ''Misplaced Pages'' editions also often contain ]s in which the community answers questions. | |||
]Although changes are not systematically reviewed, Misplaced Pages's software provides tools allowing anyone to review changes made by others. Each article's History page links to each revision.{{efn|Revisions with libelous content, criminal threats, or copyright infringements may be removed completely.}}<ref name="Torsten_Kleinz" /> On most articles, anyone can view the latest changes and undo others' revisions by clicking a link on the article's History page. Registered users may maintain a "watchlist" of articles that interest them so they can be notified of changes.<ref group="W">]</ref> "New pages patrol" is a process where newly created articles are checked for obvious problems.<ref group="W">]</ref> | |||
In 2003, economics PhD student Andrea Ciffolilli argued that the low ]s of participating in a ] created a catalyst for collaborative development, and that features such as allowing easy access to past versions of a page favored "creative construction" over "creative destruction".<ref name="FMonday collaborative effort 1">{{cite journal |last1=Ciffolilli |first1=Andrea |title=Phantom authority, self-selective recruitment and retention of members in virtual communities: The case of Misplaced Pages |journal=First Monday |date=December 2003 |volume=8 |issue=12 |doi=10.5210/fm.v8i12.1108 |url=https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1108/1028|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206104747/https://firstmonday.org/article/view/1108/1028|archive-date=December 6, 2016|doi-access= free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> | |||
==Evaluations== | |||
:''See also: ]'' | |||
=== Vandalism === | |||
''Misplaced Pages's'' claim to be or status as an encyclopedia has been controversial. ''Misplaced Pages'' has been criticized for a perceived lack of reliability, comprehensiveness and authority. It is considered to have no or limited utility as a ] among many ]s, ]s, and the ]s of more formally written encyclopedias. ''Misplaced Pages'' is considered to be of sufficient quality in at least some areas by others, notably winning a comparative test by '']''. Much of its praise is for being both free-content and open to editing by anyone. | |||
{{Main|Vandalism on Misplaced Pages}} | |||
Any change that deliberately compromises Misplaced Pages's integrity is considered vandalism. The most common and obvious types of vandalism include additions of obscenities and crude humor; it can also include advertising and other types of spam.<ref name="upenn link spamming 1">{{cite conference |last1=West |first1=Andrew G. |last2=Chang |first2=Jian |last3=Venkatasubramanian |first3=Krishna |last4=Sokolsky |first4=Oleg |last5=Lee |first5=Insup |title=Proceedings of the 8th Annual Collaboration, Electronic messaging, Anti-Abuse and Spam Conference on – CEAS '11 |chapter=Link Spamming Misplaced Pages for Profit |conference=8th Annual Collaboration, Electronic Messaging, Anti-Abuse, and Spam Conference |pages=152–161 |date=2011|chapter-url = https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1508&context=cis_papers |doi=10.1145/2030376.2030394 |isbn=978-1-4503-0788-8 |citeseerx=10.1.1.222.7963|access-date = March 26, 2021|archive-date = April 14, 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210414015701/https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1508&context=cis_papers|url-status = live}}</ref> Sometimes editors commit vandalism by removing content or entirely blanking a given page. Less common types of vandalism, such as the deliberate addition of plausible but false information, can be more difficult to detect. Vandals can introduce irrelevant formatting, modify page semantics such as the page's title or categorization, manipulate the article's underlying code, or use images disruptively.<ref name="WP vandalism manipulation 1" group="W" /> | |||
] (1927–2014), subject of the ]|left]] | |||
===Quality=== | |||
Obvious vandalism is generally easy to remove from Misplaced Pages articles; the median time to detect and fix it is a few minutes.<ref name="MIT_IBM_study" /><ref name="CreatingDestroyingAndRestoringValue" /> However, some vandalism takes much longer to detect and repair.<ref name="Seigenthaler" /> | |||
Critics argue that allowing anyone to edit makes ''Misplaced Pages'' an unreliable work. In a 2004 interview with '']'', librarian Philip Bradley said that he would not use ''Misplaced Pages'' and is "not aware of a single librarian who would. The main problem is the lack of authority. With printed publications, the publishers have to ensure that their data is reliable, as their livelihood depends on it. But with something like this, all that goes out the window." Similarly, '']'s'' executive editor Ted Pappas said to the ''Guardian'': "The premise of ''Misplaced Pages'' is that continuous improvement will lead to perfection. That premise is completely unproven."{{ref|Who}} Discussing ''Misplaced Pages'' as an academic source, Dana Boyd said in 2005 that "t will never be an encyclopedia, but it will contain extensive knowledge that is quite valuable for different purposes."{{ref|Boyd}} | |||
In the ], an anonymous editor introduced false information into the biography of American political figure ] in May 2005, falsely presenting him as a suspect in the ].<ref name="Seigenthaler" /> It remained uncorrected for four months.<ref name="Seigenthaler" /> Seigenthaler, the founding editorial director of '']'' and founder of the Freedom Forum ] at ], called Misplaced Pages co-founder Jimmy Wales and asked whether he had any way of knowing who contributed the misinformation. Wales said he did not, although the perpetrator was eventually traced.<ref name="book The World is Flat 1">{{cite book |last=Friedman |first=Thomas L. |title=The World is Flat |year=2007 |publisher=] |isbn=978-0-374-29278-2 |page=124}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Buchanan |first=Brian |date=November 17, 2006 |title=Founder shares cautionary tale of libel in cyberspace |url=https://archive.firstamendmentcenter.org/news.aspx?id=17798|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221140311/https://archive.firstamendmentcenter.org/news.aspx?id=17798|archive-date=December 21, 2012|access-date=November 17, 2012 |publisher=]}}</ref> After the incident, Seigenthaler described Misplaced Pages as "a flawed and irresponsible research tool".<ref name="Seigenthaler" /> The incident led to policy changes at Misplaced Pages for tightening up the verifiability of biographical articles of living people.<ref>{{cite news |last=Helm |first=Burt |title=Misplaced Pages: "A Work in Progress" |url=https://www.businessweek.com/stories/2005-12-13/wikipedia-a-work-in-progress |newspaper=] |date=December 13, 2005|access-date = July 26, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708062333/https://www.businessweek.com/stories/2005-12-13/wikipedia-a-work-in-progress|archive-date = July 8, 2012}}</ref> | |||
In an oft-cited 2004 piece called "The Faith-Based Encyclopedia", former ''Britannica'' editor ] criticised the wiki approach, writing "owever closely a ''Misplaced Pages'' article may at some point in its life attain to reliability, it is forever open to the uninformed or semiliterate meddler."{{ref|McHenryFBE}} Aaron Krowne wrote a rebuttal article in which he criticised McHenry's methods, and labeled it ], the marketing technique of "fear, uncertainty, and doubt."{{ref|Krowne}} Former editor-in-chief Larry Sanger criticised ''Misplaced Pages'' in late 2004 for having, according to Sanger, an "anti-elitist" philosophy of rejecting formal review which would prevent its articles from being perceived as authoritative.{{ref|SangerElitism}} | |||
=== Disputes and edit warring === | |||
''Misplaced Pages's'' editing process assumes that exposing an article to many users will result in accuracy. Referencing ] of open-source development, Sanger stated earlier: "Given enough eyeballs, all errors are shallow."{{ref|LinusSanger}} Technology figure ] wrote on ''Misplaced Pages's'' authority, "lthough it depends a bit on the field, the question is whether something is more likely to be true coming from a source whose resume sounds authoritative or a source that has been viewed by hundreds of thousands of people (with the ability to comment) and has survived."{{ref|Ito}} Conversely, in an informal test of Misplaced Pages's ability to detect misinformation its author remarked that its process "isn't really a fact-checking mechanism so much as a voting mechanism", and that material which did not appear "blatantly false" may be accepted as true.{{ref|HowAuth}} | |||
{{Main article|Disputes on Misplaced Pages}} | |||
Misplaced Pages editors often have disagreements regarding content, which can be discussed on article Talk pages. Disputes may result in repeated competing changes to an article, known as "edit warring".<ref name="Misplaced Pages:Dispute resolution – Misplaced Pages" group="W">]</ref><ref name="NBC WP editorial warzone 12">{{cite news |last=Coldewey |first=Devin |date=June 21, 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140822010030/http://sys03-public.nbcnews.com/technology/wikipedia-editorial-warzone-says-study-838793 |title=Misplaced Pages is editorial warzone, says study |department=Technology |work=] |url=https://sys03-public.nbcnews.com/technology/wikipedia-editorial-warzone-says-study-838793|archive-date=August 22, 2014}}</ref> It is widely seen as a resource-consuming scenario where no useful knowledge is added,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kalyanasundaram |first1=Arun |last2=Wei |first2=Wei |last3=Carley |first3=Kathleen M. |last4=Herbsleb |first4=James D. |title=2015 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC) |chapter=An agent-based model of edit wars in Misplaced Pages: How and when is consensus reached |date=December 2015 |location=Huntington Beach, CA |publisher=IEEE |pages=276–287 |doi=10.1109/WSC.2015.7408171 |isbn=978-1-4673-9743-8 |s2cid=9353425 |citeseerx=10.1.1.715.2758}}</ref> and criticized as creating a competitive<ref>{{cite book |last1=Suh |first1=Bongwon |last2=Convertino |first2=Gregorio |last3=Chi |first3=Ed H. |last4=Pirolli |first4=Peter |title=Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration |chapter=The singularity is not near |date=2009 |pages=1–10 |location=Orlando, FL |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/1641309.1641322 |isbn=978-1-60558-730-1|doi-access=free}}</ref> and conflict-based editing culture associated with traditional masculine ]s.<ref>{{cite news |last=Torres |first=Nicole |date=June 2, 2016 |title=Why Do So Few Women Edit Misplaced Pages? |work=Harvard Business Review |url=https://hbr.org/2016/06/why-do-so-few-women-edit-wikipedia|access-date=August 20, 2019 |issn=0017-8012|archive-date=June 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617014645/https://hbr.org/2016/06/why-do-so-few-women-edit-wikipedia|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bear |first1=Julia B. |last2=Collier |first2=Benjamin |date=March 2016 |title=Where are the Women in Misplaced Pages? Understanding the Different Psychological Experiences of Men and Women in Misplaced Pages |journal=Sex Roles |volume=74 |issue=5–6 |pages=254–265 |doi=10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |s2cid=146452625}}</ref> Research has focused on, for example, impoliteness of disputes,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Khazraie |first1=Marzieh |last2=Talebzadeh |first2=Hossein |date=February 7, 2020 |title="Misplaced Pages does NOT tolerate your babbling!": Impoliteness-induced conflict (resolution) in a polylogal collaborative online community of practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378216620300771 |journal=Journal of Pragmatics |language=en |volume=163 |pages=46–65 |doi=10.1016/j.pragma.2020.03.009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Smirnov |first1=Ivan |last2=Oprea |first2=Camelia |last3=Strohmaier |first3=Markus |date=December 1, 2023 |editor-last=Ognyanova |editor-first=Katherine |title=Toxic comments are associated with reduced activity of volunteer editors on Misplaced Pages |url=https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/article/doi/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad385/7457939 |journal=PNAS Nexus |language=en |volume=2 |issue=12 |pages=pgad385 |doi=10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad385 |issn=2752-6542 |pmc=10697426 |pmid=38059265}}</ref> the influence of rival editing camps,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lerner |first1=Jürgen |last2=Lomi |first2=Alessandro |date=December 21, 2020 |title=The 💕 that anyone can dispute: An analysis of the micro-structural dynamics of positive and negative relations in the production of contentious Misplaced Pages articles |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378873318300467 |journal=Social Networks |language=en |volume=60 |pages=11–25 |doi=10.1016/j.socnet.2018.12.003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Morris-O'Connor |first1=Danielle A. |last2=Strotmann |first2=Andreas |last3=Zhao |first3=Dangzhi |date=April 4, 2023 |title=The colonization of Misplaced Pages: evidence from characteristic editing behaviors of warring camps |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JD-04-2022-0090/full/html |journal=Journal of Documentation |language=en |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=784–810 |doi=10.1108/JD-04-2022-0090 |issn=0022-0418}}</ref> the conversational structure,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ziembowicz |first1=Karolina |last2=Roszczyńska-Kurasińska |first2=Magdalena |last3=Rychwalska |first3=Agnieszka |last4=Nowak |first4=Andrzej |date=October 3, 2022 |title=Predicting conflict-prone disputes using the structure of turn-taking: the case of Misplaced Pages |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1924224 |journal=Information, Communication & Society |language=en |volume=25 |issue=13 |pages=1987–2005 |doi=10.1080/1369118X.2021.1924224 |issn=1369-118X}}</ref> and the shift in conflicts to a focus on sources.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chhabra |first1=Anamika |last2=Kaur |first2=Rishemjit |last3=Iyengar |first3=S. R.S. |chapter=Dynamics of Edit War Sequences in Misplaced Pages |date=August 25, 2020 |title=Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Open Collaboration |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3412569.3412585 |language=en |publisher=ACM |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1145/3412569.3412585 |isbn=978-1-4503-8779-8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ruprechter |first1=Thorsten |last2=Santos |first2=Tiago |last3=Helic |first3=Denis |date=September 9, 2020 |title=Relating Misplaced Pages article quality to edit behavior and link structure |journal=Applied Network Science |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |doi=10.1007/s41109-020-00305-y |issn=2364-8228|doi-access=free }}</ref> | |||
] of the ] examined editing conflicts and their resolution in a 2013 study.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=July 17, 2013 |title=Edit Wars Reveal The 10 Most Controversial Topics on Misplaced Pages |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/07/17/177320/edit-wars-reveal-the-10-most-controversial-topics-on-wikipedia/ |magazine=] |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=]|access-date=June 25, 2021|archive-date=June 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616191250/https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/07/17/177320/edit-wars-reveal-the-10-most-controversial-topics-on-wikipedia/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite book |last1=Yasseri |first1=Taha |title=The Most Controversial Topics in Misplaced Pages: A Multilingual and Geographical Analysis |last2=Spoerri |first2=Anselm |last3=Graham |first3=Mark |last4=Kertész |first4=János |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2014 |editor1=Fichman, P. |doi=10.2139/SSRN.2269392 |ssrn=2269392|author1-link=Taha Yasseri|author4-link=János Kertész |editor2=Hara, N. |arxiv=1305.5566 |s2cid=12133330}}</ref> Yasseri contended that simple reverts or "undo" operations were not the most significant measure of ] at Misplaced Pages. He relied instead on "mutually reverting edit pairs", where one editor reverts the edit of another editor who then, in sequence, returns to revert the first editor. The results were tabulated for several language versions of Misplaced Pages. The English Misplaced Pages's three largest conflict rates belonged to the articles ], ], and ].<ref name="autogenerated3" /> By comparison, for the German Misplaced Pages, the three largest conflict rates at the time of the study were for the articles covering ], ], and ].<ref name="autogenerated3" /> In 2020, researchers identified other measures of editor behaviors, beyond mutual reverts, to identify editing conflicts across Misplaced Pages.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ruprechter |first1=Thorsten |last2=Santos |first2=Tiago |last3=Helic |first3=Denis |date=2020 |title=Relating Misplaced Pages article quality to edit behavior and link structure |journal=Applied Network Science |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |doi=10.1007/s41109-020-00305-y |issn=2364-8228|doi-access=free }}</ref> | |||
''Misplaced Pages'' has been accused of deficiencies in comprehensiveness because of its voluntary nature, and of reflecting the systemic biases of its contributors. ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' editor-in-chief Dale Hoiberg has argued that "people write of things they're interested in, and so many subjects don't get covered; and news events get covered in great detail. The entry on ] is five times the length of that on ], and the entry on '']'' is twice as long as the article on ]."{{ref|Who2}} This statement was written on ], ]. By ], ], without counting subarticles, the Chinese art article had become three times as large as the article on Hurricane Frances, while the article on Tony Blair was 50% larger than the article on Coronation Street. Proponents of Misplaced Pages point to such statistics in arguing that bias by editor favoritism will diminish over time. | |||
Editors also debate the ], with roughly 500,000 such debates since Misplaced Pages's inception. Once an article is nominated for deletion, the dispute is typically determined by initial votes (to keep or delete) and by reference to topic-specific notability policies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mayfield |first1=Elijah |last2=Black |first2=Alan W. |date=November 7, 2019 |title=Analyzing Misplaced Pages Deletion Debates with a Group Decision-Making Forecast Model |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3359308 |journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction |language=en |volume=3 |issue=CSCW |pages=1–26 |doi=10.1145/3359308 |issn=2573-0142}}</ref> | |||
Former Nupedia editor-in-chief Larry Sanger stated in 2004, "when it comes to relatively specialized topics (outside of the interests of most of the contributors), the project's credibility is very uneven."{{ref|SangerAntiElitism}} | |||
== Policies and content<span class="anchor" id="Rules and laws governing content and editor behavior"></span><span class="anchor" id="Rules and laws governing content"></span><span class="anchor" id="Censorship"></span> == | |||
It has been praised for, as a wiki, allowing articles to be updated or created in response to current events. For example, the then-new "]" article of its English edition was cited often by the press shortly after the incident. Its editors have also argued as a website, ''Misplaced Pages'' is able to include articles on a greater number of subjects than print encyclopedias may.{{ref|TopicCount}} | |||
{{self-reference|"Five pillars of Misplaced Pages" redirects here. For the Misplaced Pages policy, see ].}} | |||
{{External media|width = 220px|float = right|headerimage = ]|video1 = | |||
, The Birth of Misplaced Pages, 2006, ], 20 minutes|video2 = | |||
, What Misplaced Pages Teaches Us About Balancing Truth and Beliefs, 2022, ], 15 minutes}} | |||
Content in Misplaced Pages is subject to the laws (in particular, ] laws) of the United States and of the US state of ], where the majority of Misplaced Pages's servers are located.<ref name="Misplaced Pages:Copyrights" group="W">]</ref><ref name=":13" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikimedia servers |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/Wikimedia_servers|access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki |date=April 22, 2013 |publisher=]|archive-date=November 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120023847/https://meta.wikimedia.org/Wikimedia_servers|url-status=live}}</ref> By using the site, one agrees to the Wikimedia Foundation ] and ]; some of the main rules are that contributors are legally responsible for their edits and contributions, that they should follow the policies that govern each of the independent project editions, and they may not engage in activities, whether legal or illegal, that may be harmful to other users.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Terms of Use |url=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/Terms_of_Use/en|access-date=December 22, 2022 |website=] Governance Wiki|archive-date=March 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318221122/https://foundation.wikimedia.org/Terms_of_Use/en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Privacy policy |url=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/Privacy_policy|access-date=December 22, 2022 |website=] Governance Wiki|archive-date=December 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222031159/https://foundation.wikimedia.org/Privacy_policy|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to the terms, the Foundation has developed policies, described as the "official policies of the Wikimedia Foundation".<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Policies |url=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/Policies|access-date=December 22, 2022 |website=] Governance Wiki|archive-date=December 29, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229040015/https://foundation.wikimedia.org/Policies|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
The fundamental principles of the Misplaced Pages community are embodied in the "Five pillars", while the detailed editorial principles are expressed in numerous policies and guidelines intended to appropriately shape content.<ref group="W">]</ref> The five pillars are: | |||
German computing magazine ''c't'' performed a comparison of '']'', '']'' and ''Misplaced Pages'' in ]: . Experts evaluated 66 articles in various fields. In overall score, ''Misplaced Pages'' was rated 3.6 out of 5 points ("B-"), ''Brockhaus Premium'' 3.3, and ''Microsoft Encarta'' 3.1.{{ref|Kurzidim}} In an analysis of online encyclopedias, ] professors Emigh and Herring wrote that "Misplaced Pages improves on traditional information sources, especially for the content areas in which it is strong, such as technology and current events."{{ref|EmighHerring}} | |||
* Misplaced Pages is an encyclopedia | |||
* Misplaced Pages is written from a neutral point of view | |||
* Misplaced Pages is free content that anyone can use, edit, and distribute | |||
* Misplaced Pages's editors should treat each other with respect and civility | |||
* Misplaced Pages has no firm rules | |||
The rules developed by the community are stored in wiki form, and Misplaced Pages editors write and revise the website's policies and guidelines in accordance with community consensus.<ref name="pcworld who's behind WP">{{cite web |url=https://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/index.php/id;1866322157;fp;2;fpid;2 |title=Who's behind Misplaced Pages? |website=PC World |date=February 6, 2008|access-date = February 7, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209110303/https://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/index.php/id%3B1866322157%3Bfp%3B2%3Bfpid%3B2|archive-date = February 9, 2008 |page=2}}</ref> Editors can enforce the rules by ] or modifying non-compliant material.<ref group="W">]</ref> Originally, rules on the non-English editions of Misplaced Pages were based on a translation of the rules for the English Misplaced Pages. They have since diverged to some extent.<ref name="WP some sites stable versions 1" group="W" /> | |||
===Community=== | |||
''Misplaced Pages'' has a community of users who are proportionally few, but highly active. Emigh and Herring argue that "a few active users, when acting in concert with established norms within an open editing system, can achieve ultimate control over the content produced within the system, literally erasing diversity, controversy, and inconsistency, and homogenizing contributors' voices." Editors on ], a fork of ''Misplaced Pages'', similarly argue that new or controversial editors to ''Misplaced Pages'' are often unjustly labeled "]s" or "problem users" and blocked from editing.{{ref|WikiInfoCritical}} Its community has also been criticised for expecting users who make complaints about an article's quality to fix it themselves.{{ref|SoFixItComplaint}} | |||
=== Content policies and guidelines === | |||
In a page on researching with ''Misplaced Pages'', its authors argue that ''Misplaced Pages'' is valuable for being a social community. That is, authors can be asked to defend or clarify their work, and disputes are readily seen.{{ref|Researching2}} ''Misplaced Pages'' editions also often contain ]s in which the community answers questions. | |||
{{Self-reference|"No original research" redirects here. For the Misplaced Pages policy, see ].}} | |||
According to the rules on the English Misplaced Pages community, each entry in Misplaced Pages must be about a topic that is ] and is not a dictionary entry or dictionary-style.<ref name=":5" group="W">]: "Misplaced Pages's verifiability policy requires inline citations for any material challenged or likely to be challenged, and for all quotations, anywhere in article space."</ref> A topic should also meet ], which generally means that the topic must have been covered in mainstream media or major academic journal sources that are independent of the article's subject.<ref name=":9" group="W">]</ref> Further, Misplaced Pages intends to convey only knowledge that is already established and recognized.<ref name="NOR" group="W" /> It must not present original research.<ref group="W">]: "Misplaced Pages articles must not contain original research. The phrase "original research"... is used on Misplaced Pages to refer to material—such as facts, allegations, and ideas—for which no reliable, published sources exist."</ref> A claim that is likely to be challenged requires a reference to a reliable source, as do all quotations.<ref name=":5" group="W" /> Among Misplaced Pages editors, this is often phrased as "verifiability, not truth" to express the idea that the readers, not the encyclopedia, are ultimately responsible for checking the truthfulness of the articles and making their own interpretations.<ref group="W">]: "Readers must be able to check that any of the information within Misplaced Pages articles is not just made up. This means all material must be attributable to reliable, published sources. Additionally, quotations and any material challenged or likely to be challenged must be supported by inline citations."</ref> This can at times lead to the removal of information which, though valid, is not properly sourced.<ref name="IHT WP valid info wrong removable 1">{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen |date=August 9, 2011 |title=For inclusive mission, Misplaced Pages is told that written word goes only so far |page=18 |newspaper=]}}</ref> Finally, Misplaced Pages must not take sides.<ref name="autogenerated2" group="W" /> As Misplaced Pages policies changed over time, and became more complex, their number has grown. In 2008, there were 44 policy pages and 248 guideline pages; by 2013, scholars counted 383 policy pages and 449 guideline pages.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Ren |first1=Yuqing |last2=Zhang |first2=Haifeng |last3=Kraut |first3=Robert E. |date=February 29, 2024 |title=How Did They Build the 💕? A Literature Review of Collaboration and Coordination among Misplaced Pages Editors |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3617369 |journal=ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction |language=en |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=1–48 |doi=10.1145/3617369 |issn=1073-0516}}</ref> | |||
== |
== Governance == | ||
{{Further|Misplaced Pages:Administration|selfref=yes}} | |||
''Misplaced Pages'' won two major awards in ]{{ref|MayAwards}}: The first was a Golden Nica for Digital Communities, awarded by ]; this came with a 10,000 ] grant and an invitation to present at the PAE Cyberarts Festival in ] later that year. The second was a Judges' ] for "Community". ''Misplaced Pages'' was also nominated for a "Best Practices" Webby. In ], the ] was awarded a Web Creation Award from the Japan Advertisers Association. This award, normally given to individuals for great contributions to the Web in Japanese, was accepted by a long-standing contributor on behalf of the project. | |||
Misplaced Pages's initial anarchy integrated democratic and ] elements over time.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sanger |first1=Larry|author-link=Larry Sanger |date=April 18, 2005 |title=The Early History of Nupedia and Misplaced Pages: A Memoir |url=https://features.slashdot.org/story/05/04/18/164213/the-early-history-of-nupedia-and-wikipedia-a-memoir|access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=]|archive-date=May 25, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525051304/http://features.slashdot.org/features/05/04/18/164213.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kostakis |first1=Vasilis |title=Identifying and understanding the problems of Misplaced Pages's peer governance: The case of inclusionists versus deletionists |issue=3 |url=https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2613/2479 |journal=First Monday |volume=15 |date=March 2010|access-date = March 26, 2021|archive-date = March 10, 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210310125049/https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2613/2479|url-status = live}}</ref> An article is not considered to be owned by its creator or any other editor, nor by the subject of the article.<ref group="W">]: "No one "owns" content (including articles or any page at Misplaced Pages)."</ref> | |||
=== Administrators === | |||
''Misplaced Pages'' has received plaudits from sources including ], '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', the '']'', and '']''. Awards to the ''Misplaced Pages'' project and press clippings are listed by Wikimedia contributors on . | |||
{{Main|Misplaced Pages administrators}} | |||
Editors in good standing in the community can request extra ], granting them the technical ability to perform certain special actions. In particular, editors can choose to run for "]",<ref name="David_Mehegan" /> which includes the ability to delete pages or prevent them from being changed in cases of severe vandalism or editorial disputes.<ref name=":6" group="W">]</ref> Administrators are not supposed to enjoy any special privilege in decision-making; instead, their powers are mostly limited to making edits that have project-wide effects and thus are disallowed to ordinary editors, and to implement restrictions intended to prevent disruptive editors from making unproductive edits.<ref name=":6" group="W" /> | |||
By 2012, fewer editors were becoming administrators compared to Misplaced Pages's earlier years, in part because the process of vetting potential administrators had become more rigorous.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/07/3-charts-that-show-how-wikipedia-is-running-out-of-admins/259829 |title=3 Charts That Show How Misplaced Pages Is Running Out of Admins |last=Meyer |first=Robinson |website=] |date=July 16, 2012|access-date = September 2, 2012|archive-date = December 26, 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181226132809/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/07/3-charts-that-show-how-wikipedia-is-running-out-of-admins/259829%20|url-status = live}}</ref> In 2022, there was a particularly contentious request for adminship over the candidate's anti-Trump views; ultimately, they were granted adminship.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Harrison |first1=Stephen |date=June 16, 2022 |title=Inside Misplaced Pages's Historic, Fiercely Contested "Election" |url=https://slate.com/technology/2022/06/wikipedia-administrator-election-tamzin.html|access-date=July 22, 2022 |website=]|archive-date=August 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824123521/https://slate.com/technology/2022/06/wikipedia-administrator-election-tamzin.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
==History== | |||
{{mainarticle|History of Misplaced Pages}} | |||
Misplaced Pages has delegated some administrative functions to ], such as when granting privileges to human editors. Such ] has an ease of implementation and scaling, though the automated rejection of edits may have contributed to a downturn in active Misplaced Pages editors.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
]''.]] | |||
''Misplaced Pages'' began as a complementary project of '']'', a free online encyclopedia project whose articles were written by experts through a formal process. ''Nupedia'' was founded on ] ] under the ownership of ], a Web portal company. Its principal figures were ], Bomis ] and final authority, and ], ] for ''Nupedia'' and later ''Misplaced Pages''. ''Nupedia'' was described by Sanger as differing from existing encyclopedias in being ]; not having size limitations, as it was on the ]; and being free of bias, due to its public nature and potentially broad base of contributors.{{ref|SangerNupediaPurpose}} ''Nupedia'' had a seven-step review process by appointed subject-area experts, but was later widely viewed as too slow for producing a limited number of articles. Funded by Bomis, there were initial plans to recoup its investment by the use of advertisements.{{ref|NupediaAds}} It was licensed under its own Nupedia Open Content License initially, switching to the GNU Free Documentation License prior to ''Misplaced Pages's'' founding at the urging of ]. | |||
=== Dispute resolution === | |||
], ], two and one-half months after starting.]] | |||
Over time, Misplaced Pages has developed a semiformal dispute resolution process. To determine community consensus, editors can raise issues at appropriate community forums, seek outside input through third opinion requests, or initiate a more general community discussion known as a "request for comment".<ref name="Misplaced Pages:Dispute resolution – Misplaced Pages" group="W" /> | |||
Misplaced Pages encourages local resolutions of conflicts, which Jemielniak argues is quite unique in organization studies, though there has been some recent interest in ] in the field.<ref name="Jemielniak" /> ] and ] argue that the approaches to consensus building are similar to those used by ].<ref name="Jemielniak" />{{Rp|page=62}} A difference from Quaker meetings is the absence of a ] in the presence of disagreement, a role played by the clerk in Quaker meetings.<ref name="Jemielniak" />{{Rp|page=83}} | |||
''Misplaced Pages'' was formally launched on ] ] as a single English-language edition at wikipedia]. It had been, from ], a feature of nupedia.com in which the public could write articles which could be incorporated into ''Nupedia'' after review. But it was re-launched off-site after ''Nupedia's'' Advisory Board of subject experts disapproved of its production model.{{ref|SangerAB}} ''Misplaced Pages'' thereafter operated as a standalone project without control from ''Nupedia''. Its policy of "neutral point of view" was codified in its initial months, though is similar to Nupedia's earlier "nonbias" policy. There were otherwise few rules initially. ''Misplaced Pages'' gained early contributors from ''Nupedia'', ] postings, and ] indexing. It grew to approximately 20,000 articles among 18 language editions by the end of its first year. It had 26 language editions by the end of 2002, 46 by the end of 2003, and 161 by the end of 2004.{{ref|HistLangCount}} ''Nupedia'' and ''Misplaced Pages'' coexisted until the former's servers went down, permanently, in ], and its text was incorporated into Misplaced Pages. | |||
==== Arbitration Committee ==== | |||
Wales and Sanger attribute the concept of using a wiki to ]'s WikiWikiWeb or ]. Wales mention that he heard the concept first from Jeremy Rosenfeld, an employee of Bomis who showed him the same wiki, in ],{{ref|WalesRosenfeld}} but it was after Sanger heard of its existence from Ben Kovitz, a regular at this wiki, in ],{{ref|SangerKovitz}} and proposed a creation of a wiki for Nupedia to Wales that Wikipedias history started. Under a similar concept of free content, though not wiki production, the ] project existed alongside ''Nupedia'' early in its history. It subsequently became inactive and its creator, ] figure ], lent his support to Misplaced Pages.{{ref|Stallman}} | |||
{{Main|Arbitration Committee (Misplaced Pages)}} | |||
The Arbitration Committee presides over the ultimate dispute resolution process. Although disputes usually arise from a disagreement between two opposing views on how an article should read, the Arbitration Committee explicitly refuses to directly rule on the specific view that should be adopted.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Hoffman |first1=David A. |last2=Mehra |first2=Salil K. |date=March 5, 2009 |title=Wikitruth Through Wikiorder |url= https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/elj/vol59/iss1/3/ |journal=Emory Law Journal |volume=59 |issue=1 |ssrn=1354424}}</ref> | |||
Statistical analyses suggest that the English Misplaced Pages committee ignores the content of disputes and rather focuses on the way disputes are conducted,<ref name="emory_p_181" /> functioning not so much to resolve disputes and make peace between conflicting editors, but to weed out problematic editors while allowing potentially productive editors back in to participate.<ref name=":7" /> Therefore, the committee does not dictate the content of articles, although it sometimes condemns content changes when it deems the new content violates Misplaced Pages policies (for example, if the new content is considered biased).{{efn|The committee may directly rule that a content change is inappropriate, but may not directly rule that certain content is inappropriate.}} Commonly used solutions include cautions and probations (used in 63% of cases) and banning editors from articles (43%), subject matters (23%), or Misplaced Pages (16%).<ref name=":7" /> Complete bans from Misplaced Pages are generally limited to instances of ] and ].<ref group="W">]</ref> When conduct is not impersonation or anti-social, but rather edit warring and other violations of editing policies, solutions tend to be limited to warnings.<ref name=":7" /> | |||
Citing fear of commercial advertising and lack of control in a perceived English-centric Misplaced Pages, users of the ] forked from ''Misplaced Pages'' to create the '']'' in ]. Later that year, Wales announced that ''Misplaced Pages'' would not display ]s, and moved its website to wikipedia]. Projects have since forked from ''Misplaced Pages's'' content for editorial reasons, such as ], which abandoned "neutral point of view" in favor of multiple complementary articles written from a "sympathetic point of view." | |||
== Community == | |||
From ''Misplaced Pages'' and Nupedia the Wikimedia Foundation was created on ], ].{{ref|Wikimedia}} ''Misplaced Pages'' and its sister projects thereafter operated under this ]. ''Misplaced Pages's'' first sister project, "In Memoriam", had been created in ] to detail the ]; it gained ], a dictionary project, in ]; ], a collection of quotes, a week after Wikimedia launched; and ], collaboratively-written free books, the next month. Wikimedia has since started a number of other projects, detailed below. | |||
{{Main|Misplaced Pages community}} | |||
]{{snd}}an annual conference for users of Misplaced Pages and other projects operated by the ], was held in ], Germany, August 4–8.]] | |||
''Misplaced Pages'' has traditionally measured its status by article count. In its first two years it grew at a few hundred or less new articles per day. The English ''Misplaced Pages'' reached a 100,000 article milestone on ], ]. During 2004 its article growth rate was approximately 1,000 to 3,000 per day. In all editions, it reached 500,000 articles on ], ].{{ref|HalfMillion}} ''Misplaced Pages'' reached its one millionth article among 105 language editions on ], ].{{ref|WikimediaMillion}} | |||
Each article and each user of Misplaced Pages has an associated and dedicated "talk" page. These form the primary communication channel for editors to discuss, coordinate and debate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/wikipedia_coordination_final.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205111038/https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/wikipedia_coordination_final.pdf|archive-date=February 5, 2007 |first1=Fernanda B. |last1=Viégas |first2=Martin M. |last2=Wattenberg |first3=Jesse |last3=Kriss |first4=Frank |last4=van Ham |title=Talk Before You Type: Coordination in Misplaced Pages |publisher=Visual Communication Lab, ] |date=January 3, 2007|access-date = June 27, 2008|author2-link = Martin M. Wattenberg|author-link = Fernanda B. Viégas}}</ref> Misplaced Pages's community has been described as ]like,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/dec/15/wikipedia.web20 |title=Log on and join in, but beware the web cults |first=Charles |last=Arthur |date=December 15, 2005 |work=] |location=London|access-date = December 26, 2008|archive-date = September 20, 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140920191515/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/dec/15/wikipedia.web20|url-status = live}}</ref> although not always with entirely negative connotations.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/internet/08/03/wikipedia/index.html |title=Misplaced Pages: The know-it-all Web site |first=Kristie |last=Lu Stout |publisher=CNN |date=August 4, 2003|access-date = December 26, 2008|archive-date = December 18, 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081218013300/http://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/internet/08/03/wikipedia/index.html|url-status = live}}</ref> Its preference for cohesiveness, even if it requires compromise that includes disregard of ]s, has been referred to as "]".<ref group="W">{{cite web |title=Why Misplaced Pages Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism |url=https://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25 |website=], Op–Ed |first=Larry |last=Sanger |date=December 31, 2004 |quote=There is a certain mindset associated with unmoderated Usenet groups that infects the collectively-managed Misplaced Pages project: if you react strongly to trolling, that reflects poorly on you, not (necessarily) on the troll. If you demand that something be done about constant disruption by trollish behavior, the other listmembers will cry "censorship", attack you, and even come to the defense of the troll. The root problem: anti-elitism, or lack of respect for expertise. There is a deeper problem which explains both of the above-elaborated problems. Namely, as a community, Misplaced Pages lacks the habit or tradition of respect for expertise. As a community, far from being elitist, it is anti-elitist (which, in this context, means that expertise is not accorded any special respect, and snubs and disrespect of expertise are tolerated). This is one of my failures: a policy that I attempted to institute in Misplaced Pages's first year, but for which I did not muster adequate support, was the policy of respecting and deferring politely to experts. (Those who were there will, I hope, remember that I tried very hard.)|author-link = Larry Sanger|access-date = March 26, 2021|archive-date = November 1, 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211101011352/http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25|url-status = dead}}</ref> | |||
] curators collaborate on the article ] in June 2010]] | |||
Misplaced Pages does not require that its editors and contributors provide identification.<ref name="user identification" /> As Misplaced Pages grew, "Who writes Misplaced Pages?" became one of the questions frequently asked there.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Power of the Few vs. Wisdom of the Crowd: Misplaced Pages and the Rise of the Bourgeoisie |title=CHI '07: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems |publisher=Viktoria Institute |first=Aniket |last=Kittur |year=2007 |citeseerx=10.1.1.212.8218}}</ref> Jimmy Wales once argued that only "a community ... a dedicated group of a few hundred volunteers" makes the bulk of contributions to Misplaced Pages and that the project is therefore "much like any traditional organization".<ref name="blodget">{{cite news |last=Blodget |first=Henry |date=January 3, 2009 |title=Who The Hell Writes Misplaced Pages, Anyway? |work=] |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/2009/1/who-the-hell-writes-wikipedia-anyway|access-date=January 26, 2023|archive-date=February 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114545/https://www.businessinsider.com/2009/1/who-the-hell-writes-wikipedia-anyway|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008, a ''Slate'' magazine article reported that: "According to researchers in Palo Alto, one percent of Misplaced Pages users are responsible for about half of the site's edits."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.slate.com/id/2184487 |title=The Wisdom of the Chaperones |date=February 22, 2008 |first=Chris |last=Wilson |work=]|access-date = August 13, 2014|archive-date = September 5, 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110905050231/http://www.slate.com/id/2184487|url-status = live}}</ref> This method of evaluating contributions was later disputed by ], who noted that several articles he sampled had large portions of their content (measured by number of characters) contributed by users with low edit counts.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/whowriteswikipedia |title=Raw Thought: Who Writes Misplaced Pages? |first=Aaron |last=Swartz |date=September 4, 2006|access-date = February 23, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803134036/https://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/whowriteswikipedia|archive-date = August 3, 2014 }}</ref> | |||
{{anchor|Decline in participation since 2007}} | |||
==Software and hardware== | |||
The English Misplaced Pages has {{self-reference link|Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}}} articles, {{self-reference link|Special:ListUsers|{{NUMBEROFUSERS}}}} registered editors, and {{self-reference link|Special:ActiveUsers|{{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}}}} active editors. An editor is considered active if they have made one or more edits in the past 30 days.<ref group="W">]</ref> Editors who fail to comply with Misplaced Pages cultural rituals, such as signing talk page comments, may implicitly signal that they are Misplaced Pages outsiders, increasing the odds that Misplaced Pages insiders may target or discount their contributions. Becoming a Misplaced Pages insider involves non-trivial costs: the contributor is expected to learn Misplaced Pages-specific technological codes, submit to a sometimes convoluted dispute resolution process, and learn a "baffling culture rich with in-jokes and insider references".<ref name="labor squeeze on WP 1" /> Editors who do not log in are in some sense "]s" on Misplaced Pages,<ref name="labor squeeze on WP 1">{{cite journal |author=Goldman |first=Eric |year=2010 |title=Misplaced Pages's Labor Squeeze and its Consequences |url=https://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/facpubs/5/ |journal=Journal on Telecommunications and High Technology Law |volume=8 |via=Santa Clara Law Digital Commons|access-date=January 26, 2023|archive-date=January 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126220032/https://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/facpubs/5/|url-status=live}}</ref> as "participants are accredited by members of the wiki community, who have a vested interest in preserving the quality of the work product, on the basis of their ongoing participation",<ref name="legal edu and WP 1">{{cite journal |author=Noveck |first=Beth Simone |date=March 2007 |title=Misplaced Pages and the Future of Legal Education |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42894005 |journal=Journal of Legal Education |publisher=] |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=3–9 |jstor=42894005 |via=]|access-date=January 26, 2023|archive-date=January 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126220030/https://www.jstor.org/stable/42894005|url-status=live}}</ref> but the contribution histories of anonymous unregistered editors recognized only by their ]es cannot be attributed to a particular editor with certainty.<ref name="legal edu and WP 1" /> | |||
] | |||
''Misplaced Pages'' is run by ] open source software on a cluster of dedicated servers located in ]. MediaWiki is Phase III of the program's software. Originally, ''Misplaced Pages'' ran on ] by ] (Phase I). At first it required ] for links; later it was also possible to use double brackets. ''Misplaced Pages'' began running on a ] ] with a ] ] in ]. This software, Phase II, was written specifically for the ''Misplaced Pages'' project by Magnus Manske. Several rounds of modifications were made to improve performance in response to increased demand. Ultimately, the software was rewritten again, this time by Lee Daniel Crocker. Instituted in ], this Phase III software was called MediaWiki. It was licensed under the ] and used by all Wikimedia projects. | |||
=== Studies === | |||
''Misplaced Pages'' was served from a single server until ], when the server setup was expanded into an ] distributed architecture. In ], the project ran on 39 dedicated servers located in ]. This configuration included a single master database server running ], multiple slave database servers, 21 web servers running the ] software, and 7 ] servers. | |||
A 2007 study by researchers from ] found that "anonymous and infrequent contributors to Misplaced Pages ... are as reliable a source of knowledge as those contributors who register with the site".<ref name="sciam good samaritans 1">{{cite news |url=https://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=good-samaritans-are-on-the-money |title=Misplaced Pages "Good Samaritans" Are on the Money |work=Scientific American |date=October 19, 2007|access-date = December 26, 2008|archive-date = April 28, 2024|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240428132453/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/good-samaritans-are-on-the-money/|url-status = live}}</ref> Jimmy Wales stated in 2009 that "t turns out over 50% of all the edits are done by just 0.7% of the users ... 524 people ... And in fact, the most active 2%, which is 1400 people, have done 73.4% of all the edits."<ref name="blodget" /> However, '']'' editor and journalist ] showed in 2009 that in a random sample of articles, most Misplaced Pages content (measured by the amount of contributed text that survives to the latest sampled edit) is created by "outsiders", while most editing and formatting is done by "insiders".<ref name="blodget" /> | |||
A 2008 study found that Wikipedians were less agreeable, open, and conscientious than others,<ref name="liebertonline view on WP users 1">{{cite journal |last1=Amichai-Hamburger |first1=Yair |last2=Lamdan |first2=Naama |last3=Madiel |first3=Rinat |last4=Hayat |first4=Tsahi |year=2008 |title=Personality Characteristics of Misplaced Pages Members |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18954273/ |journal=CyberPsychology & Behavior |publisher=Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=679–681 |doi=10.1089/cpb.2007.0225 |pmid=18954273 |via=PudMed.gov|access-date=January 26, 2023|archive-date=January 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126220031/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18954273/|url-status=live}}</ref> although a later commentary pointed out serious flaws, including that the data showed higher openness and that the differences with the control group and the samples were small.<ref>{{cite web |last=McGreal |first=Scott A. |date=March 11, 2013 |title=The Misunderstood Personality Profile of Misplaced Pages Members |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/unique-everybody-else/201303/the-misunderstood-personality-profile-wikipedia-members|access-date=June 5, 2016 |website=]|archive-date=July 16, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716155007/https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/unique-everybody-else/201303/the-misunderstood-personality-profile-wikipedia-members|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a 2009 study, there is "evidence of growing resistance from the Misplaced Pages community to new content".<ref name="newscientist WP boom to bust 1">{{cite web |last=Giles |first=Jim |title=After the boom, is Misplaced Pages heading for bust? |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17554-after-the-boom-is-wikipedia-heading-for-bust.html |website=New Scientist |date=August 4, 2009|access-date = September 18, 2017|archive-date = April 21, 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150421215605/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17554-after-the-boom-is-wikipedia-heading-for-bust.html|url-status = live}}</ref> | |||
Page requests are processed by first passing to a front-end layer of ] servers. Requests that cannot be served from the Squid cache are sent to two load-balancing servers running the ] software, which then pass the request to one of the Apache web servers for page-rendering from the database. The web servers serve pages as requested, performing page rendering for all the Wikipedias. To increase speed further, rendered pages for anonymous users are cached in a filesystem until invalidated, allowing page rendering to be skipped entirely for most common page accesses. Wikimedia has begun building a global network of ] with the addition of three such servers in ]. | |||
=== Diversity === | |||
The ongoing status of ''Misplaced Pages's'' website is posted at an on ]. | |||
Several studies have shown that most Misplaced Pages contributors are male. Notably, the results of a Wikimedia Foundation survey in 2008 showed that only 13 percent of Misplaced Pages editors were female.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Noam|author-link = Noam Cohen |title=Define Gender Gap? Look Up Misplaced Pages's Contributor List |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/31/business/media/31link.html?_r=0 |work=The New York Times |date=January 31, 2011|access-date = October 28, 2013|archive-date = October 6, 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131006065114/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/31/business/media/31link.html?_r=0|url-status = live}}</ref> Because of this, universities throughout the United States tried to encourage women to become Misplaced Pages contributors.<ref name=":8" /> Similarly, many of these universities, including ] and ], gave college credit to students who create or edit an article relating to women in science or technology.<ref name=":8">{{cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ocad-to-storm-wikipedia-this-fall-1.1412807 |title=OCAD to 'Storm Misplaced Pages' this fall |work=CBC News |date=August 27, 2013|access-date = August 21, 2014|archive-date = August 26, 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140826144108/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ocad-to-storm-wikipedia-this-fall-1.1412807|url-status = live}}</ref> ], a professor and scientist, said that the reason he thought the number of male contributors outnumbered the number of females so greatly was because identifying as a woman may expose oneself to "ugly, intimidating behavior".<ref name="Bloomberg 2016">{{cite news |last1=Kessenides |first1=Dimitra |last2=Chafkin |first2=Max |date=December 22, 2016 |title=Is Misplaced Pages Woke? |newspaper=Bloomberg Businessweek |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2016-12-22/how-woke-is-wikipedia-s-editorial-pool?|access-date=September 21, 2022|archive-date=April 15, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415182515/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2016-12-22/how-woke-is-wikipedia-s-editorial-pool|url-status=live}}</ref> Data has shown that Africans are underrepresented among Misplaced Pages editors.<ref name="memeb">{{cite web |last=Walker |first=Andy |date=June 21, 2018 |title=The startling numbers behind Africa's Misplaced Pages knowledge gaps |url=https://memeburn.com/2018/06/wikipedia-wikimania-africa-numbers/|access-date=January 26, 2023 |website=memeburn|archive-date=March 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319170357/http://memeburn.com/2018/06/wikipedia-wikimania-africa-numbers/|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
== Language editions == | |||
==Sister projects== | |||
{{Main|List of Wikipedias}} | |||
] | |||
{{Pie chart | |||
''Misplaced Pages'' has free-content sister projects which fulfill non-encyclopedic roles. Its largest are: ], a free ] project; ], a free ] project; ], a 💕 of ]s; ], a multilingual ] of free source texts; ], a shared media respository; and ], a free ] source. ''Misplaced Pages'' and its sister projects are administered by the ]. | |||
| caption = '''Distribution of the {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total|N}} articles in different language editions (as of {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}})'''<ref name="meta.wikimedia" group="W">]</ref> | |||
| other = yes | |||
| label1 = {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|1}} | |||
| value1 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Misplaced Pages rank by size|1}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}} | |||
| color1 = #666666 | |||
| label2 = {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|2}} | |||
| value2 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Misplaced Pages rank by size|2}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}} | |||
| color2 = #E69F00 | |||
| label3 = {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|3}} | |||
| value3 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Misplaced Pages rank by size|3}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}} | |||
| color3 = #56B4E9 | |||
| label4 = {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|4}} | |||
| value4 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Misplaced Pages rank by size|4}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}} | |||
| color4 = #009E73 | |||
| label5 = {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|5}} | |||
| value5 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Misplaced Pages rank by size|5}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}} | |||
| color5 = #F0E442 | |||
| label6 = {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|6}} | |||
| value6 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Misplaced Pages rank by size|6}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}} | |||
| color6 = #0072B2 | |||
| label7 = {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|7}} | |||
| value7 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Misplaced Pages rank by size|7}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}} | |||
| color7 = #D55E00 | |||
| label8 = {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|8}} | |||
| value8 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Misplaced Pages rank by size|8}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}} | |||
| color8 = #CC79A7 | |||
| label9 = {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|9}} | |||
| value9 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Misplaced Pages rank by size|9}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}} | |||
| color9 = #33CC99 | |||
| label10 = {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|10}} | |||
| value10 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Misplaced Pages rank by size|10}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}} | |||
| color10 = #333333 | |||
| label11 = {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|11}} | |||
| value11 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Misplaced Pages rank by size|11}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}} | |||
| color11 = #9A459A | |||
| label12 = {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|12}} | |||
| value12 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Misplaced Pages rank by size|12}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}} | |||
| color12 = #A60D14 | |||
| label13 = {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|13}} | |||
| value13 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Misplaced Pages rank by size|13}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}} | |||
| color13 = #FF82AA | |||
| label14 = {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|14}} | |||
| value14 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Misplaced Pages rank by size|14}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}} | |||
| color14 = #167432 | |||
| label15 = {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|15}} | |||
| value15 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Misplaced Pages rank by size|15}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}} | |||
| color15 = #FFA500 | |||
| label16 = {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|16}} | |||
| value16 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Misplaced Pages rank by size|16}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}} | |||
| color16 = #483D8B | |||
| label17 = {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|17}} | |||
| value17 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Misplaced Pages rank by size|17}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}} | |||
| color17 = #00FFFF | |||
| label18 = {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|18}} | |||
| value18 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Misplaced Pages rank by size|17}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}} | |||
| color18 = LightGreen | |||
| label19 = {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|19}} | |||
| value19 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Misplaced Pages rank by size|19}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}} | |||
| color19 = Red | |||
| label20 = {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|20}} | |||
| value20 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Misplaced Pages rank by size|20}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}} | |||
| color20 = LightBlue | |||
}} | |||
There are currently {{NUMBEROF|active|Misplaced Pages}} language editions of Misplaced Pages (also called ''language versions'', or simply ''Wikipedias''). As of {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}, the six largest, in order of article count, are the {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|1}}, {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|2}}, {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|3}}, {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|4}}, {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|5}}, and {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|6}} Wikipedias.<ref name="WP list of WPs by article 1" group="W">{{cite web |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/List_of_Wikipedias#All_Wikipedias_ordered_by_number_of_articles |title=Misplaced Pages:List of Wikipedias |publisher=English Misplaced Pages|access-date={{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}|archive-date=December 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224190350/https://meta.wikimedia.org/List_of_Wikipedias#All_Wikipedias_ordered_by_number_of_articles|url-status=live}}</ref> The {{ordinal to word|{{Misplaced Pages rank by size|ceb}}}} and {{ordinal to word|{{Misplaced Pages rank by size|sv}}}}-largest Wikipedias owe their position to the article-creating bot ], which {{as of|2013|lc=y}} had created about half the articles on the ], and most of the articles in the ] and ]s. The latter are both languages of the ]. | |||
In addition to the top six, twelve other Wikipedias have more than a million articles each ({{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|7}}, {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|8}}, {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|9}}, {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|10}}, {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|11}}, {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|12}}, {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|13}}, {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|14}}, {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|15}}, {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|16}}, {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|17}}, and {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|18}}), seven more have over 500,000 articles ({{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|19}}, {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|20}}, {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|21}}, {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|22}}, {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|23}}, {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|24}}, and {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|25}}), 44 more have over 100,000, and 82 more have over 10,000.<ref name="ListOfWikipedias" group="W" /><ref name="WP list of WPs by article 1" group="W" /> The largest, the English Misplaced Pages, has over {{#expr: 0.1*floor({{NUMBEROFARTICLES:R}}/100000)}} million articles. {{As of|2021|01|post=,}} the English Misplaced Pages receives 48% of Misplaced Pages's cumulative traffic, with the remaining split among the other languages. The top 10 editions represent approximately 85% of the total traffic.<ref group="W">{{cite AV media |author=((A455bcd9)) |date=February 8, 2021 |title=Misplaced Pages page views by language over time |format=PNG |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/File:Wikipedia_page_views_by_language_over_time.png |website=Wikimedia Commons|access-date=June 25, 2021|archive-date=May 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512201827/https://commons.wikimedia.org/File:Wikipedia_page_views_by_language_over_time.png|url-status=live}}</ref><gallery mode="packed" heights="200"> | |||
File:Misplaced Pages page views by language over time.png|Most viewed editions of Misplaced Pages, 2008–2020 | |||
File:Misplaced Pages editors by language over time.png|Most edited editions of Misplaced Pages, 2001–2020 | |||
</gallery>{{Largest Wikipedias/graph}} | |||
Since Misplaced Pages is based on the ] and therefore worldwide, contributors to the same language edition may use different dialects or may come from different countries (as is the case for the English edition). These differences may lead to some conflicts over ] (e.g. ''colour'' versus ''color'')<ref name="WP spelling MOS 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Misplaced Pages:Manual of Style/Spelling |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Spelling#:~:text=This%20guideline%20is%20a%20part%20of |access-date=November 6, 2023 |website=Misplaced Pages}}</ref> or points of view.<ref name="WP countering bias 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Misplaced Pages:WikiProject Countering systemic bias |url= https://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias#:~:text=The%20Wikipedia%20project%20contains%20several%20types |access-date=December 11, 2023 |website=Misplaced Pages}}</ref> | |||
==See also== | |||
*] | |||
Though the various language editions are held to global policies such as "neutral point of view", they diverge on some points of policy and practice, most notably on whether images that are not ] may be used under a claim of ].<ref name="WP meta fair use 1" group="W">{{cite web |title=Non-free content |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/Non-free_content|access-date=January 27, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki |publisher=]|archive-date=January 16, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116024114/http://meta.wikimedia.org/Non-free_content|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="IBM visual WP 1">{{cite journal |url=https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/viegas_hicss_visual_wikipedia.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061024012919/https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/viegas_hicss_visual_wikipedia.pdf|archive-date=October 24, 2006 |first=Fernanda B. |last=Viégas |title=The Visual Side of Misplaced Pages |journal=Visual Communication Lab, IBM Research |date=January 3, 2007|access-date = October 30, 2007}}</ref> | |||
==References== | |||
<!-- LEAD --> | |||
#{{note|PopularityRef}}According to ], "" (28 March 2005). | |||
#{{note|Popularity}}See plots at "", Misplaced Pages Statistics, 1 January 2005. | |||
<!-- WIKI --> | |||
#{{note|WalesGoal}}], "", 8 March 2005, <wikipedia-l@wikimedia.org>. | |||
<!-- FREE CONTENT --> | |||
#{{note|NonFreeImg}}For example, see statistics and licenses on the English edition at "", Misplaced Pages (9 March 2005). | |||
#{{note|Lih}}Andrew Lih, "" (]), ''5th International Symposium on Online Journalism'', April 2004. | |||
#{{note|UsePress}}"", Misplaced Pages (28 March 2005). | |||
#{{note|C38}}"", LEGISINFO (28 March 2005). | |||
<!-- LANGUAGE EDITIONS --> | |||
#{{note|LangCount}}"", Meta-Wiki (28 March 2005). | |||
#{{note|AllLangArticles}}"", Misplaced Pages statistics, 21 March 2005. | |||
#{{note|LangTrans}}For example, "", Misplaced Pages (9 March 2005). | |||
#{{note|ListOfLangEditions}}"", Meta Wikimedia (28 March 2005). | |||
<!-- EDITING --> | |||
#{{note|Despotism}}"", Meta-Wiki, 10:55 4 Apr 2005. | |||
#{{note|EditWar}}"", Misplaced Pages (26 March 2005). | |||
#{{note|WikiExp}}"", Meta-Wiki, 23:30 24 Mar 2005. | |||
#{{note|VWD2004}}Fernanda B. Viegas, Martin Wattenberg, and Kushal Dave, "", CHI 2004 April 24-29 2004. Preliminary report "" available on IBM website. | |||
<!-- POLICIES --> | |||
#{{note|NPOVnegot}}Jimmy Wales, "", 5 November 2003, <wikien-l@wikimedia.org>. | |||
#{{note|NPOVwp}}"", Misplaced Pages, accessed 4 March 2005. Italics original. | |||
#{{note|NPOVwp2}}"Misplaced Pages:Neutral point of view". | |||
#{{note|OriginalResearch}}"", Misplaced Pages, (4 March 2005). | |||
#{{note|Unsuitable}}"", Misplaced Pages (4 March 2005). | |||
<!-- AUTHORS --> | |||
#{{note|AuthorsCount}}Paragraph's statistics taken from "" (Misplaced Pages Statistics, 21 March 2005). | |||
#{{note|WikiMediaPedia}}"", Meta-Wiki, 08:02 30 Mar 2005. | |||
#{{note|Britannica}}], "", ], 25 July 2001. | |||
#{{note|Ciffolilli2003}}Andrea Ciffolilli, "", ] December 2003. | |||
#{{note|Social}}Jimmy Wales, "", 26 January 2005, <wikien-l@wikimedia.org>. | |||
#{{note|Researching}}"", Misplaced Pages (28 March 2005). | |||
<!-- EVALUATIONS --> | |||
<!-- QUALITY --> | |||
#{{note|Who}}Simon Waldman, "", '']'', 26 October 2004. | |||
#{{note|Boyd}}Dana Boyd, "", ], 4 January 2005. | |||
#{{note|McHenryFBE}}], "", ], 15 November 2004. | |||
#{{note|Krowne}}Aaron Krowne, "", ], 1 March 2005. | |||
#{{note|SangerElitism}}Larry Sanger, "", ], 31 December 2004. | |||
#{{note|LinusSanger}}Larry Sanger, "", Kuro5hin, 24 September 2001. | |||
#{{note|Ito}}], "", Joi Ito's Web, 29 August 2004. | |||
#{{note|HowAuth}}Anonymous ]ger, "", Dispatches from the Frozen North, 4 September 2004. | |||
#{{note|Who2}}"Who knows?" | |||
#{{note|SangerAntiElitism}}Larry Sanger, "", ], 31 December 2004. | |||
#{{note|TopicCount}}"", Misplaced Pages, 22:53 13 Apr 2005. | |||
#{{note|Kurzidim}}Michael Kurzidim: Wissenswettstreit. Die kostenlose Misplaced Pages tritt gegen die Marktführer Encarta und Brockhaus an, in: ] 21/2004, 4 October 2004, S. 132-139. | |||
#{{note|EmighHerring}}William Emigh and Susan C. Herring, "", paper presented at the 39th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2004. | |||
<!-- COMMUNITY --> | |||
#{{note|WikiInfoCritical}}"", ], 07:28 30 Mar 2005. | |||
#{{note|SoFixItComplaint}}Andrew Orlowski, "", ], 23 July 2004. | |||
# {{note|Researching2}} "", Misplaced Pages (28 March 2005). | |||
<!-- AWARDS --> | |||
#{{note|MayAwards}}"", Meta-Wiki (28 March 2005). | |||
<!-- HISTORY --> | |||
#{{note|SangerNupediaPurpose}}Larry Sanger, "", Nupedia, March 2000. | |||
#{{note|NupediaAds}}Larry Sanger, "Q & A about Nupedia", Nupedia, March 2000. | |||
#{{note|SangerAB}}Larry Sanger, "", Slashdot, 18 April 2005. | |||
#{{note|HistLangCount}}"", Misplaced Pages, 30 March 2005. | |||
#{{note|WalesRosenfeld}}Jimmy Wales, "", 20 April 2005,<wikipedia-l@wikipedia.org>. | |||
#{{note|SangerKovitz}}Larry Sanger, "The Early History of Nupedia and Misplaced Pages: A Memoir", Slashdot, 18 April 2005. | |||
#{{note|Stallman}}], "", ], 1999. | |||
#{{note|Wikimedia}}Jimmy Wales, "", 20 June 2003, <wikipedia-l@wikimedia.org>. | |||
#{{note|HalfMillion}}"", Wikimedia Foundation, 25 February 2004. | |||
#{{note|WikimediaMillion}}See "", Wikimedia Foundation, 20 September 2004. | |||
Jimmy Wales has described Misplaced Pages as "an effort to create and distribute a 💕 of the highest possible quality to every single person on the planet in their own language".<ref group="W">{{Cite mailing list |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2005-March/020469.html |title=Misplaced Pages is an encyclopedia |date=March 8, 2003|mailing-list=Misplaced Pages-l |last=Wales |first=Jimmy|access-date=January 27, 2023|archive-date=July 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710005754/https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2005-March/020469.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Though each language edition functions more or less independently, some efforts are made to supervise them all. They are coordinated in part by Meta-Wiki, the Wikimedia Foundation's wiki devoted to maintaining all its projects (Misplaced Pages and others).<ref name="WP metawiki maintenance 1" group="W">{{cite web |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/ |title=Meta-Wiki |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|access-date = March 24, 2009|archive-date = July 14, 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130714061722/https://meta.wikimedia.org/|url-status = live}}</ref> For instance, Meta-Wiki provides important statistics on all language editions of Misplaced Pages,<ref name="WP meta stats 1" group="W">{{cite web |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/Statistics |title=Meta-Wiki Statistics |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|access-date = March 24, 2008|archive-date = March 26, 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080326192946/http://meta.wikimedia.org/Statistics|url-status = live}}</ref> and it maintains a list of articles every Misplaced Pages should have.<ref name="WP meta articles on all sites 1" group="W">{{cite web |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/List_of_articles_every_Wikipedia_should_have |title=List of articles every Misplaced Pages should have |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|access-date = March 24, 2008|archive-date = March 21, 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080321020418/http://meta.wikimedia.org/List_of_articles_every_Wikipedia_should_have|url-status = live}}</ref> The list concerns basic content by subject: biography, history, geography, society, culture, science, technology, and mathematics.<ref name="WP meta articles on all sites 1" group="W" /> It is not rare for articles strongly related to a particular language not to have counterparts in another edition. For example, articles about small towns in the United States might be available only in English, even when they meet the notability criteria of other language Misplaced Pages projects.<ref name=":9" group="W" /> | |||
==Further reading== | |||
{{Wiktionary}} | |||
{{Wikiquote}} | |||
{{Commons|Wikimedia}} | |||
*Misplaced Pages: | |||
*Misplaced Pages: | |||
*Misplaced Pages: | |||
*Misplaced Pages: | |||
*Misplaced Pages: | |||
*Misplaced Pages: | |||
*Misplaced Pages: | |||
*]: | |||
*]: | |||
*]: | |||
] | |||
==External links== | |||
Translated articles represent only a small portion of articles in most editions, in part because those editions do not allow fully automated translation of articles. Articles available in more than one language may offer "interwiki links", which link to the counterpart articles in other editions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Massa |first1=Paolo |last2=Scrinzi |first2=Federico |date=January 4, 2013 |title=Manypedia: Comparing language points of view of Misplaced Pages communities |url=https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/3939 |journal=] |volume=18 |issue=1 |doi=10.5210/fm.v18i1.3939|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription|access-date=April 26, 2022|archive-date=March 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308112526/https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/3939|url-status=live}}</ref><ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Manual:Interwiki |url=https://www.mediawiki.org/Manual:Interwiki|access-date=January 27, 2023 |website=MediaWiki |publisher=]|archive-date=December 3, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203112631/https://www.mediawiki.org/Manual:Interwiki|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
*, multi-lingual portal | |||
*, ] edition | |||
A study published by '']'' in 2012 also estimated the share of contributions to different editions of Misplaced Pages from different regions of the world. It reported that the proportion of the edits made from North America was 51% for the English Misplaced Pages, and 25% for the ].<ref name="PLoS One 2012">{{cite journal |last1=Yasseri |first1=Taha |last2=Sumi |first2=Robert |last3=Kertész |first3=János|author-link3=János Kertész |date=January 17, 2012 |title=Circadian Patterns of Misplaced Pages Editorial Activity: A Demographic Analysis |journal=] |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=e30091 |arxiv=1109.1746 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...730091Y |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0030091 |pmc=3260192 |pmid=22272279|doi-access=free}}</ref> | |||
*, policy-related and technical discussions regarding ] | |||
*, parent organization of ''Misplaced Pages'' | |||
=== English Misplaced Pages editor numbers === | |||
On March 1, 2014, '']'', in an article titled "The Future of Misplaced Pages", cited a trend analysis concerning data published by the Wikimedia Foundation stating that "the number of editors for the English-language version has fallen by a third in seven years."<ref name="economist1">{{cite news |date=March 1, 2014 |title=The future of Misplaced Pages: WikiPeaks? |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/news/international/21597959-popular-online-encyclopedia-must-work-out-what-next-wikipeaks|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=March 11, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026023502/https://www.economist.com/international/2014/03/04/wikipeaks|archive-date=October 26, 2022}}</ref> The attrition rate for active editors in English Misplaced Pages was cited by ''The Economist'' as substantially in contrast to statistics for Misplaced Pages in other languages (non-English Misplaced Pages). ''The Economist'' reported that the number of contributors with an average of five or more edits per month was relatively constant since 2008 for Misplaced Pages in other languages at approximately 42,000 editors within narrow seasonal variances of about 2,000 editors up or down. The number of active editors in English Misplaced Pages, by sharp comparison, was cited as peaking in 2007 at approximately 50,000 and dropping to 30,000 by the start of 2014.<ref name="economist1" /> | |||
In contrast, the trend analysis for Misplaced Pages in other languages (non-English Misplaced Pages) shows success in retaining active editors on a renewable and sustained basis, with their numbers remaining relatively constant at approximately 42,000. No comment was made concerning which of the differentiated edit policy standards from Misplaced Pages in other languages (non-English Misplaced Pages) would provide a possible alternative to English Misplaced Pages for effectively improving substantial editor attrition rates on the English-language Misplaced Pages.<ref name="economist1" /> | |||
== Reception == | |||
{{See also|Academic studies about Misplaced Pages|Criticism of Misplaced Pages|Racial bias on Misplaced Pages|Misplaced Pages and antisemitism}} | |||
Various ] have ], which includes more than fifty policies and nearly 150,000 words {{as of|2014|lc=y|post=.}}<ref name="bureaucracy">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2014/06/wikipedia_s_bureaucracy_problem_and_how_to_fix_it.html |title=The Unbearable Bureaucracy of Misplaced Pages |last=Jemielniak |first=Dariusz|author-link=Dariusz Jemielniak |magazine=] |date=June 22, 2014|access-date = August 18, 2014|archive-date = August 13, 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140813020720/http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2014/06/wikipedia_s_bureaucracy_problem_and_how_to_fix_it.html|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="Jemielniak">{{cite book |last=Jemielniak |first=Dariusz |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvqsdrf9 |title=Common Knowledge?: An Ethnography of Misplaced Pages |publisher=] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-8047-9120-5 |location=Stanford, CA |doi=10.2307/j.ctvqsdrf9 |jstor=j.ctvqsdrf9 |via=]|access-date=January 29, 2023|archive-date=January 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129174817/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvqsdrf9|url-status=live}}</ref> Critics have stated that Misplaced Pages exhibits ]. In 2010, columnist and journalist ] described Misplaced Pages as being a mixture of "truth, half-truth, and some falsehoods".<ref name=EdwinBlack>{{cite news |first=Edwin |last=Black|author-link=Edwin Black |date=April 19, 2010 |work=] |publisher=] |title=Misplaced Pages – The Dumbing Down of World Knowledge |url=https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/125437|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909210831/https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/125437|archive-date=September 9, 2016|access-date=October 21, 2014}}</ref> Articles in '']'' and '']'' have criticized Misplaced Pages's "]", concluding that Misplaced Pages explicitly is not designed to provide correct information about a subject, but rather focus on all the major viewpoints on the subject, give less attention to minor ones, and creates omissions that can lead to false beliefs based on incomplete information.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Messer-Krusse |first1=Timothy |title=The 'Undue Weight' of Truth on Misplaced Pages |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/the-undue-weight-of-truth-on-wikipedia/ |work=] |date=February 12, 2012|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161218162359/https://chronicle.com/article/The-Undue-Weight-of-Truth-on/130704/|archive-date=December 18, 2016|access-date=March 27, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Colón Aguirre |first1=Mónica |last2=Fleming-May |first2=Rachel A. |date=November 2012 |title="You Just Type in What You Are Looking For": Undergraduates' Use of Library Resources vs. Misplaced Pages |url=https://faculty.washington.edu/jwj/lis521/colon%20wikipedia.pdf|url-status=live |journal=] |publisher=] |volume=38 |issue=6 |pages=391–399 |doi=10.1016/j.acalib.2012.09.013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419031904/https://faculty.washington.edu/jwj/lis521/colon%20wikipedia.pdf|archive-date=April 19, 2016|access-date=March 27, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Misplaced Pages experience sparks national debate |url=https://www.bgsu.edu/news/2012/02/wikipedia-experience-sparks-national-debate.html|access-date=March 27, 2014 |work=BGSU News |publisher=] |date=February 27, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827120800/https://www.bgsu.edu/news/2012/02/wikipedia-experience-sparks-national-debate.html|archive-date=August 27, 2016}}</ref> | |||
Journalists ] and ] alleged (in 2010 and 2011 respectively) that articles are dominated by the loudest and most persistent voices, usually by a group with an "ax to grind" on the topic.<ref name=EdwinBlack /><ref name=okw>{{cite news |last1=Kamm |first1=Oliver|author1-link=Oliver Kamm |title=Wisdom? More like dumbness of the crowds |url=https://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article2267665.ece |work=]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814104256/https://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article2267665.ece|archive-date=August 14, 2011 |date=August 16, 2007}}</ref> A 2008 article in '']'' journal concluded that as a resource about controversial topics, Misplaced Pages is subject to manipulation and ].<ref name=Petrilli>{{cite journal |last1=Petrilli |first1=Michael J. |title=Misplaced Pages or Wickedpedia? |journal=Education Next |date=Spring 2008 |volume=8 |issue=2 |url=https://www.educationnext.org/wikipedia-or-wickedpedia/|access-date=October 22, 2014 |publisher=]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121024654/https://educationnext.org/wikipedia-or-wickedpedia/|archive-date=November 21, 2016 |department=What Next}}</ref> In 2020, ] and ] noted that "Media coverage of Misplaced Pages has radically shifted over the past two decades: once cast as an intellectual frivolity, it is now lauded as the 'last bastion of shared reality' online."<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Benjakob |first1=Omer |last2=Harrison |first2=Stephen |date=October 13, 2020 |chapter=From Anarchy to Wikiality, Glaring Bias to Good Cop: Press Coverage of Misplaced Pages's First Two Decades|chapter-url=https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/4956/chapter/1879815/From-Anarchy-to-Wikiality-Glaring-Bias-to-Good-Cop |title=Misplaced Pages @ 20: Stories of an Incomplete Revolution |publisher=] |doi=10.7551/mitpress/12366.003.0005 |isbn=978-0-262-36059-3|doi-access=free|access-date=September 11, 2021|archive-date=September 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911145640/https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/4956/chapter/1879815/From-Anarchy-to-Wikiality-Glaring-Bias-to-Good-Cop|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
Multiple news networks and pundits have accused Misplaced Pages of being ]. In February 2021, ] accused Misplaced Pages of whitewashing ] and ] and having too much "] bias".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lott |first=Maxim |date=February 18, 2021 |title=Inside Misplaced Pages's leftist bias: socialism pages whitewashed, communist atrocities buried |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/wikipedia-bias-socialism-pages-whitewashed|access-date=January 29, 2023 |website=]|archive-date=February 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218233800/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/wikipedia-bias-socialism-pages-whitewashed|url-status=live}}</ref> Misplaced Pages co-founder Sanger said that Misplaced Pages has become a "propaganda" for the left-leaning "establishment" and warned the site can no longer be trusted.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brown |first1=Lee |title=Misplaced Pages co-founder says site is now 'propaganda' for left-leaning 'establishment' |url=https://nypost.com/2021/07/16/wikipedia-co-founder-says-site-is-now-propaganda-for-left-leaning-establishment/|access-date=May 31, 2023 |work=] |date=July 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716210154/https://nypost.com/2021/07/16/wikipedia-co-founder-says-site-is-now-propaganda-for-left-leaning-establishment/|archive-date=July 16, 2021}}</ref> In 2022, libertarian ] opined that Misplaced Pages, a site he financially supported at one time, appeared to have gradually taken a significant turn in bias to the political left, specifically on political topics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 27, 2022 |title=Misplaced Pages Bias |url=https://www.johnstossel.com/wikipedia-bias/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209214140/https://www.johnstossel.com/wikipedia-bias/|archive-date=December 9, 2022|access-date=January 29, 2023 |website=StosselTV}}</ref> Some studies suggest that Misplaced Pages (and in particular the English Misplaced Pages) has a "western ]" (or "pro-western bias")<ref>{{cite conference |last=Hube |first=Christoph |title=Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion – WWW '17 Companion |chapter=Bias in Misplaced Pages |publisher=ACM Press|publication-place=New York, New York, US |year=2017 |pages=717–721 |doi=10.1145/3041021.3053375 |isbn=978-1-4503-4914-7}}</ref> or "Eurocentric bias",<ref>Samoilenko, Anna (June 2021) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114114652/https://kola.opus.hbz-nrw.de/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/2206/file/dissertation%20Anna%20Samoilenko.pdf |date=November 14, 2023 }}.</ref> reiterating, says Anna Samoilenko, "similar biases that are found in the 'ivory tower' of academic historiography". Carwil Bjork-James proposes that Misplaced Pages could follow the diversification pattern of contemporary scholarship <ref>{{cite journal |last=Bjork-James |first=Carwil |title=New maps for an inclusive Misplaced Pages: decolonial scholarship and strategies to counter systemic bias |journal=New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia |volume=27 |issue=3 |date=2021 |doi=10.1080/13614568.2020.1865463 |pages=207–228 |bibcode=2021NRvHM..27..207B |s2cid=234286415}}</ref> and Dangzhi Zhao calls for a "decolonization" of Misplaced Pages to reduce bias from opinionated White male editors.<ref>Morris-O'Connor, Danielle A., Andreas Strotmann, and Dangzhi Zhao. "The colonization of Misplaced Pages: evidence from characteristic editing behaviors of warring camps." Journal of Documentation 79.3 (2023): 784-810.</ref> | |||
=== Accuracy of content === | |||
{{Main|Reliability of Misplaced Pages}} | |||
{{External media|width = 230px|float = right|audio1 = , ''Ideas with ]'', ], January 15, 2014}} | |||
Articles for traditional encyclopedias such as '']'' are written by experts, lending such encyclopedias a reputation for accuracy.<ref>{{cite news |date=December 15, 2005 |title=Misplaced Pages, Britannica: A Toss-Up |magazine=Wired |agency=Associated Press |url=https://archive.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2005/12/69844|url-status=dead|access-date=August 8, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214155447/https://archive.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2005/12/69844|archive-date=December 14, 2014}}</ref> However, a peer review in 2005 of forty-two scientific entries on both Misplaced Pages and ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' by the science journal '']'' found few differences in accuracy, and concluded that "the average science entry in Misplaced Pages contained around four inaccuracies; ''Britannica'', about three."<ref name="GilesJ2005Internet" /> Joseph Reagle suggested that while the study reflects "a topical strength of Misplaced Pages contributors" in science articles, "Misplaced Pages may not have fared so well using a random sampling of articles or on humanities subjects."<ref>{{cite conference |first=Joseph |last=Reagle |title=Do as I Do: Authorial Leadership in Misplaced Pages |work=WikiSym '07: Proceedings of the 2007 International Symposium on Wikis |publisher=ACM |location=Montreal |year=2007 |url=https://reagle.org/joseph/2007/10/Wikipedia-Authorial-Leadership.pdf |hdl=2047/d20002876|access-date = January 29, 2023|archive-date = February 10, 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114540/https://reagle.org/joseph/2007/10/Wikipedia-Authorial-Leadership.pdf|url-status = live}}</ref> | |||
Others raised similar critiques.<ref name="Orlowski2005">{{cite news |last1=Orlowski |first1=Andrew |date=December 16, 2005 |title=Misplaced Pages science 31% more cronky than Britannica's Excellent for Klingon science, though |work=] |url=https://www.theregister.com/2005/12/16/wikipedia_britannica_science_comparison/|url-status=live|access-date=February 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813024106/https://www.theregister.com/2005/12/16/wikipedia_britannica_science_comparison/|archive-date=August 13, 2022}}</ref> The findings by ''Nature'' were disputed by ''Encyclopædia Britannica'',<ref name="corporate.britannica.com" /><ref name="nature.com britannica response 1">{{cite web |date=March 23, 2006 |title=Encyclopaedia Britannica and Nature: a response |url=https://www.nature.com/press_releases/Britannica_response.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060325124447/https://www.nature.com/press_releases/Britannica_response.pdf|archive-date=March 25, 2006|access-date=July 13, 2010}}</ref> and in response, ''Nature'' gave a rebuttal of the points raised by ''Britannica''.<ref name="nature.com">{{cite web |website=Nature |url=https://www.nature.com/nature/britannica/index.html |title=''Nature''{{'}}s responses to ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' |date=March 30, 2006|access-date = February 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515025717/https://www.nature.com/nature/britannica/index.html|archive-date=May 15, 2017}}</ref> In addition to the point-for-point disagreement between these two parties, others have examined the sample size and selection method used in the ''Nature'' effort, and suggested a "flawed study design" (in ''Nature''{{'}}s manual selection of articles, in part or in whole, for comparison), absence of statistical analysis (e.g., of reported ]s), and a lack of study "statistical power" (i.e., owing to small ], 42 or 4 × 10<sup>1</sup> articles compared, vs >10<sup>5</sup> and >10<sup>6</sup> set sizes for ''Britannica'' and the English Misplaced Pages, respectively).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yasseri |first1=Taha |last2=Sumi |first2=Robert |last3=Rung |first3=András |last4=Kornai |first4=András |last5=Kertész |first5=János |date=June 20, 2012|editor-last=Szolnoki|editor-first=Attila |title=Dynamics of Conflicts in Misplaced Pages |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=e38869 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0038869 |pmc=3380063 |pmid=22745683 |arxiv=1202.3643 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...738869Y|doi-access=free}}</ref> | |||
As a consequence of the open structure, Misplaced Pages "makes no guarantee of validity" of its content, since no one is ultimately responsible for any claims appearing in it.<ref name="WP general disclaimer 1" group="W">]</ref> Concerns have been raised by '']'' in 2009 regarding the lack of ] that results from users' anonymity, the insertion of false information,<ref name="pcworld WP blunders 1">{{cite web |last=Raphael |first=JR |date=August 26, 2009 |title=The 15 Biggest Misplaced Pages Blunders |url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/170874/the_15_biggest_wikipedia_blunders.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201033651/https://www.pcworld.com/article/525199/the_15_biggest_wikipedia_blunders.html|archive-date=December 1, 2022|access-date=September 2, 2009 |website=]}}</ref> ], and similar problems. ''Legal Research in a Nutshell'' (2011), cites Misplaced Pages as a "general source" that "can be a real boon" in "coming up to speed in the law governing a situation" and, "while not authoritative, can provide basic facts as well as leads to more in-depth resources".<ref name="Nutshell in-depth resources">{{cite book |last=Cohen |first=Morris |url=https://archive.org/details/legalre_coh_2010_00_0532 |title=Legal Research in a Nutshell |author2=Olson, Kent |publisher=Thomson Reuters |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-314-26408-4 |edition=10th |location=St. Paul, MN |pages= |via=]}}</ref> | |||
Economist ] wrote: "If I had to guess whether Misplaced Pages or the median refereed journal article on economics was more likely to be true after a not so long think I would opt for Misplaced Pages." He comments that some traditional sources of non-fiction suffer from systemic biases, and novel results, in his opinion, are over-reported in journal articles as well as relevant information being omitted from news reports. However, he also cautions that errors are frequently found on Internet sites and that academics and experts must be vigilant in correcting them.<ref name="tnr experts vigilant in correcting WP 1">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.tnr.com/story.html?id=82eb5d70-13bd-4086-9ec0-cb0e9e8411b3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318103017/https://www.tnr.com/story.html?id=82eb5d70-13bd-4086-9ec0-cb0e9e8411b3|archive-date = March 18, 2008 |title=Cooked Books |first=Tyler |last=Cowen |magazine=The New Republic |date=March 14, 2008|access-date = December 26, 2008}}</ref> ] has argued that, due to the number of reviewers, "the content of a popular Misplaced Pages page is actually the most reliable form of information ever created".<ref name="PC 2021">{{cite news |last1=Stuart |first1=S.C. |date=June 3, 2021 |title=Misplaced Pages: The Most Reliable Source on the Internet? |work=] |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/wikipedia-the-most-reliable-source-on-the-internet|url-status=live|access-date=June 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116022311/https://www.pcmag.com/news/wikipedia-the-most-reliable-source-on-the-internet|archive-date=January 16, 2023}}</ref> In September 2022, '']'' journalist Liam Mannix noted that: "There's no reason to expect Misplaced Pages to be accurate ... And yet it ." Mannix further discussed the multiple studies that have proved Misplaced Pages to be generally as reliable as ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', summarizing that "...turning our back on such an extraordinary resource is... well, a little petty."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannix |first=Liam |date=September 13, 2022 |title=Evidence suggests Misplaced Pages is accurate and reliable. When are we going to start taking it seriously? |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/evidence-suggests-wikipedia-is-accurate-and-reliable-when-are-we-going-to-start-taking-it-seriously-20220913-p5bhl3.html|access-date=January 29, 2023 |website=]|archive-date=March 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306223341/https://www.smh.com.au/national/evidence-suggests-wikipedia-is-accurate-and-reliable-when-are-we-going-to-start-taking-it-seriously-20220913-p5bhl3.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
Critics argue that Misplaced Pages's open nature and a lack of proper sources for most of the information makes it unreliable.<ref name="TNY reliability issues 1">{{cite news |last=Schiff |first=Stacy|author-link=Stacy Schiff |date=July 23, 2006 |title=Know It All |magazine=] |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/07/31/know-it-all|access-date=January 29, 2023|archive-date=November 22, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122125817/http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/articles/060731fa_fact|url-status=live}}</ref> Some commentators suggest that Misplaced Pages may be reliable, but that the reliability of any given article is not clear.<ref name="AcademiaAndWikipedia" /> Editors of traditional ]s such as the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' have questioned the project's ] and status as an encyclopedia.<ref name="McHenry_2004" /> Misplaced Pages co-founder ] has claimed that Misplaced Pages has largely avoided the problem of "fake news" because the Misplaced Pages community regularly debates the quality of sources in articles.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shapiro |first=Ari |date=April 27, 2018 |title=Misplaced Pages Founder Says Internet Users Are Adrift In The 'Fake News' Era |work=] |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/04/27/606393983/wikipedia-founder-says-internet-users-are-adrift-in-the-fake-news-era|url-status=live|access-date=May 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625213220/https://www.npr.org/2018/04/27/606393983/wikipedia-founder-says-internet-users-are-adrift-in-the-fake-news-era|archive-date=June 25, 2018}}</ref> | |||
{{External media|width = 210px|float = right|video1 = , ], 7:13 mins<ref name="dw">{{cite web |title=Inside Misplaced Pages – Attack of the PR Industry |publisher=] |date=June 30, 2014 |url=https://www.dw.de/inside-wikipedia-attack-of-the-pr-industry/av-17745881|access-date = July 2, 2014|archive-date = July 1, 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140701152647/http://www.dw.de/inside-wikipedia-attack-of-the-pr-industry/av-17745881|url-status = dead}}</ref>}} | |||
Misplaced Pages's open structure inherently makes it an easy target for ]s, ]s, and various forms of paid advocacy seen as counterproductive to the maintenance of a neutral and verifiable online encyclopedia.<ref name="Torsten_Kleinz" /><ref name="citizendium WP trolling issues 1" group="W">{{cite web |last=Sanger |first=Larry|author-link=Larry Sanger |title=Toward a New Compendium of Knowledge (longer version) |url=https://www.citizendium.org/essay.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061103062735/https://www.citizendium.org/essay.html|archive-date=November 3, 2006|access-date=October 10, 2006 |website=]}}</ref> | |||
In response to ] and undisclosed editing issues, Misplaced Pages was reported in an article in ''The Wall Street Journal'' to have strengthened its rules and laws against undisclosed editing.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite news |author=Elder |first=Jeff |date=June 16, 2014 |title=Misplaced Pages Strengthens Rules Against Undisclosed Editing |newspaper=] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DGB-35861|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=January 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124234455/https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DGB-35861|archive-date=November 24, 2020}}</ref> The article stated that: "Beginning Monday , changes in Misplaced Pages's terms of use will require anyone paid to edit articles to disclose that arrangement. ], the nonprofit Wikimedia Foundation's chief communications officer, said the changes address a sentiment among volunteer editors that 'we're not an advertising service; we're an encyclopedia.{{'"}}<ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref name="DeathByWikipedia" /><ref name="cnet politicians and WP 1">{{cite web |author=Kane |first=Margaret |date=January 30, 2006 |title=Politicians notice Misplaced Pages |url=https://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-6032713-7.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090730044856/https://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-6032713-7.html|archive-date=July 30, 2009|access-date=January 28, 2007 |website=]}}</ref><ref name="msnbc MS cash for WP edits 1">{{cite web |author=Bergstein |first=Brian|author-link=Brian Bergstein |date=January 23, 2007 |title=Microsoft offers cash for Misplaced Pages edit |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16775981|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819143025/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16775981|archive-date=August 19, 2022|access-date=January 29, 2023 |work=]}}</ref><ref name="Seeing Corporate Fingerprints" /> These issues, among others, had been parodied since the first decade of Misplaced Pages, notably by ] on '']''.<ref name="wikiality" /> | |||
=== Discouragement in education === | |||
Some university lecturers discourage students from citing any encyclopedia in ], preferring ]s;<ref name="WideWorldOfWikipedia" /> some specifically prohibit Misplaced Pages citations.<ref name="insidehighered against WP 1">{{cite journal |last1=Waters |first1=Neil L. |date=September 2007 |title=Why You Can't Cite Misplaced Pages in My Class |url=https://www.netlab.tkk.fi/opetus/s383133/no_Wikipedia.pdf|url-status=live |journal=] |volume=50 |issue=9 |pages=15–17 |citeseerx=10.1.1.380.4996 |doi=10.1145/1284621.1284635|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028032733/https://www.netlab.tkk.fi/opetus/s383133/no_Wikipedia.pdf|archive-date=October 28, 2022|access-date=January 29, 2023 |s2cid=11757060}}</ref><ref name="insidehighered wiki no cite">{{cite web |last=Jaschik |first=Scott |date=January 26, 2007 |title=A Stand Against Misplaced Pages |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2007/01/26/wiki|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708175741/https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2007/01/26/wiki|archive-date=July 8, 2007|access-date=January 27, 2007 |website=Inside Higher Ed}}</ref> Wales stresses that encyclopedias of any type are not usually appropriate to use as citable sources, and should not be relied upon as authoritative.<ref name="AWorkInProgress" /> Wales once (2006 or earlier) said he receives about ten emails weekly from students saying they got failing grades on papers because they cited Misplaced Pages; he told the students they got what they deserved. "For God's sake, you're in college; don't cite the encyclopedia", he said.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Buis |first=Kyle |date=February 25, 2007 |title=Misplaced Pages sucks students in with reliable information |url=https://theorion.com/28752/archives/wikipedia-sucks-students-in-with-reliable-information-3/|access-date=January 29, 2023 |website=The Orion|archive-date=January 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129174820/https://theorion.com/28752/archives/wikipedia-sucks-students-in-with-reliable-information-3/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 28, 2014 |title=Is Googling Research? |url=https://blogs.ubc.ca/researchmethods/2014/06/28/is-googling-research/|access-date=January 29, 2023 |website=Research 2.0 |publisher=]|archive-date=January 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129174819/https://blogs.ubc.ca/researchmethods/2014/06/28/is-googling-research/|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
In February 2007, an article in '']'' newspaper reported that a few of the professors at ] were including Misplaced Pages articles in their ], although without realizing the articles might change.<ref name="thecrimson wiki debate">{{cite news |last1=Child |first1=Maxwell L. |title=Professors Split on Wiki Debate |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=517305 |work=] |date=February 26, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220125910/https://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=517305|archive-date=December 20, 2008 |location=Cambridge, MA}}</ref> In June 2007, ], former president of the ], condemned Misplaced Pages, along with Google, stating that academics who endorse the use of Misplaced Pages are "the intellectual equivalent of a dietitian who recommends a steady diet of Big Macs with everything".<ref name="stothart" /> | |||
A 2020 research study published in '']'' argued that Misplaced Pages could be applied in the higher education "]", an educational model where students learn before coming to class and apply it in classroom activities. The experimental group was instructed to learn before class and get immediate feedback before going in (the flipped classroom model), while the control group was given direct instructions in class (the conventional classroom model). The groups were then instructed to collaboratively develop Misplaced Pages entries, which would be graded in quality after the study. The results showed that the experimental group yielded more Misplaced Pages entries and received higher grades in quality. The study concluded that learning with Misplaced Pages in flipped classrooms was more effective than in conventional classrooms, demonstrating Misplaced Pages could be used as an educational tool in higher education.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zou |first1=Di |last2=Xie |first2=Haoran |last3=Wang |first3=Fu Lee |last4=Kwan |first4=Reggie |date=April 10, 2020 |title=Flipped learning with Misplaced Pages in higher education |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1080/03075079.2020.1750195 |journal=] |publisher=] |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=1026–1045 |doi=10.1080/03075079.2020.1750195 |s2cid=216534736|url-access=subscription|access-date=January 29, 2023|archive-date=January 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129174817/https://www.tandfonline.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1080/03075079.2020.1750195|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
==== Medical information ==== | |||
{{See also|Health information on Misplaced Pages}} | |||
On March 5, 2014, Julie Beck writing for '']'' magazine in an article titled "Doctors' #1 Source for Healthcare Information: Misplaced Pages", stated that "Fifty percent of physicians look up conditions on the (Misplaced Pages) site, and some are editing articles themselves to improve the quality of available information."<ref name=":10">{{Cite magazine |last=Beck |first=Julie |date=March 5, 2014 |title=Doctors' #1 Source for Healthcare Information: Misplaced Pages |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/03/doctors-1-source-for-healthcare-information-wikipedia/284206/|url-status=live |magazine=] |issn=2151-9463|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024070757/https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/03/doctors-1-source-for-healthcare-information-wikipedia/284206/|archive-date=October 24, 2022|access-date=January 29, 2023}}</ref> Beck continued to detail in this article new programs of ] at the ] to offer medical school courses to medical students for learning to edit and improve ], as well as internal quality control programs within Misplaced Pages organized by ] to improve a group of 200 health-related articles of central medical importance up to Misplaced Pages's highest standard of articles using its Featured Article and Good Article peer-review evaluation process.<ref name=":10" /> In a May 7, 2014, follow-up article in ''The Atlantic'' titled "Can Misplaced Pages Ever Be a Definitive Medical Text?", Julie Beck quotes WikiProject Medicine's James Heilman as stating: "Just because a reference is peer-reviewed doesn't mean it's a high-quality reference."<ref name="theatlantic.com">{{cite magazine |last=Beck |first=Julie |date=May 7, 2014 |title=Can Misplaced Pages Ever Be a Definitive Medical Text? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/05/can-wikipedia-ever-be-a-definitive-medical-text/361822/|url-status=live |magazine=The Atlantic |issn=2151-9463|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208113526/https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/05/can-wikipedia-ever-be-a-definitive-medical-text/361822/|archive-date=December 8, 2022|access-date=June 14, 2014}}</ref> Beck added that: "Misplaced Pages has its own peer review process before articles can be classified as 'good' or 'featured'. Heilman, who has participated in that process before, says 'less than one percent' of Misplaced Pages's medical articles have passed."<ref name="theatlantic.com" /> | |||
=== Coverage of topics and systemic bias === | |||
{{See also|Notability in the English Misplaced Pages|Criticism of Misplaced Pages#Systemic bias in coverage}} | |||
Misplaced Pages seeks to create a summary of all human knowledge in the form of an online encyclopedia, with each topic covered encyclopedically in one article. Since it has ]s of ], it can have far more topics than can be covered by any printed encyclopedia.<ref group="W">]</ref> The exact degree and manner of coverage on Misplaced Pages is under constant review by its editors, and disagreements are not uncommon (see ]).<ref name="Economist disagreements not uncommon">{{cite news |date=March 6, 2008 |title=The battle for Misplaced Pages's soul |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/printedition/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10789354|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=March 7, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214004436/https://www.economist.com/technology-quarterly/2008/03/08/the-battle-for-wikipedias-soul|archive-date=December 14, 2022 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref name="telegraph WP torn apart 1">{{cite news |title=Misplaced Pages: an online encyclopedia torn apart |first=Ian |last=Douglas |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=November 10, 2007 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/3354752/Wikipedia-an-online-encyclopedia-torn-apart.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/3354752/Wikipedia-an-online-encyclopedia-torn-apart.html|archive-date=January 10, 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|access-date = November 23, 2010}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Misplaced Pages contains materials that some people may find objectionable, offensive, or pornographic.<ref group="W">]</ref> The "Misplaced Pages is not censored" policy has sometimes proved controversial: in 2008, Misplaced Pages rejected an online petition against the inclusion of ] in the ] of its ] article, citing this policy.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cohen |first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen |date=February 5, 2008 |title=Misplaced Pages Islam Entry Is Criticized |work=] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/05/books/05wiki.html|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=January 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126025338/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/05/books/05wiki.html|archive-date=November 26, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The presence of politically, religiously, and pornographically sensitive materials in Misplaced Pages has led to the ] by national authorities in China<ref name="Taylor" /> and Pakistan,<ref name="washington post state censorship 1">{{cite news |last=Bruilliard |first=Karin |date=May 21, 2010 |title=Pakistan blocks YouTube a day after shutdown of Facebook over Muhammad issue |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/20/AR2010052005073.html|url-status=live|access-date=October 24, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427091507/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/20/AR2010052005073.html|archive-date=April 27, 2020}}</ref> among other countries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moon |first=Mariella |date=March 12, 2022 |title=Prominent editor of Russian Misplaced Pages pages detained in Belarus |url=https://www.yahoo.com/now/mark-bernstein-russian-wikipedia-pages-detained-in-belarus-104102452.html|access-date=January 30, 2023 |website=]|archive-date=March 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313173559/https://www.yahoo.com/now/mark-bernstein-russian-wikipedia-pages-detained-in-belarus-104102452.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mokhtar |first=Hassna'a |date=July 19, 2006 |title=What Is Wrong With Misplaced Pages? |work=] |url=http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=1§ion=0&article=85616&d=19&m=7&y=2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807060237/http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=1§ion=0&article=85616&d=19&m=7&y=2006|archive-date=August 7, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arthur |first=Charles |date=December 8, 2008 |title=Misplaced Pages row escalates as internet watchdog considers censoring Amazon US over Scorpions image |url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/dec/08/amazon-internet-censorship-iwf|access-date=January 30, 2023 |website=]|archive-date=February 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114545/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/dec/08/amazon-internet-censorship-iwf|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
Through its "Misplaced Pages Loves Libraries" program, Misplaced Pages has partnered with major public libraries such as the ] to expand its coverage of underrepresented subjects and articles.<ref name="NYT subjects and articles">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/21/theater/editing-wikipedia-at-the-new-york-public-library-for-the-performing-arts.html |title=Misplaced Pages's Deep Dive Into a Library Collection |last=Petrusich |first=Amanda |work=The New York Times |date=October 20, 2011|access-date = October 28, 2011|archive-date = November 11, 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201111213754/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/21/theater/editing-wikipedia-at-the-new-york-public-library-for-the-performing-arts.html|url-status = live}}</ref> A 2011 study conducted by researchers at the ] indicated that male and female editors focus on different coverage topics. There was a greater concentration of females in the "people and arts" category, while males focus more on "geography and science".<ref>{{Cite conference |last1=Lam |first1=Shyong (Tony) K. |last2=Uduwage |first2=Anuradha |last3=Dong |first3=Zhenhua |last4=Sen |first4=Shilad |last5=Musicant |first5=David R. |last6=Terveen |first6=Loren |last7=Riedl |first7=John |date=October 3–5, 2011 |title=WP:Clubhouse? An Exploration of Misplaced Pages's Gender Imbalance |url=https://files.grouplens.org/papers/wp-gender-wikisym2011.pdf |conference=WikiSym'2011 |location=Mountain View, California |publisher=ACM|access-date=March 26, 2021|archive-date=March 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309064955/http://files.grouplens.org/papers/wp-gender-wikisym2011.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
==== Coverage of topics and bias ==== | |||
Research conducted by Mark Graham of the ] in 2009 indicated that the geographic distribution of article topics is highly uneven, Africa being the most underrepresented.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Graham |first1=Mark |date=November 12, 2009 |title=Mapping the Geographies of Misplaced Pages Content |url=https://zerogeography.net/post/144973716228/mapping-the-geographies-of-wikipedia-content|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002051150/https://zerogeography.net/post/144973716228/mapping-the-geographies-of-wikipedia-content|archive-date=October 2, 2016 |website=Zerogeography}}</ref> Across 30 language editions of Misplaced Pages, historical articles and sections are generally Eurocentric and focused on recent events.<ref>{{cite book |last=Strohmaier |first=Markus |url=https://search.gesis.org/research_data/SDN-10.7802-1411?doi=10.7802/1411 |title=Multilingual historical narratives on Misplaced Pages |date=March 6, 2017 |publisher=] |chapter=KAT50 Society, Culture |doi=10.7802/1411 |quote=Misplaced Pages narratives about national histories (i) are skewed towards more recent events (recency bias) and (ii) are distributed unevenly across the continents with significant focus on the history of European countries (Eurocentric bias).|access-date=January 31, 2023|archive-date=January 31, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131023846/https://search.gesis.org/research_data/SDN-10.7802-1411?doi=10.7802/1411|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
An editorial in '']'' in 2014 claimed that more effort went into providing references for ] than a ].<ref name="GuardianAugust2014">{{cite news |date=August 7, 2018 |title=The Guardian view on Misplaced Pages: evolving truth |work=] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/aug/07/guardian-view-wikipedia-evolving-truth|url-status=live|access-date=January 31, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112212758/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/aug/07/guardian-view-wikipedia-evolving-truth|archive-date=November 12, 2016}}</ref> Data has also shown that Africa-related material often faces omission; a knowledge gap that a July 2018 Wikimedia conference in ] sought to address.<ref name="memeb" /> | |||
==== Systemic biases ==== | |||
] have consistently shown that Misplaced Pages systematically over-represents a point of view (POV) belonging to a particular demographic described as the "average Wikipedian", who is an educated, technically inclined, English-speaking white male, aged 15–49, from a developed Christian country in the northern hemisphere.<ref name="Livingstone2010">{{Cite journal |last=Livingstone |first=Randall M. |date=November 23, 2010 |title=Let's Leave the Bias to the Mainstream Media: A Misplaced Pages Community Fighting for Information Neutrality |url=https://www.journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/view/315|url-status=live |journal=M/C Journal |volume=13 |issue=6 |doi=10.5204/mcj.315 |issn=1441-2616|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121135911/https://www.journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/view/315|archive-date=November 21, 2022|access-date=November 23, 2022|doi-access=free}}</ref> This POV is over-represented in relation to all existing POVs.<ref name="Hube2017">{{Cite book |last=Hube |first=Christoph |title=Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion – WWW '17 Companion |chapter=Bias in Misplaced Pages |date=April 3, 2017|chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/3041021.3053375 |location=Republic and Canton of Geneva, CHE |publisher=International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee |pages=717–721 |doi=10.1145/3041021.3053375 |isbn=978-1-4503-4914-7 |s2cid=10472970}}</ref><ref name=":132">{{Cite journal |last=Bjork-James |first=Carwil |date=July 3, 2021 |title=New maps for an inclusive Misplaced Pages: decolonial scholarship and strategies to counter systemic bias |journal=New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=207–228 |bibcode=2021NRvHM..27..207B |doi=10.1080/13614568.2020.1865463 |s2cid=234286415}}</ref> This systemic bias in editor demographic results in ], ], and ].<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last1=Ackerly |first1=Brooke A. |last2=Michelitch |first2=Kristin |date=2022 |title=Misplaced Pages and Political Science: Addressing Systematic Biases with Student Initiatives |journal=PS: Political Science & Politics |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=429–433 |doi=10.1017/S1049096521001463 |s2cid=247795102 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Beytía |first=Pablo |title=Companion Proceedings of the Web Conference 2020 |chapter=The Positioning Matters |date=April 20, 2020|chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/3366424.3383569 |series=WWW '20 |location=New York |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |pages=806–810 |doi=10.1145/3366424.3383569 |isbn=978-1-4503-7024-0 |s2cid=218523099|access-date=May 8, 2023|archive-date=April 28, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428132221/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3366424.3383569|url-status=live}}</ref> There are two broad types of bias, which are ''implicit'' (when a topic is omitted) and ''explicit'' (when a certain POV is over-represented in an article or by references).<ref name="Hube2017" /> | |||
Interdisciplinary scholarly assessments of Misplaced Pages articles have found that while articles are typically accurate and free of misinformation, they are also typically incomplete and fail to present all perspectives with a neutral point of view.<ref name=":32" /> In 2011, Wales claimed that the unevenness of coverage is a reflection of the demography of the editors, citing for example "biographies of famous women through history and issues surrounding early childcare".<ref name="wiki-women" /> The October 22, 2013, essay by Tom Simonite in MIT's ''Technology Review'' titled "The Decline of Misplaced Pages" discussed the effect of systemic bias and ] on the ].<ref name="Simonite-2013" /> | |||
=== Explicit content === | |||
{{See also|Internet Watch Foundation and Misplaced Pages|Reporting of child pornography images on Wikimedia Commons}} | |||
{{for|the government censorship of Misplaced Pages|Censorship of Misplaced Pages}} | |||
{{self-reference|For Misplaced Pages's policy concerning censorship, see ]}} | |||
Misplaced Pages has been criticized for allowing information about graphic content.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Maxton |first=Richard |date=September 9, 2008 |title=Misplaced Pages attacked over porn pages |work=Macquarie Network |url=http://livenews.com.au/Articles/2008/09/09/Wikipedia_attacked_over_porn_pages|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917145158/http://livenews.com.au/Articles/2008/09/09/Wikipedia_attacked_over_porn_pages|archive-date=September 17, 2008}}</ref> Articles depicting what some critics have called objectionable content (such as ], ], ], ], and nudity) contain graphic pictures and detailed information easily available to anyone with access to the internet, including children.<ref group="W">]</ref> The site also includes ] such as images and videos of ] and ], illustrations of ], and photos from ] films in its articles. It also has non-sexual ].<ref group="W">]</ref> | |||
The Misplaced Pages article about '']''—a 1976 album from the German rock band ]—features a picture of the album's original cover, which depicts a naked ] girl. The original release cover caused controversy and was replaced in some countries. In December 2008, access to the Misplaced Pages article ''Virgin Killer'' was blocked for four days by most ]s in the United Kingdom after the ] (IWF) decided the album cover was a potentially illegal indecent image and added the article's URL to a "blacklist" it supplies to British internet service providers.<ref name="Register ISP censorship">{{cite news |title=Brit ISPs censor Misplaced Pages over 'child porn' album cover |first=Cade |last=Metz |work=] |date=December 7, 2008 |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/12/07/brit_isps_censor_wikipedia|access-date = May 10, 2009|archive-date = May 13, 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200513233758/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/12/07/brit_isps_censor_wikipedia/|url-status = live}}</ref> | |||
In April 2010, Sanger wrote a letter to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, outlining his concerns that two categories of images on ] contained child pornography, and were in violation of ].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/wikipedia-rejects-child-porn-accusation-20100428-tsvh |title=Misplaced Pages rejects child porn accusation |date=April 29, 2010 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date = May 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902180523/https://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/wikipedia-rejects-child-porn-accusation-20100428-tsvh|archive-date = September 2, 2017|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Inquirer child abuse allegations">{{cite news |last=Farrell |first=Nick |date=April 29, 2010 |title=Misplaced Pages denies child abuse allegations: Co-founder grassed the outfit to the FBI |newspaper=The Inquirer |url=https://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1603521/wikipedia-denies-child-abuse-allegations|url-status=dead|access-date=October 9, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100501174521/https://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1603521/wikipedia-denies-child-abuse-allegations|archive-date=May 1, 2010}}</ref> Sanger later clarified that the images, which were related to ] and one about ], were not of real children, but said that they constituted "obscene visual representations of the sexual abuse of children", under the ].<ref name="The Register-April" /> That law bans photographic child pornography and cartoon images and drawings of children that are ].<ref name="The Register-April" /> Sanger also expressed concerns about access to the images on Misplaced Pages in schools.<ref name="TET child porn accusations">{{cite news |title=Misplaced Pages blasts co-founder's accusations of child porn on website |date=April 29, 2010 |work=The Economic Times |location=India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infotech/internet/Wikipedia-blasts-co-founders-accusations-of-child-porn-on-website/articleshow/5871943.cms|access-date = April 29, 2010|archive-date = May 13, 2010|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100513213147/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infotech/internet/Wikipedia-blasts-co-founders-accusations-of-child-porn-on-website/articleshow/5871943.cms|url-status = live}}</ref> | |||
] spokesman Jay Walsh strongly rejected Sanger's accusation,<ref name="AFP" /> saying that Misplaced Pages did not have "material we would deem to be illegal. If we did, we would remove it."<ref name="AFP" /> Following the complaint by Sanger, Wales deleted sexual images without consulting the community. After some editors who volunteered to maintain the site argued that the decision to delete had been made hastily, Wales voluntarily gave up some of the powers he had held up to that time as part of his co-founder status. He wrote in a message to the Wikimedia Foundation mailing-list that this action was "in the interest of encouraging this discussion to be about real philosophical/content issues, rather than be about me and how quickly I acted".<ref name="BBC News Wales cedes rights">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/10104946.stm |title=Wikimedia pornography row deepens as Wales cedes rights |work=BBC News |date=May 10, 2010|access-date = May 19, 2010|archive-date = May 13, 2010|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100513075509/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/10104946.stm|url-status = live}}</ref> Critics, including ], noticed that many of the pornographic images deleted from Misplaced Pages since 2010 have reappeared.<ref name="XBIZ">{{cite news |last=Gray |first=Lila |date=September 17, 2013 |title=Misplaced Pages Gives Porn a Break |work=XBIZ.com |url=https://newswire.xbiz.com/view.php?id=169017|url-status=dead|access-date=November 10, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021064635/https://newswire.xbiz.com/view.php?id=169017|archive-date=October 21, 2013}}</ref> | |||
=== Privacy === | |||
One ] concern in the case of Misplaced Pages is the right of a private citizen to remain a "private citizen" rather than a "public figure" in the eyes of the law.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McStay |first1=Andrew |title=Privacy and Philosophy: New Media and Affective Protocol |date=2014 |publisher=] |isbn=978-1-4541-9163-6 |doi=10.3726/978-1-4539-1336-9 |series=Digital Formation |volume=86}}</ref>{{efn|See by David McHam for the legal distinction.}} It is a battle between the right to be anonymous in ] and the right to be anonymous in ]. The Wikimedia Foundation's ] states, "we believe that you shouldn't have to provide personal information to participate in the free knowledge movement", and states that "personal information" may be shared "For legal reasons", "To Protect You, Ourselves & Others", or "To Understand & Experiment".<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Privacy policy |url=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/Privacy_policy|access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Foundation|archive-date=January 31, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131204008/https://foundation.wikimedia.org/Privacy_policy|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
In January 2006, a German court ordered the ] shut down within Germany because it stated the full name of ], aka "Tron", a deceased hacker. On February 9, 2006, the injunction against Wikimedia Deutschland was overturned, with the court rejecting the notion that Tron's ] or that of his parents was being violated.<ref name="heise Tron public issue 1">{{cite news |last1=Kleinz |first1=Torsten |title=Gericht weist einstweilige Verfügung gegen Wikimedia Deutschland ab |url=https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Gericht-weist-einstweilige-Verfuegung-gegen-Wikimedia-Deutschland-ab-Update-173587.html |work=Heise Online |publisher=] |date=September 2, 2006 |language=de|trans-title=Court rejects preliminary injunction against Wikimedia Germany |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913054949/https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Gericht-weist-einstweilige-Verfuegung-gegen-Wikimedia-Deutschland-ab-Update-173587.html|archive-date=September 13, 2012}}</ref> | |||
Misplaced Pages has a "{{visible anchor|Volunteer Response Team}}" that uses Znuny, a ] fork of ]<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Volunteer Response Team |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/Volunteer_Response_Team|access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki |publisher=]|archive-date=February 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202072211/https://meta.wikimedia.org/Volunteer_response_team|url-status=live}}</ref> to handle queries without having to reveal the identities of the involved parties. This is used, for example, in confirming the permission for using individual images and other media in the project.<ref group="W">{{cite web |title=OTRS – A flexible Help Desk and IT-Service Management Software |url=https://www.otrs.com/en/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030215341/https://www.otrs.com/en/|archive-date=October 30, 2013|access-date=June 9, 2012 |website=Open Technology Real Services |publisher=OTRS.com}}</ref> | |||
In late April 2023, Wikimedia Foundation announced that Misplaced Pages will not submit to any age verifications that may be required by the UK's ] legislation. Rebecca MacKinnon of the Wikimedia Foundation said that such checks would run counter to the website's commitment to minimal data collection on its contributors and readers.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65388255 |title=Misplaced Pages will not perform Online Safety Bill age checks |work=BBC|date=April 28, 2023|access-date=May 1, 2023|archive-date=May 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501203750/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65388255|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
=== Sexism === | |||
{{Main|Gender bias on Misplaced Pages}} | |||
Misplaced Pages was described in 2015 as harboring a battleground culture of ] and ].<ref name="Paling">{{cite web |last=Paling |first=Emma |date=October 21, 2015 |title=Misplaced Pages's Hostility to Women |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/10/how-wikipedia-is-hostile-to-women/411619/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231105811/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/10/how-wikipedia-is-hostile-to-women/411619/|archive-date=December 31, 2022|access-date=October 24, 2015 |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Auerbach |first1=David |title=Encyclopedia Frown |url=https://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2014/12/wikipedia_editing_disputes_the_crowdsourced_encyclopedia_has_become_a_rancorous.html |journal=Slate|access-date = October 24, 2015 |date=December 11, 2014|archive-date = October 23, 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151023233133/http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2014/12/wikipedia_editing_disputes_the_crowdsourced_encyclopedia_has_become_a_rancorous.html|url-status = live}}</ref> The perceived tolerance of abusive language was a reason put forth in 2013 for the gender gap in Misplaced Pages editorship.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Murphy |first=Dan |date=August 1, 2013 |title=In UK, rising chorus of outrage over online misogyny |work=] |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Security-Watch/Backchannels/2013/0801/In-UK-rising-chorus-of-outrage-over-online-misogyny|access-date=February 1, 2023|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201014632/https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Security-Watch/Backchannels/2013/0801/In-UK-rising-chorus-of-outrage-over-online-misogyny|url-status=live}}</ref> ]s have been held to encourage female editors and increase the coverage of women's topics.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kueppers |first1=Courtney |date=March 23, 2020 |title=High Museum to host virtual Misplaced Pages edit-a-thon to boost entries about women |newspaper=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution |url=https://www.ajc.com/lifestyles/high-museum-host-virtual-wikipedia-edit-thon-boost-entries-about-women/TxxMEMGWHqFfaNMpV8y9DN/|access-date=October 24, 2020|archive-date=October 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027101959/https://www.ajc.com/lifestyles/high-museum-host-virtual-wikipedia-edit-thon-boost-entries-about-women/TxxMEMGWHqFfaNMpV8y9DN/|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
In May 2018, a Misplaced Pages editor rejected a submitted article about ] due to lack of coverage in the media.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Draft:Donna Strickland |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/search/?title=Draft:Donna_Strickland&oldid=842614385|access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Misplaced Pages, The 💕 |publisher=]|archive-date=February 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114656/https://en.wikipedia.org/search/?title=Draft:Donna_Strickland&oldid=842614385|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last1=Schlanger |first1=Zoë |last2=Purtill |first2=Corinne |date=October 2, 2018 |title=Misplaced Pages rejected an entry on a Nobel Prize winner because she wasn't famous enough |url=https://qz.com/1410909/wikipedia-had-rejected-nobel-prize-winner-donna-strickland-because-she-wasnt-famous-enough/|access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=]|archive-date=October 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025085329/https://qz.com/1410909/wikipedia-had-rejected-nobel-prize-winner-donna-strickland-because-she-wasnt-famous-enough/|url-status=live}}</ref> Five months later, Strickland won a ] "for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics", becoming the third woman to ever receive the award.<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2, 2018 |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 2018 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2018/press-release/|access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=The Nobel Prize|archive-date=October 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002141926/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2018/press-release/|url-status=live}}</ref> Prior to winning the award, Strickland's only mention on Misplaced Pages was in the article about her collaborator and co-winner of the award ].<ref name=":11" /> Her exclusion from Misplaced Pages led to accusations of sexism, but Corinne Purtill writing for '']'' argued that "it's also a pointed lesson in the hazards of gender bias in media, and of the broader consequences of underrepresentation."<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Purtill |first=Corinne |date=October 3, 2018 |title=Sexism at Misplaced Pages feeds off the sexism in the media |url=https://qz.com/1412718/wikipedia-has-a-problem-with-sexism-so-does-the-media/|access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=]|archive-date=February 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201022552/https://qz.com/1412718/wikipedia-has-a-problem-with-sexism-so-does-the-media|url-status=live}}</ref> Purtill attributes the issue to the gender bias in media coverage.<ref name=":12" /> | |||
A comprehensive 2008 survey, published in 2016, by Julia B. Bear of ]'s College of Business and Benjamin Collier of ] found significant gender differences in confidence in expertise, discomfort with editing, and response to critical feedback. "Women reported less confidence in their expertise, expressed greater discomfort with editing (which typically involves conflict), and reported more negative responses to critical feedback compared to men."<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Julia B. Bear & Benjamin Collier |title=Where are the Women in Misplaced Pages ? – Understanding the Different Psychological Experiences of Men and Women in Misplaced Pages |journal=Sex Roles |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |publisher=] |date=January 4, 2016 |volume=74 |issue=5–6 |pages=254–265 |doi=10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |s2cid=146452625|url-access=subscription|access-date=June 27, 2021|archive-date=October 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027122538/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
== Operation == | |||
=== Wikimedia Foundation and affiliate movements === | |||
{{Main|Wikimedia Foundation}} | |||
], the third executive director of Wikimedia, served from 2016 to 2021.|alt=Katherine Maher in 2016. She is seen with light skin, blonde hair, and blue eyes. She is seen wearing a black shirt.]] | |||
Misplaced Pages is hosted and funded by the ], a non-profit organization which also operates Misplaced Pages-related projects such as ] and ].<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikimedia Projects |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/our-work/wikimedia-projects/|access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Misplaced Pages, The 💕 |date=May 30, 2018 |publisher=]|archive-date=October 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011065720/https://wikimediafoundation.org/our-work/wikimedia-projects/|url-status=live}}</ref> The foundation relies on public contributions and grants to fund its mission.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McGregor |first1=Jena |title=Wikimedia's approach to coronavirus: Staffers can work 20 hours a week, get paid for full time |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/03/17/wikimedias-approach-coronavirus-staffers-can-work-20-hours-week-get-paid-full-time/|access-date=February 25, 2021 |newspaper=] |date=March 17, 2020|archive-date=April 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421031242/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/03/17/wikimedias-approach-coronavirus-staffers-can-work-20-hours-week-get-paid-full-time/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="financialstatements" group="W">{{cite web |date=October 12, 2022 |title=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. – Consolidated Financial Statements – June 30, 2022 and 2021 |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/2/26/Wikimedia_Foundation_FY2021-2022_Audit_Report.pdf|access-date=June 5, 2016 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|archive-date=February 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114545/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/2/26/Wikimedia_Foundation_FY2021-2022_Audit_Report.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The foundation's 2020 Internal Revenue Service ] shows revenue of $124.6 million and expenses of almost $112.2 million, with assets of about $191.2 million and liabilities of almost $11 million.<ref group="W">{{cite web |date=May 17, 2022 |title=Wikimedia Foundation 2020 Form 990 |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/e/e4/Wikimedia_Foundation_2020_Form_990.pdf|access-date=October 14, 2014 |website=]|archive-date=May 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524102009/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/e/e4/Wikimedia_Foundation_2020_Form_990.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
In May 2014, Wikimedia Foundation named ] as its second executive director, taking over for Sue Gardner.<ref group="W">{{cite web |date=May 1, 2014 |title=Press releases/WMF announces new ED Lila Tretikov |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/Press_releases/WMF_announces_new_ED_Lila_Tretikov|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503035438/https://wikimediafoundation.org/Press_releases/WMF_announces_new_ED_Lila_Tretikov|archive-date=May 3, 2014|access-date=June 14, 2014 |website=]}}</ref> ''The'' ''Wall Street Journal'' reported on May 1, 2014, that Tretikov's information technology background from her years at University of California offers Misplaced Pages an opportunity to develop in more concentrated directions guided by her often repeated position statement that, "Information, like air, wants to be free."<ref name="Jeff Elder 2014">{{Cite news |last=Elder |first=Jeff |date=May 1, 2014 |title=Misplaced Pages's New Chief: From Soviet Union to World's Sixth-Largest Site |work=] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DGB-34824|access-date=February 1, 2023|archive-date=February 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201172213/https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DGB-34824|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen |date=May 1, 2014 |title=Media: Open-Source Software Specialist Selected as Executive Director of Misplaced Pages |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/02/business/media/open-source-software-specialist-selected-as-executive-director-of-wikipedia.html?_r=0|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=February 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229040015/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/02/business/media/open-source-software-specialist-selected-as-executive-director-of-wikipedia.html?_r=0|archive-date=December 29, 2022}}</ref> The same ''Wall Street Journal'' article reported these directions of development according to an interview with spokesman Jay Walsh of Wikimedia, who "said Tretikov would address that issue (]) as a priority. 'We are really pushing toward more transparency ... We are reinforcing that paid advocacy is not welcome.' Initiatives to involve greater diversity of contributors, better mobile support of Misplaced Pages, new geo-location tools to find local content more easily, and more tools for users in the second and third world are also priorities", Walsh said.<ref name="Jeff Elder 2014" /> | |||
Following the departure of Tretikov from Misplaced Pages due to issues concerning the use of the "superprotection" feature which some language versions of Misplaced Pages have adopted,<ref group="W">{{Cite news |last=Neotarf|author-link=User:Neotarf |date=August 13, 2014 |title=Media Viewer controversy spreads to German Misplaced Pages |work=] |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2014-08-13/News_and_notes|access-date=February 1, 2023|archive-date=January 25, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125043521/https://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2014-08-13/News_and_notes|url-status=live}}</ref> ] became the third executive director of the Wikimedia Foundation in June 2016.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Lorente |first=Patricio |date=March 16, 2016 |title=Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees welcomes Katherine Maher as interim Executive Director |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2016/03/16/board-welcomes-katherine-maher/|access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=]|archive-date=February 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114634/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2016/03/16/board-welcomes-katherine-maher/|url-status=live}}</ref> Maher stated that one of her priorities would be the issue of editor harassment endemic to Misplaced Pages as identified by the Misplaced Pages board in December. She said to '']'' regarding the harassment issue that: "It establishes a sense within the community that this is a priority ... it has to be more than words."<ref name="Bloomberg 2016" /> | |||
Maher served as executive director until April 2021.<ref name=axios>{{cite web |url=https://www.axios.com/exclusive-the-end-of-the-maher-era-at-wikipedia-c1ed1408-bab7-4308-9407-db093e24c80d.html |title=Exclusive: End of the Maher era at Misplaced Pages |first=Felix |last=Salmon |website=Axios |date=February 4, 2021|access-date=April 16, 2021|archive-date=February 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204180613/https://www.axios.com/exclusive-the-end-of-the-maher-era-at-wikipedia-c1ed1408-bab7-4308-9407-db093e24c80d.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ] was named the incoming CEO in September 2021, and took over that role in January 2022. She stated that one of her focuses would be increasing diversity in the Wikimedia community.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lima |first=Cristiano |date=September 14, 2021 |title=Wikimedia taps leader of South African nonprofit as its next CEO |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/09/14/wikipedia-maryana-iskander-ceo/|access-date=September 14, 2021 |issn=0190-8286|archive-date=September 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914162044/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/09/14/wikipedia-maryana-iskander-ceo/|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
Misplaced Pages is also supported by many organizations and groups that are affiliated with the Wikimedia Foundation but independently-run, called ]. These include ] (which are national or sub-national organizations, such as Wikimedia Deutschland and Wikimedia France), thematic organizations (such as Amical Wikimedia for the ] community), and user groups. These affiliates participate in the promotion, development, and funding of Misplaced Pages.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikimedia chapters |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/Wikimedia_chapters|access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki |publisher=]|archive-date=November 12, 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051112001834/https://meta.wikimedia.org/Wikimedia_chapters|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
=== Software operations and support === | |||
{{See also|MediaWiki}} | |||
The operation of Misplaced Pages depends on ], a custom-made, ] and open source ] platform written in ] and built upon the ] database system.<ref name="nedworks database system" group="W">{{cite web |url=https://www.nedworks.org/~mark/presentations/san/Wikimedia%20architecture.pdf |title=Wikimedia Architecture |first=Mark |last=Bergsma |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|access-date = June 27, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204708/https://www.nedworks.org/~mark/presentations/san/Wikimedia%20architecture.pdf|archive-date = March 3, 2009}}</ref> The software incorporates programming features such as a ], ]s, a ] system for ]s, and ].<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=MediaWiki Features |url=https://www.wikimatrix.org/show/mediawiki|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=WikiMatrix|archive-date=February 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202020544/https://www.wikimatrix.org/show/mediawiki|url-status=live}}</ref> MediaWiki is licensed under the ] (GPL) and it is used by all Wikimedia projects, as well as many other wiki projects.<ref name="nedworks database system" group="W" /><ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Project:Copyrights |url=https://www.mediawiki.org/search/?title=Project:Copyrights&oldid=262877|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=MediaWiki |publisher=]|archive-date=October 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022061355/https://www.mediawiki.org/search/?title=Project:Copyrights&oldid=262877|url-status=live}}</ref> Originally, Misplaced Pages ran on ] written in ] by Clifford Adams (Phase I), which initially required ] for article hyperlinks; the present double bracket style was incorporated later.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=UseMod: UseModWiki |url=https://www.usemod.org/cgi-bin/wiki.pl|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001017191620/http://www.usemod.com/cgi-bin/wiki.pl|archive-date=October 17, 2000 |website=UseModWiki}}</ref> Starting in January 2002 (Phase II), Misplaced Pages began running on a ] engine with a MySQL database; this software was custom-made for Misplaced Pages by ]. The Phase II software was repeatedly modified to accommodate the ] demand. In July 2002 (Phase III), Misplaced Pages shifted to the third-generation software, MediaWiki, originally written by ]. | |||
Several MediaWiki extensions are installed to extend the functionality of the MediaWiki software.<ref name="WP extensions installed" group="W">]</ref> In April 2005, a ] extension<ref group="W">{{cite web |last=Snow |first=Michael |date=April 18, 2005 |title=Internal search function returns to service |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2005-04-18/Lucene_search|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Misplaced Pages, The 💕 |publisher=]|archive-date=July 31, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731211712/https://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2005-04-18/Lucene_search|url-status=live}}</ref><ref group="W">{{cite web |last=Vibber |first=Brion |title=]|archive-date=March 30, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330033506/http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2005-April/016297.html|url-status=live}}</ref> was added to MediaWiki's built-in search and Misplaced Pages switched from MySQL to Lucene for searching. Lucene was later replaced by CirrusSearch which is based on ].<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Extension:CirrusSearch |url=https://www.mediawiki.org/Extension:CirrusSearch|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=MediaWiki|archive-date=April 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413230335/https://www.mediawiki.org/Extension:CirrusSearch|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2013, after extensive beta testing, a ] (What You See Is What You Get) extension, ], was opened to public use.<ref name="thenextwebve">{{cite news |last=Protalinski |first=Emil |date=July 2, 2013 |title=Wikimedia rolls out WYSIWYG visual editor for logged-in users accessing Misplaced Pages articles in English |newspaper=] |url=https://thenextweb.com/insider/2013/07/02/wikimedia-rolls-out-its-wysiwyg-visual-editor-for-logged-in-users-accessing-wikipedia-articles-in-english/|access-date=February 2, 2023|archive-date=July 5, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705200158/http://thenextweb.com/insider/2013/07/02/wikimedia-rolls-out-its-wysiwyg-visual-editor-for-logged-in-users-accessing-wikipedia-articles-in-english/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/10196578/Wikipedia-introduces-new-features-to-entice-editors.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/10196578/Wikipedia-introduces-new-features-to-entice-editors.html|archive-date=January 10, 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |title=Misplaced Pages introduces new features to entice editors |author=Curtis, Sophie |date=July 23, 2013|access-date = August 18, 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="TheEconomistVE">{{cite news |newspaper=] |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/12/changes-wikipedia |title=Changes at Misplaced Pages: Seeing things |author=L. M. |date=December 13, 2011|access-date = July 28, 2013|archive-date = June 9, 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130609185354/http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/12/changes-wikipedia|url-status = live}}</ref> It was met with much rejection and criticism, and was described as "slow and buggy".<ref name="Orlowski, Andrew">{{cite web |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/08/01/wikipedians_reject_wysiwyg_editor/ |title=Wikipedians say no to Jimmy's 'buggy' WYSIWYG editor |author=Orlowski, Andrew |date=August 1, 2013 |website=The Register|access-date = August 18, 2013|archive-date = August 4, 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130804115056/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/08/01/wikipedians_reject_wysiwyg_editor|url-status = live}}</ref> The feature was changed from opt-out to opt-in afterward.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Forrester |first=James |date=April 25, 2013 |title=The alpha version of the VisualEditor is now in 15 languages |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2013/04/25/visualeditor-alpha-in-15-languages/|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=]|archive-date=February 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114634/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2013/04/25/visualeditor-alpha-in-15-languages/|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
=== Automated editing === | |||
{{Main|Misplaced Pages bots}} | |||
Computer programs called ]s have often been used to perform simple and repetitive tasks, such as correcting common misspellings and stylistic issues, or to start articles such as geography entries in a standard format from statistical data.<ref group="W">]</ref><ref name="meetbots">{{cite news |last=Nasaw |first=Daniel |date=July 24, 2012 |title=Meet the 'bots' that edit Misplaced Pages |work=] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18892510|access-date=February 2, 2023|archive-date=July 28, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728024625/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18892510|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Halliday |first=Josh |author2=Arthur, Charles |title=Boot up: The Misplaced Pages vandalism police, Apple analysts, and more |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2012/jul/26/boot-up-wikipedia-apple |newspaper=] |date=July 26, 2012|access-date = September 5, 2012|archive-date = February 20, 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220220203949/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2012/jul/26/boot-up-wikipedia-apple|url-status = live}}</ref> One controversial contributor, ], created articles with his bot ], which was reported to create up to 10,000 articles on the Swedish Misplaced Pages on certain days.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jervell |first=Ellen Emmerentze |date=July 13, 2014 |title=For This Author, 10,000 Misplaced Pages Articles Is a Good Day's Work |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/for-this-author-10-000-wikipedia-articles-is-a-good-days-work-1405305001|url-status=live|url-access=registration|access-date=August 18, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127185020/https://www.wsj.com/articles/for-this-author-10-000-wikipedia-articles-is-a-good-days-work-1405305001|archive-date=January 27, 2023}}</ref> Additionally, there are bots designed to automatically notify editors when they make common editing errors (such as unmatched quotes or unmatched parentheses).<ref group="W">{{Cite news |last=Aude |date=March 23, 2009 |title=Abuse Filter is enabled |work=] |publisher=Misplaced Pages, The 💕 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2009-03-23/Abuse_Filter|access-date=February 2, 2023|archive-date=March 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322114624/https://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2009-03-23/Abuse_Filter|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- And prevent the creation of links to particular websites. Bots also find and revert changes by suspicious new accounts, enforce bans against shared ]es or the use of ]s by a banned person operating from an alternate IP address.(unsourced/unverifiable) --> Edits falsely identified by bots as the work of a banned editor can be restored by other editors. An anti-vandal bot is programmed to detect and revert vandalism quickly.<ref name="meetbots" /> Bots are able to indicate edits from particular accounts or ] ranges, as occurred at the time of the shooting down of the ] in July 2014 when it was reported that edits were made via IPs controlled by the Russian government.<ref>{{cite web |date=July 21, 2014 |title=MH17 Misplaced Pages entry edited from Russian government IP address |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/the-stream/2014/7/21/mh17-wikipedia-entry-edited-from-russian-government-ip-address|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116002928/https://stream.aljazeera.com/story/201407211855-0023944|archive-date=November 16, 2016|access-date=July 22, 2014 |website=]}}</ref> Bots on Misplaced Pages must be approved before activation.<ref group="W">]</ref> According to ], the current expansion of Misplaced Pages to millions of articles would be difficult to envision without the use of such bots.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lih |first=Andrew |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/232977686 |title=The Misplaced Pages Revolution |publisher=] |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4013-0371-6 |pages=99–106 |oclc=232977686|access-date=February 2, 2023|archive-date=August 6, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806070928/http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/232977686|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
=== Hardware operations and support === | |||
] | |||
{{As of|2021|post=,}} page requests are first passed to a front-end layer of ] caching servers and back-end layer ] is done by ].<ref name=":14" group="W">{{cite web |title=Varnish |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/Varnish|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikitech |publisher=]|archive-date=January 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120040423/https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/Varnish|url-status=live}}</ref> Requests that cannot be served from the Varnish cache are sent to load-balancing servers running the ] software, which in turn pass them to one of the Apache web servers for page rendering from the database.<ref name=":14" group="W" /> The web servers deliver pages as requested, performing page rendering for all the language editions of Misplaced Pages. To increase speed further, rendered pages are cached in a distributed memory cache until invalidated, allowing page rendering to be skipped entirely for most common page accesses.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Friedman |first=Vitaly |date=January 12, 2021 |title=Front-End Performance Checklist 2021 (PDF, Apple Pages, MS Word) |url=https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2021/01/front-end-performance-2021-free-pdf-checklist/|access-date=April 26, 2022 |website=]|archive-date=April 1, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401164651/https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2021/01/front-end-performance-2021-free-pdf-checklist/|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
Misplaced Pages currently runs on dedicated ]s of ] servers running the ] operating system.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Debian |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/Debian|access-date=April 9, 2021 |website=Wikitech |publisher=]|archive-date=April 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418084905/https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/Debian|url-status=live}}</ref> By January 22, 2013, Misplaced Pages had migrated its primary data center to an ] facility in ].<ref group="W" name=":0">{{cite web |last=Palmier |first=Guillaume |date=January 19, 2013 |title=Wikimedia sites to move to primary data center in Ashburn, Virginia |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2013/01/19/wikimedia-sites-move-to-primary-data-center-in-ashburn-virginia/|access-date=June 5, 2016 |website=Diff |publisher=]|archive-date=July 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715011114/https://blog.wikimedia.org/2013/01/19/wikimedia-sites-move-to-primary-data-center-in-ashburn-virginia/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2013/01/14/its-official-equinix-ashburn-is-wikimedias-home/ |title=It's Official: Ashburn is Misplaced Pages's New Home |first=Jason |last=Verge |publisher=Data Center Knowledge|access-date = June 5, 2016 |date=January 14, 2013|archive-date = July 15, 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180715011703/https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2013/01/14/its-official-equinix-ashburn-is-wikimedias-home/|url-status = live}}</ref> In 2017, Misplaced Pages installed a caching cluster in an Equinix facility in ], the first of its kind in Asia.<ref group="W">{{cite web |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T156028 |title=⚓ T156028 Name Asia Cache DC site |website=Wikimedia Phabricator|access-date=May 12, 2019|archive-date=May 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512040933/https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T156028|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2022, a caching data center was opened in ], France.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=⚓ T282787 Configure dns and puppet repositories for new drmrs datacenter |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282787|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Phabricator|archive-date=February 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114545/https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282787|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2024, a caching data center was opened in ], the first of its kind in South America.<ref group="W" name="Magru">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=July 26, 2024 |title=The journey to open our first data center in South America |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/|access-date=November 29, 2024 |website=Diff |publisher=]|archive-date=September 21, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921054425/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2024|11|post=,}} caching clusters are located in ], San Francisco, Singapore, Marseille, and São Paulo.<ref name=":13" group="W" /><ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Data centers |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/Data_centers|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikitech |publisher=]|archive-date=January 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129081929/https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/Data_centers|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
=== Internal research and operational development === | |||
Following growing amounts of incoming donations in 2013 exceeding seven digits,<ref name="Simonite-2013" /> the Foundation has reached a threshold of assets which qualify its consideration under the principles of ] economics to indicate the need for the re-investment of donations into the internal research and development of the Foundation.<ref name="autogenerated5">{{cite book |last1=Scherer |first1=Frederic M. |url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=1496716 |title=Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance |date=2009 |publisher=Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical Research Reference in Entrepreneurship, ] |ssrn=1496716|author1-link=Frederic M. Scherer|access-date=February 2, 2023|orig-date=1970|archive-date=April 28, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428132257/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1496716|url-status=live}}</ref> Two projects of such internal research and development have been the creation of a Visual Editor and the "Thank" tab in the edit history, which were developed to improve issues of editor attrition.<ref name="Simonite-2013" /><ref name="Orlowski, Andrew" /> The estimates for reinvestment by industrial organizations into internal research and development was studied by ], who recorded that the range of 4% to 25% annually was to be recommended, with high-end technology requiring the higher level of support for internal reinvestment.<ref name=":15">{{Cite book |last1=Trajtenberg |first1=Manuel |url=https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/2593/Patents-Citations-and-InnovationsA-Window-on-the |title=Patents, Citations, and Innovations: A Window on the Knowledge Economy |last2=Jaffe |first2=Adam B. |year=2002 |publisher=] |isbn=978-0-262-27623-8 |pages=89–153 |doi=10.7551/mitpress/5263.001.0001|access-date=February 2, 2023|archive-date=February 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202174803/https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/2593/Patents-Citations-and-InnovationsA-Window-on-the|url-status=live}}</ref> At the 2013 level of contributions for Wikimedia presently documented as 45 million dollars,<ref group="W">{{Cite web |last1=Peters |first1=David |last2=Walsh |first2=Jay |year=2013 |title=Wikimedia Foundation 2012–13 Annual Report |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Wmf_AR12_v11_SHIP_2pp_hyper_14jan14.pdf|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=]|archive-date=February 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114540/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Wmf_AR12_v11_SHIP_2pp_hyper_14jan14.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> the computed budget level recommended by Jaffe for reinvestment into internal research and development is between 1.8 million and 11.3 million dollars annually.<ref name=":15" /> In 2019, the level of contributions were reported by the Wikimedia Foundation as being at $120 million annually,<ref group="W">{{Cite web |year=2020 |title=2019 to 2020 Annual Report – Statement of Activities – Audited (July 1, 2019 – June 30, 2020) |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/about/annualreport/2020-annual-report/financials/#section-2|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=]|archive-date=February 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202174803/https://wikimediafoundation.org/about/annualreport/2020-annual-report/financials/#section-2|url-status=live}}</ref> updating the Jaffe estimates for the higher level of support to between $3.08 million and $19.2 million annually.<ref name=":15" /> | |||
=== Internal news publications === | |||
{{Main|The Signpost}} | |||
Multiple Wikimedia projects have internal news publications. ]'s online newspaper '']'' was founded in 2005 by Michael Snow, a Misplaced Pages administrator who would join the Wikimedia Foundation's board of trustees in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Caroline |date=July 18, 2008 |title=Wikimedia Foundation edits its board of trustees |url=https://www.cnet.com/culture/wikimedia-foundation-edits-its-board-of-trustees/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301224408/https://www.cnet.com/news/wikimedia-foundation-edits-its-board-of-trustees/|archive-date=March 1, 2016|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen |date=March 5, 2007 |title=A Contributor to Misplaced Pages Has His Fictional Side |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/05/technology/05wikipedia.html?pagewanted=2&_r=1|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=October 18, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113161523/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/05/technology/05wikipedia.html?pagewanted=2&_r=1|archive-date=November 13, 2022}}</ref> The publication covers news and events from the English Misplaced Pages, the Wikimedia Foundation, and ].<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Misplaced Pages:Misplaced Pages Signpost/About |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/About|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Misplaced Pages, The 💕 |publisher=]|archive-date=June 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610122656/https://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/About|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
=== The Misplaced Pages Library === | |||
{{for|information for Misplaced Pages editors|Misplaced Pages:The Misplaced Pages Library|selfref=yes}} | |||
]The Misplaced Pages Library is a resource for Misplaced Pages editors which provides free access to a wide range of ]s, so that they can consult and cite these while editing the encyclopedia.<ref name="orlowitz">{{cite journal |last1=Orlowitz |first1=Jake |date=January 2018 |title=The Misplaced Pages Library : the biggest encyclopedia needs a digital library and we are building it |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327963422 |journal=JLIS.it |volume=9 |issue=3 |doi=10.4403/jlis.it-12505|access-date=February 2, 2023 |via=]|archive-date=April 28, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428132509/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327963422_The_wikipedia_library_The_biggest_encyclopedia_needs_a_digital_library_and_we_are_building_it|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bna">{{cite news |last1=The British Newspaper Archive |date=July 18, 2014 |title=Working with Misplaced Pages to bring history facts to light |work=] |url=https://blog.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/2014/07/18/working-with-wikipedia-to-bring-history-facts-to-light/|access-date=February 2, 2023|archive-date=November 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113161528/https://blog.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/2014/07/18/working-with-wikipedia-to-bring-history-facts-to-light/|url-status=live}}</ref> Over 60 publishers have partnered with The Misplaced Pages Library to provide access to their resources: when ] joined in 2020, a spokesman said "By enabling free access to our content for Misplaced Pages editors, we hope to further the research community's resources – creating and updating Misplaced Pages entries on civil engineering which are read by thousands of monthly readers."<ref name="hall">{{cite web |last1=Hall |first1=Sam |date=June 24, 2020 |title=ICE Publishing partners with The Misplaced Pages Library |url=https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/page/ice-news/106-wikipedia-library|access-date=October 26, 2021 |website=ICE Virtual Library|archive-date=November 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113161530/https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/page/ice-news/106-wikipedia-library|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
== Access to content == | |||
{{Redirect|Accessing Misplaced Pages|our accessibility guidelines|Misplaced Pages:Manual of Style/Accessibility}} | |||
=== Content licensing === | |||
When the project was started in 2001, all text in Misplaced Pages was covered by the ] (GFDL), a ] license permitting the redistribution, creation of derivative works, and commercial use of content while authors retain copyright of their work.<ref name="Misplaced Pages:Copyrights" group="W" /> The GFDL was created for software manuals that come with ] programs licensed under the ]. This made it a poor choice for a general reference work: for example, the GFDL requires the reprints of materials from Misplaced Pages to come with a full copy of the GFDL text.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses |url=https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.en.html|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=GNU Operating System |publisher=]|archive-date=March 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318014154/https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.en.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2002, the ] was released; it was specifically designed for creative works in general, not just for software manuals. The Misplaced Pages project sought the switch to the Creative Commons.<ref name="WPF switch to CC" group="W">{{cite web |last=Vermeir |first=Walter |date=December 1, 2007 |title=Resolution:License update |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/Resolution:License_update|access-date=December 4, 2007 |website=Wikimedia Foundation|archive-date=September 3, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903084619/http://wikimediafoundation.org/Resolution:License_update|url-status=live}}</ref> Because the GFDL and Creative Commons were incompatible, in November 2008, following the request of the project, the ] (FSF) released a new version of the GFDL designed specifically to allow Misplaced Pages to relicense its content to CC BY-SA by August 1, 2009.<ref group="W">]</ref> In April 2009, Misplaced Pages and its sister projects held a community-wide referendum which decided the switch in June 2009.<ref name="voteresult" group="W" /><ref name="MW licensing QA" group="W">{{cite web |title=Licensing update/Questions and Answers |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/Licensing_update/Questions_and_Answers|access-date=February 15, 2009 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki |publisher=]|archive-date=July 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716170801/https://meta.wikimedia.org/Licensing_update/Questions_and_Answers|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="MW licensing timeline 1" group="W">{{cite web |title=Licensing_update/Timeline |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/Licensing_update/Timeline|access-date=April 5, 2009 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki |publisher=]|archive-date=August 17, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817062932/https://meta.wikimedia.org/Licensing_update/Timeline|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="WP blog license migration" group="W">{{cite web |last=Walsh |first=Jay |date=May 21, 2009 |title=Wikimedia community approves license migration |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2009/05/21/wikimedia-community-approves-license-migration|access-date=May 21, 2009 |website=Diff |publisher=]|archive-date=January 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113042618/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2009/05/21/wikimedia-community-approves-license-migration/|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
The handling of media files (e.g. image files) varies across language editions. Some language editions, such as the English Misplaced Pages, include non-free image files under ] doctrine,<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Misplaced Pages:Non-free content |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Non-free_content|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Misplaced Pages, The 💕 |publisher=]|archive-date=January 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127162916/https://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Non-free_content|url-status=live}}</ref> while the others have opted not to, in part because of the lack of fair use doctrines in their home countries (e.g. in ]). Media files covered by ] licenses (e.g. ]' ]) are shared across language editions via ] repository, a project operated by the Wikimedia Foundation.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Commons:Fair use |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/Commons:Fair_use|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Misplaced Pages, The 💕 |publisher=]|archive-date=January 31, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131061136/https://commons.wikimedia.org/Commons:Fair_use|url-status=live}}</ref> Misplaced Pages's accommodation of varying international copyright laws regarding images has led some to observe that its photographic coverage of topics lags behind the quality of the encyclopedic text.<ref name="NYT photos on WP">{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen |date=July 19, 2009 |title=Misplaced Pages May Be a Font of Facts, but It's a Desert for Photos |work=] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/20/arts/20funny.html|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=March 9, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126005544/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/20/arts/20funny.html|archive-date=November 26, 2022}}</ref> The Wikimedia Foundation is not a licensor of content on Misplaced Pages or its related projects but merely a hosting service for contributors to and licensors of Misplaced Pages, a position which was successfully defended in 2004 in a court in France.<ref name="reuters French defamation case">{{cite news |date=November 2, 2007 |title=Misplaced Pages cleared in French defamation case |work=] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/internetNews/idUSL0280486220071102|access-date=November 2, 2007|archive-date=March 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308123810/https://www.reuters.com/article/internetNews/idUSL0280486220071102|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ars tech WP dumb suing case">{{cite web |last=Anderson |first=Nate |date=May 2, 2008 |title=Dumb idea: suing Misplaced Pages for calling you "dumb" |url=https://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20080502-dumb-idea-suing-wikipedia-for-calling-you-dumb.html|access-date=May 4, 2008 |website=]|archive-date=August 6, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806121938/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2008/05/dumb-idea-suing-wikipedia-for-calling-you-dumb.ars|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
=== Methods of access<span class="anchor" id="Reusing Misplaced Pages's content"></span> === | |||
Because Misplaced Pages content is distributed under an open license, anyone can reuse or re-distribute it at no charge.<ref group="W">]</ref> The content of Misplaced Pages has been published in many forms, both online and offline, outside the Misplaced Pages website. | |||
Thousands of "]s" exist that republish content from Misplaced Pages; two prominent ones that also include content from other reference sources are ] and ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reference.com Expands Content by Adding Misplaced Pages Encyclopedia to Search Capabilities |url=http://www.lexico.com/about/pr20050915.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225094122/http://www.lexico.com/about/pr20050915.html|archive-date=February 25, 2009 |website=Lexico Publishing Group, LLC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Answers.com |url=https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/answerscom|access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=]|archive-date=February 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203151141/https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/answerscom|url-status=live}}</ref> Another example is ], which began to display Misplaced Pages content in a mobile-device-friendly format before Misplaced Pages itself did.<ref name=":16" group="W">{{Cite web |last=Seifi |first=Joe |date=August 27, 2007 |title=Wapedia review |url=https://appsafari.com/utilities/1144/wapedia/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423185926/https://appsafari.com/utilities/1144/wapedia/|archive-date=April 23, 2022|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=appSafari}}</ref> Some web ]s make special use of Misplaced Pages content when displaying search results: examples include ] (via technology gained from ])<ref name="bing WP research and referencing" /> and ]. | |||
Collections of Misplaced Pages articles have been published on ]s. An English version released in 2006 contained about 2,000 articles.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Misplaced Pages 0.5 available on a CD-ROM |url=http://www.wikipediaondvd.com/site.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602060411/http://www.wikipediaondvd.com/site.php|archive-date=June 2, 2013 |website=Misplaced Pages On DVD}}</ref> The Polish-language version from 2006 contains nearly 240,000 articles,<ref name="WM polish WP on dvd" group="W">{{cite web |title=Polish Misplaced Pages on DVD |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/Polska_Wikipedia_na_DVD_%28z_Helionem%29/en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229040017/https://meta.wikimedia.org/Polska_Wikipedia_na_DVD_(z_Helionem)/en|archive-date=December 29, 2022|access-date=December 26, 2008 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki |publisher=]}}</ref> the German-language version from 2007/2008 contains over 620,000 articles,<ref group="W">]</ref> and the Spanish-language version from 2011 contains 886,000 articles.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=¿Qué es la CDPedia? |url=http://python.org.ar/pyar/Proyectos/CDPedia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702023520/http://python.org.ar/pyar/Proyectos/CDPedia|archive-date=July 2, 2011 |website=Py Ar |language=es}}</ref> Additionally, "Misplaced Pages for Schools", the Misplaced Pages series of CDs / DVDs produced by Misplaced Pages and ], is a free selection from Misplaced Pages designed for education towards children eight to seventeen.<ref group="W">{{Cite news |date=October 22, 2008 |title=2008–09 Misplaced Pages for Schools goes online |url=https://en.wikinews.org/2008-09_Wikipedia_for_Schools_goes_online |access-date=February 3, 2023 |newspaper=WikiNews |publisher=]}}</ref> | |||
There have been efforts to put a select subset of Misplaced Pages's articles into printed book form.<ref name="WP into books 1">{{cite news |date=June 16, 2009 |title=Misplaced Pages turned into book |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/5549589/Wikipedia-turned-into-book.html|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=February 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801202703/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/5549589/Wikipedia-turned-into-book.html|archive-date=August 1, 2009}}</ref><ref name="WP schools selection 1" group="W">{{cite web |title=Misplaced Pages Selection for Schools |url=https://schools-wikipedia.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804093730/https://schools-wikipedia.org/|archive-date=August 4, 2012|access-date=July 14, 2012 |website=Misplaced Pages, The 💕 |publisher=]}}</ref> Since 2009, tens of thousands of ] books that reproduced English, German, Russian, and French Misplaced Pages articles have been produced by the American company ] and by three Mauritian subsidiaries of the German publisher ].<ref name="FAZ" /> | |||
The website ], begun in 2007, extracts data from the infoboxes and category declarations of the English-language Misplaced Pages.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bizer |first1=Christian |last2=Lehmann |first2=Jens |last3=Kobilarov |first3=Georgi |last4=Auer |first4=Sören |last5=Becker |first5=Christian |last6=Cyganiak |first6=Richard |last7=Hellmann |first7=Sebastian |date=September 2009 |title=DBpedia – A crystallization point for the Web of Data |journal=Journal of Web Semantics |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=154–165 |doi=10.1016/j.websem.2009.07.002 |s2cid=16081721 |citeseerx=10.1.1.150.4898}}</ref> Wikimedia has created the ] project with a similar objective of storing the basic facts from each page of Misplaced Pages and other Wikimedia Foundation projects and make it available in a queryable ] format, ].<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikidata:Introduction |url=https://www.wikidata.org/Wikidata:Introduction|access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Wikidata |publisher=]}}</ref> {{As of|2023|2|post=,}} it has over 101 million items.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikidata:Statistics |url=https://www.wikidata.org/Wikidata:Statistics|access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Wikidata |publisher=]}}</ref> ] is a dedicated reader device that contains an offline copy of Misplaced Pages, which was launched by ] and first released in 2009.<ref group="W">{{cite web |last1=Moeller |first1=Erik |date=October 13, 2009 |title=OpenMoko Launches WikiReader |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2009/10/13/openmoko-launches-wikireader/|access-date=January 19, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=]}}</ref> | |||
Obtaining the full contents of Misplaced Pages for reuse presents challenges, since direct cloning via a ] is discouraged.<ref name="WP DB usage policy 1" group="W" /> Misplaced Pages publishes "]s" of its contents, but these are text-only; {{as of|2023|lc=y|post=,}} there is no dump available of Misplaced Pages's images.<ref name="WP image data dumps 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Data dumps/What's available for download |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/Data_dumps/What%27s_available_for_download|access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki |publisher=]}}</ref> ] is a for-profit solution to this.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Cohen |first=Noam |date=March 16, 2021 |title=Misplaced Pages Is Finally Asking Big Tech to Pay Up |magazine=] |url=https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-finally-asking-big-tech-to-pay-up/|access-date=February 3, 2023 |issn=1059-1028}}</ref> | |||
Several languages of Misplaced Pages also maintain a reference desk, where volunteers answer questions from the general public. According to a study by Pnina Shachaf in the '']'', the quality of the Misplaced Pages reference desk is comparable to a standard library ], with an accuracy of 55 percent.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shachaf |first=Pnina |date=October 16, 2009 |title=The paradox of expertise: is the Misplaced Pages Reference Desk as good as your library? |journal=Journal of Documentation |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=977–996 |doi=10.1108/00220410910998951 |url=http://eprints.rclis.org/20329/1/Paradox%20of%20expertise-final.pdf}}</ref> | |||
==== Mobile access<span class="anchor" id="Misplaced Pages mobile access"></span><span class="anchor" id="Misplaced Pages mobile"></span> ==== | |||
{{See also|List of Misplaced Pages mobile applications|Help:Mobile access}} | |||
] | |||
Misplaced Pages's original medium was for users to read and edit content using any standard ] through a fixed ]. Although Misplaced Pages content has been accessible through the ] since July 2013, ''The New York Times'' on February 9, 2014, quoted ], deputy director of the Wikimedia Foundation, stating that the transition of internet traffic from desktops to mobile devices was significant and a cause for concern and worry. The article in ''The New York Times'' reported the comparison statistics for mobile edits stating that, "Only 20 percent of the readership of the English-language Misplaced Pages comes via mobile devices, a figure substantially lower than the percentage of mobile traffic for other media sites, many of which approach 50 percent. And the shift to mobile editing has lagged even more." In 2014 ''The New York Times'' reported that Möller has assigned "a team of 10 software developers focused on mobile", out of a total of approximately 200 employees working at the Wikimedia Foundation. One principal concern cited by ''The New York Times'' for the "worry" is for Misplaced Pages to effectively address attrition issues with the number of editors which the online encyclopedia attracts to edit and maintain its content in a mobile access environment.<ref name="small screen" /> By 2023, the Wikimedia Foundation's staff had grown to over 700 employees.<ref name=WF10.23.23 /> | |||
Access to Misplaced Pages from mobile phones was possible as early as 2004, through the ] (WAP), via the ] service.<ref name=":16" group="W" /> In June 2007, Misplaced Pages launched en.mobile.wikipedia.org, an official website for wireless devices. In 2009, a newer mobile service was officially released, located at en.m.wikipedia.org, which caters to more advanced mobile devices such as the ], ]-based devices, or ]-based devices.<ref name="WM mobile added 1" group="W">{{cite web |date=June 30, 2009 |title=Wikimedia Mobile is Officially Launched |url=https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2009/06/wikimedia-mobile-launch|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111101614/http://techblog.wikimedia.org/2009/06/wikimedia-mobile-launch/|archive-date=January 11, 2010|access-date=July 22, 2009 |website=Wikimedia Technical Blog |publisher=]}}</ref> Several other methods of mobile access to Misplaced Pages have emerged since. Many devices and applications optimize or enhance the display of Misplaced Pages content for mobile devices, while some also incorporate additional features such as use of Misplaced Pages ] like ].<ref name="androgeoid.com LPOI WP 1">{{cite web |date=May 15, 2011 |title=Local Points Of Interest In Misplaced Pages |url=https://androgeoid.com/2011/04/local-points-of-interest-in-wikipedia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110601092809/http://androgeoid.com/2011/04/local-points-of-interest-in-wikipedia/|archive-date=June 1, 2011|access-date=May 15, 2011 |website=AndroGeoid}}</ref><ref name="ilounge iphone gems WP">{{cite web |last=Hollington |first=Jesse David |date=November 30, 2008 |title=iPhone Gems: Misplaced Pages Apps |url=https://www.ilounge.com/index.php/articles/comments/15802|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112235945/http://www.ilounge.com/index.php/articles/comments/15802/|archive-date=January 12, 2009|access-date=July 22, 2008 |website=iLounge}}</ref> | |||
The Android app for Misplaced Pages was released in January 2012, to over 500,000 installs and generally positive reviews, scoring over four of a possible five in a poll of approximately 200,000 users downloading from Google.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Finc |first=Tomasz |date=January 26, 2012 |title=Announcing the Official Misplaced Pages Android App |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2012/01/26/announcing-the-official-wikipedia-android-app/|access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=]}}</ref><ref group="W">{{cite web |title=Misplaced Pages |url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.wikipedia&hl=en|access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=]}}</ref> The version for iOS was released on April 3, 2013, to similar reviews.<ref group="W">{{cite web |date=August 4, 2014 |title=Misplaced Pages Mobile on the App Store on iTunes |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia-mobile/id324715238?mt=8|access-date=August 21, 2014 |website=] |publisher=]}}</ref> ] was an initiative of the Wikimedia Foundation to expand the reach of the encyclopedia to the developing countries by partnering with mobile operators to allow free access.<ref name=":17" group="W" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Ellis |first=Justin |date=January 17, 2013 |title=Misplaced Pages plans to expand mobile access around the globe with new funding |url=https://www.niemanlab.org/2013/01/wikipedia-plans-to-expand-mobile-access-around-the-globe-with-new-funding|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130012228/https://www.niemanlab.org/2013/01/wikipedia-plans-to-expand-mobile-access-around-the-globe-with-new-funding/|archive-date=November 30, 2022|access-date=April 22, 2013 |newspaper=Nieman Lab}}</ref> It was discontinued in February 2018 due to lack of participation from mobile operators.<ref name=":17" group="W">{{cite web |date=February 16, 2018 |title=Building for the future of Wikimedia with a new approach to partnerships |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2018/02/16/partnerships-new-approach/|access-date=May 12, 2019 |website=Diff |publisher=]}}</ref> | |||
] and ] both maintain editing Misplaced Pages with ]s is difficult and this discourages new potential contributors.<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /> Lih states that the number of Misplaced Pages editors has been declining after several years,<ref name=":18" /> and Tom Simonite of '']'' claims the bureaucratic structure and rules are a factor in this. Simonite alleges some ]s use the labyrinthine rules and guidelines to dominate others and those editors have a vested interest in keeping the status quo.<ref name="Simonite-2013" /> Lih alleges there is a serious disagreement among existing contributors on how to resolve this. Lih fears for Misplaced Pages's long-term future while Brown fears problems with Misplaced Pages will remain and rival encyclopedias will not replace it.<ref name=":18">{{cite news |last=Lih |first=Andrew |date=June 20, 2015 |title=Can Misplaced Pages Survive? |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/21/opinion/can-wikipedia-survive.html|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=February 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217205707/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/21/opinion/can-wikipedia-survive.html|archive-date=February 17, 2022}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{cite news |last=Brown |first=Andrew |date=June 25, 2015 |title=Misplaced Pages editors are a dying breed. The reason? Mobile |journal=] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jun/25/wikipedia-editors-dying-breed-mobile-smartphone-technology-online-encyclopedia|url-status=live|access-date=February 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022102741/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jun/25/wikipedia-editors-dying-breed-mobile-smartphone-technology-online-encyclopedia|archive-date=October 22, 2022}}</ref> | |||
=== Chinese access === | |||
Access to Misplaced Pages has been ] in ] since May 2015.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Skipper |first=Ben |date=December 7, 2015 |title=China's government has blocked Misplaced Pages in its entirety again |work=International Business Times UK |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/chinas-government-has-blocked-wikipedia-its-entirety-again-1532138|url-status=live|access-date=May 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503111142/https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/chinas-government-has-blocked-wikipedia-its-entirety-again-1532138|archive-date=May 3, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Fox-Brewster |first=Thomas |date=May 22, 2015 |title=Misplaced Pages Disturbed Over Fresh China Censorship |work=] |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2015/05/22/wikipedia-disturbed-over-fresh-china-censorship/#377839ae112a|url-status=live|access-date=May 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503043534/https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2015/05/22/wikipedia-disturbed-over-fresh-china-censorship/#377839ae112a|archive-date=May 3, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Henochowicz |first=Anne |date=May 20, 2015 |title=Chinese Misplaced Pages Blocked by Great Firewall |url=https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2015/05/chinese-wikipedia-blocked-by-great-firewall/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504212406/https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2015/05/chinese-wikipedia-blocked-by-great-firewall/|archive-date=May 4, 2017|access-date=May 4, 2017 |website=]}}</ref> This was done after Misplaced Pages started to use ] encryption, which made selective censorship more difficult.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |date=June 12, 2015 |title=The Wikimedia Foundation Turns On HTTPS By Default Across All Sites, Including Misplaced Pages |url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/12/the-wikimedia-foundation-turns-on-https-by-default-across-all-sites-including-wikipedia/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824001601/https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/12/the-wikimedia-foundation-turns-on-https-by-default-across-all-sites-including-wikipedia/|archive-date=August 24, 2020|access-date=June 3, 2020 |website=]}}</ref> | |||
== Cultural influence<span class="anchor" id="Influence"></span> == | |||
=== Trusted source to combat fake news === | |||
In 2017–18, after a barrage of false news reports, both Facebook and YouTube announced they would rely on Misplaced Pages to help their users evaluate reports and reject false news.<ref name=":20" /><ref name="auto" /> ], writing in '']'' states, "YouTube's reliance on Misplaced Pages to set the record straight builds on the thinking of another fact-challenged platform, the Facebook social network, which announced last year that Misplaced Pages would help its users root out ']'."<ref name="auto">{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen |date=April 7, 2018 |title=Conspiracy videos? Fake news? Enter Misplaced Pages, the 'good cop' of the Internet |newspaper=] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/conspiracy-videos-fake-news-enter-wikipedia-the-good-cop-of-the-internet/2018/04/06/ad1f018a-3835-11e8-8fd2-49fe3c675a89_story.html|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614045810/https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/conspiracy-videos-fake-news-enter-wikipedia-the-good-cop-of-the-internet/2018/04/06/ad1f018a-3835-11e8-8fd2-49fe3c675a89_story.html|archive-date=June 14, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Constine |first=Josh |date=April 3, 2018 |title=Facebook fights fake news with author info, rolls out publisher context |url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/04/03/facebook-author-info/|access-date=July 15, 2021 |website=]}}</ref> | |||
=== Readership === | |||
In February 2014, ''The New York Times'' reported that Misplaced Pages was ranked fifth globally among all websites, stating "With 18 billion page views and nearly 500 million unique visitors a month, ... Misplaced Pages trails just Yahoo, Facebook, Microsoft and Google, the largest with 1.2 billion unique visitors."<ref name="small screen" /> However, its ranking dropped to 13th globally by June 2020 due mostly to a rise in popularity of Chinese websites for online shopping.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.alexa.com/topsites |title=The top 500 sites on the web |website=Alexa|access-date=June 13, 2020|archive-date=February 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203120227/https://www.alexa.com/topsites|url-status=dead}}</ref> The website has since recovered its ranking as of April 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.alexa.com/topsites |title=The top 500 sites on the web |website=Alexa|access-date=July 25, 2023|archive-date=April 30, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430225746/https://www.alexa.com/topsites|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
In addition to ] in the number of its articles,<ref name="modelling" group="W" /> Misplaced Pages has steadily gained status as a general reference website since its inception in 2001.<ref name="comscore" /> The number of readers of Misplaced Pages worldwide reached 365 million at the end of 2009.<ref name="365M" group="W">{{cite web |last=West |first=Stuart |date=2010 |title=Misplaced Pages's Evolving Impact: slideshow presentation at TED2010 |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/TED2010%2C_Stuart_West_full_presentation_updated_with_January_data.pdf|access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=]}}</ref> The ] Internet and American Life project found that one third of US Internet users consulted Misplaced Pages.<ref name="Misplaced Pages users" /> In 2011, '']'' gave Misplaced Pages a valuation of $4 billion if it ran advertisements.<ref>{{cite web |author=SAI |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/2011-digital-100#7-wikimedia-foundation-wikipedia-7 |title=The World's Most Valuable Startups |website=Business Insider |date=October 7, 2011|access-date = June 14, 2014}}</ref> | |||
According to "Misplaced Pages Readership Survey 2011", the average age of Misplaced Pages readers is 36, with a rough parity between genders. Almost half of Misplaced Pages readers visit the site more than five times a month, and a similar number of readers specifically look for Misplaced Pages in search engine results. About 47 percent of Misplaced Pages readers do not realize that Misplaced Pages is a non-profit organization.<ref group="W">{{cite web |date=February 6, 2012 |title=Research: Misplaced Pages Readership Survey 2011/Results – Meta |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/Research:Wikipedia_Readership_Survey_2011/Results|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209125719/https://meta.wikimedia.org/Research:Wikipedia_Readership_Survey_2011/Results|archive-date=December 9, 2013|access-date=April 16, 2014 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki |publisher=]}}</ref> {{As of|2023|2|post=,}} Misplaced Pages attracts around 2 billion unique devices monthly, with the English Misplaced Pages receiving 10 billion ] each month.<ref name="Wikimedia_Stats" group="W" /> | |||
==== COVID-19 pandemic ==== | |||
{{Main|Misplaced Pages coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic}} | |||
During the ], Misplaced Pages's coverage of the pandemic and fight against misinformation received international media attention, and brought an increase in Misplaced Pages readership overall.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Sachdev |first=Shaan |date=February 26, 2021 |title=Misplaced Pages's Sprawling, Awe-Inspiring Coverage of the Pandemic |magazine=] |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/161486/wikipedia-coverage-pandemic-covid|url-status=live|access-date=February 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228122324/https://newrepublic.com/article/161486/wikipedia-coverage-pandemic-covid|archive-date=February 28, 2021 |issn=0028-6583}}</ref><ref name=":21">{{Cite magazine |last=Cohen |first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen |date=March 15, 2020 |title=How Misplaced Pages Prevents the Spread of Coronavirus Misinformation |magazine=] |url=https://www.wired.com/story/how-wikipedia-prevents-spread-coronavirus-misinformation/|url-status=live|access-date=February 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501004048/https://www.wired.com/story/how-wikipedia-prevents-spread-coronavirus-misinformation/|archive-date=May 1, 2020 |issn=1059-1028}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Benjakob |first=Omer |date=September 2, 2020 |title=On Misplaced Pages, a fight is raging over coronavirus disinformation-GB |magazine=Wired UK |url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/wikipedia-coronavirus|url-status=live|access-date=February 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416214738/https://www.wired.co.uk/article/wikipedia-coronavirus|archive-date=April 16, 2020 |issn=1357-0978}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dodds |first=Laurence |date=April 3, 2020 |title=Why Misplaced Pages is winning against the coronavirus 'infodemic'-GB |work=] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2020/04/03/wikipedia-winning-against-coronavirus-infodemic/|url-status=live|access-date=February 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411200231/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2020/04/03/wikipedia-winning-against-coronavirus-infodemic/|archive-date=April 11, 2020 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> Noam Cohen wrote in '']'' that Misplaced Pages's effort to combat ] was different from other major websites, opining, "Unless Twitter, Facebook and ] can learn to address misinformation more effectively, Misplaced Pages will remain the last best place on the Internet."<ref name=":21" /> In October 2020, the ] announced they were freely licensing its ]s and other materials on Wikimedia projects.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McNeil |first=Donald G. Jr. |date=October 22, 2020 |title=Misplaced Pages and W.H.O. Join to Combat Covid-19 Misinformation |work=] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/22/health/wikipedia-who-coronavirus-health.html|url-status=live|access-date=February 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227064916/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/22/health/wikipedia-who-coronavirus-health.html|archive-date=December 27, 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> There were nearly 7,000 COVID-19 related Misplaced Pages articles across 188 different Wikipedias, {{As of|2021|11|lc=y|post=.}}<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kenton |first1=Amanda |last2=Humborg |first2=Christian |date=November 29, 2021 |title=Digital regulation must empower people to make the internet better |url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/11/28/digital-regulation-must-empower-people-to-make-the-internet-better/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530140630/https://techcrunch.com/2021/11/28/digital-regulation-must-empower-people-to-make-the-internet-better/|archive-date=May 30, 2022|access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wales |first=Jimmy |date=August 26, 2021 |title=Learning to trust the internet again |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/8/26/learning-to-trust-the-internet-again|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827002411/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/8/26/learning-to-trust-the-internet-again|archive-date=August 27, 2021|access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=]}}</ref> | |||
=== Cultural significance === | |||
{{Main|Misplaced Pages in culture}} | |||
<!-- Every single cultural, media, or Internet reference to Misplaced Pages does not need to be mentioned here and differentiation between what constitutes a matter of significance and what is run-of-the-mill is important when adding content here. --> | |||
]'' in ], Poland, by ] (2014)]] | |||
Misplaced Pages's content has also been used in academic studies, books, conferences, and court cases.<ref name="Misplaced Pages in media" group="W" /><ref name="Bourgeois" /><ref name="ssrn.com Wikipedian Justice 1">{{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=Raghav |date=February 19, 2009 |title=Wikipedian Justice |doi=10.2139/ssrn.1346311 |ssrn=1346311 |website=] |s2cid=233749371}}</ref> The ]'s website refers to Misplaced Pages's article on ] in the "related links" section of its "further reading" list for the '']''.<ref name="parl.gc.ca same-sex marriage">{{cite web |title=An Act respecting certain aspects of legal capacity for marriage for civil purposes |url=https://www.parl.ca/LegisInfo/en/bill/38-1/C-38?view=about|access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=LEGISinfo |publisher=]}}</ref> The encyclopedia's assertions are increasingly used as a source by organizations such as the US federal courts and the ]<ref name="WP_court_source" />—though mainly for supporting information rather than information decisive to a case.<ref name="Courts turn to Misplaced Pages" /> Content appearing on Misplaced Pages has also been cited as a source and referenced in some ] reports.<ref name="US Intelligence" /> In December 2008, the scientific journal '']'' launched a new section for descriptions of families of RNA molecules and requires authors who contribute to the section to also submit a draft article on the ] for publication in Misplaced Pages.<ref name="Declan" /> Misplaced Pages has also been used as a source in journalism,<ref name="ajr.org WP in the newsroom">{{cite news |last=Shaw |first=Donna |date=February–March 2008 |title=Misplaced Pages in the Newsroom |work=] |url=https://www.ajr.org/Article.asp?id=4461|url-status=dead|access-date=February 11, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805155909/https://www.ajr.org/Article.asp?id=4461|archive-date=August 5, 2012}}</ref><ref name="twsY23" /> often without attribution, and several reporters have been dismissed for ].<ref name="shizuoka plagiarized WP 1">{{cite news |title=Shizuoka newspaper plagiarized Misplaced Pages article |work=Japan News Review |date=July 5, 2007 |url=https://www.japannewsreview.com/society/chubu/20070705page_id=364|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312013353/https://www.japannewsreview.com/society/chubu/20070705page_id%3D364|archive-date = March 12, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Richter |first=Bob |date=January 9, 2007 |title=Express-News staffer resigns after plagiarism in column is discovered |work=] |url=https://www.mysanantonio.com/news/metro/stories/MYSA010307.02A.richter.132c153.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070123064704/https://www.mysanantonio.com/news/metro/stories/MYSA010307.02A.richter.132c153.html|archive-date=January 23, 2007}}</ref><ref name="starbulletin.com Inquiry prompts dismissal">{{cite web |last=Bridgewater |first=Frank |title=Inquiry prompts reporter's dismissal |url=https://archives.starbulletin.com/2006/01/13/news/story03.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128202726/https://archives.starbulletin.com/2006/01/13/news/story03.html|archive-date=January 28, 2023|access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Coscarelli |first=Joe |date=July 29, 2014 |title=Plagiarizing Misplaced Pages Is Still Plagiarism, at BuzzFeed or the New York Times |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2014/07/new-york-times-buzzfeed-wikipedia-plagiarism.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818021218/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2014/07/new-york-times-buzzfeed-wikipedia-plagiarism.html|archive-date=August 18, 2022|access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Intelligencer |publisher=]}}</ref> | |||
In 2006, '']'' magazine recognized Misplaced Pages's participation (along with YouTube, ], ], and Facebook) in the rapid growth of online collaboration and interaction by millions of people worldwide.<ref name="Time2006" /> On September 16, 2007, '']'' reported that Misplaced Pages had become a focal point in the ], saying: "Type a candidate's name into Google, and among the first results is a Misplaced Pages page, making those entries arguably as important as any ad in defining a candidate. Already, the presidential entries are being edited, dissected and debated countless times each day."<ref name="WP.com WP election usage">{{cite news |author=Vargas |first=Jose Antonio |date=September 17, 2007 |title=On Misplaced Pages, Debating 2008 Hopefuls' Every Facet |newspaper=] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/16/AR2007091601699_pf.html|url-status=live|access-date=December 26, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127185625/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/16/AR2007091601699_pf.html|archive-date=January 27, 2023}}</ref> An October 2007 ] article, titled "Misplaced Pages page the latest status symbol", reported the recent phenomenon of how having a Misplaced Pages article vindicates one's notability.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ablan |first=Jennifer |date=October 22, 2007 |title=Misplaced Pages page the latest status symbol |work=] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUSN2232893820071022?sp=true|access-date=October 24, 2007}}</ref> | |||
One of the first times Misplaced Pages was involved in a governmental affair was on September 28, 2007, when ] ] raised a parliamentary question with the minister of cultural resources and activities about the necessity of ]. He said that the lack of such freedom forced Misplaced Pages, "the seventh most consulted website", to forbid all images of modern Italian buildings and art, and claimed this was hugely damaging to tourist revenues.<ref>{{cite web |last=Grillini |first=Franco|author-link=Franco Grillini |date=March 30, 2009 |title=Comunicato Stampa. On. Franco Grillini. Misplaced Pages. Interrogazione a Rutelli. Con "diritto di panorama" promuovere arte e architettura contemporanea italiana. Rivedere con urgenza legge copyright|trans-title=Press release. Honorable Franco Grillini. Misplaced Pages. Interview with Rutelli about the "right to view" promoting contemporary art and architecture of Italy. Review with urgency copyright law |url=https://www.grillini.it/show.php?4885|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330141810/https://www.grillini.it/show.php?4885|archive-date=March 30, 2009|access-date=December 26, 2008 |language=it}}</ref> | |||
] 2015]] | |||
] accepts the 2008 ] ''A Mission of Enlightenment'' award on behalf of Misplaced Pages.]] | |||
A working group led by ] (formed as a part of the ]-based project ]) in its report called Misplaced Pages "the best-known example of crowdsourcing{{nbsp}}... that far exceeds traditionally-compiled information sources, such as encyclopedias and dictionaries, in scale and depth".<ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. --> |date=September 2016 |title=Artificial Intelligence and Life in 2030 |url=https://ai100.stanford.edu/2016-report/section-i-what-artificial-intelligence/ai-research-trends|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208003001/https://ai100.stanford.edu/2016-report/section-i-what-artificial-intelligence/ai-research-trends|archive-date=December 8, 2022|access-date=September 3, 2016 |website=One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence (AI100) |publisher=]}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20230718" /> | |||
In a 2017 opinion piece for '']'', ] describes Misplaced Pages as "one of the last remaining pillars of the ] and ]" and contrasted its existence as a text-based source of knowledge with social media and ]s, the latter having "since colonized the web for television's values". For Derakhshan, Misplaced Pages's goal as an encyclopedia represents the ] tradition of ] triumphing over emotions, a trend which he considers "endangered" due to the "gradual shift from a ] culture to a photographic one, which in turn mean a shift from rationality to emotions, exposition to entertainment". Rather than "{{lang|la|]}}" ({{literal translation|dare to know|lk=on}}), social networks have led to a culture of "dare not to care to know". This is while Misplaced Pages faces "a more concerning problem" than funding, namely "a flattening growth rate in the number of contributors to the website". Consequently, the challenge for Misplaced Pages and those who use it is to "save Misplaced Pages and its promise of a free and open collection of all human knowledge amid the conquest of new and old television—how to collect and preserve knowledge when nobody cares to know."<ref>{{cite news |last=Derakhshan |first=Hossein|author-link=Hossein Derakhshan |date=October 19, 2017 |title=How Social Media Endangers Knowledge |url=https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedias-fate-shows-how-the-web-endangers-knowledge/|url-status=live |department=Business |magazine=] |publisher=Condé Nast |eissn=1078-3148 |issn=1059-1028|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022190537/https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedias-fate-shows-how-the-web-endangers-knowledge/|archive-date=October 22, 2018|access-date=October 22, 2018}}</ref> | |||
==== Awards ==== | |||
] | |||
] | |||
Misplaced Pages has won many awards, receiving its first two major awards in May 2004.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Trophy shelf |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/Trophy_shelf|access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki |publisher=]}}</ref> The first was a Golden Nica for Digital Communities of the annual ] contest; this came with a €10,000 (£6,588; $12,700) grant and an invitation to present at the PAE Cyberarts Festival in Austria later that year. The second was a Judges' ] for the "community" category.<ref name="webbyawards WP awards 1">{{cite news |url=https://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/winners-2004.php |title=Webby Awards 2004 |publisher=The International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences |year=2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722174246/https://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/winners-2004.php|archive-date = July 22, 2011}}</ref> | |||
In 2007, readers of brandchannel.com voted Misplaced Pages as the fourth-highest brand ranking, receiving 15 percent of the votes in answer to the question "Which brand had the most impact on our lives in 2006?"<ref name="brandchannel.com awards 1">{{cite news |last=Zumpano |first=Anthony |date=January 29, 2007 |title=Similar Search Results: Google Wins |work=brandhome |publisher=Brandchannel |url=https://www.brandchannel.com/features_effect.asp?pf_id=352|url-status=dead|access-date=January 28, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220095907/https://brandchannel.com/features_effect.asp?pf_id=352|archive-date=February 20, 2007}}</ref> | |||
In September 2008, Misplaced Pages received ] ''A Mission of Enlightenment'' award of Werkstatt Deutschland along with ], ], and ]. The award was presented to Wales by ].<ref name="loomarea.com WP award 1">{{cite web |url=https://loomarea.com/die_quadriga/e/index.php?title=Award_2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915140714/https://loomarea.com/die_quadriga/e/index.php?title=Award_2008|url-status=dead|archive-date = September 15, 2008 |title=Die Quadriga – Award 2008|access-date = December 26, 2008}}</ref> | |||
In 2015, Misplaced Pages was awarded both the annual ], which recognizes exceptional contributions to culture, society or social sciences,<ref name="EP2015">{{cite web |title=Erasmus Prize – Praemium Erasmianum |url=https://www.erasmusprijs.org/?lang=en&page=Erasmusprijs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115214241/https://www.erasmusprijs.org/?lang=en&page=Erasmusprijs|archive-date=January 15, 2015|access-date=January 15, 2015 |website=Praemium Erasmianum Foundation}}</ref> and the Spanish ] on International Cooperation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Premio Princesa de Asturias de Cooperación Internacional 2015|trans-title=Princess of Asturias Award of International Cooperation 2015 |url=https://www.fpa.es/es/premios-princesa-de-asturias/premiados/2015-wikipedia.html?especifica=0&idCategoria=0&anio=2015&especifica=0|access-date=June 17, 2015 |publisher=Fundación Princesa de Asturias |language=es}}</ref> Speaking at the Asturian Parliament in Oviedo, the city that hosts the awards ceremony, ] praised the work of the ] users.<ref>{{cite news |date=October 22, 2015 |title=Los fundadores de Misplaced Pages destacan la versión en asturiano |language=es|trans-title=The founders of Misplaced Pages highlight the Asturian version |newspaper=La Nueva España |url=https://www.lne.es/sociedad-cultura/2015/10/22/fundadores-wikipedia-destacan-version-asturiano/1830529.html|access-date=October 20, 2015}}</ref> | |||
==== Satire ==== | |||
{{category see also|Parodies of Misplaced Pages}} | |||
Comedian ] has parodied or referenced Misplaced Pages on numerous episodes of his show '']'' and coined the related term '']'', meaning "together we can create a reality that we all agree on—the reality we just agreed on".<ref name="wikiality" /> Another example can be found in "Misplaced Pages Celebrates 750 Years of American Independence", a July 2006 front-page article in '']'',<ref name="onion WP 750 years 1">{{cite web |url=https://www.theonion.com/articles/wikipedia-celebrates-750-years-of-american-indepen,2007/ |title=Misplaced Pages Celebrates 750 Years Of American Independence|access-date = October 15, 2006 |date=July 26, 2006 |website=]}}</ref> as well as the 2010 ''The Onion'' article {{"'}}L.A. Law' Misplaced Pages Page Viewed 874 Times Today".<ref>{{cite web |date=November 24, 2010 |title='L.A. Law' Misplaced Pages Page Viewed 874 Times Today |url=https://www.theonion.com/articles/la-law-wikipedia-page-viewed-874-times-today,18521/|access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=]}}</ref> | |||
In an April 2007 episode of the American television comedy '']'', office manager (]) is shown relying on a hypothetical Misplaced Pages article for information on ] tactics to assist him in negotiating lesser pay for an employee.<ref>{{Cite episode |title=The Negotiation|episode-link=The Negotiation (The Office) |series=The Office|series-link=The Office (American TV series) |network=] |date=April 5, 2007 |season=3 |number=19}}</ref> Viewers of the show tried to add the episode's mention of the page as a section of the actual Misplaced Pages article on negotiation, but this effort was prevented by other users on the article's talk page.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jesdanun |first=Anick |date=April 12, 2007 |title='Office' fans, inspired by Michael Scott, flock to edit Misplaced Pages |newspaper=] |url=https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/webguide/internetlife/2007-04-12-office-wikipedia_N.htm|url-status=live|access-date=December 12, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128044344/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/webguide/internetlife/2007-04-12-office-wikipedia_N.htm|archive-date=January 28, 2023}}</ref> | |||
"]", a 2007 episode of the television show '']'', played on the perception that Misplaced Pages is an unreliable reference tool with a scene in which ] reacts to a patient who says that a Misplaced Pages article indicates that the ] reverses the effects of ] by retorting that the same editor who wrote that article also wrote the ].<ref name="Bakken one doctor 1">{{Cite episode |title=My Number One Doctor|episode-link=Scrubs (season 7)#ep145 |series=Scrubs|series-link=Scrubs (TV series) |network=] |date=December 6, 2007 |season=7 |number=145 |last=Bakken |first=Janae|author-link=Janae Bakken}}</ref> | |||
In 2008, the comedy website '']'' produced a video sketch named "Professor Misplaced Pages", in which the fictitious Professor Misplaced Pages instructs a class with a medley of unverifiable and occasionally absurd statements.<ref>{{Cite episode |title=Professor Misplaced Pages |series=CollegeHumor Originals |network=] |date=September 24, 2008}}</ref> The '']'' comic strip from May 8, 2009, features a character supporting an improbable claim by saying "Give me ten minutes and then check Misplaced Pages."<ref>{{cite comic |Strip=Topper |Date=May 8, 2009 |Syndicate=] |Cartoonist=]}}</ref> In July 2009, ] broadcast a comedy series called '']'', which was set on a website which was a parody of Misplaced Pages.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wolf |first=Ian |date=June 4, 2010 |title=Bigipedia given second series |url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/radio/news/319/bigipedia_given_second_series/|access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=]}}</ref> Some of the sketches were directly inspired by Misplaced Pages and its articles.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.comedy.org.uk/guide/radio/bigipedia/interview/ |title=Interview With Nick Doody and Matt Kirshen |website=]|access-date = July 31, 2009|archive-date = July 31, 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090731150008/http://www.comedy.org.uk/guide/radio/bigipedia/interview|url-status = dead}}</ref> | |||
On August 23, 2013, the '']'' website published a cartoon with this caption: "Dammit, Manning, have you considered the pronoun war that this is going to start on your Misplaced Pages page?"<ref>{{cite web |last=Flake |first=Emily|author-link=Emily Flake |date=August 23, 2013 |title=Manning/Wikipedia cartoon |url=https://www.condenaststore.com/-sp/Dammit-Manning-have-you-considered-the-pronoun-war-that-this-is-going-t-Cartoon-Prints_i9813981_.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012052730/https://www.condenaststore.com/-sp/Dammit-Manning-have-you-considered-the-pronoun-war-that-this-is-going-t-Cartoon-Prints_i9813981_.htm|archive-date=October 12, 2014|access-date=August 26, 2013 |website=Conde Nast Collection}}</ref> The cartoon referred to ] (born Bradley Edward Manning), an American activist, politician, and former United States Army soldier who had recently ] as a ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 22, 2013 |title='I am Chelsea': Read Manning's full statement |url=http://www.today.com/news/i-am-chelsea-read-mannings-full-statement-6C10974052|access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=]}}</ref> | |||
In June 2024, ] published a fictional Misplaced Pages ] page under the title "Plastic-eating fungus caused doomsday" by Emma Burnett. The Talk page concerned a fictional article describing the unintended consequences of the release of a plastic-eating fungus to clean up an oil spill. The article contained Talk page topics found on Misplaced Pages, like discussions of changes in the articles ] level.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burnett |first=Emma |date=June 12, 2024 |title=Plastic-eating fungus caused doomsday |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-01723-z |journal=Nature |language=en |doi=10.1038/d41586-024-01723-z |issn=0028-0836|doi-access=free |pmid=38867010 }}</ref> | |||
=== Sister projects{{snd}}Wikimedia === | |||
{{Main|Wikimedia project}} | |||
Misplaced Pages has spawned several sister projects, which are also wikis run by the ]. These other ] include ], a dictionary project launched in December 2002,<ref group="W">{{Cite mailing list |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2002-December/008311.html |title=Wiktionary project launched |date=December 12, 2002|mailing-list=Misplaced Pages-l |last=Moeller |first=Erik|access-date=February 4, 2023}}</ref> ], a collection of quotations created a week after Wikimedia launched,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Woods |first1=Dan |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1300481129 |title=Wikis for dummies |last2=Theony |first2=Peter |publisher=] |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-118-05066-8 |edition=1st |location=Hoboken, NJ |pages=58 |chapter=3: The Thousand Problem-Solving Faces of Wikis |oclc=1300481129 |ol=5741003W}}</ref> ], a collection of collaboratively written free textbooks and annotated texts,<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Talk:Science Hypertextbook project |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/search/?oldid=153077|access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki |publisher=]}}</ref> ], a site devoted to free-knowledge multimedia,<ref group="W">{{Cite mailing list |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2004-March/014885.html |title=Proposal: commons.wikimedia.org |date=March 19, 2004|mailing-list=Misplaced Pages-l |last=Moeller |first=Erik|access-date=February 4, 2023}}</ref> ], for collaborative journalism,<ref group="W">{{Cite news |last=Eloquence |title=User:Eloquence/History |url=https://en.wikinews.org/User:Eloquence/History|access-date=February 4, 2023 |newspaper=Wikinews |publisher=]}}</ref> and ], a project for the creation of free learning materials and the provision of online learning activities.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikiversity:History of Wikiversity |url=https://en.wikiversity.org/Wikiversity:History_of_Wikiversity|access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Wikiversity |publisher=]}}</ref> Another sister project of Misplaced Pages, ], is a catalog of all species, but is not open for public editing.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=February 18, 2005 |title=NET News: Calling All Taxonomists |journal=Science |volume=307 |issue=5712 |pages=1021 |doi=10.1126/science.307.5712.1021a |s2cid=220095354 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In 2012, ], an editable travel guide,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Luyt |first=Brendan |date=January 1, 2020 |title=A new kind of travel guide or more of the same? Wikivoyage and Cambodia |journal=Online Information Review |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=356–371 |doi=10.1108/OIR-03-2020-0104}}</ref> and ], an editable knowledge base, launched.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Roth |first=Matthew |date=March 30, 2012 |title=The Misplaced Pages data revolution |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2012/03/30/the-wikipedia-data-revolution/|access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=]}}</ref> | |||
=== Publishing === | |||
] chapter at the 2013 DC Wikimedia annual meeting standing in front of the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' ''(back left)'' at the US National Archives]] | |||
The most obvious economic effect of Misplaced Pages has been the death of commercial encyclopedias, especially printed versions like '']'', which were unable to compete with a product that is essentially free.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bosman |first1=Julie |date=March 13, 2012 |title=After 244 Years, Encyclopaedia Britannica Stops the Presses |url=https://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com//2012/03/13/after-244-years-encyclopaedia-britannica-stops-the-presses/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103001340/https://archive.nytimes.com/mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/13/after-244-years-encyclopaedia-britannica-stops-the-presses/|archive-date=January 3, 2023|access-date=January 26, 2015 |website=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=March 20, 2012 |title=Encyclopedia Britannica Dies At The Hands Of Misplaced Pages |url=https://www.gizmocrazed.com/2012/03/encyclopedia-britannica-dies-at-the-hands-of-wikipedia-infographic/|access-date=June 14, 2014 |website=GizmoCrazed|archive-date=June 29, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629152825/http://www.gizmocrazed.com/2012/03/encyclopedia-britannica-dies-at-the-hands-of-wikipedia-infographic/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="FT effect on traditional media">{{cite news |author=Caldwell |first=Christopher|author-link=Christopher Caldwell (journalist) |date=June 14, 2013 |title=A chapter in the Enlightenment closes |newspaper=] |url=https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/ae22314a-d383-11e2-b3ff-00144feab7de.html|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=June 15, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225084438/https://www.ft.com/content/ae22314a-d383-11e2-b3ff-00144feab7de|archive-date=December 25, 2022 |quote=Bertelsmann did not resort to euphemism this week when it announced the end of the Brockhaus encyclopedia brand. Brockhaus had been publishing reference books for two centuries when the media group bought it in 2008. The internet has finished off Brockhaus altogether. What Germans like is Misplaced Pages.}}</ref> ]'s 2005 essay "The amorality of ]" criticizes websites with ] (like Misplaced Pages) for possibly leading to professional (and, in his view, superior) content producers' going out of business, because "free trumps quality all the time". Carr wrote, "Implicit in the ecstatic visions of Web 2.0 is the ] of the amateur. I for one can't imagine anything more frightening."<ref name="RType WP traditional media effect 1">{{cite web |last=Carr |first=Nicholas|author-link=Nicholas G. Carr |date=October 3, 2005 |title=The amorality of Web 2.0 |url=https://www.roughtype.com/archives/2005/10/the_amorality_o.php|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804031256/https://www.roughtype.com/?p=110|archive-date=August 4, 2022|access-date=July 15, 2006 |website=Rough Type}}</ref> Others dispute the notion that Misplaced Pages, or similar efforts, will entirely displace traditional publications. ], the former editor-in-chief of '']'', wrote in '']'' that the "]" approach of Misplaced Pages will not displace top ]s with rigorous ] processes.<ref name="nature.com crowds wisdom" /> | |||
Misplaced Pages's influence on the biography publishing business has been a concern for some. Book publishing data tracker Nielsen ] stated in 2013 that biography sales were dropping "far more sharply".<ref name=":22" /> ], professor of ] at the ] and author of two biographies wrote, "The worry is that, if you can get all that information from Misplaced Pages, what's left for biography?"<ref name=":22">{{cite news |last=Flood |first=Alison |date=February 7, 2013 |title=Alison Flood: ''Should traditional biography be buried alongside Shakespeare's breakfast?'' |journal=] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2013/feb/07/traditional-biography-shakespeare-breakfast|access-date=June 14, 2014}}</ref> | |||
=== Research use === | |||
Misplaced Pages has been widely used as a ] for linguistic research in ], ] and ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mayo |first=Matthew |date=November 23, 2017 |title=Building a Misplaced Pages Text Corpus for Natural Language Processing |url=https://www.kdnuggets.com/building-a-wikipedia-text-corpus-for-natural-language-processing.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528034621/https://www.kdnuggets.com/2017/11/building-wikipedia-text-corpus-nlp.html|archive-date=May 28, 2023|url-status=dead|access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=KDnuggets}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lindemann |first=Luke |date=February 19, 2021 |title=Misplaced Pages Corpus |url=https://lukelindemann.com/wiki_corpus.html|access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=lukelindemann.com}}</ref> In particular, it commonly serves as a target knowledge base for the ] problem, which is then called "wikification",<ref name="wikify">{{cite conference |url=https://www.cse.unt.edu/~tarau/teaching/NLP/papers/Mihalcea-2007-Wikify-Linking_Documents_to_Encyclopedic.pdf |title=Wikify!: linking documents to encyclopedic knowledge |first1=Mihalcea |last1=Rada |first2=Andras |last2=Csomai|author1-link=Rada Mihalcea |date=November 2007 |conference=ACM ]|book-title=CIKM '07: Proceedings of the sixteenth ACM conference on Conference on information and knowledge management |publisher=]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218062051/https://www.cse.unt.edu/~tarau/teaching/NLP/papers/Mihalcea-2007-Wikify-Linking_Documents_to_Encyclopedic.pdf|archive-date=February 18, 2016 |location=Lisbon; New York City |pages=233–242 |isbn=978-1-59593-803-9 |doi=10.1145/1321440.1321475|url-status=live}}</ref> and to the related problem of ].<ref name="milne witten WP usage 1">{{cite conference|chapter-url=https://www.cms.waikato.ac.nz/~ihw/papers/08-DNM-IHW-LearningToLinkWithWikipedia.pdf |chapter=Learning to Link with Misplaced Pages |first1=David |last1=Milne |first2=Ian H. |last2=Witten |title=Proceeding of the 17th ACM conference on Information and knowledge mining – CIKM '08|author2-link=Ian H. Witten |date=October 2008 |conference=ACM ]|book-title=CIKM '08: Proceedings of the seventeenth ACM conference on Conference on information and knowledge management |publisher=] |location=Napa Valley, CA; New York |pages=509–518 |isbn=978-1-59593-991-3 |doi=10.1145/1458082.1458150 |citeseerx=10.1.1.148.3617}}</ref> Methods similar to wikification can in turn be used to find "missing" links in Misplaced Pages.<ref name="discovering missing WP links 1">{{cite conference |last1=Adafre |first1=Sisay Fissaha |last2=de Rijke |first2=Maarten|author2-link=Maarten de Rijke |date=August 2005 |title=Proceedings of the 3rd international workshop on Link discovery – LinkKDD '05 |url=https://staff.science.uva.nl/~mdr/Publications/Files/linkkdd2005.pdf |conference=ACM LinkKDD |location=Chicago; New York City |publisher=] |pages=90–97 |doi=10.1145/1134271.1134284 |isbn=978-1-59593-135-1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717054413/https://staff.science.uva.nl/~mdr/Publications/Files/linkkdd2005.pdf|archive-date=July 17, 2012|chapter-url=https://staff.science.uva.nl/~mdr/Publications/Files/linkkdd2005.pdf |chapter=Discovering missing links in Misplaced Pages|book-title=LinkKDD '05: Proceedings of the 3rd international workshop on Link discovery|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
In 2015, French researchers José Lages of the ] in ] and Dima Shepelyansky of ] in ] published a global university ranking based on Misplaced Pages scholarly citations.<ref name=mitmining>{{cite news |title=Misplaced Pages-Mining Algorithm Reveals World's Most Influential Universities: An algorithm's list of the most influential universities contains some surprising entries |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/view/544266/wikipedia-mining-algorithm-reveals-worlds-most-influential-universities/|access-date = December 27, 2015 |work=] |date=December 7, 2015|archive-date = February 1, 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160201174817/https://www.technologyreview.com/view/544266/wikipedia-mining-algorithm-reveals-worlds-most-influential-universities/|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name=harvardisonlymarmow>{{cite news |last1=Marmow Shaw |first1=Jessica |title=Harvard is only the 3rd most influential university in the world, according to this list |url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/two-universities-beat-harvard-in-this-surprising-school-ranking-2015-12-09|access-date = December 27, 2015 |work=] |date=December 10, 2015}}</ref><ref name=wikipediarankingtimesworldunifranche>{{cite news |last1=Bothwell |first1=Ellie |title=Misplaced Pages Ranking of World Universities: the top 100. List ranks institutions by search engine results and Misplaced Pages appearances |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/wikipedia-ranking-world-universities-top-100|access-date = December 27, 2015 |work=] |date=December 15, 2015}}</ref> They used ], ] and similar algorithms "followed by the number of appearances in the 24 different language editions of Misplaced Pages (descending order) and the century in which they were founded (ascending order)".<ref name=wikipediarankingtimesworldunifranche /><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Lages, J. |author2=Patt, A. |author3=Shepelyansky, D. |year=2016 |title=Misplaced Pages ranking of world universities |journal=] |volume=89 |page=69 |arxiv=1511.09021 |bibcode=2016EPJB...89...69L |doi=10.1140/epjb/e2016-60922-0 |number=69 |s2cid=1965378}}</ref> The study was updated in 2019.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Coquidé, C. |author2=Lages, J. |author3=Shepelyansky, D.L. |year=2019 |title=World influence and interactions of universities from Misplaced Pages networks. |journal=] |volume=92 |page=3 |arxiv=1809.00332 |bibcode=2019EPJB...92....3C |doi=10.1140/epjb/e2018-90532-7 |number=3 |s2cid=52154548}}</ref> | |||
In December 2015, ] stated, in a letter published in '']'' newspaper, that as a historian he resorted to Misplaced Pages "at least a dozen times a day", and had never yet caught it out. He described it as "a work of reference as useful as any in existence", with so wide a range that it is almost impossible to find a person, place, or thing that it has left uncovered and that he could never have written his last two books without it.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-13 |title=All hail Misplaced Pages |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/all-hail-wikipedia-l6t9cnhkl5m |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=www.thetimes.com |language=en}}</ref> | |||
A 2017 ] study suggests that words used in Misplaced Pages articles end up in scientific publications.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brookshire |first1=Bethany |date=February 5, 2018 |title=Misplaced Pages has become a science reference source even though scientists don't cite it |work=ScienceNews |department=SciCurious |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/scicurious/wikipedia-science-reference-citations|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=February 4, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210120955/https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/scicurious/wikipedia-science-reference-citations|archive-date=February 10, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Thompson |first1=Neil |last2=Hanley |first2=Douglas |date=February 13, 2018 |title=Science Is Shaped by Misplaced Pages: Evidence From a Randomized Control Trial |journal=MIT Sloan Research Paper No. 5238-17 |location=Rochester, NY |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3039505 |ssrn=3039505 |s2cid=30918097 |via=]}}</ref> Studies related to Misplaced Pages have been using ] and ]<ref name="NYT-20230718">{{cite news |last=Gertner |first=Jon |title=Misplaced Pages's Moment of Truth – Can the online encyclopedia help teach A.I. chatbots to get their facts right — without destroying itself in the process? + comment |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/18/magazine/wikipedia-ai-chatgpt.html#permid=126389255 |date=July 18, 2023 |work=]|url-status=live |archiveurl=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20230719220706/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/18/magazine/wikipedia-ai-chatgpt.html#permid=126389255 |archivedate=July 19, 2023 |accessdate=July 19, 2023}}</ref> to support various operations. One of the most important areas is the automatic detection of vandalism<ref>{{cite conference |last1=Sarabadani |first1=Amir |last2=Halfaker |first2=Aaron |last3=Taraborelli |first3=Dario |title=Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion – WWW '17 Companion|author2-link=Aaron Halfaker |chapter=Building automated vandalism detection tools for Wikidata |date=April 2017 |conference=International Conference on World Wide Web Companion|book-title=WWW '17 Companion: Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion |publisher=] |location=Perth; New York |pages=1647–1654 |isbn=978-1-4503-4914-7 |doi=10.1145/3041021.3053366 |arxiv=1703.03861}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference |last1=Potthast |first1=Martin |last2=Stein |first2=Benno |last3=Gerling |first3=Robert |title=Advances in Information Retrieval |chapter=Automatic Vandalism Detection in Misplaced Pages|book-title=Advances in Information Retrieval |date=2008 |volume=4956 |pages=663–668 |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-78646-7_75 |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |isbn=978-3-540-78645-0|editor1-first=Craig|editor1-last=Macdonald|editor2-first=Iadh|editor2-last=Ounis|editor3-first=Vassilis|editor3-last=Plachouras|editor4-first=Ian|editor4-last=Ruthven|editor5-first=Ryen W.|editor5-last=White |conference=30th ] |location=Glasgow |publisher=Springer |citeseerx=10.1.1.188.1093}}</ref> and ] assessment in Misplaced Pages.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Asthana |first1=Sumit |last2=Halfaker |first2=Aaron|author2-link=Aaron Halfaker|editor1-last=Lampe|editor1-first=Cliff|editor1-link=Cliff Lampe |title=With Few Eyes, All Hoaxes are Deep |journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction |date=November 2018 |volume=2 |issue=CSCW |doi=10.1145/3274290 |at=21 |publisher=] |location=New York City |issn=2573-0142|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Petroni |first1=Fabio |last2=Broscheit |first2=Samuel |last3=Piktus |first3=Aleksandra |last4=Lewis |first4=Patrick |last5=Izacard |first5=Gautier |last6=Hosseini |first6=Lucas |last7=Dwivedi-Yu |first7=Jane |last8=Lomeli |first8=Maria |last9=Schick |first9=Timo|last10=Bevilacqua|first10=Michele |last11=Mazaré |first11=Pierre-Emmanuel |last12=Joulin |first12=Armand |last13=Grave |first13=Edouard |last14=Riedel |first14=Sebastian |title=Improving Misplaced Pages verifiability with AI |journal=] |date=2023 |volume=5 |issue=10 |pages=1142–1148 |doi=10.1038/s42256-023-00726-1|doi-access=free |arxiv=2207.06220}}</ref> | |||
In February 2022, ]s from the UK's ] were found to have used Misplaced Pages for research after journalists at '']'' noted that parts of the ] had been lifted directly from Misplaced Pages articles on ] and the ].<ref>{{cite news |last=Stone |first=Jon |date=February 3, 2022 |title=Parts of Michael Gove's levelling-up plan 'copied from Misplaced Pages' |work=] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/levelling-up-plan-copied-wikipedia-michael-gove-b2006757.html|url-status=live|access-date=February 3, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213080622/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/levelling-up-plan-copied-wikipedia-michael-gove-b2006757.html|archive-date=December 13, 2022}}</ref> | |||
== Related projects == | |||
Several interactive multimedia encyclopedias incorporating entries written by the public existed long before Misplaced Pages was founded. The first of these was the 1986 ], which included text (entered on ] computers) and photographs from more than a million contributors in the UK, and covered the geography, art, and culture of the UK. This was the first interactive multimedia encyclopedia (and was also the first major multimedia document connected through internal links), with the majority of articles being accessible through an interactive map of the UK. The user interface and part of the content of the Domesday Project were emulated on a website until 2008.<ref name="Domesday Project" /> | |||
Several free-content, collaborative encyclopedias were created around the same period as Misplaced Pages (e.g. ]),<ref>{{cite news |last=Frauenfelder |first=Mark |date=November 21, 2000 |title=The next generation of online encyclopedias |website=] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/11/21/net.gen.encyclopedias.idg/index.html|url-status=live|access-date=February 4, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040814034109/https://www.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/11/21/net.gen.encyclopedias.idg/index.html|archive-date=August 14, 2004}}</ref> with many later being merged into the project (e.g. ]).<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=The 💕 Project |url=https://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html|access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=GNU Operating System}}</ref> One of the most successful early online encyclopedias incorporating entries by the public was ], which was created by ] in 1999. The h2g2 encyclopedia is relatively lighthearted, focusing on articles which are both witty and informative.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rubin |first=Harriet |date=May 31, 1998 |title=The Hitchhikers Guide to the New Economy |work=] |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/34100/hitchhikers-guide-new-economy|access-date=February 4, 2023}}</ref> | |||
Subsequent collaborative ] websites have drawn inspiration from Misplaced Pages. Others use more traditional ], such as '']'' and the online wiki encyclopedias '']'' and ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Encyclopedia of Life |url=http://naturalhistory.si.edu/research/eol|access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=] |publisher=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Scholarpedia: the free peer-reviewed encyclopedia |url=http://applied-neuroscience.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222104006/http://applied-neuroscience.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79|archive-date=February 22, 2012 |website=Society of Applied Neuroscience}}</ref> The latter was started by Sanger in an attempt to create a reliable alternative to Misplaced Pages.<ref name="Orlowski18" /><ref name="JayLyman">{{cite news |first=Jay |last=Lyman |url=https://www.crmbuyer.com/story/53137.html |title=Misplaced Pages Co-Founder Planning New Expert-Authored Site |publisher=LinuxInsider |date=September 20, 2006|access-date = June 27, 2007|archive-date = September 28, 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928002933/http://www.crmbuyer.com/story/53137.html|url-status = dead}}</ref> | |||
== See also == | |||
{{main category|Misplaced Pages}} | |||
{{portal|Internet|Misplaced Pages}} | |||
{{div col|colwidth=20em}} | |||
* ] | |||
* ]{{snd}}an early proposal for a collaborative Internet encyclopedia | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ]{{snd}}guide to the subject of ''Misplaced Pages'' presented as a ]d list of its subtopics; for an outline of the contents of Misplaced Pages, see ] | |||
* ]{{snd}}multilingual, mobile interface to Misplaced Pages | |||
* ] | |||
{{div col end}} | |||
== Notes == | |||
{{notelist}} | |||
== References == | |||
{{reflist|refs= | |||
<ref name="nature.com crowds wisdom">{{cite web |title=Technical solutions: Wisdom of the crowds |url=https://www.nature.com/nature/peerreview/debate/nature04992.html |website=Nature|access-date = October 10, 2006}}</ref> | |||
<!-- unused <ref name="Alexa siteinfo">{{cite web |title=Misplaced Pages.org Traffic, Demographics and Competitors |url=https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org |publisher=]|access-date=October 1, 2019}}</ref> --> | |||
<ref name=comscore>{{cite web |url=https://www.comscore.com/press/release.asp?press=849 |title=694 Million People Currently Use the Internet Worldwide According To comScore Networks |date=May 4, 2006 |publisher=comScore|access-date = December 16, 2007 |quote=Misplaced Pages has emerged as a site that continues to increase in popularity, both globally and in the US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080730011713/https://www.comscore.com/press/release.asp?press=849|archive-date = July 30, 2008}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Misplaced Pages users">{{cite web |first1=Lee |last1=Rainie |first2=Bill |last2=Tancer |title=Misplaced Pages users |publisher=Pew Research Center |website=Pew Internet & American Life Project |date=December 15, 2007 |quote=36% of online American adults consult Misplaced Pages. It is particularly popular with the well-educated and current college-age students. |url=https://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Wikipedia07.pdf|access-date = December 15, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306031354/https://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Wikipedia07.pdf|archive-date = March 6, 2008}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Bourgeois">{{cite web |url=https://www.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/ops/200216886.pdf |title=Bourgeois et al. v. Peters et al.|access-date = February 6, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203021430/https://www.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/ops/200216886.pdf|archive-date = February 3, 2007}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Courts turn to Misplaced Pages">{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen |date=January 29, 2007 |title=Courts Turn to Misplaced Pages, but Selectively |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/29/technology/29wikipedia.html|access-date = December 26, 2008}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="US Intelligence">{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/blog/secrecy/2007/03/the_wikipedia_factor_in_us_int.html |title=The Misplaced Pages Factor in US Intelligence |first=Steven |last=Aftergood |publisher=Federation of American Scientists Project on Government Secrecy |date=March 21, 2007|access-date = April 14, 2007|archive-date = January 18, 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130118113948/http://www.fas.org/blog/secrecy/2007/03/the_wikipedia_factor_in_us_int.html|url-status = dead}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Declan">{{cite journal |last=Butler |first=Declan |date=December 16, 2008 |title=Publish in Misplaced Pages or perish |journal=Nature News |doi=10.1038/news.2008.1312}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=MiliardWho>{{cite news |url=https://www.cityweekly.net/utah/article-5129-feature-wikipediots-who-are-these-devoted-even-obsessive-contributors-to-wikipedia.html |first=Mike |last=Miliard |title=Wikipediots: Who Are These Devoted, Even Obsessive Contributors to Misplaced Pages? |work=] |date=March 1, 2008|access-date = December 18, 2008}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=Time2006>{{cite news |date=December 13, 2006 |url=https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1570810,00.html |title=Time's Person of the Year: You |magazine=Time|access-date = December 26, 2008 |first=Lev |last=Grossman}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="AcademiaAndWikipedia">{{cite web |first=Danah |last=Boyd |url=https://many.corante.com/archives/2005/01/04/academia_and_wikipedia.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060316184224/https://many.corante.com/archives/2005/01/04/academia_and_wikipedia.php|url-status=dead|archive-date = March 16, 2006 |title=Academia and Misplaced Pages |website=Many 2 Many: A Group ] on Social Software |publisher=Corante |date=January 4, 2005|access-date = December 18, 2008 |quote= an expert on social media a doctoral student in the School of Information at the ] and a fellow at the Harvard University ] ].]}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="MIT_IBM_study">{{cite book |first1=Fernanda B. |last1=Viégas |first2=Martin |last2=Wattenberg |first3=Kushal |last3=Dave |title=CHI '04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems |chapter=The palm zire 71 camera interface |url=https://alumni.media.mit.edu/~fviegas/papers/history_flow.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060125025047/https://alumni.media.mit.edu/~fviegas/papers/history_flow.pdf|archive-date = January 25, 2006 |pages=575–582 |year=2004 |doi=10.1145/985921.985953 |isbn=978-1-58113-702-6 |s2cid=10351688|access-date = January 24, 2007}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="CreatingDestroyingAndRestoringValue">{{cite journal |first1=Reid |last1=Priedhorsky |first2=Jilin |last2=Chen |author3=Shyong (Tony) K. Lam |first4=Katherine |last4=Panciera |first5=Loren |last5=Terveen |first6=John |last6=Riedl |title=Creating, Destroying, and Restoring Value in Misplaced Pages |journal=Association for Computing Machinery Group '07 Conference Proceedings; GroupLens Research, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota |date=November 4, 2007 |url=https://www-users.cs.umn.edu/~reid/papers/group282-priedhorsky.pdf|access-date = October 13, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025080718/https://www-users.cs.umn.edu/~reid/papers/group282-priedhorsky.pdf|archive-date = October 25, 2007 |citeseerx=10.1.1.123.7456}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite news |url=https://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html |first=Jonathan |last=Sidener |title=Everyone's Encyclopedia |date=December 6, 2004 |work=]|access-date = October 15, 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011150228/https://signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html|archive-date = October 11, 2007}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=Meyers>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Meyers |title=Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/20/technology/fact-driven-collegial-this-site-wants-you.html?n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes+Topics%2FSubjects%2FC%2FComputer+Software |work=The New York Times |date=September 20, 2001 |quote='I can start an article that will consist of one paragraph, and then a real expert will come along and add three paragraphs and clean up my one paragraph,' said Larry Sanger of Las Vegas, who founded Misplaced Pages with Mr. Wales.|access-date = November 22, 2007}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=SangerMemoir>{{cite news |first=Larry |last=Sanger |title=The Early History of Nupedia and Misplaced Pages: A Memoir |date=April 18, 2005 |work=Slashdot |url=https://features.slashdot.org/features/05/04/18/164213.shtml|access-date = December 26, 2008}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="EB_encyclopedia">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopedias and Dictionaries |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |edition=15th |year=2007 |volume=18 |pages=257–286 |author1=<!-- Please add first missing authors to populate metadata. -->}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=Shirky>{{cite book |first=Clay |last=Shirky|author-link = Clay Shirky |title=Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations |year=2008 |publisher=The Penguin Press via Amazon Online Reader |url=https://archive.org/details/herecomeseverybo0000shir |isbn=978-1-59420-153-0 |page=|access-date = December 26, 2008}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=FAZ>{{cite web |last=Thiel |first=Thomas |title=Misplaced Pages und Amazon: Der Marketplace soll es richten |website=Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung |language=de |date=September 27, 2010 |url=https://www.faz.net/s/RubCF3AEB154CE64960822FA5429A182360/Doc~E7A20980B9C0D46E99A9F60BC09506343~ATpl~Ecommon~Scontent.html|access-date = December 6, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126184904/https://www.faz.net/s/RubCF3AEB154CE64960822FA5429A182360/Doc~E7A20980B9C0D46E99A9F60BC09506343~ATpl~Ecommon~Scontent.html|archive-date = November 26, 2010}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Seigenthaler">{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/2005-11-29-wikipedia-edit_x.htm |last=Seigenthaler |first=John |title=A False Misplaced Pages 'biography' |date=November 29, 2005 |work=USA Today|access-date = December 26, 2008}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Torsten_Kleinz">{{cite news |first=Torsten |last=Kleinz |title=World of Knowledge |work=Linux Magazine |quote=The Misplaced Pages's open structure makes it a target for trolls and vandals who malevolently add incorrect information to articles, get other people tied up in endless discussions, and generally do everything to draw attention to themselves. |date=February 2005 |url=https://w3.linux-magazine.com/issue/51/Wikipedia_Encyclopedia.pdf|access-date = July 13, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925220722/https://w3.linux-magazine.com/issue/51/Wikipedia_Encyclopedia.pdf|archive-date = September 25, 2007 }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="DeathByWikipedia">{{cite news |title=Death by Misplaced Pages: The Kenneth Lay Chronicles |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/08/AR2006070800135.html |first=Frank |last=Ahrens |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=July 9, 2006|access-date = November 1, 2006}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="wikiality">{{cite news |title=Wikiality |url=https://www.cc.com/video-clips/z1aahs/the-colbert-report-the-word---wikiality |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911230950/http://www.cc.com/video-clips/z1aahs/the-colbert-report-the-word---wikiality |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 11, 2015 |first=Stephen |last=Colbert |date=July 30, 2006|access-date = October 8, 2015}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Seeing Corporate Fingerprints">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/19/technology/19wikipedia.html |title=Lifting Corporate Fingerprints From the Editing of Misplaced Pages |first=Katie |last=Hafner |work=The New York Times |date=August 19, 2007|access-date = December 26, 2008 |page=1}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=Taylor>{{cite news |url=https://in.reuters.com/article/technologyNews/idINIndia-32865420080405 |title=China allows access to English Misplaced Pages |work=Reuters |first=Sophie |last=Taylor |date=April 5, 2008|access-date = July 29, 2008|archive-date = December 29, 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201229092049/https://in.reuters.com/article/technologyNews/idINIndia-32865420080405|url-status = dead}}</ref> | |||
<!-- Not in use | |||
<ref name=Kittur2009>{{cite conference |url=https://www-users.cs.umn.edu/~echi/papers/2009-CHI2009/p1509.pdf |title=What's in Misplaced Pages?: mapping topics and conflict using socially annotated category structure |first1=Aniket |last1=Kittur |first2=Ed H. |last2=Chi |first3=Bongwon |last3=Shu|author2-link=Ed Chi |date=April 2009 |conference=CHI|book-title=CHI '09: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413130503/https://www-users.cs.umn.edu/~echi/papers/2009-CHI2009/p1509.pdf|archive-date=April 13, 2016 |location=Boston; New York |pages=1509–1512 |isbn=978-1-60558-246-7 |doi=10.1145/1518701.1518930}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=Rosenzweig>{{cite journal |first=Roy |last=Rosenzweig |title=Can History be Open Source? Misplaced Pages and the Future of the Past |journal=The Journal of American History |volume=93 |issue=1 |date=June 2006 |pages=117–146 |url=https://chnm.gmu.edu/essays-on-history-new-media/essays/?essayid=42|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425130754/https://chnm.gmu.edu/essays-on-history-new-media/essays/?essayid=42|url-status=dead|archive-date = April 25, 2010|access-date = August 11, 2006 |doi=10.2307/4486062 |jstor=4486062}} (Center for History and New Media.)</ref> | |||
Not in use--> | |||
<ref name="McHenry_2004">{{cite news |last1=McHenry |first1=Robert |title=The Faith-Based Encyclopedia |url=https://www.techcentralstation.com/111504A.html |work=] |date=November 15, 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107210301/https://www.techcentralstation.com/111504A.html|archive-date=January 7, 2006}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="WideWorldOfWikipedia">{{cite news |title=Wide World of Misplaced Pages |newspaper=The Emory Wheel |url=https://www.emorywheel.com/detail.php?n=17902 |date=April 21, 2006|access-date = October 17, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107052908/https://www.emorywheel.com/detail.php?n=17902|archive-date = November 7, 2007}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="AWorkInProgress">{{cite news |first=Burt |last=Helm |title=Misplaced Pages: 'A Work in Progress' |url=https://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/dec2005/tc20051214_441708.htm |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |date=December 14, 2005|access-date = January 29, 2007|archive-date = April 21, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421000522/https://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/dec2005/tc20051214_441708.htm}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="GilesJ2005Internet">{{cite journal |first=Jim |last=Giles |title=Internet encyclopedias go head to head |journal=] |volume=438 |issue=7070 |pages=900–901 |date=December 2005 |pmid=16355180 |doi=10.1038/438900a|author-link = Jim Giles (reporter) |bibcode=2005Natur.438..900G|doi-access = free}} {{subscription required}} | |||
Note: The study was cited in several news articles; e.g.: | |||
* {{cite news |title=Misplaced Pages survives research test |work=BBC News |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4530930.stm |date=December 15, 2005}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="corporate.britannica.com">{{cite report |author=Encyclopædia Britannica|author-link=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=March 2006 |title=Fatally Flawed: Refuting the recent study on encyclopedic accuracy by the journal ''Nature'' |url=https://corporate.britannica.com/britannica_nature_response.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709053629/https://corporate.britannica.com/britannica_nature_response.pdf|archive-date=July 9, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="stothart">Chloe Stothart. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221140310/https://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=26&storycode=209408|date=December 21, 2012}} ''The Times Higher Education Supplement'', 2007, 1799 (June 22), p. 2.</ref> | |||
<ref name="The Register-April">{{cite news |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/04/09/sanger_reports_wikimedia_to_the_fbi/ |work=The Register |date=April 9, 2010 |first=Cade |last=Metz |title=Wikifounder reports Wikiparent to FBI over 'child porn'|access-date = April 19, 2010}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=AFP>{{cite news |last1=Agence France-Presse |title=Misplaced Pages rejects child porn accusation |url=https://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/wikipedia-rejects-child-porn-accusation-20100428-tsvh.html |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=April 29, 2010}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="David_Mehegan">{{cite news |first=David |last=Mehegan |title=Many contributors, common cause |url=https://www.boston.com/business/technology/articles/2006/02/13/many_contributors_common_cause |work=Boston Globe |date=February 13, 2006|access-date = March 25, 2007}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="user identification">{{cite web |title=The Authority of Misplaced Pages |url=https://www.public.iastate.edu/~goodwin/pubs/goodwinwikipedia.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122202231/https://www.public.iastate.edu/~goodwin/pubs/goodwinwikipedia.pdf|archive-date = November 22, 2009 |first=Jean |last=Goodwin |year=2009 |quote=Misplaced Pages's commitment to anonymity/pseudonymity thus imposes a sort of epistemic agnosticism on its readers|access-date = January 31, 2011}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="WP_court_source">{{cite journal |last=Arias |first=Martha L. |date=January 29, 2007 |url=https://www.ibls.com/internet_law_news_portal_view.aspx?s=latestnews&id=1668 |title=Misplaced Pages: The Free Online Encyclopedia and its Use as Court Source |journal=Internet Business Law Services|access-date = December 26, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520054827/https://www.ibls.com/internet_law_news_portal_view.aspx?s=latestnews&id=1668|archive-date = May 20, 2012|url-status=dead }} (The name "''World Intellectual Property Office''" should however read "''World Intellectual Property Organization''" in this source.)</ref> | |||
<ref name=twsY23>{{cite news |author=Lexington |title=Classlessness in America: The uses and abuses of an enduring myth |newspaper=The Economist |quote=Socialist Labour Party of America though it can trace its history as far back as 1876, when it was known as the Workingmen's Party, no less an authority than Misplaced Pages pronounces it "moribund". |date=September 24, 2011 |url=https://www.economist.com/node/21530100|access-date = September 27, 2011}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Domesday Project">{{cite web |url=https://www.domesday1986.com/ |title=Website discussing the emulator of the Domesday Project User Interface |author=Heart Internet|access-date = September 9, 2014|archive-date = May 17, 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140517075130/http://domesday1986.com/|url-status = dead}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Orlowski18">{{cite news |first=Andrew |last=Orlowski|author-link = Andrew Orlowski |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/09/18/sanger_forks_wikipedia |title=Misplaced Pages founder forks Misplaced Pages, More experts, less fiddling? |work=The Register |date=September 18, 2006 |quote=Larry Sanger describes the Citizendium project as a "progressive or gradual fork", with the major difference that experts have the final say over edits.|access-date = June 27, 2007}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="bing WP research and referencing">{{cite news |url=https://www.bing.com/community/site_blogs/b/search/archive/2009/07/27/researching-with-bing-reference.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023202054/https://www.bing.com/community/site_blogs/b/search/archive/2009/07/27/researching-with-bing-reference.aspx|archive-date=October 23, 2010 |title=Researching With Bing Reference|newspaper=Bing Community |access-date = September 9, 2014}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="J Sidener">{{cite news |url=https://legacy.utsandiego.com/news/tech/personaltech/20061009-9999-mz1b9wikiped.html |title=Misplaced Pages family feud rooted in San Diego |last=Sidener |first=Jonathan |date=October 9, 2006 |work=]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111074945/https://legacy.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/tech/personaltech/20061009-9999-mz1b9wikiped.html|archive-date = November 11, 2016|access-date = May 5, 2009}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="emory_p_181">{{cite journal |title=Wikitruth through Wikiorder |ssrn=1354424 |journal=Emory Law Journal |volume=59 |issue=1 |year=2009 |page=181 |first1=David A. |last1=Hoffman |first2=Salil K. |last2=Mehra}}</ref> | |||
}} | |||
=== Misplaced Pages-affiliated and primary sources === | |||
<!--For Misplaced Pages internal pages, other WMF project pages, and WMF-published sources--> | |||
{{reflist|group=W|refs= | |||
<ref name=modelling group="W">]</ref> | |||
<ref name=Sanger group="W">{{cite news |first=Larry |last=Sanger |title=Misplaced Pages Is Up! |date=January 17, 2001 |url=https://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000684.html|access-date = December 26, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010506042824/https://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000684.html|archive-date = May 6, 2001}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=WikipediaHome group="W">{{cite web |url=https://www.wikipedia.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010331173908/https://www.wikipedia.com/|archive-date = March 31, 2001 |title=Misplaced Pages: HomePage|access-date = March 31, 2001}}</ref> | |||
<ref name=NOR group="W">{{self-reference link|Misplaced Pages:No original research|No original research}}. February 13, 2008. "Misplaced Pages does not publish original thought."</ref> | |||
<ref name=autogenerated2 group="W">{{self-reference link|Misplaced Pages:Neutral point of view|Neutral point of view}}. February 13, 2008. "All Misplaced Pages articles and other encyclopedic content must be written from a neutral point of view, representing significant views fairly, proportionately and without bias."</ref> | |||
<ref name="WP vandalism manipulation 1" group="W">{{self-reference link|Misplaced Pages:Vandalism|Vandalism}}. ''Misplaced Pages''. Retrieved November 6, 2012.</ref> | |||
<ref name="WP DB usage policy 1" group="W">{{self-reference link|Misplaced Pages:Database download|Misplaced Pages policies}} on data download</ref> | |||
<ref name="voteresult" group="W">]</ref> | |||
<ref name="NPOV" group="W">], Misplaced Pages (January 21, 2007).</ref> | |||
<ref name="Misplaced Pages in media" group="W">]</ref> | |||
<ref name="ListOfWikipedias" group="W">]</ref> | |||
<ref name="stallman1999" group="W">{{cite web |url=https://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html |title=The 💕 Project |first=Richard M. |last=Stallman|author-link = Richard Stallman |date=June 20, 2007 |publisher=Free Software Foundation|access-date = January 4, 2008}}</ref> | |||
}} | |||
== Further reading == | |||
{{refbegin|30em}} | |||
* {{cite news |last=Balke |first=Jeff |url=https://blogs.chron.com/brokenrecord/2008/03/for_music_fans_wikipedia_myspa.html |title=For Music Fans: Misplaced Pages; MySpace |work=] |agency=Broken Record (blog) |date=March 2008|access-date = December 17, 2008|archive-date = December 29, 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081229164945/http://blogs.chron.com/brokenrecord/2008/03/for_music_fans_wikipedia_myspa.html|url-status = dead}} | |||
* {{cite news |last=Borland |first=John |date=August 14, 2007 |title=See Who's Editing Misplaced Pages – Diebold, the CIA, a Campaign |url=https://www.wired.com/2007/08/wiki-tracker/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116134820/https://www.wired.com/2007/08/wiki-tracker/|archive-date=November 16, 2015|url-status=live |magazine=]|access-date=October 23, 2018}} | |||
* {{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/01/magazine/01WIKIPEDIA-t.html |title=All the News That's Fit to Print Out |first=Jonathan |last=Dee |work=The New York Times Magazine |date=July 1, 2007|access-date = February 22, 2008}} | |||
* {{cite news |first=Jim |last=Giles |title=Misplaced Pages 2.0 – Now with Added Trust |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19526226.200 |date=September 20, 2007 |work=]|access-date = January 14, 2008}} | |||
* {{cite news |first=Mike |last=Miliard |title=Misplaced Pages Rules |url=https://thephoenix.com/Boston/Life/52864-Misplaced Pages-rules |work=] |date=December 2, 2007|access-date = February 22, 2008}} | |||
* {{cite news |first=Marshall |last=Poe|author-link = Marshall Poe |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200609/wikipedia |title=The Hive |work=] Monthly |date=September 1, 2006|access-date = March 22, 2008}} | |||
* {{cite news |first=Michael S. |last=Rosenwald |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/10/22/AR2009102204715.html?hpid=topnews |title=Gatekeeper of D.C.'s entry: Road to city's Misplaced Pages page goes through a DuPont Circle bedroom |date=October 23, 2009 |newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date = October 22, 2009}} | |||
* {{cite news |first=David |last=Runciman |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/v31/n10/runc01_.html |title=Like Boiling a Frog |date=May 28, 2009 |work=London Review of Books|access-date = June 3, 2009|archive-date = May 27, 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090527013530/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v31/n10/runc01_.html|url-status = dead}} | |||
* {{cite news |first=Chris |last=Taylor |url=https://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1066904-1,00.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050602012551/https://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1066904-1,00.html|url-status = dead|archive-date = June 2, 2005 |title=It's a Wiki, Wiki World |date=May 29, 2005 |magazine=]|access-date = February 22, 2008}} | |||
* {{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/science/tq/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11484062 |title=Technological Quarterly: Brain Scan: The Free-knowledge Fundamentalist |newspaper=] |date=June 5, 2008|access-date = June 5, 2008 |quote=Jimmy Wales changed the world with Misplaced Pages, the hugely popular online encyclopedia that anyone can edit. What will he do next?}} | |||
* , BBC News, October 21, 2013. | |||
* {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20131023135648/https://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/520446/the%2Ddecline%2Dof%2Dwikipedia/|date=October 23, 2013 }}, ''MIT Technology Review'', October 22, 2013 | |||
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313150951/https://www.capitalnewyork.com/article/city-hall/2015/03/8563947/edits-wikipedia-pages-bell-garner-diallo-traced-1-police-plaza|date=March 13, 2015 }} (March 2015), '']'' | |||
* (March 2016), '']'' | |||
* {{cite web |url=https://fullmeasure.news/news/politics/dark-side-of-wikipedia |title=Dark Side of Misplaced Pages|access-date=April 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804110601/https://fullmeasure.news/news/politics/dark-side-of-wikipedia|archive-date=August 4, 2016|url-status=dead}} '']'', April 17, 2016. <small>(Includes video.)</small> | |||
* {{cite web |last1=Wales |first1=Jimmy |title=How Misplaced Pages Works |url=https://www.cato.org/multimedia/cato-daily-podcast/how-wikipedia-works |publisher=] |date=December 9, 2016 |quote=Jimmy Wales, founder of Misplaced Pages, discusses the site, how it's treated by governments, and how it's fueled by its users.}} | |||
* , '']'', ], originally broadcast January 15, 2014. The webpage includes a link to the archived audio program (also ). The radio documentary discusses Misplaced Pages's history, development, and its place within the broader scope of the trend to democratized knowledge. It also includes interviews with several key Misplaced Pages staff and contributors, including ] and ] (audio, 53:58, Flash required). | |||
* ''The Independent'', February 3, 2009. | |||
* . Alyse Stanley, December 27, 2019, Gizmodo. | |||
{{refend}} | |||
=== Academic studies === | |||
{{Main|Academic studies about Misplaced Pages}} | |||
{{refbegin|30em}} | |||
* {{cite book |isbn=978-1-4214-1535-2 |last=Leitch |first=Thomas |title=Misplaced Pages U: Knowledge, authority, and a liberal education in the digital age |year=2014 |publisher=JHU Press}} | |||
* {{cite journal |last=Jensen |first=Richard |title=Military History on the Electronic Frontier: Misplaced Pages Fights the War of 1812 |journal=The Journal of Military History |volume=76 |issue=4 |date=October 2012 |pages=523–556 |url=https://www.americanhistoryprojects.com/downloads/JMH1812.PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021042738/https://www.americanhistoryprojects.com/downloads/JMH1812.PDF|archive-date=October 21, 2012}} | |||
* {{cite journal |title=Circadian Patterns of Misplaced Pages Editorial Activity: A Demographic Analysis |first1=Taha |last1=Yasseri |year=2012 |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |first2=Robert |last2=Sumi |first3=János |last3=Kertész |issue=1 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0030091|editor1-last = Szolnoki|editor1-first = Attila |page=e30091 |pmid=22272279 |pmc=3260192 |arxiv=1109.1746 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...730091Y|doi-access = free}} | |||
* {{cite journal |ssrn=1458162 |title=Misplaced Pages's Labor Squeeze and its Consequences |first=Eric |last=Goldman |year=2010 |journal=Journal of Telecommunications and High Technology Law |volume=8}} () | |||
* {{cite journal |first=Finn |last=Nielsen |title=Scientific Citations in Misplaced Pages |journal=] |volume=12 |issue=8 |date=August 2007 |doi=10.5210/fm.v12i8.1997 |arxiv=0805.1154 |citeseerx=10.1.1.246.4536 |s2cid=58893|doi-access = free}} | |||
* {{cite journal |last1=Pfeil |first1=Ulrike |first2=Panayiotis |last2=Zaphiris |author3=Chee Siang Ang |title=Cultural Differences in Collaborative Authoring of Misplaced Pages |journal=Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication |year=2006 |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=88 |url=https://jcmc.indiana.edu./vol12/issue1/pfeil.html |doi=10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00316.x|access-date = December 26, 2008|doi-access = free}} | |||
* {{cite book |author1=Priedhorsky |author2=Reid |first3=Jilin |last3=Chen |author4=Shyong (Tony) K. Lam |first5=Katherine |last5=Panciera|author6-link=Loren Terveen |first6=Loren |last6=Terveen|author7-link=John Riedl |first7=John |last7=Riedl |title=Proceedings of the 2007 international ACM conference on Conference on supporting group work – Group '07 |doi=10.1145/1316624.1316663 |chapter=Creating, destroying, and restoring value in Misplaced Pages |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-59593-845-9 |citeseerx=10.1.1.123.7456 |pages=259–268 |s2cid=15350808}} | |||
* {{cite conference |first=Joseph |last=Reagle |title=Do as I Do: Authorial Leadership in Misplaced Pages |work=WikiSym '07: Proceedings of the 2007 International Symposium on Wikis |publisher=ACM |location=Montreal |year=2007 |url=https://reagle.org/joseph/2007/10/Wikipedia-Authorial-Leadership.pdf |hdl=2047/d20002876|access-date = December 26, 2008}} | |||
* {{cite book |first=Emiel |last=Rijshouwer |date=2019 |title=Organizing Democracy. Power concentration and self-organization in the evolution of Misplaced Pages (PhD, Erasmus University Rotterdam) |publisher=Rijksuniversiteit Groningen |oclc=1081174169 |hdl=1765/113937 |isbn=978-94-028-1371-5}} (Open access) | |||
* ]. . (Originally published in '']'' 93.1 (June 2006): 117–146.) | |||
* {{cite journal |title=Assessing the Value of Cooperation in Misplaced Pages |first1=Dennis M. |last1=Wilkinson |first2=Bernardo A. |last2=Huberman |journal=First Monday |volume=12 |issue=4 |date=April 2007 |doi=10.5210/fm.v12i4.1763 |arxiv=cs/0702140 |citeseerx=10.1.1.342.6933 |bibcode=2007cs........2140W |hdl=2027.42/136037 |s2cid=10484077|doi-access = free}} | |||
* {{cite journal |title=The Rise and Decline of an Open Collaboration Community |journal=American Behavioral Scientist |first=Aaron |last=Halfaker |author2=R. Stuart Geiger |first3=Jonathan T. |last3=Morgan |first4=John |last4=Riedl |doi=10.1177/0002764212469365 |year=2012 |volume=57 |issue=5 |page=664 |s2cid=144208941}} | |||
* {{cite journal |last1=Maggio |first1=Lauren A. |last2=Willinsky |first2=John M. |last3=Steinberg |first3=Ryan M. |last4=Mietchen |first4=Daniel |last5=Wass |first5=Joseph L. |last6=Dong |first6=Ting|author2-link=John Willinsky |title=Misplaced Pages as a gateway to biomedical research: The relative distribution and use of citations in the English Misplaced Pages |journal=] |date=2017 |volume=12 |issue=12 |pages=e0190046 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0190046 |publisher=] |pmid=29267345 |pmc=5739466 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1290046M|doi-access=free}} | |||
{{refend}} | |||
=== Books === | |||
{{Main|List of books about Misplaced Pages}} | |||
{{refbegin|30em}} | |||
* {{cite book |last=Keen |first=Andrew |title=The Cult of the Amateur |publisher=Doubleday/Currency |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-385-52080-5|author-link=Andrew Keen|title-link=The Cult of the Amateur}} (Substantial criticisms of Misplaced Pages and other web 2.0 projects.) | |||
** Listen to: {{cite news |last=Keen |first=Andrew |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11131872 |title=Does the Internet Undermine Culture? |newspaper=National Public Radio, US |date=June 16, 2007}} The NPR interview with A. Keen, Weekend Edition Saturday, June 16, 2007. | |||
* {{cite book |first1=Phoebe |last1=Ayers |first2=Charles |last2=Matthews |first3=Ben |last3=Yates |title=How Misplaced Pages Works: And How You Can Be a Part of It |publisher=No Starch Press |location=San Francisco |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-59327-176-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/howwikipediawork00ayer_0}} | |||
* {{cite book |last=Broughton |first=John |title=Misplaced Pages – The Missing Manual |publisher=O'Reilly Media |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-596-51516-4|title-link=Misplaced Pages – The Missing Manual}} (See book review by Baker, as listed hereafter.) | |||
* {{cite book |last=Broughton |first=John |title=Misplaced Pages Reader's Guide |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780596521745|url-access=registration |publisher=Pogue Press |location=Sebastopol |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-596-52174-5}} | |||
* {{cite book |first1=Sheizaf |last1=Rafaeli |first2=Yaron |last2=Ariel |year=2008 |chapter=Online motivational factors: Incentives for participation and contribution in Misplaced Pages |editor=Barak, A. |title=Psychological aspects of cyberspace: Theory, research, applications |url=https://archive.org/details/psychologicalasp00bara|url-access=limited |pages=–267 |location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=] |isbn=978-0-521-69464-3|author1-link=Sheizaf Rafaeli}} | |||
* {{cite book |last=Dalby |first=Andrew|author-link=Andrew Dalby |title=The World and Misplaced Pages: How We are Editing Reality |publisher=Siduri |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-9562052-0-9|url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/worldwikipediaho0000dalb}} | |||
* {{cite book |last=Lih |first=Andrew|author-link=Andrew Lih |title=The Misplaced Pages Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia |publisher=Hyperion |location=New York |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4013-0371-6|title-link=The Misplaced Pages Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia}} | |||
* {{cite book |last=O'Sullivan |first=Dan |title=Misplaced Pages: a new community of practice? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=htu8A-m_Y4EC |year=2009 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |isbn=978-0-7546-7433-7}} | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Rahmstorf |first1=Olaf |title=Misplaced Pages – die rationale Seite der Digitalisierung? |date=2023 |publisher=transcript Verlag |isbn=978-3-8394-5862-4 |language=de}} | |||
* {{cite book |last=Reagle |first=Joseph Michael Jr. |title=Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Misplaced Pages |publisher=the ] |location=Cambridge, MA |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-262-01447-2 |url=https://reagle.org/joseph/2010/gfc|access-date=October 25, 2015}} | |||
* {{cite book |first1=Dariusz |last1=Jemielniak |title=Common Knowledge? An Ethnography of Misplaced Pages |publisher=] |location=Stanford, CA |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-8047-8944-8|title-link=Common Knowledge? An Ethnography of Misplaced Pages}} | |||
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Reagle|editor1-first=Joseph|editor2-last=Koerner|editor2-first=Jackie |url=https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/wikipedia-20 |title=Misplaced Pages @ 20: Stories of an Incomplete Revolution |publisher=] |year=2020|access-date=October 13, 2020 |isbn=978-0-262-53817-6}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=Bruckman |first=Amy S. |title=Should You Believe Misplaced Pages?: Online Communities and the Construction of Knowledge |date=2022 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-78070-4 |doi=10.1017/9781108780704}} | |||
{{refend}} | |||
=== Book review–related articles === | |||
{{refbegin}} | |||
* ]. . '']'', March 20, 2008. Retrieved December 17, 2008. (Book rev. of ''The Missing Manual'', by John Broughton, as listed previously.) | |||
* ]. (Originally published in '']'' online{{snd}}April 6, 2009.) | |||
* ], , '']'', November/December 2014 issue. | |||
{{refend}} | |||
== External links == | |||
* {{official website}} – multilingual portal (contains links to all language editions) | |||
* {{Twitter|Misplaced Pages}} | |||
* {{Guardian topic}} | |||
* topic page at '']'' | |||
* | |||
{{Misplaced Pages}} | |||
{{Wikipedias}} | |||
{{Wikimedia Foundation}} | |||
{{Wiki topics}} | |||
{{Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation}} | |||
{{subject bar|wikt=y|voy=Wikivoyage:Cooperating with Misplaced Pages|d=Q52|s=Category:Misplaced Pages|n=Category:Misplaced Pages|m=Misplaced Pages|mw=Misplaced Pages|species=no}} | |||
{{Authority control}} | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | ] | ||
] | ] | ||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | ] | ||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] |
Latest revision as of 19:00, 22 December 2024
Free online crowdsourced encyclopedia This article is about the online encyclopedia. For Misplaced Pages's home page, see Main Page. For the primary English-language Misplaced Pages, see English Misplaced Pages. For other uses, see Misplaced Pages (disambiguation).
The logo of Misplaced Pages, a globe featuring glyphs from various writing systems | |
Screenshot Misplaced Pages's desktop homepage | |
Type of site | Online encyclopedia |
---|---|
Available in | 340 languages |
Country of origin | United States |
Owner | |
Created by | |
URL | wikipedia |
Commercial | No |
Registration | Optional |
Users | >292,762 active editors >116,999,213 registered users |
Launched | January 15, 2001 (23 years ago) (2001-01-15) |
Current status | Active |
Content license | CC Attribution / Share-Alike 4.0 Most text is also dual-licensed under GFDL; media licensing varies |
Written in | LAMP platform |
OCLC number | 52075003 |
Misplaced Pages is a free-content online encyclopedia written and maintained by a community of volunteers, known as Wikipedians, through open collaboration and the wiki software MediaWiki. Misplaced Pages is the largest and most-read reference work in history, and is consistently ranked among the ten most visited websites; as of August 2024, it was ranked fourth by Semrush, and seventh by Similarweb. Founded by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger on January 15, 2001, Misplaced Pages has been hosted since 2003 by the Wikimedia Foundation, an American nonprofit organization funded mainly by donations from readers.
Initially only available in English, Misplaced Pages now exists in more than 300 languages. The English Misplaced Pages, with its over 6.9 million articles, remains the largest of the editions, which together comprise more than 64 million articles and attract more than 1.5 billion unique device visits and 13 million edits per month (about 5 edits per second on average) as of April 2024. As of November 2024, over 25% of Misplaced Pages's traffic was from the United States, followed by Japan at 6.2%, the United Kingdom at 5.6%, Russia at 5.0%, Germany at 4.8%, and the remaining 53.3% split among other countries.
Misplaced Pages has been praised for its enablement of the democratization of knowledge, extent of coverage, unique structure, and culture. It has been criticized for exhibiting systemic bias, particularly gender bias against women and geographical bias against the Global South (Eurocentrism). While the reliability of Misplaced Pages was frequently criticized in the 2000s, it has improved over time, receiving greater praise from the late 2010s onward while becoming an important fact-checking site. Misplaced Pages has been censored by some national governments, ranging from specific pages to the entire site. Articles on breaking news are often accessed as sources for frequently updated information about those events.
History
Main article: History of Misplaced PagesNupedia
Main article: Nupedia Misplaced Pages founders Jimmy Wales (left) and Larry Sanger (right)Various collaborative online encyclopedias were attempted before the start of Misplaced Pages, but with limited success. Misplaced Pages began as a complementary project for Nupedia, a free online English-language encyclopedia project whose articles were written by experts and reviewed under a formal process. It was founded on March 9, 2000, under the ownership of Bomis, a web portal company. Its main figures were Bomis CEO Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger, editor-in-chief for Nupedia and later Misplaced Pages. Nupedia was initially licensed under its own Nupedia Open Content License, but before Misplaced Pages was founded, Nupedia switched to the GNU Free Documentation License at the urging of Richard Stallman. Wales is credited with defining the goal of making a publicly editable encyclopedia, while Sanger is credited with the strategy of using a wiki to reach that goal. On January 10, 2001, Sanger proposed on the Nupedia mailing list to create a wiki as a "feeder" project for Nupedia.
Launch and growth
Misplaced Pages was launched on January 15, 2001 (referred to as Misplaced Pages Day) as a single English-language edition at www.wikipedia.com, and was announced by Sanger on the Nupedia mailing list. The name originated from a blend of the words wiki and encyclopedia. Its integral policy of "neutral point-of-view" was codified in its first few months. Otherwise, there were initially relatively few rules, and it operated independently of Nupedia. Bomis originally intended for it to be a for-profit business.
Misplaced Pages gained early contributors from Nupedia, Slashdot postings, and web search engine indexing. Language editions were created beginning in March 2001, with a total of 161 in use by the end of 2004. Nupedia and Misplaced Pages coexisted until the former's servers were taken down permanently in 2003, and its text was incorporated into Misplaced Pages. The English Misplaced Pages passed the mark of 2 million articles on September 9, 2007, making it the largest encyclopedia ever assembled, surpassing the Yongle Encyclopedia made in China during the Ming dynasty in 1408, which had held the record for almost 600 years.
Citing fears of commercial advertising and lack of control, users of the Spanish Misplaced Pages forked from Misplaced Pages to create Enciclopedia Libre in February 2002. Wales then announced that Misplaced Pages would not display advertisements, and changed Misplaced Pages's domain from wikipedia.com to wikipedia.org.
After an early period of exponential growth, the growth rate of the English Misplaced Pages in terms of the numbers of new articles and of editors, appears to have peaked around early 2007. The edition reached 3 million articles in August 2009. Around 1,800 articles were added daily to the encyclopedia in 2006; by 2013 that average was roughly 800. A team at the Palo Alto Research Center attributed this slowing of growth to "increased coordination and overhead costs, exclusion of newcomers, and resistance to new edits". Others suggest that the growth is flattening naturally because articles that could be called "low-hanging fruit"—topics that clearly merit an article—have already been created and built up extensively.
In November 2009, a researcher at the Rey Juan Carlos University in Madrid, Spain found that the English Misplaced Pages had lost 49,000 editors during the first three months of 2009; in comparison, it lost only 4,900 editors during the same period in 2008. The Wall Street Journal cited the array of rules applied to editing and disputes related to such content among the reasons for this trend. Wales disputed these claims in 2009, denying the decline and questioning the study's methodology. Two years later, in 2011, he acknowledged a slight decline, noting a decrease from "a little more than 36,000 writers" in June 2010 to 35,800 in June 2011. In the same interview, he also claimed the number of editors was "stable and sustainable". A 2013 MIT Technology Review article, "The Decline of Misplaced Pages", questioned this claim, reporting that since 2007 Misplaced Pages had lost a third of its volunteer editors, and suggesting that those remaining had focused increasingly on minutiae. In July 2012, The Atlantic reported that the number of administrators was also in decline. In the November 25, 2013, issue of New York magazine, Katherine Ward stated, "Misplaced Pages, the sixth-most-used website, is facing an internal crisis." The number of active English Misplaced Pages editors has since remained steady after a long period of decline.
Milestones
In January 2007, Misplaced Pages first became one of the ten most popular websites in the United States, according to Comscore Networks. With 42.9 million unique visitors, it was ranked #9, surpassing The New York Times (#10) and Apple (#11). This marked a significant increase over January 2006, when Misplaced Pages ranked 33rd, with around 18.3 million unique visitors. In 2014, it received 8 billion page views every month. On February 9, 2014, The New York Times reported that Misplaced Pages had 18 billion page views and nearly 500 million unique visitors a month, "according to the ratings firm comScore". As of March 2023, it ranked 6th in popularity, according to Similarweb. Loveland and Reagle argue that, in process, Misplaced Pages follows a long tradition of historical encyclopedias that have accumulated improvements piecemeal through "stigmergic accumulation".
On January 18, 2012, the English Misplaced Pages participated in a series of coordinated protests against two proposed laws in the United States Congress—the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) and the PROTECT IP Act (PIPA)—by blacking out its pages for 24 hours. More than 162 million people viewed the blackout explanation page that temporarily replaced its content.
In January 2013, 274301 Misplaced Pages, an asteroid, was named after Misplaced Pages; in October 2014, Misplaced Pages was honored with the Misplaced Pages Monument; and, in July 2015, 106 of the 7,473 700-page volumes of Misplaced Pages became available as Print Misplaced Pages. In April 2019, an Israeli lunar lander, Beresheet, crash landed on the surface of the Moon carrying a copy of nearly all of the English Misplaced Pages engraved on thin nickel plates; experts say the plates likely survived the crash. In June 2019, scientists reported that all 16 GB of article text from the English Misplaced Pages had been encoded into synthetic DNA.
On January 20, 2014, Subodh Varma reporting for The Economic Times indicated that not only had Misplaced Pages's growth stalled, it "had lost nearly ten percent of its page views last year. There was a decline of about 2 billion between December 2012 and December 2013. Its most popular versions are leading the slide: page-views of the English Misplaced Pages declined by twelve percent, those of German version slid by 17 percent and the Japanese version lost 9 percent." Varma added, "While Misplaced Pages's managers think that this could be due to errors in counting, other experts feel that Google's Knowledge Graphs project launched last year may be gobbling up Misplaced Pages users." When contacted on this matter, Clay Shirky, associate professor at New York University and fellow at Harvard's Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society said that he suspected much of the page-view decline was due to Knowledge Graphs, stating, "If you can get your question answered from the search page, you don't need to click ." By the end of December 2016, Misplaced Pages was ranked the fifth most popular website globally. As of January 2023, 55,791 English Misplaced Pages articles have been cited 92,300 times in scholarly journals, from which cloud computing was the most cited page.
On January 18, 2023, Misplaced Pages debuted a new website redesign, called "Vector 2022". It featured a redesigned menu bar, moving the table of contents to the left as a sidebar, and numerous changes in the locations of buttons like the language selection tool. The update initially received backlash, most notably when editors of the Swahili Misplaced Pages unanimously voted to revert the changes.
Openness
Unlike traditional encyclopedias, Misplaced Pages follows the procrastination principle regarding the security of its content, meaning that it waits until a problem arises to fix it.
Restrictions
Due to Misplaced Pages's increasing popularity, some editions, including the English version, have introduced editing restrictions for certain cases. For instance, on the English Misplaced Pages and some other language editions, only registered users may create a new article. On the English Misplaced Pages, among others, particularly controversial, sensitive, or vandalism-prone pages have been protected to varying degrees. A frequently vandalized article can be "semi-protected" or "extended confirmed protected", meaning that only "autoconfirmed" or "extended confirmed" editors can modify it. A particularly contentious article may be locked so that only administrators can make changes. A 2021 article in the Columbia Journalism Review identified Misplaced Pages's page-protection policies as "perhaps the most important" means at its disposal to "regulate its market of ideas".
In certain cases, all editors are allowed to submit modifications, but review is required for some editors, depending on certain conditions. For example, the German Misplaced Pages maintains "stable versions" of articles which have passed certain reviews. Following protracted trials and community discussion, the English Misplaced Pages introduced the "pending changes" system in December 2012. Under this system, new and unregistered users' edits to certain controversial or vandalism-prone articles are reviewed by established users before they are published. However, restrictions on editing may reduce the editor engagement as well as efforts to diversify the editing community.
Review of changes
Although changes are not systematically reviewed, Misplaced Pages's software provides tools allowing anyone to review changes made by others. Each article's History page links to each revision. On most articles, anyone can view the latest changes and undo others' revisions by clicking a link on the article's History page. Registered users may maintain a "watchlist" of articles that interest them so they can be notified of changes. "New pages patrol" is a process where newly created articles are checked for obvious problems.
In 2003, economics PhD student Andrea Ciffolilli argued that the low transaction costs of participating in a wiki created a catalyst for collaborative development, and that features such as allowing easy access to past versions of a page favored "creative construction" over "creative destruction".
Vandalism
Main article: Vandalism on Misplaced PagesAny change that deliberately compromises Misplaced Pages's integrity is considered vandalism. The most common and obvious types of vandalism include additions of obscenities and crude humor; it can also include advertising and other types of spam. Sometimes editors commit vandalism by removing content or entirely blanking a given page. Less common types of vandalism, such as the deliberate addition of plausible but false information, can be more difficult to detect. Vandals can introduce irrelevant formatting, modify page semantics such as the page's title or categorization, manipulate the article's underlying code, or use images disruptively.
Obvious vandalism is generally easy to remove from Misplaced Pages articles; the median time to detect and fix it is a few minutes. However, some vandalism takes much longer to detect and repair.
In the Seigenthaler biography incident, an anonymous editor introduced false information into the biography of American political figure John Seigenthaler in May 2005, falsely presenting him as a suspect in the assassination of John F. Kennedy. It remained uncorrected for four months. Seigenthaler, the founding editorial director of USA Today and founder of the Freedom Forum First Amendment Center at Vanderbilt University, called Misplaced Pages co-founder Jimmy Wales and asked whether he had any way of knowing who contributed the misinformation. Wales said he did not, although the perpetrator was eventually traced. After the incident, Seigenthaler described Misplaced Pages as "a flawed and irresponsible research tool". The incident led to policy changes at Misplaced Pages for tightening up the verifiability of biographical articles of living people.
Disputes and edit warring
Main article: Disputes on Misplaced PagesMisplaced Pages editors often have disagreements regarding content, which can be discussed on article Talk pages. Disputes may result in repeated competing changes to an article, known as "edit warring". It is widely seen as a resource-consuming scenario where no useful knowledge is added, and criticized as creating a competitive and conflict-based editing culture associated with traditional masculine gender roles. Research has focused on, for example, impoliteness of disputes, the influence of rival editing camps, the conversational structure, and the shift in conflicts to a focus on sources.
Taha Yasseri of the University of Oxford examined editing conflicts and their resolution in a 2013 study. Yasseri contended that simple reverts or "undo" operations were not the most significant measure of counterproductive work behavior at Misplaced Pages. He relied instead on "mutually reverting edit pairs", where one editor reverts the edit of another editor who then, in sequence, returns to revert the first editor. The results were tabulated for several language versions of Misplaced Pages. The English Misplaced Pages's three largest conflict rates belonged to the articles George W. Bush, anarchism, and Muhammad. By comparison, for the German Misplaced Pages, the three largest conflict rates at the time of the study were for the articles covering Croatia, Scientology, and 9/11 conspiracy theories. In 2020, researchers identified other measures of editor behaviors, beyond mutual reverts, to identify editing conflicts across Misplaced Pages.
Editors also debate the deletion of articles on Misplaced Pages, with roughly 500,000 such debates since Misplaced Pages's inception. Once an article is nominated for deletion, the dispute is typically determined by initial votes (to keep or delete) and by reference to topic-specific notability policies.
Policies and content
"Five pillars of Misplaced Pages" redirects here. For the Misplaced Pages policy, see Misplaced Pages:Five pillars.External videos | |
---|---|
Jimmy Wales, The Birth of Misplaced Pages, 2006, TED talks, 20 minutes | |
Katherine Maher, What Misplaced Pages Teaches Us About Balancing Truth and Beliefs, 2022, TED talks, 15 minutes |
Content in Misplaced Pages is subject to the laws (in particular, copyright laws) of the United States and of the US state of Virginia, where the majority of Misplaced Pages's servers are located. By using the site, one agrees to the Wikimedia Foundation Terms of Use and Privacy Policy; some of the main rules are that contributors are legally responsible for their edits and contributions, that they should follow the policies that govern each of the independent project editions, and they may not engage in activities, whether legal or illegal, that may be harmful to other users. In addition to the terms, the Foundation has developed policies, described as the "official policies of the Wikimedia Foundation".
The fundamental principles of the Misplaced Pages community are embodied in the "Five pillars", while the detailed editorial principles are expressed in numerous policies and guidelines intended to appropriately shape content. The five pillars are:
- Misplaced Pages is an encyclopedia
- Misplaced Pages is written from a neutral point of view
- Misplaced Pages is free content that anyone can use, edit, and distribute
- Misplaced Pages's editors should treat each other with respect and civility
- Misplaced Pages has no firm rules
The rules developed by the community are stored in wiki form, and Misplaced Pages editors write and revise the website's policies and guidelines in accordance with community consensus. Editors can enforce the rules by deleting or modifying non-compliant material. Originally, rules on the non-English editions of Misplaced Pages were based on a translation of the rules for the English Misplaced Pages. They have since diverged to some extent.
Content policies and guidelines
"No original research" redirects here. For the Misplaced Pages policy, see Misplaced Pages:No original research.According to the rules on the English Misplaced Pages community, each entry in Misplaced Pages must be about a topic that is encyclopedic and is not a dictionary entry or dictionary-style. A topic should also meet Misplaced Pages's standards of "notability", which generally means that the topic must have been covered in mainstream media or major academic journal sources that are independent of the article's subject. Further, Misplaced Pages intends to convey only knowledge that is already established and recognized. It must not present original research. A claim that is likely to be challenged requires a reference to a reliable source, as do all quotations. Among Misplaced Pages editors, this is often phrased as "verifiability, not truth" to express the idea that the readers, not the encyclopedia, are ultimately responsible for checking the truthfulness of the articles and making their own interpretations. This can at times lead to the removal of information which, though valid, is not properly sourced. Finally, Misplaced Pages must not take sides. As Misplaced Pages policies changed over time, and became more complex, their number has grown. In 2008, there were 44 policy pages and 248 guideline pages; by 2013, scholars counted 383 policy pages and 449 guideline pages.
Governance
Further information: Misplaced Pages:AdministrationMisplaced Pages's initial anarchy integrated democratic and hierarchical elements over time. An article is not considered to be owned by its creator or any other editor, nor by the subject of the article.
Administrators
Main article: Misplaced Pages administratorsEditors in good standing in the community can request extra user rights, granting them the technical ability to perform certain special actions. In particular, editors can choose to run for "adminship", which includes the ability to delete pages or prevent them from being changed in cases of severe vandalism or editorial disputes. Administrators are not supposed to enjoy any special privilege in decision-making; instead, their powers are mostly limited to making edits that have project-wide effects and thus are disallowed to ordinary editors, and to implement restrictions intended to prevent disruptive editors from making unproductive edits.
By 2012, fewer editors were becoming administrators compared to Misplaced Pages's earlier years, in part because the process of vetting potential administrators had become more rigorous. In 2022, there was a particularly contentious request for adminship over the candidate's anti-Trump views; ultimately, they were granted adminship.
Misplaced Pages has delegated some administrative functions to bots, such as when granting privileges to human editors. Such algorithmic governance has an ease of implementation and scaling, though the automated rejection of edits may have contributed to a downturn in active Misplaced Pages editors.
Dispute resolution
Over time, Misplaced Pages has developed a semiformal dispute resolution process. To determine community consensus, editors can raise issues at appropriate community forums, seek outside input through third opinion requests, or initiate a more general community discussion known as a "request for comment".
Misplaced Pages encourages local resolutions of conflicts, which Jemielniak argues is quite unique in organization studies, though there has been some recent interest in consensus building in the field. Joseph Reagle and Sue Gardner argue that the approaches to consensus building are similar to those used by Quakers. A difference from Quaker meetings is the absence of a facilitator in the presence of disagreement, a role played by the clerk in Quaker meetings.
Arbitration Committee
Main article: Arbitration Committee (Misplaced Pages)The Arbitration Committee presides over the ultimate dispute resolution process. Although disputes usually arise from a disagreement between two opposing views on how an article should read, the Arbitration Committee explicitly refuses to directly rule on the specific view that should be adopted.
Statistical analyses suggest that the English Misplaced Pages committee ignores the content of disputes and rather focuses on the way disputes are conducted, functioning not so much to resolve disputes and make peace between conflicting editors, but to weed out problematic editors while allowing potentially productive editors back in to participate. Therefore, the committee does not dictate the content of articles, although it sometimes condemns content changes when it deems the new content violates Misplaced Pages policies (for example, if the new content is considered biased). Commonly used solutions include cautions and probations (used in 63% of cases) and banning editors from articles (43%), subject matters (23%), or Misplaced Pages (16%). Complete bans from Misplaced Pages are generally limited to instances of impersonation and anti-social behavior. When conduct is not impersonation or anti-social, but rather edit warring and other violations of editing policies, solutions tend to be limited to warnings.
Community
Main article: Misplaced Pages communityEach article and each user of Misplaced Pages has an associated and dedicated "talk" page. These form the primary communication channel for editors to discuss, coordinate and debate. Misplaced Pages's community has been described as cultlike, although not always with entirely negative connotations. Its preference for cohesiveness, even if it requires compromise that includes disregard of credentials, has been referred to as "anti-elitism".
Misplaced Pages does not require that its editors and contributors provide identification. As Misplaced Pages grew, "Who writes Misplaced Pages?" became one of the questions frequently asked there. Jimmy Wales once argued that only "a community ... a dedicated group of a few hundred volunteers" makes the bulk of contributions to Misplaced Pages and that the project is therefore "much like any traditional organization". In 2008, a Slate magazine article reported that: "According to researchers in Palo Alto, one percent of Misplaced Pages users are responsible for about half of the site's edits." This method of evaluating contributions was later disputed by Aaron Swartz, who noted that several articles he sampled had large portions of their content (measured by number of characters) contributed by users with low edit counts.
The English Misplaced Pages has 6,929,360 articles, 48,453,686 registered editors, and 120,097 active editors. An editor is considered active if they have made one or more edits in the past 30 days. Editors who fail to comply with Misplaced Pages cultural rituals, such as signing talk page comments, may implicitly signal that they are Misplaced Pages outsiders, increasing the odds that Misplaced Pages insiders may target or discount their contributions. Becoming a Misplaced Pages insider involves non-trivial costs: the contributor is expected to learn Misplaced Pages-specific technological codes, submit to a sometimes convoluted dispute resolution process, and learn a "baffling culture rich with in-jokes and insider references". Editors who do not log in are in some sense "second-class citizens" on Misplaced Pages, as "participants are accredited by members of the wiki community, who have a vested interest in preserving the quality of the work product, on the basis of their ongoing participation", but the contribution histories of anonymous unregistered editors recognized only by their IP addresses cannot be attributed to a particular editor with certainty.
Studies
A 2007 study by researchers from Dartmouth College found that "anonymous and infrequent contributors to Misplaced Pages ... are as reliable a source of knowledge as those contributors who register with the site". Jimmy Wales stated in 2009 that "t turns out over 50% of all the edits are done by just 0.7% of the users ... 524 people ... And in fact, the most active 2%, which is 1400 people, have done 73.4% of all the edits." However, Business Insider editor and journalist Henry Blodget showed in 2009 that in a random sample of articles, most Misplaced Pages content (measured by the amount of contributed text that survives to the latest sampled edit) is created by "outsiders", while most editing and formatting is done by "insiders".
A 2008 study found that Wikipedians were less agreeable, open, and conscientious than others, although a later commentary pointed out serious flaws, including that the data showed higher openness and that the differences with the control group and the samples were small. According to a 2009 study, there is "evidence of growing resistance from the Misplaced Pages community to new content".
Diversity
Several studies have shown that most Misplaced Pages contributors are male. Notably, the results of a Wikimedia Foundation survey in 2008 showed that only 13 percent of Misplaced Pages editors were female. Because of this, universities throughout the United States tried to encourage women to become Misplaced Pages contributors. Similarly, many of these universities, including Yale and Brown, gave college credit to students who create or edit an article relating to women in science or technology. Andrew Lih, a professor and scientist, said that the reason he thought the number of male contributors outnumbered the number of females so greatly was because identifying as a woman may expose oneself to "ugly, intimidating behavior". Data has shown that Africans are underrepresented among Misplaced Pages editors.
Language editions
Main article: List of WikipediasDistribution of the 64,166,139 articles in different language editions (as of December 24, 2024)
English (10.8%) Cebuano (9.5%) German (4.6%) French (4.1%) Swedish (4.1%) Dutch (3.4%) Russian (3.1%) Spanish (3.1%) Italian (3%) Polish (2.6%) Egyptian Arabic (2.5%) Chinese (2.3%) Japanese (2.2%) Ukrainian (2.1%) Vietnamese (2%) Waray (2%) Arabic (1.9%) Portuguese (1.9%) Persian (1.6%) Catalan (1.2%) Other (32%)There are currently 340 language editions of Misplaced Pages (also called language versions, or simply Wikipedias). As of December 2024, the six largest, in order of article count, are the English, Cebuano, German, French, Swedish, and Dutch Wikipedias. The second and fifth-largest Wikipedias owe their position to the article-creating bot Lsjbot, which as of 2013 had created about half the articles on the Swedish Misplaced Pages, and most of the articles in the Cebuano and Waray Wikipedias. The latter are both languages of the Philippines.
In addition to the top six, twelve other Wikipedias have more than a million articles each (Russian, Spanish, Italian, Polish, Egyptian Arabic, Chinese, Japanese, Ukrainian, Vietnamese, Waray, Arabic, and Portuguese), seven more have over 500,000 articles (Persian, Catalan, Indonesian, Serbian, Korean, Norwegian, and Turkish), 44 more have over 100,000, and 82 more have over 10,000. The largest, the English Misplaced Pages, has over 6.9 million articles. As of January 2021, the English Misplaced Pages receives 48% of Misplaced Pages's cumulative traffic, with the remaining split among the other languages. The top 10 editions represent approximately 85% of the total traffic.
- Most viewed editions of Misplaced Pages, 2008–2020
- Most edited editions of Misplaced Pages, 2001–2020
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Since Misplaced Pages is based on the Web and therefore worldwide, contributors to the same language edition may use different dialects or may come from different countries (as is the case for the English edition). These differences may lead to some conflicts over spelling differences (e.g. colour versus color) or points of view.
Though the various language editions are held to global policies such as "neutral point of view", they diverge on some points of policy and practice, most notably on whether images that are not licensed freely may be used under a claim of fair use.
Jimmy Wales has described Misplaced Pages as "an effort to create and distribute a 💕 of the highest possible quality to every single person on the planet in their own language". Though each language edition functions more or less independently, some efforts are made to supervise them all. They are coordinated in part by Meta-Wiki, the Wikimedia Foundation's wiki devoted to maintaining all its projects (Misplaced Pages and others). For instance, Meta-Wiki provides important statistics on all language editions of Misplaced Pages, and it maintains a list of articles every Misplaced Pages should have. The list concerns basic content by subject: biography, history, geography, society, culture, science, technology, and mathematics. It is not rare for articles strongly related to a particular language not to have counterparts in another edition. For example, articles about small towns in the United States might be available only in English, even when they meet the notability criteria of other language Misplaced Pages projects.
Translated articles represent only a small portion of articles in most editions, in part because those editions do not allow fully automated translation of articles. Articles available in more than one language may offer "interwiki links", which link to the counterpart articles in other editions.
A study published by PLOS One in 2012 also estimated the share of contributions to different editions of Misplaced Pages from different regions of the world. It reported that the proportion of the edits made from North America was 51% for the English Misplaced Pages, and 25% for the Simple English Misplaced Pages.
English Misplaced Pages editor numbers
On March 1, 2014, The Economist, in an article titled "The Future of Misplaced Pages", cited a trend analysis concerning data published by the Wikimedia Foundation stating that "the number of editors for the English-language version has fallen by a third in seven years." The attrition rate for active editors in English Misplaced Pages was cited by The Economist as substantially in contrast to statistics for Misplaced Pages in other languages (non-English Misplaced Pages). The Economist reported that the number of contributors with an average of five or more edits per month was relatively constant since 2008 for Misplaced Pages in other languages at approximately 42,000 editors within narrow seasonal variances of about 2,000 editors up or down. The number of active editors in English Misplaced Pages, by sharp comparison, was cited as peaking in 2007 at approximately 50,000 and dropping to 30,000 by the start of 2014.
In contrast, the trend analysis for Misplaced Pages in other languages (non-English Misplaced Pages) shows success in retaining active editors on a renewable and sustained basis, with their numbers remaining relatively constant at approximately 42,000. No comment was made concerning which of the differentiated edit policy standards from Misplaced Pages in other languages (non-English Misplaced Pages) would provide a possible alternative to English Misplaced Pages for effectively improving substantial editor attrition rates on the English-language Misplaced Pages.
Reception
See also: Academic studies about Misplaced Pages, Criticism of Misplaced Pages, Racial bias on Misplaced Pages, and Misplaced Pages and antisemitismVarious Wikipedians have criticized Misplaced Pages's large and growing regulation, which includes more than fifty policies and nearly 150,000 words as of 2014. Critics have stated that Misplaced Pages exhibits systemic bias. In 2010, columnist and journalist Edwin Black described Misplaced Pages as being a mixture of "truth, half-truth, and some falsehoods". Articles in The Chronicle of Higher Education and The Journal of Academic Librarianship have criticized Misplaced Pages's "undue-weight policy", concluding that Misplaced Pages explicitly is not designed to provide correct information about a subject, but rather focus on all the major viewpoints on the subject, give less attention to minor ones, and creates omissions that can lead to false beliefs based on incomplete information.
Journalists Oliver Kamm and Edwin Black alleged (in 2010 and 2011 respectively) that articles are dominated by the loudest and most persistent voices, usually by a group with an "ax to grind" on the topic. A 2008 article in Education Next journal concluded that as a resource about controversial topics, Misplaced Pages is subject to manipulation and spin. In 2020, Omer Benjakob and Stephen Harrison noted that "Media coverage of Misplaced Pages has radically shifted over the past two decades: once cast as an intellectual frivolity, it is now lauded as the 'last bastion of shared reality' online."
Multiple news networks and pundits have accused Misplaced Pages of being ideologically biased. In February 2021, Fox News accused Misplaced Pages of whitewashing communism and socialism and having too much "leftist bias". Misplaced Pages co-founder Sanger said that Misplaced Pages has become a "propaganda" for the left-leaning "establishment" and warned the site can no longer be trusted. In 2022, libertarian John Stossel opined that Misplaced Pages, a site he financially supported at one time, appeared to have gradually taken a significant turn in bias to the political left, specifically on political topics. Some studies suggest that Misplaced Pages (and in particular the English Misplaced Pages) has a "western cultural bias" (or "pro-western bias") or "Eurocentric bias", reiterating, says Anna Samoilenko, "similar biases that are found in the 'ivory tower' of academic historiography". Carwil Bjork-James proposes that Misplaced Pages could follow the diversification pattern of contemporary scholarship and Dangzhi Zhao calls for a "decolonization" of Misplaced Pages to reduce bias from opinionated White male editors.
Accuracy of content
Main article: Reliability of Misplaced PagesExternal audio | |
---|---|
The Great Book of Knowledge, Part 1, Ideas with Paul Kennedy, CBC, January 15, 2014 |
Articles for traditional encyclopedias such as Encyclopædia Britannica are written by experts, lending such encyclopedias a reputation for accuracy. However, a peer review in 2005 of forty-two scientific entries on both Misplaced Pages and Encyclopædia Britannica by the science journal Nature found few differences in accuracy, and concluded that "the average science entry in Misplaced Pages contained around four inaccuracies; Britannica, about three." Joseph Reagle suggested that while the study reflects "a topical strength of Misplaced Pages contributors" in science articles, "Misplaced Pages may not have fared so well using a random sampling of articles or on humanities subjects."
Others raised similar critiques. The findings by Nature were disputed by Encyclopædia Britannica, and in response, Nature gave a rebuttal of the points raised by Britannica. In addition to the point-for-point disagreement between these two parties, others have examined the sample size and selection method used in the Nature effort, and suggested a "flawed study design" (in Nature's manual selection of articles, in part or in whole, for comparison), absence of statistical analysis (e.g., of reported confidence intervals), and a lack of study "statistical power" (i.e., owing to small sample size, 42 or 4 × 10 articles compared, vs >10 and >10 set sizes for Britannica and the English Misplaced Pages, respectively).
As a consequence of the open structure, Misplaced Pages "makes no guarantee of validity" of its content, since no one is ultimately responsible for any claims appearing in it. Concerns have been raised by PC World in 2009 regarding the lack of accountability that results from users' anonymity, the insertion of false information, vandalism, and similar problems. Legal Research in a Nutshell (2011), cites Misplaced Pages as a "general source" that "can be a real boon" in "coming up to speed in the law governing a situation" and, "while not authoritative, can provide basic facts as well as leads to more in-depth resources".
Economist Tyler Cowen wrote: "If I had to guess whether Misplaced Pages or the median refereed journal article on economics was more likely to be true after a not so long think I would opt for Misplaced Pages." He comments that some traditional sources of non-fiction suffer from systemic biases, and novel results, in his opinion, are over-reported in journal articles as well as relevant information being omitted from news reports. However, he also cautions that errors are frequently found on Internet sites and that academics and experts must be vigilant in correcting them. Amy Bruckman has argued that, due to the number of reviewers, "the content of a popular Misplaced Pages page is actually the most reliable form of information ever created". In September 2022, The Sydney Morning Herald journalist Liam Mannix noted that: "There's no reason to expect Misplaced Pages to be accurate ... And yet it ." Mannix further discussed the multiple studies that have proved Misplaced Pages to be generally as reliable as Encyclopædia Britannica, summarizing that "...turning our back on such an extraordinary resource is... well, a little petty."
Critics argue that Misplaced Pages's open nature and a lack of proper sources for most of the information makes it unreliable. Some commentators suggest that Misplaced Pages may be reliable, but that the reliability of any given article is not clear. Editors of traditional reference works such as the Encyclopædia Britannica have questioned the project's utility and status as an encyclopedia. Misplaced Pages co-founder Jimmy Wales has claimed that Misplaced Pages has largely avoided the problem of "fake news" because the Misplaced Pages community regularly debates the quality of sources in articles.
External videos | |
---|---|
Inside Misplaced Pages – Attack of the PR Industry, Deutsche Welle, 7:13 mins |
Misplaced Pages's open structure inherently makes it an easy target for Internet trolls, spammers, and various forms of paid advocacy seen as counterproductive to the maintenance of a neutral and verifiable online encyclopedia. In response to paid advocacy editing and undisclosed editing issues, Misplaced Pages was reported in an article in The Wall Street Journal to have strengthened its rules and laws against undisclosed editing. The article stated that: "Beginning Monday , changes in Misplaced Pages's terms of use will require anyone paid to edit articles to disclose that arrangement. Katherine Maher, the nonprofit Wikimedia Foundation's chief communications officer, said the changes address a sentiment among volunteer editors that 'we're not an advertising service; we're an encyclopedia.'" These issues, among others, had been parodied since the first decade of Misplaced Pages, notably by Stephen Colbert on The Colbert Report.
Discouragement in education
Some university lecturers discourage students from citing any encyclopedia in academic work, preferring primary sources; some specifically prohibit Misplaced Pages citations. Wales stresses that encyclopedias of any type are not usually appropriate to use as citable sources, and should not be relied upon as authoritative. Wales once (2006 or earlier) said he receives about ten emails weekly from students saying they got failing grades on papers because they cited Misplaced Pages; he told the students they got what they deserved. "For God's sake, you're in college; don't cite the encyclopedia", he said.
In February 2007, an article in The Harvard Crimson newspaper reported that a few of the professors at Harvard University were including Misplaced Pages articles in their syllabi, although without realizing the articles might change. In June 2007, Michael Gorman, former president of the American Library Association, condemned Misplaced Pages, along with Google, stating that academics who endorse the use of Misplaced Pages are "the intellectual equivalent of a dietitian who recommends a steady diet of Big Macs with everything".
A 2020 research study published in Studies in Higher Education argued that Misplaced Pages could be applied in the higher education "flipped classroom", an educational model where students learn before coming to class and apply it in classroom activities. The experimental group was instructed to learn before class and get immediate feedback before going in (the flipped classroom model), while the control group was given direct instructions in class (the conventional classroom model). The groups were then instructed to collaboratively develop Misplaced Pages entries, which would be graded in quality after the study. The results showed that the experimental group yielded more Misplaced Pages entries and received higher grades in quality. The study concluded that learning with Misplaced Pages in flipped classrooms was more effective than in conventional classrooms, demonstrating Misplaced Pages could be used as an educational tool in higher education.
Medical information
See also: Health information on Misplaced PagesOn March 5, 2014, Julie Beck writing for The Atlantic magazine in an article titled "Doctors' #1 Source for Healthcare Information: Misplaced Pages", stated that "Fifty percent of physicians look up conditions on the (Misplaced Pages) site, and some are editing articles themselves to improve the quality of available information." Beck continued to detail in this article new programs of Amin Azzam at the University of San Francisco to offer medical school courses to medical students for learning to edit and improve Misplaced Pages articles on health-related issues, as well as internal quality control programs within Misplaced Pages organized by James Heilman to improve a group of 200 health-related articles of central medical importance up to Misplaced Pages's highest standard of articles using its Featured Article and Good Article peer-review evaluation process. In a May 7, 2014, follow-up article in The Atlantic titled "Can Misplaced Pages Ever Be a Definitive Medical Text?", Julie Beck quotes WikiProject Medicine's James Heilman as stating: "Just because a reference is peer-reviewed doesn't mean it's a high-quality reference." Beck added that: "Misplaced Pages has its own peer review process before articles can be classified as 'good' or 'featured'. Heilman, who has participated in that process before, says 'less than one percent' of Misplaced Pages's medical articles have passed."
Coverage of topics and systemic bias
See also: Notability in the English Misplaced Pages and Criticism of Misplaced Pages § Systemic bias in coverageMisplaced Pages seeks to create a summary of all human knowledge in the form of an online encyclopedia, with each topic covered encyclopedically in one article. Since it has terabytes of disk space, it can have far more topics than can be covered by any printed encyclopedia. The exact degree and manner of coverage on Misplaced Pages is under constant review by its editors, and disagreements are not uncommon (see deletionism and inclusionism). Misplaced Pages contains materials that some people may find objectionable, offensive, or pornographic. The "Misplaced Pages is not censored" policy has sometimes proved controversial: in 2008, Misplaced Pages rejected an online petition against the inclusion of images of Muhammad in the English edition of its Muhammad article, citing this policy. The presence of politically, religiously, and pornographically sensitive materials in Misplaced Pages has led to the censorship of Misplaced Pages by national authorities in China and Pakistan, among other countries.
Through its "Misplaced Pages Loves Libraries" program, Misplaced Pages has partnered with major public libraries such as the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts to expand its coverage of underrepresented subjects and articles. A 2011 study conducted by researchers at the University of Minnesota indicated that male and female editors focus on different coverage topics. There was a greater concentration of females in the "people and arts" category, while males focus more on "geography and science".
Coverage of topics and bias
Research conducted by Mark Graham of the Oxford Internet Institute in 2009 indicated that the geographic distribution of article topics is highly uneven, Africa being the most underrepresented. Across 30 language editions of Misplaced Pages, historical articles and sections are generally Eurocentric and focused on recent events.
An editorial in The Guardian in 2014 claimed that more effort went into providing references for a list of female porn actors than a list of women writers. Data has also shown that Africa-related material often faces omission; a knowledge gap that a July 2018 Wikimedia conference in Cape Town sought to address.
Systemic biases
Academic studies of Misplaced Pages have consistently shown that Misplaced Pages systematically over-represents a point of view (POV) belonging to a particular demographic described as the "average Wikipedian", who is an educated, technically inclined, English-speaking white male, aged 15–49, from a developed Christian country in the northern hemisphere. This POV is over-represented in relation to all existing POVs. This systemic bias in editor demographic results in cultural bias, gender bias, and geographical bias on Misplaced Pages. There are two broad types of bias, which are implicit (when a topic is omitted) and explicit (when a certain POV is over-represented in an article or by references).
Interdisciplinary scholarly assessments of Misplaced Pages articles have found that while articles are typically accurate and free of misinformation, they are also typically incomplete and fail to present all perspectives with a neutral point of view. In 2011, Wales claimed that the unevenness of coverage is a reflection of the demography of the editors, citing for example "biographies of famous women through history and issues surrounding early childcare". The October 22, 2013, essay by Tom Simonite in MIT's Technology Review titled "The Decline of Misplaced Pages" discussed the effect of systemic bias and policy creep on the downward trend in the number of editors.
Explicit content
See also: Internet Watch Foundation and Misplaced Pages and Reporting of child pornography images on Wikimedia Commons For the government censorship of Misplaced Pages, see Censorship of Misplaced Pages. For Misplaced Pages's policy concerning censorship, see Misplaced Pages:Misplaced Pages is not censoredMisplaced Pages has been criticized for allowing information about graphic content. Articles depicting what some critics have called objectionable content (such as feces, cadaver, human penis, vulva, and nudity) contain graphic pictures and detailed information easily available to anyone with access to the internet, including children. The site also includes sexual content such as images and videos of masturbation and ejaculation, illustrations of zoophilia, and photos from hardcore pornographic films in its articles. It also has non-sexual photographs of nude children.
The Misplaced Pages article about Virgin Killer—a 1976 album from the German rock band Scorpions—features a picture of the album's original cover, which depicts a naked prepubescent girl. The original release cover caused controversy and was replaced in some countries. In December 2008, access to the Misplaced Pages article Virgin Killer was blocked for four days by most Internet service providers in the United Kingdom after the Internet Watch Foundation (IWF) decided the album cover was a potentially illegal indecent image and added the article's URL to a "blacklist" it supplies to British internet service providers.
In April 2010, Sanger wrote a letter to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, outlining his concerns that two categories of images on Wikimedia Commons contained child pornography, and were in violation of US federal obscenity law. Sanger later clarified that the images, which were related to pedophilia and one about lolicon, were not of real children, but said that they constituted "obscene visual representations of the sexual abuse of children", under the PROTECT Act of 2003. That law bans photographic child pornography and cartoon images and drawings of children that are obscene under American law. Sanger also expressed concerns about access to the images on Misplaced Pages in schools.
Wikimedia Foundation spokesman Jay Walsh strongly rejected Sanger's accusation, saying that Misplaced Pages did not have "material we would deem to be illegal. If we did, we would remove it." Following the complaint by Sanger, Wales deleted sexual images without consulting the community. After some editors who volunteered to maintain the site argued that the decision to delete had been made hastily, Wales voluntarily gave up some of the powers he had held up to that time as part of his co-founder status. He wrote in a message to the Wikimedia Foundation mailing-list that this action was "in the interest of encouraging this discussion to be about real philosophical/content issues, rather than be about me and how quickly I acted". Critics, including Wikipediocracy, noticed that many of the pornographic images deleted from Misplaced Pages since 2010 have reappeared.
Privacy
One privacy concern in the case of Misplaced Pages is the right of a private citizen to remain a "private citizen" rather than a "public figure" in the eyes of the law. It is a battle between the right to be anonymous in cyberspace and the right to be anonymous in real life. The Wikimedia Foundation's privacy policy states, "we believe that you shouldn't have to provide personal information to participate in the free knowledge movement", and states that "personal information" may be shared "For legal reasons", "To Protect You, Ourselves & Others", or "To Understand & Experiment".
In January 2006, a German court ordered the German Misplaced Pages shut down within Germany because it stated the full name of Boris Floricic, aka "Tron", a deceased hacker. On February 9, 2006, the injunction against Wikimedia Deutschland was overturned, with the court rejecting the notion that Tron's right to privacy or that of his parents was being violated.
Misplaced Pages has a "Volunteer Response Team" that uses Znuny, a free and open-source software fork of OTRS to handle queries without having to reveal the identities of the involved parties. This is used, for example, in confirming the permission for using individual images and other media in the project.
In late April 2023, Wikimedia Foundation announced that Misplaced Pages will not submit to any age verifications that may be required by the UK's Online Safety Bill legislation. Rebecca MacKinnon of the Wikimedia Foundation said that such checks would run counter to the website's commitment to minimal data collection on its contributors and readers.
Sexism
Main article: Gender bias on Misplaced PagesMisplaced Pages was described in 2015 as harboring a battleground culture of sexism and harassment. The perceived tolerance of abusive language was a reason put forth in 2013 for the gender gap in Misplaced Pages editorship. Edit-a-thons have been held to encourage female editors and increase the coverage of women's topics.
In May 2018, a Misplaced Pages editor rejected a submitted article about Donna Strickland due to lack of coverage in the media. Five months later, Strickland won a Nobel Prize in Physics "for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics", becoming the third woman to ever receive the award. Prior to winning the award, Strickland's only mention on Misplaced Pages was in the article about her collaborator and co-winner of the award Gérard Mourou. Her exclusion from Misplaced Pages led to accusations of sexism, but Corinne Purtill writing for Quartz argued that "it's also a pointed lesson in the hazards of gender bias in media, and of the broader consequences of underrepresentation." Purtill attributes the issue to the gender bias in media coverage.
A comprehensive 2008 survey, published in 2016, by Julia B. Bear of Stony Brook University's College of Business and Benjamin Collier of Carnegie Mellon University found significant gender differences in confidence in expertise, discomfort with editing, and response to critical feedback. "Women reported less confidence in their expertise, expressed greater discomfort with editing (which typically involves conflict), and reported more negative responses to critical feedback compared to men."
Operation
Wikimedia Foundation and affiliate movements
Main article: Wikimedia FoundationMisplaced Pages is hosted and funded by the Wikimedia Foundation, a non-profit organization which also operates Misplaced Pages-related projects such as Wiktionary and Wikibooks. The foundation relies on public contributions and grants to fund its mission. The foundation's 2020 Internal Revenue Service Form 990 shows revenue of $124.6 million and expenses of almost $112.2 million, with assets of about $191.2 million and liabilities of almost $11 million.
In May 2014, Wikimedia Foundation named Lila Tretikov as its second executive director, taking over for Sue Gardner. The Wall Street Journal reported on May 1, 2014, that Tretikov's information technology background from her years at University of California offers Misplaced Pages an opportunity to develop in more concentrated directions guided by her often repeated position statement that, "Information, like air, wants to be free." The same Wall Street Journal article reported these directions of development according to an interview with spokesman Jay Walsh of Wikimedia, who "said Tretikov would address that issue (paid advocacy) as a priority. 'We are really pushing toward more transparency ... We are reinforcing that paid advocacy is not welcome.' Initiatives to involve greater diversity of contributors, better mobile support of Misplaced Pages, new geo-location tools to find local content more easily, and more tools for users in the second and third world are also priorities", Walsh said.
Following the departure of Tretikov from Misplaced Pages due to issues concerning the use of the "superprotection" feature which some language versions of Misplaced Pages have adopted, Katherine Maher became the third executive director of the Wikimedia Foundation in June 2016. Maher stated that one of her priorities would be the issue of editor harassment endemic to Misplaced Pages as identified by the Misplaced Pages board in December. She said to Bloomberg Businessweek regarding the harassment issue that: "It establishes a sense within the community that this is a priority ... it has to be more than words."
Maher served as executive director until April 2021. Maryana Iskander was named the incoming CEO in September 2021, and took over that role in January 2022. She stated that one of her focuses would be increasing diversity in the Wikimedia community.
Misplaced Pages is also supported by many organizations and groups that are affiliated with the Wikimedia Foundation but independently-run, called Wikimedia movement affiliates. These include Wikimedia chapters (which are national or sub-national organizations, such as Wikimedia Deutschland and Wikimedia France), thematic organizations (such as Amical Wikimedia for the Catalan language community), and user groups. These affiliates participate in the promotion, development, and funding of Misplaced Pages.
Software operations and support
See also: MediaWikiThe operation of Misplaced Pages depends on MediaWiki, a custom-made, free and open source wiki software platform written in PHP and built upon the MySQL database system. The software incorporates programming features such as a macro language, variables, a transclusion system for templates, and URL redirection. MediaWiki is licensed under the GNU General Public License (GPL) and it is used by all Wikimedia projects, as well as many other wiki projects. Originally, Misplaced Pages ran on UseModWiki written in Perl by Clifford Adams (Phase I), which initially required CamelCase for article hyperlinks; the present double bracket style was incorporated later. Starting in January 2002 (Phase II), Misplaced Pages began running on a PHP wiki engine with a MySQL database; this software was custom-made for Misplaced Pages by Magnus Manske. The Phase II software was repeatedly modified to accommodate the exponentially increasing demand. In July 2002 (Phase III), Misplaced Pages shifted to the third-generation software, MediaWiki, originally written by Lee Daniel Crocker.
Several MediaWiki extensions are installed to extend the functionality of the MediaWiki software. In April 2005, a Lucene extension was added to MediaWiki's built-in search and Misplaced Pages switched from MySQL to Lucene for searching. Lucene was later replaced by CirrusSearch which is based on Elasticsearch. In July 2013, after extensive beta testing, a WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) extension, VisualEditor, was opened to public use. It was met with much rejection and criticism, and was described as "slow and buggy". The feature was changed from opt-out to opt-in afterward.
Automated editing
Main article: Misplaced Pages botsComputer programs called bots have often been used to perform simple and repetitive tasks, such as correcting common misspellings and stylistic issues, or to start articles such as geography entries in a standard format from statistical data. One controversial contributor, Sverker Johansson, created articles with his bot Lsjbot, which was reported to create up to 10,000 articles on the Swedish Misplaced Pages on certain days. Additionally, there are bots designed to automatically notify editors when they make common editing errors (such as unmatched quotes or unmatched parentheses). Edits falsely identified by bots as the work of a banned editor can be restored by other editors. An anti-vandal bot is programmed to detect and revert vandalism quickly. Bots are able to indicate edits from particular accounts or IP address ranges, as occurred at the time of the shooting down of the MH17 jet in July 2014 when it was reported that edits were made via IPs controlled by the Russian government. Bots on Misplaced Pages must be approved before activation. According to Andrew Lih, the current expansion of Misplaced Pages to millions of articles would be difficult to envision without the use of such bots.
Hardware operations and support
As of 2021, page requests are first passed to a front-end layer of Varnish caching servers and back-end layer caching is done by Apache Traffic Server. Requests that cannot be served from the Varnish cache are sent to load-balancing servers running the Linux Virtual Server software, which in turn pass them to one of the Apache web servers for page rendering from the database. The web servers deliver pages as requested, performing page rendering for all the language editions of Misplaced Pages. To increase speed further, rendered pages are cached in a distributed memory cache until invalidated, allowing page rendering to be skipped entirely for most common page accesses.
Misplaced Pages currently runs on dedicated clusters of Linux servers running the Debian operating system. By January 22, 2013, Misplaced Pages had migrated its primary data center to an Equinix facility in Ashburn, Virginia. In 2017, Misplaced Pages installed a caching cluster in an Equinix facility in Singapore, the first of its kind in Asia. In 2022, a caching data center was opened in Marseille, France. In 2024, a caching data center was opened in São Paulo, the first of its kind in South America. As of November 2024, caching clusters are located in Amsterdam, San Francisco, Singapore, Marseille, and São Paulo.
Internal research and operational development
Following growing amounts of incoming donations in 2013 exceeding seven digits, the Foundation has reached a threshold of assets which qualify its consideration under the principles of industrial organization economics to indicate the need for the re-investment of donations into the internal research and development of the Foundation. Two projects of such internal research and development have been the creation of a Visual Editor and the "Thank" tab in the edit history, which were developed to improve issues of editor attrition. The estimates for reinvestment by industrial organizations into internal research and development was studied by Adam Jaffe, who recorded that the range of 4% to 25% annually was to be recommended, with high-end technology requiring the higher level of support for internal reinvestment. At the 2013 level of contributions for Wikimedia presently documented as 45 million dollars, the computed budget level recommended by Jaffe for reinvestment into internal research and development is between 1.8 million and 11.3 million dollars annually. In 2019, the level of contributions were reported by the Wikimedia Foundation as being at $120 million annually, updating the Jaffe estimates for the higher level of support to between $3.08 million and $19.2 million annually.
Internal news publications
Main article: The SignpostMultiple Wikimedia projects have internal news publications. Wikimedia's online newspaper The Signpost was founded in 2005 by Michael Snow, a Misplaced Pages administrator who would join the Wikimedia Foundation's board of trustees in 2008. The publication covers news and events from the English Misplaced Pages, the Wikimedia Foundation, and Misplaced Pages's sister projects.
The Misplaced Pages Library
For information for Misplaced Pages editors, see Misplaced Pages:The Misplaced Pages Library.The Misplaced Pages Library is a resource for Misplaced Pages editors which provides free access to a wide range of digital publications, so that they can consult and cite these while editing the encyclopedia. Over 60 publishers have partnered with The Misplaced Pages Library to provide access to their resources: when ICE Publishing joined in 2020, a spokesman said "By enabling free access to our content for Misplaced Pages editors, we hope to further the research community's resources – creating and updating Misplaced Pages entries on civil engineering which are read by thousands of monthly readers."
Access to content
"Accessing Misplaced Pages" redirects here. For our accessibility guidelines, see Misplaced Pages:Manual of Style/Accessibility.Content licensing
When the project was started in 2001, all text in Misplaced Pages was covered by the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), a copyleft license permitting the redistribution, creation of derivative works, and commercial use of content while authors retain copyright of their work. The GFDL was created for software manuals that come with free software programs licensed under the GPL. This made it a poor choice for a general reference work: for example, the GFDL requires the reprints of materials from Misplaced Pages to come with a full copy of the GFDL text. In December 2002, the Creative Commons license was released; it was specifically designed for creative works in general, not just for software manuals. The Misplaced Pages project sought the switch to the Creative Commons. Because the GFDL and Creative Commons were incompatible, in November 2008, following the request of the project, the Free Software Foundation (FSF) released a new version of the GFDL designed specifically to allow Misplaced Pages to relicense its content to CC BY-SA by August 1, 2009. In April 2009, Misplaced Pages and its sister projects held a community-wide referendum which decided the switch in June 2009.
The handling of media files (e.g. image files) varies across language editions. Some language editions, such as the English Misplaced Pages, include non-free image files under fair use doctrine, while the others have opted not to, in part because of the lack of fair use doctrines in their home countries (e.g. in Japanese copyright law). Media files covered by free content licenses (e.g. Creative Commons' CC BY-SA) are shared across language editions via Wikimedia Commons repository, a project operated by the Wikimedia Foundation. Misplaced Pages's accommodation of varying international copyright laws regarding images has led some to observe that its photographic coverage of topics lags behind the quality of the encyclopedic text. The Wikimedia Foundation is not a licensor of content on Misplaced Pages or its related projects but merely a hosting service for contributors to and licensors of Misplaced Pages, a position which was successfully defended in 2004 in a court in France.
Methods of access
Because Misplaced Pages content is distributed under an open license, anyone can reuse or re-distribute it at no charge. The content of Misplaced Pages has been published in many forms, both online and offline, outside the Misplaced Pages website.
Thousands of "mirror sites" exist that republish content from Misplaced Pages; two prominent ones that also include content from other reference sources are Reference.com and Answers.com. Another example is Wapedia, which began to display Misplaced Pages content in a mobile-device-friendly format before Misplaced Pages itself did. Some web search engines make special use of Misplaced Pages content when displaying search results: examples include Microsoft Bing (via technology gained from Powerset) and DuckDuckGo.
Collections of Misplaced Pages articles have been published on optical discs. An English version released in 2006 contained about 2,000 articles. The Polish-language version from 2006 contains nearly 240,000 articles, the German-language version from 2007/2008 contains over 620,000 articles, and the Spanish-language version from 2011 contains 886,000 articles. Additionally, "Misplaced Pages for Schools", the Misplaced Pages series of CDs / DVDs produced by Misplaced Pages and SOS Children, is a free selection from Misplaced Pages designed for education towards children eight to seventeen.
There have been efforts to put a select subset of Misplaced Pages's articles into printed book form. Since 2009, tens of thousands of print-on-demand books that reproduced English, German, Russian, and French Misplaced Pages articles have been produced by the American company Books LLC and by three Mauritian subsidiaries of the German publisher VDM.
The website DBpedia, begun in 2007, extracts data from the infoboxes and category declarations of the English-language Misplaced Pages. Wikimedia has created the Wikidata project with a similar objective of storing the basic facts from each page of Misplaced Pages and other Wikimedia Foundation projects and make it available in a queryable semantic format, RDF. As of February 2023, it has over 101 million items. WikiReader is a dedicated reader device that contains an offline copy of Misplaced Pages, which was launched by OpenMoko and first released in 2009.
Obtaining the full contents of Misplaced Pages for reuse presents challenges, since direct cloning via a web crawler is discouraged. Misplaced Pages publishes "dumps" of its contents, but these are text-only; as of 2023, there is no dump available of Misplaced Pages's images. Wikimedia Enterprise is a for-profit solution to this.
Several languages of Misplaced Pages also maintain a reference desk, where volunteers answer questions from the general public. According to a study by Pnina Shachaf in the Journal of Documentation, the quality of the Misplaced Pages reference desk is comparable to a standard library reference desk, with an accuracy of 55 percent.
Mobile access
See also: List of Misplaced Pages mobile applications and Help:Mobile accessMisplaced Pages's original medium was for users to read and edit content using any standard web browser through a fixed Internet connection. Although Misplaced Pages content has been accessible through the mobile web since July 2013, The New York Times on February 9, 2014, quoted Erik Möller, deputy director of the Wikimedia Foundation, stating that the transition of internet traffic from desktops to mobile devices was significant and a cause for concern and worry. The article in The New York Times reported the comparison statistics for mobile edits stating that, "Only 20 percent of the readership of the English-language Misplaced Pages comes via mobile devices, a figure substantially lower than the percentage of mobile traffic for other media sites, many of which approach 50 percent. And the shift to mobile editing has lagged even more." In 2014 The New York Times reported that Möller has assigned "a team of 10 software developers focused on mobile", out of a total of approximately 200 employees working at the Wikimedia Foundation. One principal concern cited by The New York Times for the "worry" is for Misplaced Pages to effectively address attrition issues with the number of editors which the online encyclopedia attracts to edit and maintain its content in a mobile access environment. By 2023, the Wikimedia Foundation's staff had grown to over 700 employees.
Access to Misplaced Pages from mobile phones was possible as early as 2004, through the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), via the Wapedia service. In June 2007, Misplaced Pages launched en.mobile.wikipedia.org, an official website for wireless devices. In 2009, a newer mobile service was officially released, located at en.m.wikipedia.org, which caters to more advanced mobile devices such as the iPhone, Android-based devices, or WebOS-based devices. Several other methods of mobile access to Misplaced Pages have emerged since. Many devices and applications optimize or enhance the display of Misplaced Pages content for mobile devices, while some also incorporate additional features such as use of Misplaced Pages metadata like geoinformation.
The Android app for Misplaced Pages was released in January 2012, to over 500,000 installs and generally positive reviews, scoring over four of a possible five in a poll of approximately 200,000 users downloading from Google. The version for iOS was released on April 3, 2013, to similar reviews. Misplaced Pages Zero was an initiative of the Wikimedia Foundation to expand the reach of the encyclopedia to the developing countries by partnering with mobile operators to allow free access. It was discontinued in February 2018 due to lack of participation from mobile operators.
Andrew Lih and Andrew Brown both maintain editing Misplaced Pages with smartphones is difficult and this discourages new potential contributors. Lih states that the number of Misplaced Pages editors has been declining after several years, and Tom Simonite of MIT Technology Review claims the bureaucratic structure and rules are a factor in this. Simonite alleges some Wikipedians use the labyrinthine rules and guidelines to dominate others and those editors have a vested interest in keeping the status quo. Lih alleges there is a serious disagreement among existing contributors on how to resolve this. Lih fears for Misplaced Pages's long-term future while Brown fears problems with Misplaced Pages will remain and rival encyclopedias will not replace it.
Chinese access
Access to Misplaced Pages has been blocked in mainland China since May 2015. This was done after Misplaced Pages started to use HTTPS encryption, which made selective censorship more difficult.
Cultural influence
Trusted source to combat fake news
In 2017–18, after a barrage of false news reports, both Facebook and YouTube announced they would rely on Misplaced Pages to help their users evaluate reports and reject false news. Noam Cohen, writing in The Washington Post states, "YouTube's reliance on Misplaced Pages to set the record straight builds on the thinking of another fact-challenged platform, the Facebook social network, which announced last year that Misplaced Pages would help its users root out 'fake news'."
Readership
In February 2014, The New York Times reported that Misplaced Pages was ranked fifth globally among all websites, stating "With 18 billion page views and nearly 500 million unique visitors a month, ... Misplaced Pages trails just Yahoo, Facebook, Microsoft and Google, the largest with 1.2 billion unique visitors." However, its ranking dropped to 13th globally by June 2020 due mostly to a rise in popularity of Chinese websites for online shopping. The website has since recovered its ranking as of April 2022.
In addition to logistic growth in the number of its articles, Misplaced Pages has steadily gained status as a general reference website since its inception in 2001. The number of readers of Misplaced Pages worldwide reached 365 million at the end of 2009. The Pew Internet and American Life project found that one third of US Internet users consulted Misplaced Pages. In 2011, Business Insider gave Misplaced Pages a valuation of $4 billion if it ran advertisements.
According to "Misplaced Pages Readership Survey 2011", the average age of Misplaced Pages readers is 36, with a rough parity between genders. Almost half of Misplaced Pages readers visit the site more than five times a month, and a similar number of readers specifically look for Misplaced Pages in search engine results. About 47 percent of Misplaced Pages readers do not realize that Misplaced Pages is a non-profit organization. As of February 2023, Misplaced Pages attracts around 2 billion unique devices monthly, with the English Misplaced Pages receiving 10 billion pageviews each month.
COVID-19 pandemic
Main article: Misplaced Pages coverage of the COVID-19 pandemicDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, Misplaced Pages's coverage of the pandemic and fight against misinformation received international media attention, and brought an increase in Misplaced Pages readership overall. Noam Cohen wrote in Wired that Misplaced Pages's effort to combat misinformation related to the pandemic was different from other major websites, opining, "Unless Twitter, Facebook and the others can learn to address misinformation more effectively, Misplaced Pages will remain the last best place on the Internet." In October 2020, the World Health Organization announced they were freely licensing its infographics and other materials on Wikimedia projects. There were nearly 7,000 COVID-19 related Misplaced Pages articles across 188 different Wikipedias, as of November 2021.
Cultural significance
Main article: Misplaced Pages in cultureMisplaced Pages's content has also been used in academic studies, books, conferences, and court cases. The Parliament of Canada's website refers to Misplaced Pages's article on same-sex marriage in the "related links" section of its "further reading" list for the Civil Marriage Act. The encyclopedia's assertions are increasingly used as a source by organizations such as the US federal courts and the World Intellectual Property Organization—though mainly for supporting information rather than information decisive to a case. Content appearing on Misplaced Pages has also been cited as a source and referenced in some US intelligence agency reports. In December 2008, the scientific journal RNA Biology launched a new section for descriptions of families of RNA molecules and requires authors who contribute to the section to also submit a draft article on the RNA family for publication in Misplaced Pages. Misplaced Pages has also been used as a source in journalism, often without attribution, and several reporters have been dismissed for plagiarizing from Misplaced Pages.
In 2006, Time magazine recognized Misplaced Pages's participation (along with YouTube, Reddit, MySpace, and Facebook) in the rapid growth of online collaboration and interaction by millions of people worldwide. On September 16, 2007, The Washington Post reported that Misplaced Pages had become a focal point in the 2008 US election campaign, saying: "Type a candidate's name into Google, and among the first results is a Misplaced Pages page, making those entries arguably as important as any ad in defining a candidate. Already, the presidential entries are being edited, dissected and debated countless times each day." An October 2007 Reuters article, titled "Misplaced Pages page the latest status symbol", reported the recent phenomenon of how having a Misplaced Pages article vindicates one's notability.
One of the first times Misplaced Pages was involved in a governmental affair was on September 28, 2007, when Italian politician Franco Grillini raised a parliamentary question with the minister of cultural resources and activities about the necessity of freedom of panorama. He said that the lack of such freedom forced Misplaced Pages, "the seventh most consulted website", to forbid all images of modern Italian buildings and art, and claimed this was hugely damaging to tourist revenues.
A working group led by Peter Stone (formed as a part of the Stanford-based project One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence) in its report called Misplaced Pages "the best-known example of crowdsourcing ... that far exceeds traditionally-compiled information sources, such as encyclopedias and dictionaries, in scale and depth".
In a 2017 opinion piece for Wired, Hossein Derakhshan describes Misplaced Pages as "one of the last remaining pillars of the open and decentralized web" and contrasted its existence as a text-based source of knowledge with social media and social networking services, the latter having "since colonized the web for television's values". For Derakhshan, Misplaced Pages's goal as an encyclopedia represents the Age of Enlightenment tradition of rationality triumphing over emotions, a trend which he considers "endangered" due to the "gradual shift from a typographic culture to a photographic one, which in turn mean a shift from rationality to emotions, exposition to entertainment". Rather than "sapere aude" (lit. 'dare to know'), social networks have led to a culture of "dare not to care to know". This is while Misplaced Pages faces "a more concerning problem" than funding, namely "a flattening growth rate in the number of contributors to the website". Consequently, the challenge for Misplaced Pages and those who use it is to "save Misplaced Pages and its promise of a free and open collection of all human knowledge amid the conquest of new and old television—how to collect and preserve knowledge when nobody cares to know."
Awards
Misplaced Pages has won many awards, receiving its first two major awards in May 2004. The first was a Golden Nica for Digital Communities of the annual Prix Ars Electronica contest; this came with a €10,000 (£6,588; $12,700) grant and an invitation to present at the PAE Cyberarts Festival in Austria later that year. The second was a Judges' Webby Award for the "community" category.
In 2007, readers of brandchannel.com voted Misplaced Pages as the fourth-highest brand ranking, receiving 15 percent of the votes in answer to the question "Which brand had the most impact on our lives in 2006?"
In September 2008, Misplaced Pages received Quadriga A Mission of Enlightenment award of Werkstatt Deutschland along with Boris Tadić, Eckart Höfling, and Peter Gabriel. The award was presented to Wales by David Weinberger.
In 2015, Misplaced Pages was awarded both the annual Erasmus Prize, which recognizes exceptional contributions to culture, society or social sciences, and the Spanish Princess of Asturias Award on International Cooperation. Speaking at the Asturian Parliament in Oviedo, the city that hosts the awards ceremony, Jimmy Wales praised the work of the Asturian Misplaced Pages users.
Satire
See also: Category:Parodies of Misplaced PagesComedian Stephen Colbert has parodied or referenced Misplaced Pages on numerous episodes of his show The Colbert Report and coined the related term wikiality, meaning "together we can create a reality that we all agree on—the reality we just agreed on". Another example can be found in "Misplaced Pages Celebrates 750 Years of American Independence", a July 2006 front-page article in The Onion, as well as the 2010 The Onion article "'L.A. Law' Misplaced Pages Page Viewed 874 Times Today".
In an April 2007 episode of the American television comedy The Office, office manager (Michael Scott) is shown relying on a hypothetical Misplaced Pages article for information on negotiation tactics to assist him in negotiating lesser pay for an employee. Viewers of the show tried to add the episode's mention of the page as a section of the actual Misplaced Pages article on negotiation, but this effort was prevented by other users on the article's talk page.
"My Number One Doctor", a 2007 episode of the television show Scrubs, played on the perception that Misplaced Pages is an unreliable reference tool with a scene in which Perry Cox reacts to a patient who says that a Misplaced Pages article indicates that the raw food diet reverses the effects of bone cancer by retorting that the same editor who wrote that article also wrote the Battlestar Galactica episode guide.
In 2008, the comedy website CollegeHumor produced a video sketch named "Professor Misplaced Pages", in which the fictitious Professor Misplaced Pages instructs a class with a medley of unverifiable and occasionally absurd statements. The Dilbert comic strip from May 8, 2009, features a character supporting an improbable claim by saying "Give me ten minutes and then check Misplaced Pages." In July 2009, BBC Radio 4 broadcast a comedy series called Bigipedia, which was set on a website which was a parody of Misplaced Pages. Some of the sketches were directly inspired by Misplaced Pages and its articles.
On August 23, 2013, the New Yorker website published a cartoon with this caption: "Dammit, Manning, have you considered the pronoun war that this is going to start on your Misplaced Pages page?" The cartoon referred to Chelsea Elizabeth Manning (born Bradley Edward Manning), an American activist, politician, and former United States Army soldier who had recently come out as a trans woman.
In June 2024, nature.com published a fictional Misplaced Pages Talk page under the title "Plastic-eating fungus caused doomsday" by Emma Burnett. The Talk page concerned a fictional article describing the unintended consequences of the release of a plastic-eating fungus to clean up an oil spill. The article contained Talk page topics found on Misplaced Pages, like discussions of changes in the articles priority level.
Sister projects – Wikimedia
Main article: Wikimedia projectMisplaced Pages has spawned several sister projects, which are also wikis run by the Wikimedia Foundation. These other Wikimedia projects include Wiktionary, a dictionary project launched in December 2002, Wikiquote, a collection of quotations created a week after Wikimedia launched, Wikibooks, a collection of collaboratively written free textbooks and annotated texts, Wikimedia Commons, a site devoted to free-knowledge multimedia, Wikinews, for collaborative journalism, and Wikiversity, a project for the creation of free learning materials and the provision of online learning activities. Another sister project of Misplaced Pages, Wikispecies, is a catalog of all species, but is not open for public editing. In 2012, Wikivoyage, an editable travel guide, and Wikidata, an editable knowledge base, launched.
Publishing
The most obvious economic effect of Misplaced Pages has been the death of commercial encyclopedias, especially printed versions like Encyclopædia Britannica, which were unable to compete with a product that is essentially free. Nicholas Carr's 2005 essay "The amorality of Web 2.0" criticizes websites with user-generated content (like Misplaced Pages) for possibly leading to professional (and, in his view, superior) content producers' going out of business, because "free trumps quality all the time". Carr wrote, "Implicit in the ecstatic visions of Web 2.0 is the hegemony of the amateur. I for one can't imagine anything more frightening." Others dispute the notion that Misplaced Pages, or similar efforts, will entirely displace traditional publications. Chris Anderson, the former editor-in-chief of Wired, wrote in Nature that the "wisdom of crowds" approach of Misplaced Pages will not displace top scientific journals with rigorous peer review processes.
Misplaced Pages's influence on the biography publishing business has been a concern for some. Book publishing data tracker Nielsen BookScan stated in 2013 that biography sales were dropping "far more sharply". Kathryn Hughes, professor of life writing at the University of East Anglia and author of two biographies wrote, "The worry is that, if you can get all that information from Misplaced Pages, what's left for biography?"
Research use
Misplaced Pages has been widely used as a corpus for linguistic research in computational linguistics, information retrieval and natural language processing. In particular, it commonly serves as a target knowledge base for the entity linking problem, which is then called "wikification", and to the related problem of word-sense disambiguation. Methods similar to wikification can in turn be used to find "missing" links in Misplaced Pages.
In 2015, French researchers José Lages of the University of Franche-Comté in Besançon and Dima Shepelyansky of Paul Sabatier University in Toulouse published a global university ranking based on Misplaced Pages scholarly citations. They used PageRank, CheiRank and similar algorithms "followed by the number of appearances in the 24 different language editions of Misplaced Pages (descending order) and the century in which they were founded (ascending order)". The study was updated in 2019.
In December 2015, John Julius Norwich stated, in a letter published in The Times newspaper, that as a historian he resorted to Misplaced Pages "at least a dozen times a day", and had never yet caught it out. He described it as "a work of reference as useful as any in existence", with so wide a range that it is almost impossible to find a person, place, or thing that it has left uncovered and that he could never have written his last two books without it.
A 2017 MIT study suggests that words used in Misplaced Pages articles end up in scientific publications. Studies related to Misplaced Pages have been using machine learning and artificial intelligence to support various operations. One of the most important areas is the automatic detection of vandalism and data quality assessment in Misplaced Pages.
In February 2022, civil servants from the UK's Housing, Communities and Local Government Committee were found to have used Misplaced Pages for research after journalists at The Independent noted that parts of the document had been lifted directly from Misplaced Pages articles on Constantinople and the list of largest cities throughout history.
Related projects
Several interactive multimedia encyclopedias incorporating entries written by the public existed long before Misplaced Pages was founded. The first of these was the 1986 BBC Domesday Project, which included text (entered on BBC Micro computers) and photographs from more than a million contributors in the UK, and covered the geography, art, and culture of the UK. This was the first interactive multimedia encyclopedia (and was also the first major multimedia document connected through internal links), with the majority of articles being accessible through an interactive map of the UK. The user interface and part of the content of the Domesday Project were emulated on a website until 2008.
Several free-content, collaborative encyclopedias were created around the same period as Misplaced Pages (e.g. Everything2), with many later being merged into the project (e.g. GNE). One of the most successful early online encyclopedias incorporating entries by the public was h2g2, which was created by Douglas Adams in 1999. The h2g2 encyclopedia is relatively lighthearted, focusing on articles which are both witty and informative.
Subsequent collaborative knowledge websites have drawn inspiration from Misplaced Pages. Others use more traditional peer review, such as Encyclopedia of Life and the online wiki encyclopedias Scholarpedia and Citizendium. The latter was started by Sanger in an attempt to create a reliable alternative to Misplaced Pages.
See also
Main category: Misplaced Pages- Democratization of knowledge
- Interpedia – an early proposal for a collaborative Internet encyclopedia
- List of films about Misplaced Pages
- List of online encyclopedias
- List of Misplaced Pages controversies
- List of wikis
- Network effect
- Outline of Misplaced Pages – guide to the subject of Misplaced Pages presented as a tree structured list of its subtopics; for an outline of the contents of Misplaced Pages, see Portal:Contents/Outlines
- QRpedia – multilingual, mobile interface to Misplaced Pages
- Misplaced Pages Review
Notes
- Registration is required for certain tasks, such as editing protected pages, creating pages on the English Misplaced Pages, and uploading files.
- To be considered active, a user must make at least one edit or other action in a given month.
- Pronounced /ˌwɪkɪˈpiːdiə/ WIK-ih-PEE-dee-ə or /ˌwɪki-/ WIK-ee-PEE-dee-ə
- Now available as an archive at the Nostalgia Misplaced Pages.
- Revisions with libelous content, criminal threats, or copyright infringements may be removed completely.
- The committee may directly rule that a content change is inappropriate, but may not directly rule that certain content is inappropriate.
- See "Libel" by David McHam for the legal distinction.
References
- ^ Sidener, Jonathan (December 6, 2004). "Everyone's Encyclopedia". U-T San Diego. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved October 15, 2006.
- "Developer hub". MediaWiki. Retrieved September 9, 2024.
- ^ "Misplaced Pages is 20, and its reputation has never been higher". The Economist. January 9, 2021. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
- Anderson, Chris (May 8, 2006). "Jimmy Wales – The 2006 Time 100". Time. Archived from the original on October 12, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2017.
- "Most Visited Websites in Worldwide 2024". Semrush. August 2024. Retrieved September 14, 2024.
- "Most viewed website". Similarweb. Retrieved September 14, 2024.
- ^ Seitz-Gruwell, Lisa (October 23, 2023). "7 reasons you should donate to Misplaced Pages". Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on December 27, 2023. Retrieved December 27, 2023.
- "wikipedia.org". similarweb.com. Retrieved November 14, 2024.
- Noor, Poppy (July 29, 2018). "Misplaced Pages biases". The Guardian. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
- Hern, Alex (September 15, 2015). "Misplaced Pages's view of the world is written by the west". The Guardian. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
- "Happy Birthday, Misplaced Pages". The Economist. January 9, 2021. Archived from the original on January 1, 2023. Retrieved January 22, 2023.
- Cooke, Richard (February 17, 2020). "Misplaced Pages Is the Last Best Place on the Internet". Wired. Archived from the original on December 17, 2022. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
- ^ Hughes, Taylor; Smith, Jeff; Leavitt, Alex (April 3, 2018). "Helping People Better Assess the Stories They See in News Feed with the Context Button". Meta. Archived from the original on January 11, 2023. Retrieved January 23, 2023.
- ^ Cohen, Noam (April 7, 2018). "Conspiracy videos? Fake news? Enter Misplaced Pages, the 'good cop' of the Internet". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 14, 2018.
- Treisman, Rachel (April 1, 2022). "Russia threatens to fine Misplaced Pages if it doesn't remove some details about the war". NPR. Archived from the original on December 2, 2022. Retrieved January 22, 2023.
- ^ Skipper, Ben (December 7, 2015). "China's government has blocked Misplaced Pages in its entirety again". International Business Times UK. Archived from the original on May 3, 2018. Retrieved May 2, 2018.
- Kelly, Samantha Murphy (May 20, 2022). "Meet the Misplaced Pages editor who published the Buffalo shooting entry minutes after it started". CNN. Archived from the original on October 12, 2022. Retrieved May 24, 2022.
- McNamee, Kai (September 15, 2022). "Fastest 'was' in the West: Inside Misplaced Pages's race to cover the queen's death". NPR. Archived from the original on January 15, 2023. Retrieved January 22, 2023.
- Garber, Megan (October 12, 2011). "The contribution conundrum: Why did Misplaced Pages succeed while other encyclopedias failed?". Nieman Lab. Archived from the original on February 10, 2023. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
- ^ Kock, Ned; Jung, Yusun; Syn, Thant (2016). "Misplaced Pages and e-Collaboration Research: Opportunities and Challenges" (PDF). International Journal of e-Collaboration. 12 (2). IGI Global: 1–8. doi:10.4018/IJeC.2016040101. ISSN 1548-3681. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 27, 2016.
- Meyers, Peter (September 20, 2001). "Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You". The New York Times. Retrieved November 22, 2007.
'I can start an article that will consist of one paragraph, and then a real expert will come along and add three paragraphs and clean up my one paragraph,' said Larry Sanger of Las Vegas, who founded Misplaced Pages with Mr. Wales.
- ^ Sanger, Larry (April 18, 2005). "The Early History of Nupedia and Misplaced Pages: A Memoir". Slashdot. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
- Miliard, Mike (March 1, 2008). "Wikipediots: Who Are These Devoted, Even Obsessive Contributors to Misplaced Pages?". Salt Lake City Weekly. Retrieved December 18, 2008.
- Sidener, Jonathan (October 9, 2006). "Misplaced Pages family feud rooted in San Diego". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on November 11, 2016. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
- Finkelstein, Seth (September 25, 2008). "Read me first: Misplaced Pages isn't about human potential, whatever Wales says". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on December 7, 2022. Retrieved January 23, 2023.
- "Encyclopedias and Dictionaries". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (15th ed.). 2007. pp. 257–286.
- Shirky, Clay (2008). Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations. The Penguin Press via Amazon Online Reader. p. 273. ISBN 978-1-59420-153-0. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
- ^ Suh, Bongwon; Convertino, Gregorio; Chi, Ed H.; Pirolli, Peter (October 25, 2009). The singularity is not near: slowing growth of Misplaced Pages. WikiSym '09: Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration. ACM. pp. 1–10. doi:10.1145/1641309.1641322. ISBN 978-1-60558-730-1.
- Johnson, Bobbie (August 12, 2009). "Misplaced Pages approaches its limits". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved March 31, 2010.
- Morozov, Evgeny (November–December 2009). "Edit This Page; Is it the end of Misplaced Pages". Boston Review. Archived from the original on December 11, 2019.
- Cohen, Noam (March 28, 2009). "Misplaced Pages – Exploring Fact City". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011.
- Gibbons, Austin; Vetrano, David; Biancani, Susan (2012). "Misplaced Pages: Nowhere to grow" (PDF). Stanford Network Analysis Project. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 18, 2014.
- Kleeman, Jenny (November 26, 2009). "Misplaced Pages falling victim to a war of words". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved December 13, 2016.
- Ortega Soto, José Felipe (2009). Misplaced Pages: A quantitative analysis (PhD thesis). Rey Juan Carlos University. hdl:10115/11239. Archived from the original on March 14, 2023. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
- Fowler, Geoffrey A.; Angwin, Julia (November 27, 2009). "Volunteers Log Off as Misplaced Pages Ages". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on December 4, 2022. Retrieved January 23, 2023.
- Barnett, Emma (November 26, 2009). "Misplaced Pages's Jimmy Wales denies site is 'losing' thousands of volunteer editors". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on November 9, 2022. Retrieved March 31, 2010.
- ^ Rawlinson, Kevin (August 8, 2011). "Misplaced Pages seeks women to balance its 'geeky' editors". The Independent. Archived from the original on April 21, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2012.
- ^ Simonite, Tom (October 22, 2013). "The Decline of Misplaced Pages". MIT Technology Review. Archived from the original on July 31, 2022. Retrieved November 30, 2013.
- Meyer, Robinson (July 16, 2012). "3 Charts That Show How Misplaced Pages Is Running Out of Admins". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on December 9, 2022. Retrieved January 23, 2023.
- Ward, Katherine. New York Magazine, issue of November 25, 2013, p. 18.
- F., G. (May 5, 2013). "Who really runs Misplaced Pages?". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on November 26, 2021. Retrieved November 26, 2021.
- Mandiberg, Michael (February 23, 2020). "Mapping Misplaced Pages". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on November 15, 2021. Retrieved November 26, 2021.
- ^ "New Year's Resolutions Reflected in January U.S. Web Traffic" (PDF). Comscore. February 15, 2007. p. 3. Archived from the original on August 19, 2021. Retrieved January 23, 2023.
- Carlos Perez, Juan (February 17, 2007). "Misplaced Pages Breaks Into US Top 10 Sites". PCWorld. Archived from the original on March 19, 2012. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
- ^ Cohen, Noam (February 9, 2014). "Misplaced Pages vs. the Small Screen". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 9, 2022. Retrieved January 22, 2023.
- Similarweb. "Top Websites Ranking – Most Visited Websites In The World". Similarweb. Archived from the original on February 10, 2022. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
- Loveland, Jeff; Reagle, Joseph (January 15, 2013). "Misplaced Pages and encyclopedic production". New Media & Society. 15 (8): 1294. doi:10.1177/1461444812470428. ISSN 1461-4448. S2CID 27886998.
- Rosen, Rebecca J. (January 30, 2013). "What If the Great Misplaced Pages 'Revolution' Was Actually a Reversion?". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on December 29, 2022. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
- Netburn, Deborah (January 19, 2012). "Misplaced Pages: SOPA protest led eight million to look up reps in Congress". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 14, 2022. Retrieved March 6, 2012.
- "Misplaced Pages joins blackout protest at US anti-piracy moves". BBC News. January 18, 2012. Archived from the original on December 27, 2022. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
- Workman, Robert (January 5, 2013). "Asteroid Re-Named 'Misplaced Pages'". Space.com. Archived from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved January 23, 2023.
- Katz, Leslie (October 27, 2014). "A Misplaced Pages monument? It's true (we're pretty sure)". CNET. Archived from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved January 23, 2023.
- Sawers, Paul (June 18, 2015). "You can soon buy a 7,471-volume printed version of Misplaced Pages for $500,000". VentureBeat. Archived from the original on October 17, 2022. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
- Oberhaus, Daniel (August 5, 2019). "A Crashed Israeli Lunar Lander Spilled Tardigrades On The Moon". Wired. Archived from the original on December 24, 2022. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
- Resnick, Brian (August 6, 2019). "Tardigrades, the toughest animals on Earth, have crash-landed on the moon – The tardigrade conquest of the solar system has begun". Vox. Archived from the original on November 29, 2019. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
- Shankland, Stephen (June 29, 2019). "Startup packs all 16 GB of Misplaced Pages onto DNA strands to demonstrate new storage tech – Biological molecules will last a lot longer than the latest computer storage technology, Catalog believes". CNET. Archived from the original on December 29, 2022. Retrieved August 15, 2023.
- ^ Varma, Subodh (January 20, 2014). "Google eating into Misplaced Pages page views?". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on December 11, 2022. Retrieved February 10, 2014.
- "Alexa Top 500 Global Sites". Alexa Internet. Archived from the original on February 3, 2021. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
- "Citations of Misplaced Pages as an Online Resource". exaly. Archived from the original on November 4, 2022. Retrieved November 4, 2022.
- "Citations of Cloud Computing". exaly. Archived from the original on November 4, 2022. Retrieved November 4, 2022.
- ^ Pearl, Mike (January 18, 2023). "Yes, Misplaced Pages looks weird. Don't freak out". Mashable. Archived from the original on January 20, 2023. Retrieved January 23, 2023.
- ^ Tech Desk (January 18, 2023). "Misplaced Pages gets a facelift after 10 years: A look at new interface and features". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on January 19, 2023. Retrieved January 22, 2023.
- Rauwerda, Annie (January 18, 2023). "Misplaced Pages's Redesign Is Barely Noticeable. That's the Point". Slate Magazine. Archived from the original on January 20, 2023. Retrieved January 23, 2023.
- Zittrain, Jonathan (2008). The Future of the Internet and How to Stop It – Chapter 6: The Lessons of Misplaced Pages. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-12487-3. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
- Hafner, Katie (June 17, 2006). "Growing Misplaced Pages Refines Its 'Anyone Can Edit' Policy". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 12, 2022. Retrieved December 5, 2016.
- Harrison, Stephen; Benjakob, Omer (January 14, 2021). "Misplaced Pages is twenty. It's time to start covering it better". Columbia Journalism Review. Archived from the original on January 17, 2023. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
- Henderson, William (December 10, 2012). "Misplaced Pages Has Figured Out A New Way To Stop Vandals In Their Tracks". Business Insider. Archived from the original on November 13, 2022. Retrieved January 22, 2023.
- Frewin, Jonathan (June 15, 2010). "Misplaced Pages unlocks divisive pages for editing". BBC News. Archived from the original on November 27, 2022. Retrieved August 21, 2014.
- Ajmani, Leah; Vincent, Nicholas; Chancellor, Stevie (September 28, 2023). "Peer Produced Friction: How Page Protection on Misplaced Pages Affects Editor Engagement and Concentration". Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction. 7 (CSCW2): 1–33. doi:10.1145/3610198. ISSN 2573-0142.
- ^ Kleinz, Torsten (February 2005). "World of Knowledge" (PDF). Linux Magazine. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 25, 2007. Retrieved July 13, 2007.
The Misplaced Pages's open structure makes it a target for trolls and vandals who malevolently add incorrect information to articles, get other people tied up in endless discussions, and generally do everything to draw attention to themselves.
- Ciffolilli, Andrea (December 2003). "Phantom authority, self-selective recruitment and retention of members in virtual communities: The case of Misplaced Pages". First Monday. 8 (12). doi:10.5210/fm.v8i12.1108. Archived from the original on December 6, 2016.
- West, Andrew G.; Chang, Jian; Venkatasubramanian, Krishna; Sokolsky, Oleg; Lee, Insup (2011). "Link Spamming Misplaced Pages for Profit". Proceedings of the 8th Annual Collaboration, Electronic messaging, Anti-Abuse and Spam Conference on – CEAS '11. 8th Annual Collaboration, Electronic Messaging, Anti-Abuse, and Spam Conference. pp. 152–161. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.222.7963. doi:10.1145/2030376.2030394. ISBN 978-1-4503-0788-8. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
- Viégas, Fernanda B.; Wattenberg, Martin; Dave, Kushal (2004). "The palm zire 71 camera interface". CHI '04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (PDF). pp. 575–582. doi:10.1145/985921.985953. ISBN 978-1-58113-702-6. S2CID 10351688. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 25, 2006. Retrieved January 24, 2007.
- Priedhorsky, Reid; Chen, Jilin; Shyong (Tony) K. Lam; Panciera, Katherine; Terveen, Loren; Riedl, John (November 4, 2007). "Creating, Destroying, and Restoring Value in Misplaced Pages" (PDF). Association for Computing Machinery Group '07 Conference Proceedings; GroupLens Research, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.123.7456. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 25, 2007. Retrieved October 13, 2007.
- ^ Seigenthaler, John (November 29, 2005). "A False Misplaced Pages 'biography'". USA Today. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
- Friedman, Thomas L. (2007). The World is Flat. Farrar, Straus & Giroux. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-374-29278-2.
- Buchanan, Brian (November 17, 2006). "Founder shares cautionary tale of libel in cyberspace". First Amendment Center. Archived from the original on December 21, 2012. Retrieved November 17, 2012.
- Helm, Burt (December 13, 2005). "Misplaced Pages: "A Work in Progress"". BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on July 8, 2012. Retrieved July 26, 2012.
- Coldewey, Devin (June 21, 2012). "Misplaced Pages is editorial warzone, says study". Technology. NBC News. Archived from the original on August 22, 2014.
- Kalyanasundaram, Arun; Wei, Wei; Carley, Kathleen M.; Herbsleb, James D. (December 2015). "An agent-based model of edit wars in Misplaced Pages: How and when is consensus reached". 2015 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC). Huntington Beach, CA: IEEE. pp. 276–287. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.715.2758. doi:10.1109/WSC.2015.7408171. ISBN 978-1-4673-9743-8. S2CID 9353425.
- Suh, Bongwon; Convertino, Gregorio; Chi, Ed H.; Pirolli, Peter (2009). "The singularity is not near". Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration. Orlando, FL: ACM Press. pp. 1–10. doi:10.1145/1641309.1641322. ISBN 978-1-60558-730-1.
- Torres, Nicole (June 2, 2016). "Why Do So Few Women Edit Misplaced Pages?". Harvard Business Review. ISSN 0017-8012. Archived from the original on June 17, 2020. Retrieved August 20, 2019.
- Bear, Julia B.; Collier, Benjamin (March 2016). "Where are the Women in Misplaced Pages? Understanding the Different Psychological Experiences of Men and Women in Misplaced Pages". Sex Roles. 74 (5–6): 254–265. doi:10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y. S2CID 146452625.
- Khazraie, Marzieh; Talebzadeh, Hossein (February 7, 2020). ""Misplaced Pages does NOT tolerate your babbling!": Impoliteness-induced conflict (resolution) in a polylogal collaborative online community of practice". Journal of Pragmatics. 163: 46–65. doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2020.03.009.
- Smirnov, Ivan; Oprea, Camelia; Strohmaier, Markus (December 1, 2023). Ognyanova, Katherine (ed.). "Toxic comments are associated with reduced activity of volunteer editors on Misplaced Pages". PNAS Nexus. 2 (12): pgad385. doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad385. ISSN 2752-6542. PMC 10697426. PMID 38059265.
- Lerner, Jürgen; Lomi, Alessandro (December 21, 2020). "The 💕 that anyone can dispute: An analysis of the micro-structural dynamics of positive and negative relations in the production of contentious Misplaced Pages articles". Social Networks. 60: 11–25. doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2018.12.003.
- Morris-O'Connor, Danielle A.; Strotmann, Andreas; Zhao, Dangzhi (April 4, 2023). "The colonization of Misplaced Pages: evidence from characteristic editing behaviors of warring camps". Journal of Documentation. 79 (3): 784–810. doi:10.1108/JD-04-2022-0090. ISSN 0022-0418.
- Ziembowicz, Karolina; Roszczyńska-Kurasińska, Magdalena; Rychwalska, Agnieszka; Nowak, Andrzej (October 3, 2022). "Predicting conflict-prone disputes using the structure of turn-taking: the case of Misplaced Pages". Information, Communication & Society. 25 (13): 1987–2005. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2021.1924224. ISSN 1369-118X.
- Chhabra, Anamika; Kaur, Rishemjit; Iyengar, S. R.S. (August 25, 2020). "Dynamics of Edit War Sequences in Misplaced Pages". Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Open Collaboration. ACM. pp. 1–10. doi:10.1145/3412569.3412585. ISBN 978-1-4503-8779-8.
- Ruprechter, Thorsten; Santos, Tiago; Helic, Denis (September 9, 2020). "Relating Misplaced Pages article quality to edit behavior and link structure". Applied Network Science. 5 (1). doi:10.1007/s41109-020-00305-y. ISSN 2364-8228.
- "Edit Wars Reveal The 10 Most Controversial Topics on Misplaced Pages". MIT Technology Review. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. July 17, 2013. Archived from the original on June 16, 2021. Retrieved June 25, 2021.
- ^ Yasseri, Taha; Spoerri, Anselm; Graham, Mark; Kertész, János (2014). Fichman, P.; Hara, N. (eds.). The Most Controversial Topics in Misplaced Pages: A Multilingual and Geographical Analysis. Scarecrow Press. arXiv:1305.5566. doi:10.2139/SSRN.2269392. S2CID 12133330. SSRN 2269392.
- Ruprechter, Thorsten; Santos, Tiago; Helic, Denis (2020). "Relating Misplaced Pages article quality to edit behavior and link structure". Applied Network Science. 5 (1). doi:10.1007/s41109-020-00305-y. ISSN 2364-8228.
- Mayfield, Elijah; Black, Alan W. (November 7, 2019). "Analyzing Misplaced Pages Deletion Debates with a Group Decision-Making Forecast Model". Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction. 3 (CSCW): 1–26. doi:10.1145/3359308. ISSN 2573-0142.
- "Who's behind Misplaced Pages?". PC World. February 6, 2008. p. 2. Archived from the original on February 9, 2008. Retrieved February 7, 2008.
- Cohen, Noam (August 9, 2011). "For inclusive mission, Misplaced Pages is told that written word goes only so far". International Herald Tribune. p. 18.
- ^ Ren, Yuqing; Zhang, Haifeng; Kraut, Robert E. (February 29, 2024). "How Did They Build the 💕? A Literature Review of Collaboration and Coordination among Misplaced Pages Editors". ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction. 31 (1): 1–48. doi:10.1145/3617369. ISSN 1073-0516.
- Sanger, Larry (April 18, 2005). "The Early History of Nupedia and Misplaced Pages: A Memoir". Slashdot. Archived from the original on May 25, 2009. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
- Kostakis, Vasilis (March 2010). "Identifying and understanding the problems of Misplaced Pages's peer governance: The case of inclusionists versus deletionists". First Monday. 15 (3). Archived from the original on March 10, 2021. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
- Mehegan, David (February 13, 2006). "Many contributors, common cause". Boston Globe. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
- Meyer, Robinson (July 16, 2012). "3 Charts That Show How Misplaced Pages Is Running Out of Admins". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved September 2, 2012.
- Harrison, Stephen (June 16, 2022). "Inside Misplaced Pages's Historic, Fiercely Contested "Election"". Slate. Archived from the original on August 24, 2022. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
- ^ Jemielniak, Dariusz (2014). Common Knowledge?: An Ethnography of Misplaced Pages. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvqsdrf9. ISBN 978-0-8047-9120-5. JSTOR j.ctvqsdrf9. Archived from the original on January 29, 2023. Retrieved January 29, 2023 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Hoffman, David A.; Mehra, Salil K. (March 5, 2009). "Wikitruth Through Wikiorder". Emory Law Journal. 59 (1). SSRN 1354424.
- Hoffman, David A.; Mehra, Salil K. (2009). "Wikitruth through Wikiorder". Emory Law Journal. 59 (1): 181. SSRN 1354424.
- Viégas, Fernanda B.; Wattenberg, Martin M.; Kriss, Jesse; van Ham, Frank (January 3, 2007). "Talk Before You Type: Coordination in Misplaced Pages" (PDF). Visual Communication Lab, IBM Research. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 5, 2007. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
- Arthur, Charles (December 15, 2005). "Log on and join in, but beware the web cults". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on September 20, 2014. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
- Lu Stout, Kristie (August 4, 2003). "Misplaced Pages: The know-it-all Web site". CNN. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
- Goodwin, Jean (2009). "The Authority of Misplaced Pages" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 22, 2009. Retrieved January 31, 2011.
Misplaced Pages's commitment to anonymity/pseudonymity thus imposes a sort of epistemic agnosticism on its readers
- Kittur, Aniket (2007). "Power of the Few vs. Wisdom of the Crowd: Misplaced Pages and the Rise of the Bourgeoisie". CHI '07: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Viktoria Institute. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.212.8218.
- ^ Blodget, Henry (January 3, 2009). "Who The Hell Writes Misplaced Pages, Anyway?". Business Insider. Archived from the original on February 10, 2023. Retrieved January 26, 2023.
- Wilson, Chris (February 22, 2008). "The Wisdom of the Chaperones". Slate. Archived from the original on September 5, 2011. Retrieved August 13, 2014.
- Swartz, Aaron (September 4, 2006). "Raw Thought: Who Writes Misplaced Pages?". Archived from the original on August 3, 2014. Retrieved February 23, 2008.
- ^ Goldman, Eric (2010). "Misplaced Pages's Labor Squeeze and its Consequences". Journal on Telecommunications and High Technology Law. 8. Archived from the original on January 26, 2023. Retrieved January 26, 2023 – via Santa Clara Law Digital Commons.
- ^ Noveck, Beth Simone (March 2007). "Misplaced Pages and the Future of Legal Education". Journal of Legal Education. 57 (1). Association of American Law Schools: 3–9. JSTOR 42894005. Archived from the original on January 26, 2023. Retrieved January 26, 2023 – via JSTOR.
- "Misplaced Pages "Good Samaritans" Are on the Money". Scientific American. October 19, 2007. Archived from the original on April 28, 2024. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
- Amichai-Hamburger, Yair; Lamdan, Naama; Madiel, Rinat; Hayat, Tsahi (2008). "Personality Characteristics of Misplaced Pages Members". CyberPsychology & Behavior. 11 (6). Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.: 679–681. doi:10.1089/cpb.2007.0225. PMID 18954273. Archived from the original on January 26, 2023. Retrieved January 26, 2023 – via PudMed.gov.
- McGreal, Scott A. (March 11, 2013). "The Misunderstood Personality Profile of Misplaced Pages Members". Psychology Today. Archived from the original on July 16, 2023. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
- Giles, Jim (August 4, 2009). "After the boom, is Misplaced Pages heading for bust?". New Scientist. Archived from the original on April 21, 2015. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
- Cohen, Noam (January 31, 2011). "Define Gender Gap? Look Up Misplaced Pages's Contributor List". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 6, 2013. Retrieved October 28, 2013.
- ^ "OCAD to 'Storm Misplaced Pages' this fall". CBC News. August 27, 2013. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014. Retrieved August 21, 2014.
- ^ Kessenides, Dimitra; Chafkin, Max (December 22, 2016). "Is Misplaced Pages Woke?". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on April 15, 2022. Retrieved September 21, 2022.
- ^ Walker, Andy (June 21, 2018). "The startling numbers behind Africa's Misplaced Pages knowledge gaps". memeburn. Archived from the original on March 19, 2023. Retrieved January 26, 2023.
- "List of Wikipedias". Wikimedia Meta-Wiki. Retrieved December 24, 2024.
- Viégas, Fernanda B. (January 3, 2007). "The Visual Side of Misplaced Pages" (PDF). Visual Communication Lab, IBM Research. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 24, 2006. Retrieved October 30, 2007.
- ^ Yasseri, Taha; Sumi, Robert; Kertész, János (January 17, 2012). "Circadian Patterns of Misplaced Pages Editorial Activity: A Demographic Analysis". PLOS One. 7 (1): e30091. arXiv:1109.1746. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...730091Y. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030091. PMC 3260192. PMID 22272279.
- Massa, Paolo; Scrinzi, Federico (January 4, 2013). "Manypedia: Comparing language points of view of Misplaced Pages communities". First Monday. 18 (1). doi:10.5210/fm.v18i1.3939. Archived from the original on March 8, 2022. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
- ^ "The future of Misplaced Pages: WikiPeaks?". The Economist. March 1, 2014. Archived from the original on October 26, 2022. Retrieved March 11, 2014.
- Jemielniak, Dariusz (June 22, 2014). "The Unbearable Bureaucracy of Misplaced Pages". Slate. Archived from the original on August 13, 2014. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
- ^ Black, Edwin (April 19, 2010). "Misplaced Pages – The Dumbing Down of World Knowledge". History News Network. Columbian College of Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on September 9, 2016. Retrieved October 21, 2014.
- Messer-Krusse, Timothy (February 12, 2012). "The 'Undue Weight' of Truth on Misplaced Pages". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Archived from the original on December 18, 2016. Retrieved March 27, 2014.
- Colón Aguirre, Mónica; Fleming-May, Rachel A. (November 2012). ""You Just Type in What You Are Looking For": Undergraduates' Use of Library Resources vs. Misplaced Pages" (PDF). The Journal of Academic Librarianship. 38 (6). Elsevier: 391–399. doi:10.1016/j.acalib.2012.09.013. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 19, 2016. Retrieved March 27, 2014.
- "Misplaced Pages experience sparks national debate". BGSU News. Bowling Green State University. February 27, 2012. Archived from the original on August 27, 2016. Retrieved March 27, 2014.
- Kamm, Oliver (August 16, 2007). "Wisdom? More like dumbness of the crowds". The Times. Archived from the original on August 14, 2011.
- Petrilli, Michael J. (Spring 2008). "Misplaced Pages or Wickedpedia?". What Next. Education Next. 8 (2). Hoover Institution. Archived from the original on November 21, 2016. Retrieved October 22, 2014.
- Benjakob, Omer; Harrison, Stephen (October 13, 2020). "From Anarchy to Wikiality, Glaring Bias to Good Cop: Press Coverage of Misplaced Pages's First Two Decades". Misplaced Pages @ 20: Stories of an Incomplete Revolution. MIT Press. doi:10.7551/mitpress/12366.003.0005. ISBN 978-0-262-36059-3. Archived from the original on September 11, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
- Lott, Maxim (February 18, 2021). "Inside Misplaced Pages's leftist bias: socialism pages whitewashed, communist atrocities buried". Fox News. Archived from the original on February 18, 2021. Retrieved January 29, 2023.
- Brown, Lee (July 16, 2021). "Misplaced Pages co-founder says site is now 'propaganda' for left-leaning 'establishment'". New York Post. Archived from the original on July 16, 2021. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
- "Misplaced Pages Bias". StosselTV. April 27, 2022. Archived from the original on December 9, 2022. Retrieved January 29, 2023.
- Hube, Christoph (2017). "Bias in Misplaced Pages". Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion – WWW '17 Companion. New York, New York, US: ACM Press. pp. 717–721. doi:10.1145/3041021.3053375. ISBN 978-1-4503-4914-7.
- Samoilenko, Anna (June 2021) Cultural Neighbourhoods, or approaches to quantifying cultural contextualisation in multilingual knowledge repository Misplaced Pages Archived November 14, 2023, at the Wayback Machine.
- Bjork-James, Carwil (2021). "New maps for an inclusive Misplaced Pages: decolonial scholarship and strategies to counter systemic bias". New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia. 27 (3): 207–228. Bibcode:2021NRvHM..27..207B. doi:10.1080/13614568.2020.1865463. S2CID 234286415.
- Morris-O'Connor, Danielle A., Andreas Strotmann, and Dangzhi Zhao. "The colonization of Misplaced Pages: evidence from characteristic editing behaviors of warring camps." Journal of Documentation 79.3 (2023): 784-810.
- "Misplaced Pages, Britannica: A Toss-Up". Wired. Associated Press. December 15, 2005. Archived from the original on December 14, 2014. Retrieved August 8, 2015.
- Giles, Jim (December 2005). "Internet encyclopedias go head to head". Nature. 438 (7070): 900–901. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..900G. doi:10.1038/438900a. PMID 16355180. (subscription required)
Note: The study was cited in several news articles; e.g.:
- "Misplaced Pages survives research test". BBC News. December 15, 2005.
- Reagle, Joseph (2007). Do as I Do: Authorial Leadership in Misplaced Pages (PDF). WikiSym '07: Proceedings of the 2007 International Symposium on Wikis. Montreal: ACM. hdl:2047/d20002876. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 10, 2023. Retrieved January 29, 2023.
- Orlowski, Andrew (December 16, 2005). "Misplaced Pages science 31% more cronky than Britannica's Excellent for Klingon science, though". The Register. Archived from the original on August 13, 2022. Retrieved February 25, 2019.
- Encyclopædia Britannica (March 2006). Fatally Flawed: Refuting the recent study on encyclopedic accuracy by the journal Nature (PDF) (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on July 9, 2016.
- "Encyclopaedia Britannica and Nature: a response" (PDF). March 23, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 25, 2006. Retrieved July 13, 2010.
- "Nature's responses to Encyclopaedia Britannica". Nature. March 30, 2006. Archived from the original on May 15, 2017. Retrieved February 25, 2018.
- Yasseri, Taha; Sumi, Robert; Rung, András; Kornai, András; Kertész, János (June 20, 2012). Szolnoki, Attila (ed.). "Dynamics of Conflicts in Misplaced Pages". PLOS ONE. 7 (6): e38869. arXiv:1202.3643. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...738869Y. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038869. PMC 3380063. PMID 22745683.
- Raphael, JR (August 26, 2009). "The 15 Biggest Misplaced Pages Blunders". PC World. Archived from the original on December 1, 2022. Retrieved September 2, 2009.
- Cohen, Morris; Olson, Kent (2010). Legal Research in a Nutshell (10th ed.). St. Paul, MN: Thomson Reuters. pp. 32–34. ISBN 978-0-314-26408-4 – via Internet Archive.
- Cowen, Tyler (March 14, 2008). "Cooked Books". The New Republic. Archived from the original on March 18, 2008. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
- Stuart, S.C. (June 3, 2021). "Misplaced Pages: The Most Reliable Source on the Internet?". PCMag. Archived from the original on January 16, 2023. Retrieved June 27, 2021.
- Mannix, Liam (September 13, 2022). "Evidence suggests Misplaced Pages is accurate and reliable. When are we going to start taking it seriously?". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved January 29, 2023.
- Schiff, Stacy (July 23, 2006). "Know It All". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on November 22, 2008. Retrieved January 29, 2023.
- Boyd, Danah (January 4, 2005). "Academia and Misplaced Pages". Many 2 Many: A Group Weblog on Social Software. Corante. Archived from the original on March 16, 2006. Retrieved December 18, 2008.
an expert on social media a doctoral student in the School of Information at the University of California, Berkeley and a fellow at the Harvard University Berkman Center for Internet & Society
- McHenry, Robert (November 15, 2004). "The Faith-Based Encyclopedia". Tech Central Station. Archived from the original on January 7, 2006.
- Shapiro, Ari (April 27, 2018). "Misplaced Pages Founder Says Internet Users Are Adrift In The 'Fake News' Era". NPR. Archived from the original on June 25, 2018. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
- "Inside Misplaced Pages – Attack of the PR Industry". Deutsche Welle. June 30, 2014. Archived from the original on July 1, 2014. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
- ^ Elder, Jeff (June 16, 2014). "Misplaced Pages Strengthens Rules Against Undisclosed Editing". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on November 24, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2023.
- Ahrens, Frank (July 9, 2006). "Death by Misplaced Pages: The Kenneth Lay Chronicles". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 1, 2006.
- Kane, Margaret (January 30, 2006). "Politicians notice Misplaced Pages". CNET. Archived from the original on July 30, 2009. Retrieved January 28, 2007.
- Bergstein, Brian (January 23, 2007). "Microsoft offers cash for Misplaced Pages edit". NBC News. Archived from the original on August 19, 2022. Retrieved January 29, 2023.
- Hafner, Katie (August 19, 2007). "Lifting Corporate Fingerprints From the Editing of Misplaced Pages". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
- ^ Colbert, Stephen (July 30, 2006). "Wikiality". Archived from the original on September 11, 2015. Retrieved October 8, 2015.
- "Wide World of Misplaced Pages". The Emory Wheel. April 21, 2006. Archived from the original on November 7, 2007. Retrieved October 17, 2007.
- Waters, Neil L. (September 2007). "Why You Can't Cite Misplaced Pages in My Class" (PDF). Communications of the ACM. 50 (9): 15–17. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.380.4996. doi:10.1145/1284621.1284635. S2CID 11757060. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 28, 2022. Retrieved January 29, 2023.
- Jaschik, Scott (January 26, 2007). "A Stand Against Misplaced Pages". Inside Higher Ed. Archived from the original on July 8, 2007. Retrieved January 27, 2007.
- Helm, Burt (December 14, 2005). "Misplaced Pages: 'A Work in Progress'". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on April 21, 2012. Retrieved January 29, 2007.
- Buis, Kyle (February 25, 2007). "Misplaced Pages sucks students in with reliable information". The Orion. Archived from the original on January 29, 2023. Retrieved January 29, 2023.
- "Is Googling Research?". Research 2.0. University of British Columbia. June 28, 2014. Archived from the original on January 29, 2023. Retrieved January 29, 2023.
- Child, Maxwell L. (February 26, 2007). "Professors Split on Wiki Debate". The Harvard Crimson. Cambridge, MA. Archived from the original on December 20, 2008.
- Chloe Stothart. "Web threatens learning ethos" Archived December 21, 2012, at the Wayback Machine The Times Higher Education Supplement, 2007, 1799 (June 22), p. 2.
- Zou, Di; Xie, Haoran; Wang, Fu Lee; Kwan, Reggie (April 10, 2020). "Flipped learning with Misplaced Pages in higher education". Studies in Higher Education. 45 (5). Routledge: 1026–1045. doi:10.1080/03075079.2020.1750195. S2CID 216534736. Archived from the original on January 29, 2023. Retrieved January 29, 2023.
- ^ Beck, Julie (March 5, 2014). "Doctors' #1 Source for Healthcare Information: Misplaced Pages". The Atlantic. ISSN 2151-9463. Archived from the original on October 24, 2022. Retrieved January 29, 2023.
- ^ Beck, Julie (May 7, 2014). "Can Misplaced Pages Ever Be a Definitive Medical Text?". The Atlantic. ISSN 2151-9463. Archived from the original on December 8, 2022. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
- "The battle for Misplaced Pages's soul". The Economist. March 6, 2008. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on December 14, 2022. Retrieved March 7, 2008.
- Douglas, Ian (November 10, 2007). "Misplaced Pages: an online encyclopedia torn apart". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved November 23, 2010.
- Cohen, Noam (February 5, 2008). "Misplaced Pages Islam Entry Is Criticized". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 26, 2022. Retrieved January 30, 2023.
- Taylor, Sophie (April 5, 2008). "China allows access to English Misplaced Pages". Reuters. Archived from the original on December 29, 2020. Retrieved July 29, 2008.
- Bruilliard, Karin (May 21, 2010). "Pakistan blocks YouTube a day after shutdown of Facebook over Muhammad issue". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 27, 2020. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
- Moon, Mariella (March 12, 2022). "Prominent editor of Russian Misplaced Pages pages detained in Belarus". Yahoo!. Archived from the original on March 13, 2022. Retrieved January 30, 2023.
- Mokhtar, Hassna'a (July 19, 2006). "What Is Wrong With Misplaced Pages?". Arab News. Archived from the original on August 7, 2011.
- Arthur, Charles (December 8, 2008). "Misplaced Pages row escalates as internet watchdog considers censoring Amazon US over Scorpions image". The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 10, 2023. Retrieved January 30, 2023.
- Petrusich, Amanda (October 20, 2011). "Misplaced Pages's Deep Dive Into a Library Collection". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
- Lam, Shyong (Tony) K.; Uduwage, Anuradha; Dong, Zhenhua; Sen, Shilad; Musicant, David R.; Terveen, Loren; Riedl, John (October 3–5, 2011). WP:Clubhouse? An Exploration of Misplaced Pages's Gender Imbalance (PDF). WikiSym'2011. Mountain View, California: ACM. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
- Graham, Mark (November 12, 2009). "Mapping the Geographies of Misplaced Pages Content". Zerogeography. Archived from the original on October 2, 2016.
- Strohmaier, Markus (March 6, 2017). "KAT50 Society, Culture". Multilingual historical narratives on Misplaced Pages. GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences. doi:10.7802/1411. Archived from the original on January 31, 2023. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
Misplaced Pages narratives about national histories (i) are skewed towards more recent events (recency bias) and (ii) are distributed unevenly across the continents with significant focus on the history of European countries (Eurocentric bias).
- "The Guardian view on Misplaced Pages: evolving truth". The Guardian. August 7, 2018. Archived from the original on November 12, 2016. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
- Livingstone, Randall M. (November 23, 2010). "Let's Leave the Bias to the Mainstream Media: A Misplaced Pages Community Fighting for Information Neutrality". M/C Journal. 13 (6). doi:10.5204/mcj.315. ISSN 1441-2616. Archived from the original on November 21, 2022. Retrieved November 23, 2022.
- ^ Hube, Christoph (April 3, 2017). "Bias in Misplaced Pages". Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion – WWW '17 Companion. Republic and Canton of Geneva, CHE: International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee. pp. 717–721. doi:10.1145/3041021.3053375. ISBN 978-1-4503-4914-7. S2CID 10472970.
- Bjork-James, Carwil (July 3, 2021). "New maps for an inclusive Misplaced Pages: decolonial scholarship and strategies to counter systemic bias". New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia. 27 (3): 207–228. Bibcode:2021NRvHM..27..207B. doi:10.1080/13614568.2020.1865463. S2CID 234286415.
- ^ Ackerly, Brooke A.; Michelitch, Kristin (2022). "Misplaced Pages and Political Science: Addressing Systematic Biases with Student Initiatives". PS: Political Science & Politics. 55 (2): 429–433. doi:10.1017/S1049096521001463. S2CID 247795102.
- Beytía, Pablo (April 20, 2020). "The Positioning Matters". Companion Proceedings of the Web Conference 2020. WWW '20. New York: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 806–810. doi:10.1145/3366424.3383569. ISBN 978-1-4503-7024-0. S2CID 218523099. Archived from the original on April 28, 2024. Retrieved May 8, 2023.
- Maxton, Richard (September 9, 2008). "Misplaced Pages attacked over porn pages". Macquarie Network. Archived from the original on September 17, 2008.
- Metz, Cade (December 7, 2008). "Brit ISPs censor Misplaced Pages over 'child porn' album cover". The Register. Archived from the original on May 13, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2009.
- "Misplaced Pages rejects child porn accusation". The Sydney Morning Herald. April 29, 2010. Archived from the original on September 2, 2017. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
- Farrell, Nick (April 29, 2010). "Misplaced Pages denies child abuse allegations: Co-founder grassed the outfit to the FBI". The Inquirer. Archived from the original on May 1, 2010. Retrieved October 9, 2010.
- ^ Metz, Cade (April 9, 2010). "Wikifounder reports Wikiparent to FBI over 'child porn'". The Register. Retrieved April 19, 2010.
- "Misplaced Pages blasts co-founder's accusations of child porn on website". The Economic Times. India. April 29, 2010. Archived from the original on May 13, 2010. Retrieved April 29, 2010.
- ^ Agence France-Presse (April 29, 2010). "Misplaced Pages rejects child porn accusation". The Sydney Morning Herald.
- "Wikimedia pornography row deepens as Wales cedes rights". BBC News. May 10, 2010. Archived from the original on May 13, 2010. Retrieved May 19, 2010.
- Gray, Lila (September 17, 2013). "Misplaced Pages Gives Porn a Break". XBIZ.com. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013. Retrieved November 10, 2013.
- McStay, Andrew (2014). Privacy and Philosophy: New Media and Affective Protocol. Digital Formation. Vol. 86. Peter Lang. doi:10.3726/978-1-4539-1336-9. ISBN 978-1-4541-9163-6.
- Kleinz, Torsten (September 2, 2006). "Gericht weist einstweilige Verfügung gegen Wikimedia Deutschland ab [Update]" [Court rejects preliminary injunction against Wikimedia Germany ]. Heise Online (in German). Heinz Heise. Archived from the original on September 13, 2012.
- "Misplaced Pages will not perform Online Safety Bill age checks". BBC. April 28, 2023. Archived from the original on May 1, 2023. Retrieved May 1, 2023.
- Paling, Emma (October 21, 2015). "Misplaced Pages's Hostility to Women". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on December 31, 2022. Retrieved October 24, 2015.
- Auerbach, David (December 11, 2014). "Encyclopedia Frown". Slate. Archived from the original on October 23, 2015. Retrieved October 24, 2015.
- Murphy, Dan (August 1, 2013). "In UK, rising chorus of outrage over online misogyny". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on December 1, 2021. Retrieved February 1, 2023.
- Kueppers, Courtney (March 23, 2020). "High Museum to host virtual Misplaced Pages edit-a-thon to boost entries about women". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on October 27, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
- ^ Schlanger, Zoë; Purtill, Corinne (October 2, 2018). "Misplaced Pages rejected an entry on a Nobel Prize winner because she wasn't famous enough". Quartz. Archived from the original on October 25, 2018. Retrieved February 1, 2023.
- "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2018". The Nobel Prize. October 2, 2018. Archived from the original on October 2, 2018. Retrieved February 1, 2023.
- ^ Purtill, Corinne (October 3, 2018). "Sexism at Misplaced Pages feeds off the sexism in the media". Quartz. Archived from the original on February 1, 2023. Retrieved February 1, 2023.
- Julia B. Bear & Benjamin Collier (January 4, 2016). "Where are the Women in Misplaced Pages ? – Understanding the Different Psychological Experiences of Men and Women in Misplaced Pages". Sex Roles. 74 (5–6). Springer Science: 254–265. doi:10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y. S2CID 146452625. Archived from the original on October 27, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2021.
- McGregor, Jena (March 17, 2020). "Wikimedia's approach to coronavirus: Staffers can work 20 hours a week, get paid for full time". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 21, 2021. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
- ^ Elder, Jeff (May 1, 2014). "Misplaced Pages's New Chief: From Soviet Union to World's Sixth-Largest Site". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on February 1, 2023. Retrieved February 1, 2023.
- Cohen, Noam (May 1, 2014). "Media: Open-Source Software Specialist Selected as Executive Director of Misplaced Pages". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 29, 2022. Retrieved February 1, 2023.
- Salmon, Felix (February 4, 2021). "Exclusive: End of the Maher era at Misplaced Pages". Axios. Archived from the original on February 4, 2021. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
- Lima, Cristiano (September 14, 2021). "Wikimedia taps leader of South African nonprofit as its next CEO". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on September 14, 2021. Retrieved September 14, 2021.
- Protalinski, Emil (July 2, 2013). "Wikimedia rolls out WYSIWYG visual editor for logged-in users accessing Misplaced Pages articles in English". TNW. Archived from the original on July 5, 2013. Retrieved February 2, 2023.
- Curtis, Sophie (July 23, 2013). "Misplaced Pages introduces new features to entice editors". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved August 18, 2013.
- L. M. (December 13, 2011). "Changes at Misplaced Pages: Seeing things". The Economist. Archived from the original on June 9, 2013. Retrieved July 28, 2013.
- ^ Orlowski, Andrew (August 1, 2013). "Wikipedians say no to Jimmy's 'buggy' WYSIWYG editor". The Register. Archived from the original on August 4, 2013. Retrieved August 18, 2013.
- ^ Nasaw, Daniel (July 24, 2012). "Meet the 'bots' that edit Misplaced Pages". BBC News. Archived from the original on July 28, 2012. Retrieved February 2, 2023.
- Halliday, Josh; Arthur, Charles (July 26, 2012). "Boot up: The Misplaced Pages vandalism police, Apple analysts, and more". The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 20, 2022. Retrieved September 5, 2012.
- Jervell, Ellen Emmerentze (July 13, 2014). "For This Author, 10,000 Misplaced Pages Articles Is a Good Day's Work". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on January 27, 2023. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
- "MH17 Misplaced Pages entry edited from Russian government IP address". Al Jazeera. July 21, 2014. Archived from the original on November 16, 2016. Retrieved July 22, 2014.
- Lih, Andrew (2009). The Misplaced Pages Revolution. Hachette Books. pp. 99–106. ISBN 978-1-4013-0371-6. OCLC 232977686. Archived from the original on August 6, 2009. Retrieved February 2, 2023.
- Friedman, Vitaly (January 12, 2021). "Front-End Performance Checklist 2021 (PDF, Apple Pages, MS Word)". Smashing Magazine. Archived from the original on April 1, 2022. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
- Verge, Jason (January 14, 2013). "It's Official: Ashburn is Misplaced Pages's New Home". Data Center Knowledge. Archived from the original on July 15, 2018. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
- Scherer, Frederic M. (2009) . Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance. Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical Research Reference in Entrepreneurship, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. SSRN 1496716. Archived from the original on April 28, 2024. Retrieved February 2, 2023.
- ^ Trajtenberg, Manuel; Jaffe, Adam B. (2002). Patents, Citations, and Innovations: A Window on the Knowledge Economy. MIT Press. pp. 89–153. doi:10.7551/mitpress/5263.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-262-27623-8. Archived from the original on February 2, 2023. Retrieved February 2, 2023.
- McCarthy, Caroline (July 18, 2008). "Wikimedia Foundation edits its board of trustees". CNET. Archived from the original on March 1, 2016. Retrieved February 2, 2023.
- Cohen, Noam (March 5, 2007). "A Contributor to Misplaced Pages Has His Fictional Side". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 13, 2022. Retrieved October 18, 2008.
- Orlowitz, Jake (January 2018). "The Misplaced Pages Library : the biggest encyclopedia needs a digital library and we are building it". JLIS.it. 9 (3). doi:10.4403/jlis.it-12505. Archived from the original on April 28, 2024. Retrieved February 2, 2023 – via ResearchGate.
- The British Newspaper Archive (July 18, 2014). "Working with Misplaced Pages to bring history facts to light". British Newspaper Archive. Archived from the original on November 13, 2022. Retrieved February 2, 2023.
- Hall, Sam (June 24, 2020). "ICE Publishing partners with The Misplaced Pages Library". ICE Virtual Library. Archived from the original on November 13, 2022. Retrieved October 26, 2021.
- "Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses". GNU Operating System. Free Software Foundation. Archived from the original on March 18, 2022. Retrieved February 2, 2023.
- Cohen, Noam (July 19, 2009). "Misplaced Pages May Be a Font of Facts, but It's a Desert for Photos". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 26, 2022. Retrieved March 9, 2013.
- "Misplaced Pages cleared in French defamation case". Reuters. November 2, 2007. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved November 2, 2007.
- Anderson, Nate (May 2, 2008). "Dumb idea: suing Misplaced Pages for calling you "dumb"". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on August 6, 2011. Retrieved May 4, 2008.
- "Reference.com Expands Content by Adding Misplaced Pages Encyclopedia to Search Capabilities". Lexico Publishing Group, LLC. Archived from the original on February 25, 2009.
- "Definition of Answers.com". PCMag. Archived from the original on February 3, 2023. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
- "Researching With Bing Reference". Bing Community. Archived from the original on October 23, 2010. Retrieved September 9, 2014.
- "Misplaced Pages turned into book". The Daily Telegraph. London. June 16, 2009. Archived from the original on August 1, 2009. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
- Thiel, Thomas (September 27, 2010). "Misplaced Pages und Amazon: Der Marketplace soll es richten". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (in German). Archived from the original on November 26, 2010. Retrieved December 6, 2010.
- Bizer, Christian; Lehmann, Jens; Kobilarov, Georgi; Auer, Sören; Becker, Christian; Cyganiak, Richard; Hellmann, Sebastian (September 2009). "DBpedia – A crystallization point for the Web of Data". Journal of Web Semantics. 7 (3): 154–165. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.150.4898. doi:10.1016/j.websem.2009.07.002. S2CID 16081721.
- Cohen, Noam (March 16, 2021). "Misplaced Pages Is Finally Asking Big Tech to Pay Up". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
- Shachaf, Pnina (October 16, 2009). "The paradox of expertise: is the Misplaced Pages Reference Desk as good as your library?" (PDF). Journal of Documentation. 65 (6): 977–996. doi:10.1108/00220410910998951.
- "Local Points Of Interest In Misplaced Pages". AndroGeoid. May 15, 2011. Archived from the original on June 1, 2011. Retrieved May 15, 2011.
- Hollington, Jesse David (November 30, 2008). "iPhone Gems: Misplaced Pages Apps". iLounge. Archived from the original on January 12, 2009. Retrieved July 22, 2008.
- Ellis, Justin (January 17, 2013). "Misplaced Pages plans to expand mobile access around the globe with new funding". Nieman Lab. Archived from the original on November 30, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
- ^ Lih, Andrew (June 20, 2015). "Can Misplaced Pages Survive?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 17, 2022. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
- ^ Brown, Andrew (June 25, 2015). "Misplaced Pages editors are a dying breed. The reason? Mobile". The Guardian. Archived from the original on October 22, 2022. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
- Fox-Brewster, Thomas (May 22, 2015). "Misplaced Pages Disturbed Over Fresh China Censorship". Forbes. Archived from the original on May 3, 2018. Retrieved May 2, 2018.
- Henochowicz, Anne (May 20, 2015). "Chinese Misplaced Pages Blocked by Great Firewall". China Digital Times. Archived from the original on May 4, 2017. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
- Perez, Sarah (June 12, 2015). "The Wikimedia Foundation Turns On HTTPS By Default Across All Sites, Including Misplaced Pages". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on August 24, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
- Constine, Josh (April 3, 2018). "Facebook fights fake news with author info, rolls out publisher context". TechCrunch. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
- "The top 500 sites on the web". Alexa. Archived from the original on February 3, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
- "The top 500 sites on the web". Alexa. Archived from the original on April 30, 2022. Retrieved July 25, 2023.
- "694 Million People Currently Use the Internet Worldwide According To comScore Networks". comScore. May 4, 2006. Archived from the original on July 30, 2008. Retrieved December 16, 2007.
Misplaced Pages has emerged as a site that continues to increase in popularity, both globally and in the US
- Rainie, Lee; Tancer, Bill (December 15, 2007). "Misplaced Pages users" (PDF). Pew Internet & American Life Project. Pew Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 6, 2008. Retrieved December 15, 2007.
36% of online American adults consult Misplaced Pages. It is particularly popular with the well-educated and current college-age students.
- SAI (October 7, 2011). "The World's Most Valuable Startups". Business Insider. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
- Sachdev, Shaan (February 26, 2021). "Misplaced Pages's Sprawling, Awe-Inspiring Coverage of the Pandemic". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. Archived from the original on February 28, 2021. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
- ^ Cohen, Noam (March 15, 2020). "How Misplaced Pages Prevents the Spread of Coronavirus Misinformation". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Archived from the original on May 1, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
- Benjakob, Omer (September 2, 2020). "On Misplaced Pages, a fight is raging over coronavirus disinformation-GB". Wired UK. ISSN 1357-0978. Archived from the original on April 16, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
- Dodds, Laurence (April 3, 2020). "Why Misplaced Pages is winning against the coronavirus 'infodemic'-GB". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on April 11, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
- McNeil, Donald G. Jr. (October 22, 2020). "Misplaced Pages and W.H.O. Join to Combat Covid-19 Misinformation". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 27, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
- Kenton, Amanda; Humborg, Christian (November 29, 2021). "Digital regulation must empower people to make the internet better". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
- Wales, Jimmy (August 26, 2021). "Learning to trust the internet again". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on August 27, 2021. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
- "Bourgeois et al. v. Peters et al" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 3, 2007. Retrieved February 6, 2007.
- Sharma, Raghav (February 19, 2009). "Wikipedian Justice". Social Science Research Network. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1346311. S2CID 233749371. SSRN 1346311.
- "An Act respecting certain aspects of legal capacity for marriage for civil purposes". LEGISinfo. Parliament of Canada. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
- Arias, Martha L. (January 29, 2007). "Misplaced Pages: The Free Online Encyclopedia and its Use as Court Source". Internet Business Law Services. Archived from the original on May 20, 2012. Retrieved December 26, 2008. (The name "World Intellectual Property Office" should however read "World Intellectual Property Organization" in this source.)
- Cohen, Noam (January 29, 2007). "Courts Turn to Misplaced Pages, but Selectively". The New York Times. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
- Aftergood, Steven (March 21, 2007). "The Misplaced Pages Factor in US Intelligence". Federation of American Scientists Project on Government Secrecy. Archived from the original on January 18, 2013. Retrieved April 14, 2007.
- Butler, Declan (December 16, 2008). "Publish in Misplaced Pages or perish". Nature News. doi:10.1038/news.2008.1312.
- Shaw, Donna (February–March 2008). "Misplaced Pages in the Newsroom". American Journalism Review. Archived from the original on August 5, 2012. Retrieved February 11, 2008.
- Lexington (September 24, 2011). "Classlessness in America: The uses and abuses of an enduring myth". The Economist. Retrieved September 27, 2011.
Socialist Labour Party of America though it can trace its history as far back as 1876, when it was known as the Workingmen's Party, no less an authority than Misplaced Pages pronounces it "moribund".
- "Shizuoka newspaper plagiarized Misplaced Pages article". Japan News Review. July 5, 2007. Archived from the original on March 12, 2014.
- Richter, Bob (January 9, 2007). "Express-News staffer resigns after plagiarism in column is discovered". San Antonio Express-News. Archived from the original on January 23, 2007.
- Bridgewater, Frank. "Inquiry prompts reporter's dismissal". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Archived from the original on January 28, 2023. Retrieved February 4, 2023.
- Coscarelli, Joe (July 29, 2014). "Plagiarizing Misplaced Pages Is Still Plagiarism, at BuzzFeed or the New York Times". Intelligencer. New York. Archived from the original on August 18, 2022. Retrieved February 4, 2023.
- Grossman, Lev (December 13, 2006). "Time's Person of the Year: You". Time. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
- Vargas, Jose Antonio (September 17, 2007). "On Misplaced Pages, Debating 2008 Hopefuls' Every Facet". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 27, 2023. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
- Ablan, Jennifer (October 22, 2007). "Misplaced Pages page the latest status symbol". Reuters. Retrieved October 24, 2007.
- Grillini, Franco (March 30, 2009). "Comunicato Stampa. On. Franco Grillini. Misplaced Pages. Interrogazione a Rutelli. Con "diritto di panorama" promuovere arte e architettura contemporanea italiana. Rivedere con urgenza legge copyright" [Press release. Honorable Franco Grillini. Misplaced Pages. Interview with Rutelli about the "right to view" promoting contemporary art and architecture of Italy. Review with urgency copyright law] (in Italian). Archived from the original on March 30, 2009. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
- "Artificial Intelligence and Life in 2030". One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence (AI100). Stanford University. September 2016. Archived from the original on December 8, 2022. Retrieved September 3, 2016.
- ^ Gertner, Jon (July 18, 2023). "Misplaced Pages's Moment of Truth – Can the online encyclopedia help teach A.I. chatbots to get their facts right — without destroying itself in the process? + comment". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 19, 2023. Retrieved July 19, 2023.
- Derakhshan, Hossein (October 19, 2017). "How Social Media Endangers Knowledge". Business. Wired. Condé Nast. eISSN 1078-3148. ISSN 1059-1028. Archived from the original on October 22, 2018. Retrieved October 22, 2018.
- "Webby Awards 2004". The International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences. 2004. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011.
- Zumpano, Anthony (January 29, 2007). "Similar Search Results: Google Wins". brandhome. Brandchannel. Archived from the original on February 20, 2007. Retrieved January 28, 2007.
- "Die Quadriga – Award 2008". Archived from the original on September 15, 2008. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
- "Erasmus Prize – Praemium Erasmianum". Praemium Erasmianum Foundation. Archived from the original on January 15, 2015. Retrieved January 15, 2015.
- "Premio Princesa de Asturias de Cooperación Internacional 2015" [Princess of Asturias Award of International Cooperation 2015] (in Spanish). Fundación Princesa de Asturias. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
- "Los fundadores de Misplaced Pages destacan la versión en asturiano" [The founders of Misplaced Pages highlight the Asturian version]. La Nueva España (in Spanish). October 22, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2015.
- "Misplaced Pages Celebrates 750 Years Of American Independence". The Onion. July 26, 2006. Retrieved October 15, 2006.
- "'L.A. Law' Misplaced Pages Page Viewed 874 Times Today". The Onion. November 24, 2010. Retrieved February 4, 2023.
- "The Negotiation". The Office. Season 3. Episode 19. April 5, 2007. NBC.
- Jesdanun, Anick (April 12, 2007). "'Office' fans, inspired by Michael Scott, flock to edit Misplaced Pages". USA Today. Archived from the original on January 28, 2023. Retrieved December 12, 2014.
- Bakken, Janae (December 6, 2007). "My Number One Doctor". Scrubs. Season 7. Episode 145. NBC.
- "Professor Misplaced Pages". CollegeHumor Originals. September 24, 2008. CollegeHumor.
- Adams, Scott (w, a). Topper. May 8, 2009, United Media.
- Wolf, Ian (June 4, 2010). "Bigipedia given second series". British Comedy Guide. Retrieved February 4, 2023.
- "Interview With Nick Doody and Matt Kirshen". British Comedy Guide. Archived from the original on July 31, 2009. Retrieved July 31, 2009.
- Flake, Emily (August 23, 2013). "Manning/Wikipedia cartoon". Conde Nast Collection. Archived from the original on October 12, 2014. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
- "'I am Chelsea': Read Manning's full statement". Today. August 22, 2013. Retrieved February 4, 2023.
- Burnett, Emma (June 12, 2024). "Plastic-eating fungus caused doomsday[2][3]". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-024-01723-z. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 38867010.
- Woods, Dan; Theony, Peter (2007). "3: The Thousand Problem-Solving Faces of Wikis". Wikis for dummies (1st ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-118-05066-8. OCLC 1300481129. OL 5741003W.
- "NET News: Calling All Taxonomists". Science. 307 (5712): 1021. February 18, 2005. doi:10.1126/science.307.5712.1021a. S2CID 220095354.
- Luyt, Brendan (January 1, 2020). "A new kind of travel guide or more of the same? Wikivoyage and Cambodia". Online Information Review. 45 (2): 356–371. doi:10.1108/OIR-03-2020-0104.
- Bosman, Julie (March 13, 2012). "After 244 Years, Encyclopaedia Britannica Stops the Presses". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 3, 2023. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
- "Encyclopedia Britannica Dies At The Hands Of Misplaced Pages [Infographic]". GizmoCrazed. March 20, 2012. Archived from the original on June 29, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
- Caldwell, Christopher (June 14, 2013). "A chapter in the Enlightenment closes". Financial Times. Archived from the original on December 25, 2022. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
Bertelsmann did not resort to euphemism this week when it announced the end of the Brockhaus encyclopedia brand. Brockhaus had been publishing reference books for two centuries when the media group bought it in 2008. The internet has finished off Brockhaus altogether. What Germans like is Misplaced Pages.
- Carr, Nicholas (October 3, 2005). "The amorality of Web 2.0". Rough Type. Archived from the original on August 4, 2022. Retrieved July 15, 2006.
- "Technical solutions: Wisdom of the crowds". Nature. Retrieved October 10, 2006.
- ^ Flood, Alison (February 7, 2013). "Alison Flood: Should traditional biography be buried alongside Shakespeare's breakfast?". The Guardian. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
- Mayo, Matthew (November 23, 2017). "Building a Misplaced Pages Text Corpus for Natural Language Processing". KDnuggets. Archived from the original on May 28, 2023. Retrieved February 4, 2023.
- Lindemann, Luke (February 19, 2021). "Misplaced Pages Corpus". lukelindemann.com. Retrieved February 4, 2023.
- Rada, Mihalcea; Csomai, Andras (November 2007). "Wikify!: linking documents to encyclopedic knowledge" (PDF). CIKM '07: Proceedings of the sixteenth ACM conference on Conference on information and knowledge management. ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. Lisbon; New York City: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 233–242. doi:10.1145/1321440.1321475. ISBN 978-1-59593-803-9. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 18, 2016.
- Milne, David; Witten, Ian H. (October 2008). "Proceeding of the 17th ACM conference on Information and knowledge mining – CIKM '08". CIKM '08: Proceedings of the seventeenth ACM conference on Conference on information and knowledge management. ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. Napa Valley, CA; New York: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 509–518. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.148.3617. doi:10.1145/1458082.1458150. ISBN 978-1-59593-991-3.
- Adafre, Sisay Fissaha; de Rijke, Maarten (August 2005). "Proceedings of the 3rd international workshop on Link discovery – LinkKDD '05" (PDF). LinkKDD '05: Proceedings of the 3rd international workshop on Link discovery. ACM LinkKDD. Chicago; New York City: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 90–97. doi:10.1145/1134271.1134284. ISBN 978-1-59593-135-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 17, 2012.
- "Misplaced Pages-Mining Algorithm Reveals World's Most Influential Universities: An algorithm's list of the most influential universities contains some surprising entries". MIT Technology Review. December 7, 2015. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
- Marmow Shaw, Jessica (December 10, 2015). "Harvard is only the 3rd most influential university in the world, according to this list". MarketWatch. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
- ^ Bothwell, Ellie (December 15, 2015). "Misplaced Pages Ranking of World Universities: the top 100. List ranks institutions by search engine results and Misplaced Pages appearances". Times Higher Education. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
- Lages, J.; Patt, A.; Shepelyansky, D. (2016). "Misplaced Pages ranking of world universities". Eur. Phys. J. B. 89 (69): 69. arXiv:1511.09021. Bibcode:2016EPJB...89...69L. doi:10.1140/epjb/e2016-60922-0. S2CID 1965378.
- Coquidé, C.; Lages, J.; Shepelyansky, D.L. (2019). "World influence and interactions of universities from Misplaced Pages networks". Eur. Phys. J. B. 92 (3): 3. arXiv:1809.00332. Bibcode:2019EPJB...92....3C. doi:10.1140/epjb/e2018-90532-7. S2CID 52154548.
- "All hail Misplaced Pages". www.thetimes.com. December 13, 2015. Retrieved October 1, 2024.
- Brookshire, Bethany (February 5, 2018). "Misplaced Pages has become a science reference source even though scientists don't cite it". SciCurious. ScienceNews. Archived from the original on February 10, 2018. Retrieved February 4, 2023.
- Thompson, Neil; Hanley, Douglas (February 13, 2018). "Science Is Shaped by Misplaced Pages: Evidence From a Randomized Control Trial". MIT Sloan Research Paper No. 5238-17. Rochester, NY. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3039505. S2CID 30918097. SSRN 3039505 – via SSRN.
- Sarabadani, Amir; Halfaker, Aaron; Taraborelli, Dario (April 2017). "Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion – WWW '17 Companion". WWW '17 Companion: Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion. International Conference on World Wide Web Companion. Perth; New York: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 1647–1654. arXiv:1703.03861. doi:10.1145/3041021.3053366. ISBN 978-1-4503-4914-7.
- Potthast, Martin; Stein, Benno; Gerling, Robert (2008). "Advances in Information Retrieval". In Macdonald, Craig; Ounis, Iadh; Plachouras, Vassilis; Ruthven, Ian; White, Ryen W. (eds.). Advances in Information Retrieval. 30th ECIR. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 4956. Glasgow: Springer. pp. 663–668. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.188.1093. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-78646-7_75. ISBN 978-3-540-78645-0.
- Asthana, Sumit; Halfaker, Aaron (November 2018). Lampe, Cliff (ed.). "With Few Eyes, All Hoaxes are Deep". Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction. 2 (CSCW). New York City: Association for Computing Machinery. 21. doi:10.1145/3274290. ISSN 2573-0142.
- Petroni, Fabio; Broscheit, Samuel; Piktus, Aleksandra; Lewis, Patrick; Izacard, Gautier; Hosseini, Lucas; Dwivedi-Yu, Jane; Lomeli, Maria; Schick, Timo; Bevilacqua, Michele; Mazaré, Pierre-Emmanuel; Joulin, Armand; Grave, Edouard; Riedel, Sebastian (2023). "Improving Misplaced Pages verifiability with AI". Nature Machine Intelligence. 5 (10): 1142–1148. arXiv:2207.06220. doi:10.1038/s42256-023-00726-1.
- Stone, Jon (February 3, 2022). "Parts of Michael Gove's levelling-up plan 'copied from Misplaced Pages'". The Independent. Archived from the original on December 13, 2022. Retrieved February 3, 2022.
- Heart Internet. "Website discussing the emulator of the Domesday Project User Interface". Archived from the original on May 17, 2014. Retrieved September 9, 2014.
- Frauenfelder, Mark (November 21, 2000). "The next generation of online encyclopedias". CNN. Archived from the original on August 14, 2004. Retrieved February 4, 2023.
- Rubin, Harriet (May 31, 1998). "The Hitchhikers Guide to the New Economy". Fast Company. Retrieved February 4, 2023.
- "Encyclopedia of Life". National Museum of Natural History. Smithsonian. Retrieved February 4, 2023.
- "Scholarpedia: the free peer-reviewed encyclopedia". Society of Applied Neuroscience. Archived from the original on February 22, 2012.
- Orlowski, Andrew (September 18, 2006). "Misplaced Pages founder forks Misplaced Pages, More experts, less fiddling?". The Register. Retrieved June 27, 2007.
Larry Sanger describes the Citizendium project as a "progressive or gradual fork", with the major difference that experts have the final say over edits.
- Lyman, Jay (September 20, 2006). "Misplaced Pages Co-Founder Planning New Expert-Authored Site". LinuxInsider. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved June 27, 2007.
Misplaced Pages-affiliated and primary sources
- ^ "Wikistats – Statistics For Wikimedia Projects". Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on July 11, 2020. Retrieved August 8, 2023.
- Stallman, Richard M. (June 20, 2007). "The 💕 Project". Free Software Foundation. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
- Sanger, Larry (January 17, 2001). "Misplaced Pages Is Up!". Archived from the original on May 6, 2001. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
- T., Laura (October 30, 2001). "Misplaced Pages-l: LinkBacks?". Archived from the original on December 29, 2022. Retrieved February 20, 2007.
- Sanger, Larry (January 10, 2001). "Let's Make a Wiki". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on April 14, 2003. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
- "Misplaced Pages: HomePage". Archived from the original on March 31, 2001. Retrieved March 31, 2001.
- Misplaced Pages:Neutral point of view, Misplaced Pages (January 21, 2007).
- Wales, Jimmy (March 16, 2001). "Alternative language wikipedias". Misplaced Pages-L (Mailing list). Archived from the original on June 20, 2014. Retrieved January 16, 2022.
- Misplaced Pages:Multilingual statistics/2004
- "[long] Enciclopedia Libre: msg#00008". Osdir. Archived from the original on October 6, 2008. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
- Vibber, Brion (August 16, 2002). "Brion VIBBER at pobox.com". Wikimedia. Archived from the original on June 20, 2014. Retrieved December 8, 2020.
- "Misplaced Pages:Modelling Misplaced Pages extended growth". Misplaced Pages, The 💕. Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on August 26, 2011. Retrieved January 23, 2023.
- "Wikimedia Traffic Analysis Report – Misplaced Pages Page Views Per Country". Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on October 20, 2011. Retrieved March 8, 2015.
- "SOPA/Blackoutpage". Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on June 22, 2018. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
- "Misplaced Pages Gets a Fresh New Look: First Desktop Update in a Decade Puts Usability at the Forefront". Wikimedia Foundation. January 18, 2023. Archived from the original on January 19, 2023. Retrieved January 22, 2023.
- Misplaced Pages:Why create an account
- ^ Misplaced Pages:Protection policy
- Misplaced Pages:Protection policy#Full protection
- ^ Birken, P. (December 14, 2008). "Bericht Gesichtete Versionen". Wikide-l (Mailing list) (in German). Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on June 22, 2014. Retrieved February 15, 2009.
- Help:Recent changes
- Misplaced Pages:New pages patrol
- Vandalism. Misplaced Pages. Retrieved November 6, 2012.
- ^ Misplaced Pages:Dispute resolution
- ^ Misplaced Pages:Copyrights
- ^ "Wikimedia servers". Wikimedia Meta-Wiki. Wikimedia Foundation. April 22, 2013. Archived from the original on November 20, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
- "Terms of Use". Wikimedia Foundation Governance Wiki. Archived from the original on March 18, 2021. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
- "Privacy policy". Wikimedia Foundation Governance Wiki. Archived from the original on December 22, 2022. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
- "Policies". Wikimedia Foundation Governance Wiki. Archived from the original on December 29, 2022. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
- Misplaced Pages:Five pillars
- Misplaced Pages:Policies and guidelines#Enforcement
- ^ Misplaced Pages:Citing sources: "Misplaced Pages's verifiability policy requires inline citations for any material challenged or likely to be challenged, and for all quotations, anywhere in article space."
- ^ Misplaced Pages:Notability
- No original research. February 13, 2008. "Misplaced Pages does not publish original thought."
- Misplaced Pages:No original research: "Misplaced Pages articles must not contain original research. The phrase "original research"... is used on Misplaced Pages to refer to material—such as facts, allegations, and ideas—for which no reliable, published sources exist."
- Misplaced Pages:Verifiability: "Readers must be able to check that any of the information within Misplaced Pages articles is not just made up. This means all material must be attributable to reliable, published sources. Additionally, quotations and any material challenged or likely to be challenged must be supported by inline citations."
- Neutral point of view. February 13, 2008. "All Misplaced Pages articles and other encyclopedic content must be written from a neutral point of view, representing significant views fairly, proportionately and without bias."
- Misplaced Pages:Ownership of content: "No one "owns" content (including articles or any page at Misplaced Pages)."
- ^ Misplaced Pages:Administrators
- Misplaced Pages:Banning policy
- Sanger, Larry (December 31, 2004). "Why Misplaced Pages Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism". Kuro5hin, Op–Ed. Archived from the original on November 1, 2021. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
There is a certain mindset associated with unmoderated Usenet groups that infects the collectively-managed Misplaced Pages project: if you react strongly to trolling, that reflects poorly on you, not (necessarily) on the troll. If you demand that something be done about constant disruption by trollish behavior, the other listmembers will cry "censorship", attack you, and even come to the defense of the troll. The root problem: anti-elitism, or lack of respect for expertise. There is a deeper problem which explains both of the above-elaborated problems. Namely, as a community, Misplaced Pages lacks the habit or tradition of respect for expertise. As a community, far from being elitist, it is anti-elitist (which, in this context, means that expertise is not accorded any special respect, and snubs and disrespect of expertise are tolerated). This is one of my failures: a policy that I attempted to institute in Misplaced Pages's first year, but for which I did not muster adequate support, was the policy of respecting and deferring politely to experts. (Those who were there will, I hope, remember that I tried very hard.)
- Misplaced Pages:Wikipedians
- List of Wikipedias – Meta
- ^ "Misplaced Pages:List of Wikipedias". English Misplaced Pages. Archived from the original on December 24, 2018. Retrieved December 24, 2024.
- Special:Statistics
- A455bcd9 (February 8, 2021). Misplaced Pages page views by language over time (PNG). Wikimedia Commons. Archived from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved June 25, 2021.
- "Misplaced Pages:Manual of Style/Spelling". Misplaced Pages. Retrieved November 6, 2023.
- "Misplaced Pages:WikiProject Countering systemic bias". Misplaced Pages. Retrieved December 11, 2023.
- "Non-free content". Wikimedia Meta-Wiki. Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on January 16, 2023. Retrieved January 27, 2023.
- Wales, Jimmy (March 8, 2003). "Misplaced Pages is an encyclopedia". Misplaced Pages-l (Mailing list). Archived from the original on July 10, 2017. Retrieved January 27, 2023.
- "Meta-Wiki". Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on July 14, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2009.
- "Meta-Wiki Statistics". Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on March 26, 2008. Retrieved March 24, 2008.
- ^ "List of articles every Misplaced Pages should have". Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on March 21, 2008. Retrieved March 24, 2008.
- "Manual:Interwiki". MediaWiki. Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on December 3, 2010. Retrieved January 27, 2023.
- Misplaced Pages:General disclaimer
- Sanger, Larry. "Toward a New Compendium of Knowledge (longer version)". Citizendium. Archived from the original on November 3, 2006. Retrieved October 10, 2006.
- Misplaced Pages:What Misplaced Pages is not#Misplaced Pages is not a paper encyclopedia
- Misplaced Pages:What Misplaced Pages is not#Misplaced Pages is not censored
- Misplaced Pages:Sexual content/FAQ
- Misplaced Pages:Sexual content
- "Privacy policy". Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on January 31, 2023. Retrieved February 1, 2023.
- "Volunteer Response Team". Wikimedia Meta-Wiki. Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on February 2, 2023. Retrieved February 1, 2023.
- "OTRS – A flexible Help Desk and IT-Service Management Software". Open Technology Real Services. OTRS.com. Archived from the original on October 30, 2013. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
- "Draft:Donna Strickland". Misplaced Pages, The 💕. Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on February 10, 2023. Retrieved February 1, 2023.
- "Wikimedia Projects". Misplaced Pages, The 💕. Wikimedia Foundation. May 30, 2018. Archived from the original on October 11, 2023. Retrieved February 1, 2023.
- "Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. – Consolidated Financial Statements – June 30, 2022 and 2021" (PDF). Wikimedia Foundation. October 12, 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 10, 2023. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
- "Wikimedia Foundation 2020 Form 990" (PDF). Wikimedia Foundation. May 17, 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 24, 2022. Retrieved October 14, 2014.
- "Press releases/WMF announces new ED Lila Tretikov". Wikimedia Foundation. May 1, 2014. Archived from the original on May 3, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
- Neotarf (August 13, 2014). "Media Viewer controversy spreads to German Misplaced Pages". The Signpost. Archived from the original on January 25, 2023. Retrieved February 1, 2023.
- Lorente, Patricio (March 16, 2016). "Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees welcomes Katherine Maher as interim Executive Director". Diff. Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on February 10, 2023. Retrieved February 1, 2023.
- "Wikimedia chapters". Wikimedia Meta-Wiki. Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on November 12, 2005. Retrieved February 1, 2023.
- ^ Bergsma, Mark. "Wikimedia Architecture" (PDF). Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2009. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
- "MediaWiki Features". WikiMatrix. Archived from the original on February 2, 2023. Retrieved February 2, 2023.
- "Project:Copyrights". MediaWiki. Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on October 22, 2021. Retrieved February 2, 2023.
- "UseMod: UseModWiki". UseModWiki. Archived from the original on October 17, 2000.
- Special:Version
- Snow, Michael (April 18, 2005). "Internal search function returns to service". Misplaced Pages, The 💕. Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on July 31, 2012. Retrieved February 2, 2023.
- Vibber, Brion. "[Wikitech-l] Lucene search". Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on March 30, 2013. Retrieved February 26, 2009.
- "Extension:CirrusSearch". MediaWiki. Archived from the original on April 13, 2021. Retrieved February 2, 2023.
- Forrester, James (April 25, 2013). "The alpha version of the VisualEditor is now in 15 languages". Diff. Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on February 10, 2023. Retrieved February 2, 2023.
- Misplaced Pages:Bots
- Aude (March 23, 2009). "Abuse Filter is enabled". The Signpost. Misplaced Pages, The 💕. Archived from the original on March 22, 2022. Retrieved February 2, 2023.
- Misplaced Pages:Bot policy
- ^ "Varnish". Wikitech. Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved February 2, 2023.
- "Debian". Wikitech. Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on April 18, 2021. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
- Palmier, Guillaume (January 19, 2013). "Wikimedia sites to move to primary data center in Ashburn, Virginia". Diff. Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on July 15, 2018. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
- "⚓ T156028 Name Asia Cache DC site". Wikimedia Phabricator. Archived from the original on May 12, 2019. Retrieved May 12, 2019.
- "⚓ T282787 Configure dns and puppet repositories for new drmrs datacenter". Wikimedia Phabricator. Archived from the original on February 10, 2023. Retrieved February 2, 2023.
- "The journey to open our first data center in South America". Diff. Wikimedia Foundation. July 26, 2024. Archived from the original on September 21, 2024. Retrieved November 29, 2024.
- "Data centers". Wikitech. Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on January 29, 2023. Retrieved February 2, 2023.
- Peters, David; Walsh, Jay (2013). "Wikimedia Foundation 2012–13 Annual Report" (PDF). Wikimedia Foundation. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 10, 2023. Retrieved February 2, 2023.
- "2019 to 2020 Annual Report – Statement of Activities – Audited (July 1, 2019 – June 30, 2020)". Wikimedia Foundation. 2020. Archived from the original on February 2, 2023. Retrieved February 2, 2023.
- "Misplaced Pages:Misplaced Pages Signpost/About". Misplaced Pages, The 💕. Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on June 10, 2021. Retrieved February 2, 2023.
- Vermeir, Walter (December 1, 2007). "Resolution:License update". Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on September 3, 2011. Retrieved December 4, 2007.
- Misplaced Pages:Licensing update
- Wikimedia
- "Licensing update/Questions and Answers". Wikimedia Meta-Wiki. Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on July 16, 2020. Retrieved February 15, 2009.
- "Licensing_update/Timeline". Wikimedia Meta-Wiki. Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on August 17, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2009.
- Walsh, Jay (May 21, 2009). "Wikimedia community approves license migration". Diff. Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2009.
- "Misplaced Pages:Non-free content". Misplaced Pages, The 💕. Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on January 27, 2023. Retrieved February 2, 2023.
- "Commons:Fair use". Misplaced Pages, The 💕. Wikimedia Commons. Archived from the original on January 31, 2023. Retrieved February 2, 2023.
- Misplaced Pages:Mirrors and forks
- ^ Seifi, Joe (August 27, 2007). "Wapedia review". appSafari. Archived from the original on April 23, 2022. Retrieved February 2, 2023.
- "Misplaced Pages 0.5 available on a CD-ROM". Misplaced Pages On DVD. Archived from the original on June 2, 2013.
- "Polish Misplaced Pages on DVD". Wikimedia Meta-Wiki. Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on December 29, 2022. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
- Misplaced Pages:DVD
- "¿Qué es la CDPedia?". Py Ar (in Spanish). Archived from the original on July 2, 2011.
- "2008–09 Misplaced Pages for Schools goes online". WikiNews. Wikimedia Foundation. October 22, 2008. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
- "Misplaced Pages Selection for Schools". Misplaced Pages, The 💕. Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on August 4, 2012. Retrieved July 14, 2012.
- "Wikidata:Introduction". Wikidata. Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
- "Wikidata:Statistics". Wikidata. Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
- Moeller, Erik (October 13, 2009). "OpenMoko Launches WikiReader". Diff. Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved January 19, 2023.
- Misplaced Pages policies on data download
- "Data dumps/What's available for download". Wikimedia Meta-Wiki. Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
- "Wikimedia Mobile is Officially Launched". Wikimedia Technical Blog. Wikimedia Foundation. June 30, 2009. Archived from the original on January 11, 2010. Retrieved July 22, 2009.
- Finc, Tomasz (January 26, 2012). "Announcing the Official Misplaced Pages Android App". Diff. Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
- "Misplaced Pages". Google Play. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
- "Misplaced Pages Mobile on the App Store on iTunes". App Store (iOS/iPadOS). Apple Inc. August 4, 2014. Retrieved August 21, 2014.
- ^ "Building for the future of Wikimedia with a new approach to partnerships". Diff. Wikimedia Foundation. February 16, 2018. Retrieved May 12, 2019.
- Misplaced Pages: Modelling Misplaced Pages's growth
- West, Stuart (2010). "Misplaced Pages's Evolving Impact: slideshow presentation at TED2010" (PDF). Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
- "Research: Misplaced Pages Readership Survey 2011/Results – Meta". Wikimedia Meta-Wiki. Wikimedia Foundation. February 6, 2012. Archived from the original on December 9, 2013. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
- Misplaced Pages:Misplaced Pages in the media
- "Trophy shelf". Wikimedia Meta-Wiki. Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved February 4, 2023.
- Moeller, Erik (December 12, 2002). "Wiktionary project launched". Misplaced Pages-l (Mailing list). Retrieved February 4, 2023.
- "Talk:Science Hypertextbook project". Wikimedia Meta-Wiki. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved February 4, 2023.
- Moeller, Erik (March 19, 2004). "Proposal: commons.wikimedia.org". Misplaced Pages-l (Mailing list). Retrieved February 4, 2023.
- Eloquence. "User:Eloquence/History". Wikinews. Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved February 4, 2023.
- "Wikiversity:History of Wikiversity". Wikiversity. Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved February 4, 2023.
- Roth, Matthew (March 30, 2012). "The Misplaced Pages data revolution". Diff. Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved February 4, 2023.
- "The 💕 Project". GNU Operating System. Retrieved February 4, 2023.
Further reading
- Balke, Jeff (March 2008). "For Music Fans: Misplaced Pages; MySpace". Houston Chronicle. Broken Record (blog). Archived from the original on December 29, 2008. Retrieved December 17, 2008.
- Borland, John (August 14, 2007). "See Who's Editing Misplaced Pages – Diebold, the CIA, a Campaign". Wired. Archived from the original on November 16, 2015. Retrieved October 23, 2018.
- Dee, Jonathan (July 1, 2007). "All the News That's Fit to Print Out". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved February 22, 2008.
- Giles, Jim (September 20, 2007). "Misplaced Pages 2.0 – Now with Added Trust". New Scientist. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
- Miliard, Mike (December 2, 2007). "Misplaced Pages Rules". The Phoenix. Retrieved February 22, 2008.
- Poe, Marshall (September 1, 2006). "The Hive". The Atlantic Monthly. Retrieved March 22, 2008.
- Rosenwald, Michael S. (October 23, 2009). "Gatekeeper of D.C.'s entry: Road to city's Misplaced Pages page goes through a DuPont Circle bedroom". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 22, 2009.
- Runciman, David (May 28, 2009). "Like Boiling a Frog". London Review of Books. Archived from the original on May 27, 2009. Retrieved June 3, 2009.
- Taylor, Chris (May 29, 2005). "It's a Wiki, Wiki World". Time. Archived from the original on June 2, 2005. Retrieved February 22, 2008.
- "Technological Quarterly: Brain Scan: The Free-knowledge Fundamentalist". The Economist. June 5, 2008. Retrieved June 5, 2008.
Jimmy Wales changed the world with Misplaced Pages, the hugely popular online encyclopedia that anyone can edit. What will he do next?
- "Misplaced Pages probe into paid-for 'sockpuppet' entries", BBC News, October 21, 2013.
- "The Decline of Misplaced Pages" Archived October 23, 2013, at the Library of Congress Web Archives, MIT Technology Review, October 22, 2013
- "Edits to Misplaced Pages pages on Bell, Garner, Diallo traced to 1 Police Plaza" Archived March 13, 2015, at the Wayback Machine (March 2015), Capital
- Angola's Misplaced Pages Pirates Are Exposing Problems (March 2016), Motherboard
- "Dark Side of Misplaced Pages". Archived from the original on August 4, 2016. Retrieved April 17, 2016. Full Measure with Sharyl Attkisson, April 17, 2016. (Includes video.)
- Wales, Jimmy (December 9, 2016). "How Misplaced Pages Works". Cato Institute.
Jimmy Wales, founder of Misplaced Pages, discusses the site, how it's treated by governments, and how it's fueled by its users.
- The Great Book of Knowledge, Part 1: A Wiki is a Kind of Bus, Ideas, with Paul Kennedy, CBC Radio One, originally broadcast January 15, 2014. The webpage includes a link to the archived audio program (also found here). The radio documentary discusses Misplaced Pages's history, development, and its place within the broader scope of the trend to democratized knowledge. It also includes interviews with several key Misplaced Pages staff and contributors, including Kat Walsh and Sue Gardner (audio, 53:58, Flash required).
- "So Is Misplaced Pages Cracking Up?" The Independent, February 3, 2009.
- Misplaced Pages's Year-End List Shows What the Internet Needed to Know in 2019. Alyse Stanley, December 27, 2019, Gizmodo.
Academic studies
Main article: Academic studies about Misplaced Pages- Leitch, Thomas (2014). Misplaced Pages U: Knowledge, authority, and a liberal education in the digital age. JHU Press. ISBN 978-1-4214-1535-2.
- Jensen, Richard (October 2012). "Military History on the Electronic Frontier: Misplaced Pages Fights the War of 1812" (PDF). The Journal of Military History. 76 (4): 523–556. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 21, 2012.
- Yasseri, Taha; Sumi, Robert; Kertész, János (2012). Szolnoki, Attila (ed.). "Circadian Patterns of Misplaced Pages Editorial Activity: A Demographic Analysis". PLOS ONE. 7 (1): e30091. arXiv:1109.1746. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...730091Y. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030091. PMC 3260192. PMID 22272279.
- Goldman, Eric (2010). "Misplaced Pages's Labor Squeeze and its Consequences". Journal of Telecommunications and High Technology Law. 8. SSRN 1458162. (A blog post by the author.)
- Nielsen, Finn (August 2007). "Scientific Citations in Misplaced Pages". First Monday. 12 (8). arXiv:0805.1154. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.246.4536. doi:10.5210/fm.v12i8.1997. S2CID 58893.
- Pfeil, Ulrike; Zaphiris, Panayiotis; Chee Siang Ang (2006). "Cultural Differences in Collaborative Authoring of Misplaced Pages". Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 12 (1): 88. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00316.x. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
- Priedhorsky; Reid; Chen, Jilin; Shyong (Tony) K. Lam; Panciera, Katherine; Terveen, Loren; Riedl, John (2007). "Creating, destroying, and restoring value in Misplaced Pages". Proceedings of the 2007 international ACM conference on Conference on supporting group work – Group '07. pp. 259–268. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.123.7456. doi:10.1145/1316624.1316663. ISBN 978-1-59593-845-9. S2CID 15350808.
- Reagle, Joseph (2007). Do as I Do: Authorial Leadership in Misplaced Pages (PDF). WikiSym '07: Proceedings of the 2007 International Symposium on Wikis. Montreal: ACM. hdl:2047/d20002876. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
- Rijshouwer, Emiel (2019). Organizing Democracy. Power concentration and self-organization in the evolution of Misplaced Pages (PhD, Erasmus University Rotterdam). Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. hdl:1765/113937. ISBN 978-94-028-1371-5. OCLC 1081174169. (Open access)
- Rosenzweig, Roy. Can History be Open Source? Misplaced Pages and the Future of the Past. (Originally published in The Journal of American History 93.1 (June 2006): 117–146.)
- Wilkinson, Dennis M.; Huberman, Bernardo A. (April 2007). "Assessing the Value of Cooperation in Misplaced Pages". First Monday. 12 (4). arXiv:cs/0702140. Bibcode:2007cs........2140W. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.342.6933. doi:10.5210/fm.v12i4.1763. hdl:2027.42/136037. S2CID 10484077.
- Halfaker, Aaron; R. Stuart Geiger; Morgan, Jonathan T.; Riedl, John (2012). "The Rise and Decline of an Open Collaboration Community". American Behavioral Scientist. 57 (5): 664. doi:10.1177/0002764212469365. S2CID 144208941.
- Maggio, Lauren A.; Willinsky, John M.; Steinberg, Ryan M.; Mietchen, Daniel; Wass, Joseph L.; Dong, Ting (2017). "Misplaced Pages as a gateway to biomedical research: The relative distribution and use of citations in the English Misplaced Pages". PLOS One. 12 (12). PLOS: e0190046. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1290046M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0190046. PMC 5739466. PMID 29267345.
Books
Main article: List of books about Misplaced Pages- Keen, Andrew (2007). The Cult of the Amateur. Doubleday/Currency. ISBN 978-0-385-52080-5. (Substantial criticisms of Misplaced Pages and other web 2.0 projects.)
- Listen to: Keen, Andrew (June 16, 2007). "Does the Internet Undermine Culture?". National Public Radio, US. The NPR interview with A. Keen, Weekend Edition Saturday, June 16, 2007.
- Ayers, Phoebe; Matthews, Charles; Yates, Ben (2008). How Misplaced Pages Works: And How You Can Be a Part of It. San Francisco: No Starch Press. ISBN 978-1-59327-176-3.
- Broughton, John (2008). Misplaced Pages – The Missing Manual. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-0-596-51516-4. (See book review by Baker, as listed hereafter.)
- Broughton, John (2008). Misplaced Pages Reader's Guide. Sebastopol: Pogue Press. ISBN 978-0-596-52174-5.
- Rafaeli, Sheizaf; Ariel, Yaron (2008). "Online motivational factors: Incentives for participation and contribution in Misplaced Pages". In Barak, A. (ed.). Psychological aspects of cyberspace: Theory, research, applications. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 243–267. ISBN 978-0-521-69464-3.
- Dalby, Andrew (2009). The World and Misplaced Pages: How We are Editing Reality. Siduri. ISBN 978-0-9562052-0-9.
- Lih, Andrew (2009). The Misplaced Pages Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 978-1-4013-0371-6.
- O'Sullivan, Dan (2009). Misplaced Pages: a new community of practice?. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-7433-7.
- Rahmstorf, Olaf (2023). Misplaced Pages – die rationale Seite der Digitalisierung? (in German). transcript Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8394-5862-4.
- Reagle, Joseph Michael Jr. (2010). Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Misplaced Pages. Cambridge, MA: the MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-01447-2. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
- Jemielniak, Dariusz (2014). Common Knowledge? An Ethnography of Misplaced Pages. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-8944-8.
- Reagle, Joseph; Koerner, Jackie, eds. (2020). Misplaced Pages @ 20: Stories of an Incomplete Revolution. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-53817-6. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
- Bruckman, Amy S. (2022). Should You Believe Misplaced Pages?: Online Communities and the Construction of Knowledge. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108780704. ISBN 978-1-108-78070-4.
Book review–related articles
- Baker, Nicholson. "The Charms of Misplaced Pages". The New York Review of Books, March 20, 2008. Retrieved December 17, 2008. (Book rev. of The Missing Manual, by John Broughton, as listed previously.)
- Crovitz, L. Gordon. "Misplaced Pages's Old-Fashioned Revolution: The online encyclopedia is fast becoming the best." (Originally published in Wall Street Journal online – April 6, 2009.)
- Postrel, Virginia, "Who Killed Misplaced Pages? : A hardened corps of volunteer editors is the only force protecting Misplaced Pages. They might also be killing it", Pacific Standard, November/December 2014 issue.
External links
- Official website – multilingual portal (contains links to all language editions)
- Misplaced Pages on Twitter
- Misplaced Pages collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Misplaced Pages topic page at The New York Times
- Video of TED talk by Jimmy Wales on the birth of Misplaced Pages
Misplaced Pages language editions by article count | |
---|---|
6,000,000+ | |
2,000,000+ | |
1,000,000+ | |
100,000 –999,999 |
|
10,000 –99,999 |
|
<10,000 | |
See also: List of Wikimedia wikis |
Wikimedia Foundation | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
People |
| ||||||
Projects | |||||||
Other | |||||||
Related |
Wikis | |
---|---|
Types | |
Components | |
Lists | |
Comparisons | |
Notable wikis |
|
Wiki farms | |
See also |
Laureates of the Prince or Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||
|
- Definitions from Wiktionary
- Media from Commons
- News from Wikinews
- Quotations from Wikiquote
- Texts from Wikisource
- Textbooks from Wikibooks
- Resources from Wikiversity
- Travel guides from Wikivoyage
- Data from Wikidata