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{{Short description|Various groups of Finno-Ugric peoples}}
]
{{distinguish|Finns|Baltic Finnic peoples}}
'''Finnic peoples''' ('''Fennic''', sometimes '''Baltic-Finnic''') can be considered those peoples that speak a ] as a mother tongue. Whether and to what extent the descent of languages and their current distribution might reflect the descent of actual human populations and the genetic relationships between them is a matter of active ongoing study. In the 19th early 20th century it was assumed that to a large extent language equalled rigid and defined human groups but toward the end of the 20th century a more dynamic picture of ] emerged.
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}


[[File:Finno-Permic_Languages0.png|thumb|The Finnic nations identified by language (west to east):{{glossary}}
The major modern representatives are the ] and ]. <ref name="EB">] at ] </ref>
{{defn|Pinks: ]}}
{{defn|Blues: ]}}
{{defn|Yellows and red: ]}}
{{defn|Browns: ]}}{{end glossary}}]]
The '''Finnic peoples''', or simply '''Finns''', are the nations who speak languages traditionally classified in the ] language family, and which are thought to have originated in the region of the ]. The largest Finnic peoples by population are the ] (6 million), the ] (1 million), the ] (800,000), the ] (570,000), the ] (550,000), the ] (330,000) and the ] (100,000).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Materials/pril2_dok2.xlsx |title=Национальный состав населения по '''субъектам Российской Федерации''' |access-date=5 April 2020 |archive-date=8 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208222034/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Materials/pril2_dok2.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref>


The scope of the term "Finnic peoples" (or "Finns") varies by context. It can be as narrow as the ] of ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Finnic peoples |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Finnic-peoples |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905230715/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Finnic-peoples |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=6 February 2019 |website=] |publisher=]}}</ref> In Russian academic literature, the term typically comprises the Baltic Finns and the ], the indigenous peoples living near the ] and ]s; the ] are sometimes distinguished as a third group.<ref>{{cite book |last=Patrušev |first=Valerij |title=The Early History of the Finno-Ugric Peoples of European Russia |date=2000 |publisher=Societas Historiae Fenno-Ugricae |isbn=978-951-97040-3-6 |publication-place=Oulu |page=7}}</ref><ref>Ekaterina Goldina & Rimma Goldina (2018) On North-Western Contacts of Perm Finns in VII–VIII Centuries, ''Estonian Journal of Archaeology'' 22: 2, 163–180</ref> The broadest sense in the contemporary usage includes the ] of northern ] as well.<ref>{{cite book |last=Golden |first=Peter B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ST6TRNuWmHsC&pg=230 |title=The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1994 |isbn=9780521243049 |editor-last=Sinor |editor-first=Denis |volume=1 |location=Cambridge |page=230 |contribution=The peoples of the Russian forest belt |orig-year=1990}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goldina |first1=Ekaterina |last2=Goldina |first2=Rimma |year=2018 |title=On North-Western Contacts of Perm Finns in VII–VIII Centuries |journal=Estonian Journal of Archaeology |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=163–180 |doi=10.3176/arch.2018.2.04 |s2cid=166188106 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The eastern groups include the Finnic peoples of the ] and the four ] of ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Lallukka |first=Seppo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OiQIAQAAMAAJ&q=Finnic+peoples |title=The East Finnic minorities in the Soviet Union |publisher=Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia |year=1990 |isbn=951-41-0616-4 |location= |page= |pages= |chapter= |quote= |authorlink=}}</ref> In older literature, the term sometimes includes the Ugrian Finns (the ], ] and ]), and thus all speakers of ].<ref>{{cite EB9|wstitle=Finland|volume=IX|last=Keltie|first=John Scott|author-link=John Scott Keltie|pages=216-220|quote=see page 219, para Ethnology and Language.—The term Finns has a wider application than Finland, being, with its adjective Finnic or Finno-Ugric or Ugro-Finnic......&.... (5) The Ugrian Finns include the Voguls.....|short=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Russia}}</ref>
Most other Finnic languages are spoken in territories now in northwestern ], especially in areas adjacent to Finland and Estonia. In parts of northern ], a Finnic language or a dialect (]) has a considerable presence while more marginal Finnic-speaking minorities are found in ] (]) and ] (]).
Based on linguistic connections, the Finnic peoples are sometimes subsumed under ]-speaking peoples, uniting them also with the ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Golden |first=Peter B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ST6TRNuWmHsC&pg=230 |title=The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1994 |isbn=9780521243049 |editor-last=Sinor |editor-first=Denis |volume=1 |location=Cambridge |page=230 |contribution=The peoples of the Russian forest belt |orig-year=1990}}</ref> The linguistic connections to the Hungarians and Samoyeds were discovered between the end of the eighteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uralic peoples |url=http://www.suri.ee/r/index-eng.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909234942/http://www.suri.ee/r/index-eng.html |archive-date=9 September 2021 |access-date=9 September 2021 |website=www.suri.ee}}</ref>


Finnic peoples migrated westward from very approximately the Volga area into northwestern Russia and (first the Sámi and then the Baltic Finns) into Scandinavia, though scholars dispute the timing. The ancestors of the Perm Finns moved north and east to the ] and ] rivers. Those Finnic peoples who remained in the ] began to divide into their current diversity by the sixth century, and had coalesced into their current nations by the sixteenth.{{cn|date=December 2023}}
The term ''Finnic'' is also used sometimes to describe speakers of the Finno-Permic and Finno-Volgaic languages of the ].


== History == == Etymology ==
{{main|Finn (ethnonym)}}
===Comb Ceramic Culture===
]


The name "Finn(ic)" is an ancient ] with scarce historical references and therefore rather questionable etymology. Its probable cognates, like '']'', ''Phinnoi'', ''Finnum'', and ''Skrithfinni'' / ''Scridefinnum'' appear in a few written texts starting from about two millennia ago in association with peoples of northern Europe. The first known use of this name to refer to the people of what is now Finland is in the 10th-century ] poem {{lang|ang|italic=no|"]"}}. Among the first written sources possibly designating western Finland as the "land of Finns" are also two ] in Sweden: one in ], with the inscription {{lang|sv|finlont}} (]), and the other in ], with the inscription {{lang|sv|finlandi}} (]), dating from the 11th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vesta.narc.fi/cgi-bin/db2www/fmu/tiedot?b_id=10&language=fin |title=Archived copy |website=vesta.narc.fi |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006110402/http://vesta.narc.fi/cgi-bin/db2www/fmu/tiedot?b_id=10&language=fin |archive-date=6 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Until the early 1980's the arrival of ], the ancestors of the Estonians, Finns, Livonians on the shores of the ] around 3000 B.C. was associated with the ]<ref></ref> However , such a linking of archaeologically defined cultural entities with linguistic ones cannot be proven and it has been suggested that the increase of settlement finds in the period is more likely to have been associated with an economic boom related to the warming of climate. Some researchers have even argued that a form of ] may have been spoken in Estonia and Finland since the end of the last glaciation. <ref> </ref>


It has been suggested that the non-] ethnonym "Finn" is of ] origin and related to such words as {{lang|goh|finthan}} (]) 'find', 'notice'; {{lang|goh|fanthian}} (Old High German) 'check', 'try'; and {{lang|goh|fendo}} (Old High German) and {{lang|gmh|vende}} (]) 'pedestrian', 'wanderer'.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://www.sgr.fi/ct/ct51.html|title=Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura|website=Sgr.fi|access-date=17 March 2015|archive-date=8 July 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040708174734/http://www.sgr.fi/ct/ct51.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It may thus have originated from an ] word for ], {{lang|non|finn}} (plural {{lang|non|finnar}}), which is believed to have been applied during the first millennium CE to the (pre&ndash;]) ], and perhaps to other hunter-gatherers of Scandinavia.<ref>{{cite book|title=Norske gaardnavne: Finmarkens amt|edition=18|author-link=Oluf Rygh|last=Rygh|first=Oluf|publisher=W. C. Fabritius & sønners bogtrikkeri|year=1924|location=Kristiania, Norge|pages=1–7|language=no}}</ref> It was still used with this meaning in Norway in the early 20th century, but is now considered derogatory.<ref>{{Citation |last=Berg-Nordlie |first=Mikkel |title=finner (samer) |date=26 January 2023 |work=Store norske leksikon |url=https://snl.no/finner_-_samer |access-date=24 January 2024 |language=no}}</ref> Thus there is ] in Norway, which can be understood as "Sámi ]", but also ] in Sweden, in an area that is not known to have been Finnic-speaking. The name was also applied to what is now ], which at the time was inhabited by "Sámi" hunter-gatherers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lamnidis |first1=Thiseas C. |last2=Majander |first2=Kerttu |last3=Jeong |first3=Choongwon |last4=Salmela |first4=Elina |last5=Wessman |first5=Anna |last6=Moiseyev |first6=Vyacheslav |last7=Khartanovich |first7=Valery |last8=Balanovsky |first8=Oleg |last9=Ongyerth |first9=Matthias |last10=Weihmann |first10=Antje |last11=Sajantila |first11=Antti |last12=Kelso |first12=Janet |last13=Pääbo |first13=Svante |last14=Onkamo |first14=Päivi |last15=Haak |first15=Wolfgang |date=27 November 2018 |title=Ancient Fennoscandian genomes reveal origin and spread of Siberian ancestry in Europe |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=5018 |doi=10.1038/s41467-018-07483-5 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=6258758 |pmid=30479341|bibcode=2018NatCo...9.5018L }}</ref>
If confirmed, the oldest archeological site in Finland would be Susiluola (''Wolf cave'') in ], Ostrobothnia. Excavations are underway and if the so far presented estimates hold true, it would be the only pre-glacial (]) site so far found in the ] and some 130&nbsp;000 years old. <ref>{{fi}}</ref>


The Icelandic ] and ] (11th to 14th centuries), some of the oldest written sources probably originating from the closest proximity, use words like {{lang|non|finnr}} and {{lang|non|finnas}} inconsistently. However, most of the time, they seem to mean northern dwellers with a mobile life style.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kallio |first=Petri |date=4 January 1998 |title=Suomi(ttavia etymologioita) |url=https://journal.fi/virittaja/article/view/39114 |journal=Virittäjä |language=fi |volume=102 |issue=4 |pages=613 |issn=2242-8828}}</ref>
The earliest traces of human settlement in Estonia are connected with ]. The Early ] ] is located by the ] River. It has been dated to the beginning of the ]. The Kunda Culture received its name from the ''Lammasmäe'' settlement site in northern Estonia, witch dates from earlier than 8500. <ref></ref> Bone and stone artefacts similar to those found at Kunda have been discovered elsewhere in Estonia, as well as in ], northern ] and southern ].


Other etymological interpretations associate the ethnonym "Finns" with ''fen'' in a more toponymical approach. Yet another theory postulates that the words ''finn'' and ] are cognates.
===Finnic peoples in chronicles===

The word ''Finn'' is first mentioned in the form ''fenni'' in the first century AD by ], the Roman historian. However it is possible that he was referring to the people of northern Europe in general, particulary the Lappic or ]. After that the name finni is used by ] (170 AD) and the Gothic writer Jordanes in his ] (551 AD). The first sure mention in the western sources referring to Finns is considered to be in the Anglo-Saxon epic ] (800 AD). Information about Finnnic tribes becomes much more numerous from the ] (800-1050). It was not until abut 1171 that the word Finni was employed to mean the ].

The term Eesti, the name of the Estonians occurs first again by Tacitus, however, it might have indicated Baltic tribes. In Northern Sagas (9th century) the term started to be used to indicate the Estonians.

In a Norwegian text (11-12 century) the first mention of the name '''Kiriali'' referring to Karelians, as well as the term 'cornuti Finni, interpreted as referring to the Lapps or Sami people appears.

The name ''Sum'', that is ''Suomi'' (Finland in Finnish), is found in the oldest Russian, Nestor's Chronicle (1000-1100). The names of other Finnic tribes are also listed including ], ], ], ].
<ref> </ref>

The ] as mentioned by a monk Nestor in the earliest Russian chronicles, were the Ests or Esthonians <ref name="PPFP141"> </ref>. According to Nestor in 1030 ] invaded the country of the Chuds and laid the foundations of Yuriev, <ref></ref> (the historical Russian name of ], ]). According to ] chronicles the Chudes where one of the founders of the ]. <ref name="PPFP141"/>

The Northern (or eastern) Chudes were also a mythical people in folklore among Northern Russians and their neighbours.
In Komi mythology, the Northern Chudes represent the mythic ancestors of the ] people <ref> at google.scholar</ref>

==Descendants of Finnic peoples==
] languages are spoken. Diagonal patterns indicate sparsely populated areas. Dotted lines mark boundaries of corresponding subnational administrative units.]]
* ]
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==References==
<div class="references-small">
<references />
</div>


==See also== ==See also==
* ] * ]
⚫ * ]
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* ] * ]
* ] * ]
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==External links== ==References==
{{Reflist}}
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Latest revision as of 18:38, 22 December 2024

Various groups of Finno-Ugric peoples Not to be confused with Finns or Baltic Finnic peoples.

The Finnic nations identified by language (west to east):
Pinks: Sámi
Blues: Baltic Finns
Yellows and red: Volga Finns
Browns: Perm Finns

The Finnic peoples, or simply Finns, are the nations who speak languages traditionally classified in the Finnic language family, and which are thought to have originated in the region of the Volga River. The largest Finnic peoples by population are the Finns (6 million), the Estonians (1 million), the Mordvins (800,000), the Mari (570,000), the Udmurts (550,000), the Komis (330,000) and the Sámi (100,000).

The scope of the term "Finnic peoples" (or "Finns") varies by context. It can be as narrow as the Baltic Finns of Finland, Scandinavia, Estonia and Northwest Russia. In Russian academic literature, the term typically comprises the Baltic Finns and the Volga Finns, the indigenous peoples living near the Volga and Kama Rivers; the Perm Finns are sometimes distinguished as a third group. The broadest sense in the contemporary usage includes the Sámi of northern Fennoscandia as well. The eastern groups include the Finnic peoples of the Komi-Permyak Okrug and the four Russian republics of Komi, Mari El, Mordovia and Udmurtia. In older literature, the term sometimes includes the Ugrian Finns (the Khanty, Mansi and Hungarians), and thus all speakers of Finno-Ugric languages. Based on linguistic connections, the Finnic peoples are sometimes subsumed under Uralic-speaking peoples, uniting them also with the Samoyeds. The linguistic connections to the Hungarians and Samoyeds were discovered between the end of the eighteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries.

Finnic peoples migrated westward from very approximately the Volga area into northwestern Russia and (first the Sámi and then the Baltic Finns) into Scandinavia, though scholars dispute the timing. The ancestors of the Perm Finns moved north and east to the Kama and Vychegda rivers. Those Finnic peoples who remained in the Volga basin began to divide into their current diversity by the sixth century, and had coalesced into their current nations by the sixteenth.

Etymology

Main article: Finn (ethnonym)

The name "Finn(ic)" is an ancient exonym with scarce historical references and therefore rather questionable etymology. Its probable cognates, like Fenni, Phinnoi, Finnum, and Skrithfinni / Scridefinnum appear in a few written texts starting from about two millennia ago in association with peoples of northern Europe. The first known use of this name to refer to the people of what is now Finland is in the 10th-century Old English poem "Widsith". Among the first written sources possibly designating western Finland as the "land of Finns" are also two rune stones in Sweden: one in Norrtälje Municipality, with the inscription finlont (U 582), and the other in Gotland, with the inscription finlandi (G 319 M), dating from the 11th century.

It has been suggested that the non-Uralic ethnonym "Finn" is of Germanic language origin and related to such words as finthan (Old High German) 'find', 'notice'; fanthian (Old High German) 'check', 'try'; and fendo (Old High German) and vende (Middle High German) 'pedestrian', 'wanderer'. It may thus have originated from an Old Norse word for hunter-gatherer, finn (plural finnar), which is believed to have been applied during the first millennium CE to the (pre–reindeer herding) Sámi, and perhaps to other hunter-gatherers of Scandinavia. It was still used with this meaning in Norway in the early 20th century, but is now considered derogatory. Thus there is Finnmark in Norway, which can be understood as "Sámi march", but also Finnveden in Sweden, in an area that is not known to have been Finnic-speaking. The name was also applied to what is now Finland, which at the time was inhabited by "Sámi" hunter-gatherers.

The Icelandic Eddas and Norse sagas (11th to 14th centuries), some of the oldest written sources probably originating from the closest proximity, use words like finnr and finnas inconsistently. However, most of the time, they seem to mean northern dwellers with a mobile life style.

Other etymological interpretations associate the ethnonym "Finns" with fen in a more toponymical approach. Yet another theory postulates that the words finn and kven are cognates.

See also

References

  1. "Национальный состав населения по субъектам Российской Федерации". Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
  2. "Finnic peoples". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  3. Patrušev, Valerij (2000). The Early History of the Finno-Ugric Peoples of European Russia. Oulu: Societas Historiae Fenno-Ugricae. p. 7. ISBN 978-951-97040-3-6.
  4. Ekaterina Goldina & Rimma Goldina (2018) On North-Western Contacts of Perm Finns in VII–VIII Centuries, Estonian Journal of Archaeology 22: 2, 163–180
  5. Golden, Peter B. (1994) . "The peoples of the Russian forest belt". In Sinor, Denis (ed.). The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 230. ISBN 9780521243049.
  6. Goldina, Ekaterina; Goldina, Rimma (2018). "On North-Western Contacts of Perm Finns in VII–VIII Centuries". Estonian Journal of Archaeology. 22 (2): 163–180. doi:10.3176/arch.2018.2.04. S2CID 166188106.
  7. Lallukka, Seppo (1990). The East Finnic minorities in the Soviet Union. Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia. ISBN 951-41-0616-4.
  8. Keltie, John Scott (1879). "Finland" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. IX (9th ed.). pp. 216–220. see page 219, para Ethnology and Language.—The term Finns has a wider application than Finland, being, with its adjective Finnic or Finno-Ugric or Ugro-Finnic......&.... (5) The Ugrian Finns include the Voguls.....
  9. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Russia" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  10. Golden, Peter B. (1994) . "The peoples of the Russian forest belt". In Sinor, Denis (ed.). The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 230. ISBN 9780521243049.
  11. "Uralic peoples". www.suri.ee. Archived from the original on 9 September 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  12. "Archived copy". vesta.narc.fi. Archived from the original on 6 October 2007. Retrieved 15 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  13. "Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura". Sgr.fi. Archived from the original on 8 July 2004. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  14. Rygh, Oluf (1924). Norske gaardnavne: Finmarkens amt (in Norwegian) (18 ed.). Kristiania, Norge: W. C. Fabritius & sønners bogtrikkeri. pp. 1–7.
  15. Berg-Nordlie, Mikkel (26 January 2023), "finner (samer)", Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian), retrieved 24 January 2024
  16. Lamnidis, Thiseas C.; Majander, Kerttu; Jeong, Choongwon; Salmela, Elina; Wessman, Anna; Moiseyev, Vyacheslav; Khartanovich, Valery; Balanovsky, Oleg; Ongyerth, Matthias; Weihmann, Antje; Sajantila, Antti; Kelso, Janet; Pääbo, Svante; Onkamo, Päivi; Haak, Wolfgang (27 November 2018). "Ancient Fennoscandian genomes reveal origin and spread of Siberian ancestry in Europe". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 5018. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.5018L. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07483-5. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 6258758. PMID 30479341.
  17. Kallio, Petri (4 January 1998). "Suomi(ttavia etymologioita)". Virittäjä (in Finnish). 102 (4): 613. ISSN 2242-8828.
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