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{{Short description|Capital and largest city of Wales}}
{{otheruses}}
{{hatnote group|
{{Infobox Settlement
{{Other uses}}
|official_name = City and County of Cardiff
{{redirect|Caerdydd|the TV sitcom|Caerdydd (TV series){{!}}''Caerdydd'' (TV series)}}
|native_name = ''Dinas a Sir Caerdydd''
}}
|established_title =
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
|nickname =
{{Use British English|date=September 2024}}
|motto = Y ddraig goch ddyry cychwyn<br>''(The red dragon will lead the way)''
{{Infobox settlement
|image_skyline = Central Cardiff.jpg
|imagesize = | name = Cardiff
| native_name = {{native name|cy|Caerdydd}}
|image_caption = Southeast Cardiff Skyline
| settlement_type = ] and ]
|website = http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/
| image_skyline = {{multiple image |border=infobox |perrow=1/2/2/2/2 |total_width=270 |caption_align=center
|image_flag = Bandera de Cardiff.png|centre
| image1 = Cardiff's skyline 2020.jpg
|flag_size = 150px
|image_seal = Escudo de Cardiff.png | caption1 = Skyline of Cardiff
| image2 = Senedd (51845859151).jpg
|image_map = WalesCardiff.png
| caption2 = ]
|imagesize =
| image3 = Cardiff Bay WMC.jpg
|map_caption = Location of the city of Cardiff (Light Green) within the ] (Dark Green)
| caption3 = ]
|subdivision_type = ]
| image4 = Llandaff Cathedral (geograph 3435762 cropped).jpg
|subdivision_name = ] ]
| caption4 = ]
|subdivision_type1 = ]
| image5 = Cardiff Castle - panoramio (1).jpg
|subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Wales}}
| caption5 = ]
|subdivision_type2 = Region
| image6 = Cardiff (15989519375).jpg
|subdivision_name2 = ]
| caption6 = ]
|subdivision_type3 =
| image7 = Amgueddfa Genedlaethol Caerdydd.JPG
|subdivision_name3 =
| caption7 = ]
|subdivision_name4 =
| image8 = Cardiff Central Library, October 2022.jpg
|leader_title = Leader of<br> ]
| caption8 = ]
|leader_name = ]
| image9 = Principality Stadium May 3, 2016.jpg
|leader_title1 = ] and ]
| caption9 = ]
|leader_name1 = ],
}}
],
| imagesize =
],
| image_alt =
]
| image_caption =
|leader_title2 = ]
| image_flag = Flag of Cardiff.svg
|leader_name2 = ]
| flag_alt =
|leader_title3 =
| image_shield = Coat of Arms of Cardiff.svg
|leader_name3 =
| shield_alt =
|city area_total_km2 = 6.652
| shield_link =
|area_magnitude = 1 E7
| image_blank_emblem =
|area_urban_km2 = 140
| blank_emblem_size =
|area metro =
| blank_emblem_type =

| blank_emblem_link =
|population_as_of = 2006 local government estimates
| etymology =
|population_total = 317,500
| nickname =
|population_urban = 327,706 (2001)
| motto = {{Unbulleted list
|popluation city =
|{{langx |cy|Y ddraig goch ddyry cychwyn |translation=the red dragon will lead the way}}
|population_density_km2 = 4392
|{{langx |cy|Deffro mae'n ddydd! |translation=awake, it is day!}}
|population_blank1_title = ]
}}
|population_blank1 = Cardiffian
| image_map = Cardiff UK location map.svg
|population_blank2_title = ]
| map_alt =
|population_blank2 = 91.57% White
| map_caption = Cardiff shown within ]
1.99% Mixed
| coordinates = {{coord|51|29|N|03|11|W|region:GB_type:adm2nd|display=inline,title}}
3.96% S. Asian
| subdivision_type = ]
1.28% Black
| subdivision_name = ]
1.20% Chinese or other.
| subdivision_type1 = ]
|timezone = ]
| subdivision_name1 = ]
|utc_offset = 0
|timezone_DST = ] | subdivision_type2 = ]
| subdivision_name2 =
|utc_offset_DST = +1
| subdivision_type3 = ]
|latd= |latm= |lats= |latNS= |longd= |longm= |longs= |longEW=
| subdivision_name3 = ]
|elevation_m =
| subdivision_type4 =
|postal_code_type = Post codes
| subdivision_name4 =
|postal_code = CF3, CF5, CF10, CF11, CF14, CF15, CF23, CF24, CF99
| established_title = City status
|area_code = 029
| established_date = 1905
|dialling_code = 029
| established_title2 = Capital city
|vehicle_code = CA-CO
| established_date2 = 1955
|footnotes_blank1_title = Police Force
| named_for =
|footnotes_blank1 = South Wales Police
| seat_type = Administrative{{nbsp}}HQ
|footnotes_blank2_title = Fire Service
| seat = ]
|footnotes_blank2 = South Wales Fire and Rescue Service
<!-- Government -->| government_footnotes = <ref name="Council leadership">{{cite web |url=https://www.cardiff.gov.uk/ENG/Your-Council/Pages/default.aspx |title=Your Council |website=Cardiff Council |access-date=6 August 2024 |archive-date=25 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325202537/https://www.cardiff.gov.uk/ENG/Your-Council/Pages/default.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|footnotes_blank3_title = Ambulance Serivce
| government_type = ]
|footnotes_blank3 = Welsh Ambulance Service
| governing_body = ]
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = ]
| leader_name1 = {{UK council control|GSS=W06000015}}
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 = ]
| leader_name3 = {{Collapsible list |title=4 MPs |frame_style=border:none; padding:0; |list_style=text-align:left;display:none;
|1=] (L)
|2=] (L)
|3=] (L)
|4=] (L)
}}
| leader_title4 = ]
| leader_name4 = {{Collapsible list |title=4 MSs |frame_style=border:none; padding:0; |list_style=text-align:left;display:none;
|1=] (L)
|2=] (L)
|3=] (L)
|4=] (L)
}}
<!-- Area -->
<!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion -->| area_footnotes = <ref name="popstats">{{UK subdivision statistics citation}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = {{UK subdivision area|GSS=W06000015}}
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_rank = ]
<!-- Population -->| population_footnotes = <ref name="popstats" />
| population_as_of = {{UK subdivision statistics year}}
| population_total = {{UK subdivision population|GSS=W06000015}}
| population_rank = ]
| population_density_km2 = {{UK subdivision density|GSS=W06000015}}
| population_demonym = <!-- demographics (section 1) -->
| demographics_type1 = Ethnicity <span style="font-weight:normal;">(])</span>
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="2021 Nomis">{{NOMIS2021 |id=W06000015 |title=Cardiff Local Authority |access-date=14 July 2024 }}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = ]
| demographics1_info1 = {{Collapsible list
| 79.2% ]
| 9.7% ]
| 4.0% ]
| 3.8% ]
| 3.3% ]
}}
<!-- demographics (section 2) -->| demographics_type2 = Religion <span style="font-weight:normal;">(2021)</span>
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="2021 Nomis"/>
| demographics2_title1 = ]
| demographics2_info1 = {{Collapsible list
| 42.9% ]
| 38.3% ]
| 9.3% ]
| 1.5% ]
| 0.4% ]
| 0.4% ]
| 0.2% ]
| 0.6% ]
| 6.3% not stated
}} }}
| timezone1 = ]
'''Cardiff''' (]: {{Audio|Cardiff.ogg|Cardiff}}, ]: {{Audio-nohelp|Caerdydd.ogg|''Caerdydd''}}) is the ] and largest ] of ], with recent local government estimates stating the city's population as being 317,500.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/content.asp?Parent_Directory_id=2865&nav=2872,3256,3302| title=Cardiff Council 2006 Official Estimate | accessdate=2007-12-14}}</ref> It is administered as a ], having previously being part of the ] of ] (and later ]). Cardiff is part of the ] network of the largest ]an cities<ref>, Retrieved on ]</ref>. ] covers a slightly larger area, including ], ] and ].
| utc_offset1 = +0
| timezone1_DST = ]
| utc_offset1_DST = +1
<!-- Codes -->| postal_code_type = ]
| postal_code = ]
| area_code_type = ]
| area_code = 029
| iso_code = ]
| blank1_name = ]
| blank1_info = W06000015
| website = {{URL|cardiff.gov.uk}}
}}
'''Cardiff''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɑːr|d|ᵻ|f|audio=En-uk-Cardiff.ogg}}; {{langx|cy|Caerdydd}} {{IPA|cy|kairˈdiːð, kaːɨrˈdɨːð||Caerdydd.ogg}}) is the ] and ] of ]. Cardiff had a population of {{UK subdivision population|GSS=W06000015}} in {{UK subdivision statistics year}}<ref name="popstats" /> and forms a ] officially known as the '''City and County of Cardiff''' ({{langx|cy|Dinas a Sir Caerdydd|links=no}}). The city is the ]. Located in the ] and in the ], Cardiff is the ] of the ] of ] and in 1974–1996 of ]. It belongs to the ] network of the largest European cities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eurocities.org/ |title=Eurocities |access-date=20 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928110159/http://www.eurocities.org/main.php |archive-date=28 September 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> A small town until the early 19th century, its prominence as a port for coal when mining began in the region helped its expansion. In 1905, it was ranked as a city and in 1955 proclaimed ]. ] covers a larger area outside the county boundary, including the towns of ] and ].


Cardiff is the main commercial centre of ] as well as the base for the ], the Welsh Parliament. At the 2021 census, the unitary authority area population was put at 362,400.<ref name=":0"/> The population of the wider urban area in 2011 was 479,000.<ref name="statswales.gov.wales">{{Cite web |title=Welsh Government Official Data – Stats Wales |url=https://statswales.gov.wales/Catalogue/Population-and-Migration/Population/Estimates/Local-Authority/populationestimates-by-localauthority-year |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620101839/https://statswales.gov.wales/Catalogue/Population-and-Migration/Population/Estimates/Local-Authority/populationestimates-by-localauthority-year |archive-date=20 June 2018 |access-date=25 July 2017}}</ref> In 2011, it ranked sixth in the world in a ] list of alternative tourist destinations.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-13875925 |work=BBC News |title='Gem' Cardiff in world's top 10 places to visit in 2011 |date=22 June 2011 |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917201359/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-13875925 |archive-date=17 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is the most popular destination in Wales with 21.3 million visitors in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://businessnewswales.com/cardiff-boasts-record-visitor-numbers-during-2017/ |title=Cardiff Boasts Record Visitor Numbers During 2017 |date=26 March 2018 |work=Business News Wales |access-date=7 July 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707203046/https://businessnewswales.com/cardiff-boasts-record-visitor-numbers-during-2017/ |archive-date=7 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Cardiff is home to the Welsh government in ] and much of the media in Wales. ] and ] along with other series are filmed mostly within the City and County of Cardiff. It has the biggest media sector in the UK outside ], being home to several studios as well as ], ] and ]. Several radio stations are based in the city such as ], ], ], ] and ]. The newspapers ] and ] (both owned by ]) are based in Cardiff.


Cardiff is a major centre for television and film production (such as the 2005 revival of '']'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Doctor Who filming location in South Wales |url=https://www.visitwales.com/things-do/attractions/tv-and-film-locations/must-visit-guide-doctor-who-filming-locations-wales |access-date=7 November 2023 |website=VisitWales |language=en}}</ref> '']'' and '']'') and is the Welsh base for the main national broadcasters.
It was a small town until the early 19th century and came to prominence as a major port for the transport of coal following the arrival of industry in the region. Cardiff was made a ] in 1905, and proclaimed ] in 1955.


] contains the ] and the ] arts complex. Work continues at Cardiff Bay and in the centre on projects such as ], ],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Proposed BBC Drama Village at Media Capital, Roath Basin |url=http://wales.gov.uk/publications/accessinfo/drnewhomepage/economicdrs/2010/bbcdramavillage/?lang=en |publisher=Welsh Assembly Government |access-date=6 April 2011 |date=14 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315165706/http://wales.gov.uk/publications/accessinfo/drnewhomepage/economicdrs/2010/bbcdramavillage/?lang=en |archive-date=15 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and a new business district.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Cardiff Business District 'needs skills and transport' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-12905961 |publisher=BBC Wales |access-date=6 April 2011 |date=30 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110402184433/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-12905961 |archive-date=2 April 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>
== Geography ==
]
=== Geology ===
Cardiff is a relatively flat city and its geographic features were influential in its development as one of the world's largest coal ports. Most notably this included its proximity and easy access to the coal fields of the south Wales valleys.


==Toponymy==
] is shown bottom left]]
{{lang|cy|Caerdydd}} (the ] name of the city) derives from the ] {{lang|wlm|Caerdyf}}. The change from {{lang|wlm|-dyf}} to {{lang|cy|-dydd}} shows the colloquial alteration of Welsh ''f'' {{IPA|cy|v|}} and ''dd'' {{IPA|cy|ð|}} and was perhaps also driven by ]. This ] probably first occurred in the ]; both forms were current in the ]. {{lang|wlm|Caerdyf}} has its origins in ] ] words meaning "the fort of the ]". The ] probably refers to that established by the ]. {{lang|cy|Caer}} is Welsh for ''fort'' and {{lang|cy|-dyf}} is in effect a form of {{lang|cy|Taf}} (Taff), the river which flows by Cardiff Castle, with the {{angle bracket|t}} showing ] to {{angle bracket|d}} and the vowel showing ] as a result of a (lost) ] ending.<ref name=hwo>Hywel Wyn Owen and Richard Morgan, ''Dictionary of the Place-names of Wales''. University of Wales Press, 2007, {{ISBN|1-84323-901-9}}, p. 70.</ref>


The ] ''Cardiff'' is derived from {{lang|wlm|Caerdyf}}, with the Welsh ''f'' {{IPA|cy|v|}} borrowed as ''ff'' {{IPAc-en|f|}}, as also happens in ''Taff'' (from Welsh {{lang|cy|Taf}}) and '']'' (from Welsh {{lang|cy|Llandaf}}).
Cardiff is built on reclaimed marshland on a bed of ] stones; this reclaimed marshland stretches from ] to the Ely Estuary, which is the natural boundary of Cardiff and the Vale of Glamorgan. Triassic landscapes are usually shallow and low-lying which accounts and explains Cardiff's flatness. The classic Triassic ], ] and ] rocks are used predominantly throughout Cardiff as building materials. Many of these Triassic rocks have a purple complexion, especially the coastal ] found near Penarth. One of the Triassic rocks used in Cardiff is "Radyr Stone", a ] which as it name suggests is quarried in the Radyr district. Cardiff has also imported some materials for buildings: ] sandstones (the ]) from the ] has been used. Most famously, the buildings of ], the civic centre in the centre of the city, are built of ] which was imported from Dorset. A widely used building stone in Cardiff is the surreal yellow-grey ] ] rock of the ], including the very rare "Sutton Stone", a conglomerate of lias limestone and ] limestone that is, apart from Radyr Stone, the only free-stone in south-east Wales (freestones can be cut to a perfectly smooth surface). The yellowish complexion of the lias limestone used mainly in the city centre gives Cardiff an unusually sunny, light and breezy complexion for a city in ].


The antiquarian ] (1551–1623) suggested that the name Cardiff may derive from *{{lang|wlm|Caer-Didi}} ("the Fort of Didius"), a name supposedly given in honour of {{lang|la|]|italic=no}}, governor of a nearby province at the time when the Roman fort was established. Although some sources repeat this theory, it has been rejected on linguistic grounds by modern scholars such as Professor {{lang|cy|Gwynedd|italic=no}} Pierce.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/whatsinaname/sites/videoexplorer/pages/?jumpTo=cardiff |title=What's In A Name? – Cardiff |last=Pierce |first=Gwynedd O |publisher=BBC Wales |access-date=17 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115122320/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/whatsinaname/sites/videoexplorer/pages/?jumpTo=cardiff |archive-date=15 January 2009}}</ref>
Cardiff is bordered to the west by the rural district of the ], which is also known as The Garden of Cardiff,<ref></ref> to the east by the city of ], to the north by the ] and to the south by the ] and ]. The ] winds through the centre of the city and together with the ] flows into the freshwater lake of ]. A third river, the ] flows through the east of the city entering directly into the Severn Estuary.


==History==
] ] at the ], Penarth Seafront.]]
{{Main|History of Cardiff|Timeline of Cardiff history}}


===Origins===
Cardiff is situated near to the ] ], stretching westward from Penarth and ] (which are commuter towns of Cardiff), with its striped yellow-blue Jurassic "lias" limestone cliffs that thrust outwards towards the Bristol Channel. The Glamorgan coast is the only part of the ] that has exposed ] (]) geology. This west facing stretch of coast, which takes the brunt of brutal Atlantic westerlies and has reefs, sandbanks and serrated cliffs aplenty (like ]) was a ship graveyard during the age of sail; ships sailing up to Cardiff during the industrial era often never made it as far as Cardiff as most were wrecked around this hostile coastline during brutal west/south-westerly gales. Consequently, just like its Celtic cousin in Cornwall, smuggling, deliberate shipwrecking and attacks on ships became a way of life for many people living in the small coastal villages of the Vale.
] evidence from sites in and around Cardiff show that people had settled in the area by at least around 6000&nbsp;BC, during the early Neolithic; about 1,500 years before either ] or the ] was completed.<ref name="Coflein St L">{{Cite web |date=26 July 2007 |title=St Lythans Chambered Long Cairn, Maesyfelin; Gwal-y-Filiast, site details |url=http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/227289/details/ST+LYTHANS+CHAMBERED+LONG+CAIRN%2C+MAESYFELIN%3B+GWAL-Y-FILIAST/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717040000/http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/227289/details/ST+LYTHANS+CHAMBERED+LONG+CAIRN%2C+MAESYFELIN%3B+GWAL-Y-FILIAST/ |archive-date=17 July 2012 |access-date=9 June 2009 |work=The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales website |publisher=Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales}}</ref><ref name="Coflein Tink">{{Cite web |date=29 January 2003 |title=Tinkinswood Chambered Cairn, site details |url=http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/94510/details/TINKINSWOOD+CHAMBERED+CAIRN/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519182602/http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/94510/details/TINKINSWOOD+CHAMBERED+CAIRN/ |archive-date=19 May 2012 |access-date=9 June 2009 |work=The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales website |publisher=Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales}}</ref><ref name="Coflein Cae">{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Cae-Yr-Arfau; Cae'Rarfau Burial Chamber, site details, Coflein |url=http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/93016/details/CAE-YR-ARFAU%3B+CAE%27RARFAU+BURIAL+CHAMBER/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519110846/http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/93016/details/CAE-YR-ARFAU%3B+CAE%27RARFAU+BURIAL+CHAMBER/ |archive-date=19 May 2012 |access-date=9 June 2009 |work=The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales website |publisher=Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales}}</ref><ref name="Coflein Gwern">{{Cite web |date=10 February 2003 |title=Gwern-Y-Cleppa, Long Barrow, site details |url=http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/307811/details/GWERN-Y-CLEPPA%2C+LONG+BARROW/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519182557/http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/307811/details/GWERN-Y-CLEPPA%2C+LONG+BARROW/ |archive-date=19 May 2012 |access-date=9 June 2009 |work=The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales website |publisher=Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales}}</ref><ref name="Stonehenge">{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Your guide to Stonehenge, the World's Favourite Megalithic Stone Circle |url=http://www.stonehenge.co.uk/history.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930081506/http://www.stonehenge.co.uk/history.php |archive-date=30 September 2012 |access-date=9 June 2009 |work=Stonehenge.co.uk website |publisher=Longplayer SRS Ltd (trading as http://www.stonehenge.co.uk)}}</ref> These include the ] near ], (approximately {{convert|4|mi|0|abbr=out|spell=on|disp=or}} west of Cardiff city centre); the ], near ] (about {{convert|6|mi|0|abbr=out|spell=on|disp=or}} west of Cardiff city centre), the Cae'rarfau ], ] (about {{convert|6|mi|km|0|abbr=out|spell=on|disp=or}} northwest of Cardiff city centre) and the Gwern y Cleppa ], near ], ] (about {{convert|8|mi|0|abbr=out|spell=on|disp=or}} northeast of Cardiff city centre). A group of five ] ] is at the summit of the ], within the county's northern boundary.<ref name="Coflein Garth">{{Cite web |title=Garth Hill, Barrow I |url=http://www.coflein.gov.uk/pls/portal/coflein.w_details?inumlink=6060351 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121223142900/http://www.coflein.gov.uk/pls/portal/coflein.w_details?inumlink=6060351 |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 December 2012 |access-date=30 September 2008 |publisher=Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales |year=2008 |work=The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales website}}</ref> Four ] ] and ] sites have been identified within Cardiff's county boundaries, including ], an enclosed area of {{convert|5.1|ha|acre|frac=4}}.<ref name="Coflein Graig">{{Cite web |title=Castle Field Camp E OF Craig-Llywn, site details |url=http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/301309/details/CASTLE+FIELD+CAMP+E+OF+CRAIG-LLYWN/ |access-date=9 June 2009 |publisher=Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales |date=22 October 2004 |work=The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales website |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519110841/http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/301309/details/CASTLE+FIELD+CAMP+E+OF+CRAIG-LLYWN/ |archive-date=19 May 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Coflein Craigyparc">{{Cite web |title=Craig-Y-Parc, enclosure, site details |url=http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/91922/details/CRAIG-Y-PARC%2C+ENCLOSURE/ |access-date=9 June 2009 |publisher=Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales |year=1990 |work=The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales website |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519182609/http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/91922/details/CRAIG-Y-PARC%2C+ENCLOSURE/ |archive-date=19 May 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Coflein Llwynda">{{Cite web |title=Llwynda-Ddu, Hillfort, site details |url=http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/94599/details/LLWYNDA-DDU%2C+HILLFORT/ |access-date=9 June 2009 |publisher=Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales |date=14 June 1989 |work=The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales website |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519110836/http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/94599/details/LLWYNDA-DDU%2C+HILLFORT/ |archive-date=19 May 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Coflein Caerau">{{Cite web |title=Caerau Hillfort, site details |url=http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/94517/details/CAERAU+HILLFORT/ |access-date=9 June 2009 |publisher=Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales |date=5 February 2003 |work=The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales website |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519110829/http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/94517/details/CAERAU+HILLFORT/ |archive-date=19 May 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>


]<br />part of the original Roman fort beneath the red stones]]


Until the ], Cardiff was part of the territory of the ] – a ] that flourished in the ] – whose territory included the areas that would become known as ], ] and Glamorgan.<ref name="Wales Hist 1">{{Cite book |last=Davies |first=John |author-link=John Davies (historian) |title=A History of Wales |publisher=Penguin |year=1994 |location=London |pages=17–18 |isbn=0-14-014581-8}}</ref> The {{cvt|3.2|ha|acre|frac=4|adj=on}} ] established by the ] near the mouth of the ] in AD&nbsp;75, in what would become the north western boundary of the centre of Cardiff, was built over an extensive settlement that had been established by the Romans in the 50s&nbsp;AD.<ref name="Coflein 2">{{Cite web |title=Cardiff Roman settlement – Site details – coflein |url=http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/301346/details/CARDIFF+ROMAN+SETTLEMENT/ |access-date=10 June 2009 |publisher=Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales |date=30 August 2007 |work=RCAHMW website |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727072730/http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/301346/details/CARDIFF+ROMAN+SETTLEMENT/ |archive-date=27 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> The fort was one of a series of military outposts associated with {{lang|la|]}} (]) that acted as border defences. The fort may have been abandoned in the early 2nd century as the area had been subdued. However, by this time a civilian settlement, or {{lang|la|]}}, was established. It was likely made up of traders who made a living from the fort, ex-soldiers and their families. A ] has been discovered at ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rees |first=William |title=Cardiff: A History of the City |publisher=The Corporation of the City of Cardiff |year=1969 |page=1}}</ref> Contemporary with the ] of the 3rd and 4th centuries, a stone fortress was established at Cardiff. Similar to the shore forts, the fortress was built to protect ] from raiders.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rees |first=William |title=Cardiff: A History of the City |publisher=The Corporation of the City of Cardiff |year=1969 |page=2}}</ref> Coins from the reign of ] indicate that Cardiff was inhabited until at least the 4th century; the fort was abandoned towards the end of the 4th century, as the last Roman legions left the province of Britannia with ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rees |first=William |title=Cardiff: A History of the City |publisher=The Corporation of the City of Cardiff |year=1969 |page=3}}</ref><ref name="Visit 1">{{Cite web |title=About Cardiff >> Cardiff History >> Cardiff History |url=http://www.visitcardiff.com/About-Cardiff/Cardiff-History.html |access-date=8 June 2009 |publisher=Cardiff & Co |year=2009 |work=The official website for Cardiff |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511141305/http://www.visitcardiff.com/About-Cardiff/Cardiff-History.html |archive-date=11 May 2008}}</ref>
{{clear}}
{{geocompass
|hub = CARDIFF
|type= ex
|NW = ]
|NN = ], ], ], ]
|NE = ], ]
|WW = ], ]
|EE = ]
|SW = ], ], ]
|SS = ], ]
|SE = ]
}}


Little is known of the fort and civilian settlement in the period between the Roman departure from Britain and the Norman Conquest. The settlement probably shrank in size and may even have been abandoned. In the absence of Roman rule, Wales was divided into small kingdoms; early on, ] emerged as the local king in ] (which later became ]). The area passed through his family until the advent of the Normans in the 11th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rees |first=William |title=Cardiff: A History of the City |publisher=The Corporation of the City of Cardiff |year=1969 |pages=4–5}}</ref>
=== Cityscape ===
]]]
]]]


===Norman occupation and Middle Ages===
Roughly speaking, "Inner Cardiff" can be considered to consist of the following wards: ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] ward on the north and east of the city centre, and ], ], ] and ] to the south and west. The inner-city areas to the south of the ] known as the "Southern Arc" are, with the exception of affluent and trendy Cardiff Bay, some of the poorest districts of Wales with low levels of economic activity and high ethnic minority populations. The proximity of these areas to ] have led some critics of the project to argue that the regeneration scheme has failed as it has done little to improve the economic prospects of local people, and may have worsened problems of exclusion and alienation. On the other hand Gabalfa, Plasnewydd and Cathays north of the 'arc' have very large student populations, and Pontcanna north of Riverside and alongside Canton is a favourite for young professionals and media types. ] which lies to the north east side of Roath Park is an affluent area popular with those with older children and the retired.
]
In 1081 ], began work on the castle keep within the walls of the old Roman fort.<ref name="Coflein 1">{{Cite web |title=Cardiff Castle – Site details – coflein |url=http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/33/details/CARDIFF+CASTLE/ |access-date=8 June 2009 |publisher=Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales |date=3 December 2007 |work=RCAHMW website |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916114757/http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/33/details/CARDIFF+CASTLE/ |archive-date=16 September 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Cardiff Castle has been at the heart of the city ever since.<ref name="Cardiff Visitors">{{Cite web |url=http://www.visitcardiff.com/About-Cardiff/Cardiff-History.html |publisher=Visit Cardiff |title=Cardiff history |access-date=29 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080208165613/http://www.visitcardiff.com/About-Cardiff/Cardiff-History.html |archive-date=8 February 2008}}</ref> The castle was substantially altered and extended during the Victorian period by ], and the architect ].<ref name=Scheduled>{{Cadw|uid=3388|class=SM|num=GM171|desc=Cardiff Castle and Roman Fort|access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref> Original Roman work can, however, still be distinguished in the wall facings.


A town grew up under the castle, consisting mainly of settlers from England.<ref name="Cardiffians">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cardiffians.co.uk/timeline.html |publisher=Cardiffians |title=Cardiff Timeline |access-date=29 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219053249/http://www.cardiffians.co.uk/timeline.html |archive-date=19 February 2008}}</ref> Cardiff had a population of between 1,500 and 2,000 in the Middle Ages – a normal size for a Welsh town in the period.<ref name="Tim Lambert-short history of Cardiff">{{Cite web |url=http://www.localhistories.org/Cardiff.html |publisher=Tim Lambert |title=A short history of Cardiff |access-date=29 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211062541/http://www.localhistories.org/Cardiff.html |archive-date=11 December 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It was the centre of the Norman ] of Glamorgan. By the end of the 13th century, Cardiff was the only town in Wales with a population exceeding 2,000, although it remained relatively small compared with notable towns in England and continued to be contained within its walls, which were begun as a wooden ] in the early 12th century.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.helsinki.fi/iehc2006/papers3/Campbell122.pdf |title=Benchmarking medieval economic development: England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, circa 1290 |first=Bruce M S |last=Campbell |date=25 August 2006 |access-date=20 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002125826/http://www.helsinki.fi/iehc2006/papers3/Campbell122.pdf |archive-date=2 October 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was of sufficient size and importance to receive a series of charters, notably in 1331 from William La Zouche, Lord of Glamorgan through marriage with the ] family,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://calmview.cardiff.gov.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=BC%2f1%2f1&pos=2 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160426230208/http://calmview.cardiff.gov.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=BC/1/1&pos=2 |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 April 2016 |title=Cardiff Borough Council Records: Charter 1 |access-date=23 March 2016}}</ref> ] in 1359,<ref name="calmview.cardiff.gov.uk">{{Cite web |url=http://calmview.cardiff.gov.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=BC%2f1%2f4&pos=5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141258/http://calmview.cardiff.gov.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=BC%2f1%2f4&pos=5 |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 June 2018 |title=Cardiff Borough Council Records: Charter 4 |access-date=23 March 2016}}</ref> then ] in 1400,<ref name="calmview.cardiff.gov.uk"/> and later ].
"Suburban Cardiff" can be broken down into three distinct areas. To the west lie ], ] and ] which contain some of the largest housing estates in the United Kingdom. With the exception of some of the outlying privately built estates at Michaelston Super Ely and 1930s developments near Waun-Gron Road, this is an economically disadvantaged area with high numbers of unemployed households. ] is a more affluent western area of the city. ], ], ], ] & ], ], ], ], ], and ] which lie in an arc from the north west to the north east of the centre can be considered the main middle class suburbs of the city. In particular, Cyncoed, ] and Lisvane contain some of the most expensive housing in Wales. Further to the east lie the wards of Pontprennau & Old St Mellons, Rumney, ], ] and ]. The latter 3 are again largely of public housing stock, although new private housing is being built in Trowbridge in considerable number. ] is the newest 'suburb' of Cardiff, whilst ] has a history going back to the ] in the 11th century.


In 1404, ] burned Cardiff and took possession of the Castle.<ref name="Bob Sanders-period up to 1699">{{Cite web |url=https://www.angelfire.com/ga/BobSanders/CDFF1.html |publisher=Bob Sanders |title=A Cardiff & Vale of Glamorgan Chronology up to 1699 |access-date=29 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513111318/http://www.angelfire.com/ga/BobSanders/CDFF1.html |archive-date=13 May 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> As many of the buildings were made of timber and tightly packed within the town walls, much of Cardiff was destroyed. The settlement was soon rebuilt on the same street plan and began to flourish again.<ref name="Tim Lambert-short history of Cardiff"/> (Glyndŵr's statue was erected in Cardiff Town Hall in the early 20th century, reflecting the complex, often conflicting cultural identity of Cardiff as capital of Wales.) Besides serving an important political role in the governance of the fertile south Glamorgan coastal plain, Cardiff was a busy port in the Middle Ages and declared a ] in 1327.
To the north west of the city lies a region that may be called "Rural Cardiff" containing the villages of ], ], ], ] and ]. The last two are primarily "planned" communities developed from the mid 20th century and are popular with families looking for green space close to the city. St. Fagans, home to the ], is protected from further development.


=== Climate === ===County town of Glamorganshire===
]
{{climate chart
] (1860)]]
|{{PAGENAME}}
In 1536, the ] led to the creation of Glamorganshire and Cardiff was made the ], it also became part of ] ],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/cardiff-records/vol2/pp8-41#h2-0001 |website=british-history.co.uk |title=The manors of Cardiff district: Descriptions}}</ref> around the same time the Herberts became the most powerful family in the area.<ref name="Cardiffians"/> In 1538, ] closed Cardiff's ] and ] friaries, whose remains were used as building materials.<ref name="Tim Lambert-short history of Cardiff"/> A writer in this period noted: "The River Taff runs under the walls of his honours castle and from the north part of the town to the south part where there is a fair quay and a safe harbour for shipping."<ref name="Tim Lambert-short history of Cardiff"/>
|2|8|119
|2|8|91
|4|11|89
|5|13|65
|8|17|65
|11|19|66
|13|22|61
|13|21|90
|10|18|104
|8|15|117
|4|11|117
|3|9|128
|source=
|float=right
}}
Cardiff has a ] ] where summers and winters are generally mild, rather than extreme hot or cold. More specifically Cardiff has an ] (also called '''maritime climate'''). Oceanic climates are characterised by a narrower annual range of ]s than are encountered in other places at a comparable latitude, and do not have the extremely dry summers of ]s. The maritime climate is affected by the oceans, which help to sustain somewhat stable temperatures throughout the year.


Cardiff became a ] in 1542<ref name="Bob Sanders-period up to 1699"/> and further ]s were granted to it by Elizabeth I in 1600<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://calmview.cardiff.gov.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=BC%2f1%2f10&pos=11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620153437/http://calmview.cardiff.gov.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=BC%2f1%2f10&pos=11 |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 June 2018 |title=Cardiff Borough Council Records: Charter 12 – Exemplifications of Confirmation |access-date=23 March 2016}}</ref> and James I in 1608.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://calmview.cardiff.gov.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=BC%2f1%2f11&pos=12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620153332/http://calmview.cardiff.gov.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=BC%2f1%2f11&pos=12 |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 June 2018 |title=Cardiff Borough Council Records: Charter 13 – Charter of Liberties |access-date=23 March 2016}}</ref> In 1573, it was made a head port for collection of customs duties.<ref name="Cardiffians"/> ] historian ] described Cardiff in 1602 as "the fayrest towne in Wales yett not the welthiest".<ref name="Cardiffians"/> It gained a second Royal Charter in 1608.<ref name="GoogoBits">{{Cite web |url=http://www.googobits.com/articles/2181-a-history-lovers-guide-to-cardiff.html |publisher=GoogoBits.com |title=A History Lovers Guide to Cardiff |access-date=31 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117091733/http://www.googobits.com/articles/2181-a-history-lovers-guide-to-cardiff.html |archive-date=17 January 2008}}</ref>
Cardiff has a relatively dry climate compared to most of Wales,<ref>
Met Office statistics</ref> with an average rainfall of <span style="white-space:nowrap">1,065&nbsp;millimetres&nbsp;(41.9&nbsp;in)</span>. It is also a relatively mild city,<ref> Met Office statistics</ref> with an average January temperature of 4.5 °C and an average July temperature of 16 °C<ref> Weather Statistics</ref>


]'s map of Cardiff from 1610]]
=== Landmarks ===
A ] in the ] on 30 January 1607 (now believed to have been a tidal wave)<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/6311527.stm |title=Anniversary of 1607 killer wave |work=BBC News |date=30 January 2007 |access-date=8 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210031214/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/6311527.stm |archive-date=10 February 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> changed the course of the River Taff and ruined ], which was replaced by a chapel of ease dedicated to St John the Baptist.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-QUIAAAAQAAJ&q=cardiff+1607&pg=PA31 |title=A History of the Town and Castle of Cardiff |last=Jenkins |first=William L. |publisher=Charles Wakeford |year=1854 |pages=31–33 |access-date=1 October 2018 |archive-date=28 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528130541/https://books.google.com/books?id=-QUIAAAAQAAJ&q=cardiff+1607&pg=PA31 |url-status=live}}</ref>


During the ] ], just to the west of the town, the ], between ] rebels and a ] detachment, was a decisive victory for the ] that allowed ] to conquer Wales.<ref name="Bob Sanders-period up to 1699"/> It was the last major battle in Wales, with about 200, mostly Royalist soldiers killed.<ref name="Cardiffians"/>
Cardiff has many landmark buildings such as the ], ] and the ]. However Cardiff is also famous for ], ], ], the ] and ] (including municipal buildings modelled on those in ], such as ], the ] and ]).


Cardiff was at peace throughout the ensuing century. In 1766, ] married into the Herbert family and was later created ].<ref name="Cardiffians"/> In 1778, he began renovating Cardiff Castle.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://coflein.gov.uk/media/18/219/cpg211.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127163625/https://coflein.gov.uk/media/18/219/cpg211.pdf |archive-date=27 November 2022 |url-status=live |title=Cardiff Castle and Bute Park |page=2 |publisher=Coflein |access-date=27 November 2022}}</ref> A ], ], bank and ] opened in the 1790s and Cardiff gained a ] service to London. Despite these improvements, Cardiff's position in the Welsh ] declined over the 18th century. ] called it "an obscure and inconsiderable place" and the ] found a population of only 1,870, making it only the 25th largest town in Wales, well behind ] and ].<ref name="Encyclopedia of Wales">{{Cite book |first1=John |last1=Davies |first2=Nigel |last2=Jenkins |first3=Menna |last3=Baines |first4=Peredur I. |last4=Lynch |title=The Welsh Academy Encyclopedia of Wales |publisher=University of Wales Press |location=Cardiff |date=17 April 2008 |isbn=978-0-7083-1953-6 |editor-first=John |editor-last=Davies}}</ref>
<gallery>
Image:Millennium Stadium North.jpg|<center>The Millennium Stadium
Image:Senedd.JPG|<center>The Senedd building
Image:Cardiff Castle clock tower.jpg|<center>Cardiff Castle
Image:Llandaff Cathedral.JPG|<center>Llandaff Cathedral
Image:Wales Millennium Centre 16-08-2005.jpg|<center>The Wales Millennium Centre
Image:Cardiff City Hall 01.jpg|<center>Cardiff City Hall
Image:National Museum and Gallery Cardiff 01.jpg|<center>The National Museum
Image:Cardiff University main building.jpg|<center>Cardiff University
</gallery>


== History == ===Building the docks===
{{see also|Timeline of Cardiff history}} {{main|Cardiff Docks}}
<!-- Deleted image removed: ]—from where coal was shipped throughout the world]] -->
In 1793, ] was born. He spent his life building the Cardiff docks and was later hailed as "the creator of modern Cardiff".<ref name="Cardiffians"/> A twice-weekly boat service between Cardiff and ] opened in 1815,<ref name="Bob Sanders 2">{{Cite web |url=https://www.angelfire.com/ga/BobSanders/CDFF2.html |publisher=Bob Sanders |title=A Cardiff & Vale of Glamorgan Chronology 1700–1849 |access-date=4 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518194424/http://www.angelfire.com/ga/BobSanders/CDFF2.html |archive-date=18 May 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> and in 1821, the Cardiff Gas Works was established.<ref name="Bob Sanders 2"/>


After the Napoleonic Wars Cardiff suffered some social and industrial unrest, starting with the trial and hanging of ] in 1831.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Brief History of Wales |last=Morgan |first=Gerald |publisher=Y Lolfa |year=2011 |isbn=978-1847710185}}</ref>
The name Cardiff may be an Anglicisation of the ] name "Caerdydd". There is uncertainty concerning the origin of "Caerdydd" — "Caer" means "fort" or "castle," but although "Dydd" means "Day" in modern Welsh, it is unclear what was meant in this context. Some believe that "Dydd" or "Diff" was a corruption of "]", the river on which ] stands, in which case "Cardiff" would mean "the fort on the river Taff" (in ] the ''T'' mutates to ''D'').


]
]
The town grew rapidly from the 1830s onwards, when the ] built a ], which eventually linked to the ]. Cardiff became the main port for coal exports from the ], ], and ] valleys, and grew in population at a rate of nearly 80 per cent per decade between 1840 and 1870. Much of this was due to migration from within and outside Wales: in 1841, a quarter of Cardiff's population were English-born and more than 10 per cent born in Ireland.<ref>{{Cite book |last=O'Leary |first=Paul |title=Irish Migrants in Modern Wales |publisher=Liverpool University Press |year=2004 |page=14 |isbn=978-0-85323-858-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qkCmYNMVMxwC |access-date=2 October 2008 |archive-date=28 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528130601/https://books.google.com/books?id=qkCmYNMVMxwC |url-status=live}}</ref> By the 1881 census, Cardiff had overtaken Merthyr and Swansea to become the largest town in Wales.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thompson |first=Francis Michael Longstreth |title=The Cambridge Social History of Britain, 1750–1950 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=311 |isbn=978-0-521-43816-2 |year=1993 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eozO2RzSAVUC&pg=PA311 |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-date=28 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528130543/https://books.google.com/books?id=eozO2RzSAVUC&pg=PA311 |url-status=live}}</ref> Cardiff's status as the premier town in South Wales was confirmed when it was chosen as the site for the ] in 1883.<ref name="Encyclopedia of Wales"/>


A permanent military presence was established with the completion of ] in 1877.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/wa-25831-detroit-st-vincent-block-at-maindy-barrac |title=Detroit & St Vincent block at Maindy Barracks, Cathays |publisher=British Listed buildings |access-date=23 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424005035/http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/wa-25831-detroit-st-vincent-block-at-maindy-barrac |archive-date=24 April 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Others favour a link with ], as it is known that the ] established a fort in Cardiff when he was governor of the nearby province, in which case Cardiff might mean "the Fort of Didius". A Norman ] still exists, within the site of the earlier ] fort, but was substantially altered and extended during the Victorian period by ], and the ] ]. Original Roman work can, however, still be distinguished in the wall facings.


Cardiff faced a challenge in the 1880s when ] and the ] promoted rival docks at ]. These had the advantage of being accessible in all ]s: David Davies claimed his venture would cause "grass to grow in the streets of Cardiff". From 1901 coal exports from Barry surpassed those from Cardiff, but the administration of the coal trade remained centred on Cardiff, in particular its ], where the price of coal on the British market was determined and the first million-pound deal was struck in 1907.<ref name="Encyclopedia of Wales"/> The city also strengthened its industrial base when the owners of the ] in Merthyr (who would later form part of ]) built a ] close to the docks at East Moors, which Lord Bute opened on 4 February 1891.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.archivesnetworkwales.info/cgi-bin/anw/fulldesc_nofr?inst_id=33&coll_id=77663&expand= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090104023150/http://www.archivesnetworkwales.info/cgi-bin/anw/fulldesc_nofr?inst_id=33&coll_id=77663&expand= |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 January 2009 |title=East Moors Steelworks, Cardiff collection (record of information achival) |date=1 February 2006 |publisher=Glamorgan Records Office |access-date=2 October 2008}}</ref>
Slaters Commercial Directory states that the town was first named Caerdidi (after Didius), then became corrupted into Caer-Taffe (meaning Fort on the Taff), then Caerdaff, then Cardiff.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/wal/GLA/Cardiff/slaters.1880.html | title="GENUKI: UK & ireland Geneology - Cardiff | accessdate=2007-12-06}}</ref>


===County Borough of Cardiff===
There is a second castle north of the city, called ''']''' (Welsh: "Red Castle"). The current castle is an elaborately decorated Victorian folly designed by Burges for the Marquess and built in the 1870s. However, the Victorian castle stands on the footings of a much older medieval castle possibly built by ], a regional baron with links to Cardiff Castle also. The exterior has become a popular location for film and television productions.
Cardiff became a ] on 1 April 1889 under the ]. The town had grown rapidly and had a population of over 123,000. It retained its county borough status until 1974.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Row |first1=B. W. |last2=Squire |first2=F. G. |title=Cardiff 1889–1974: The Story of the County Borough |publisher=The Corporation of Cardiff |year=1974 |pages=13–15}}</ref>{{Clarify|reason=What happened in 1974? How did it lose its county borough status? What is it now?|date=December 2022}}


===City and capital city status===
Situated on the narrowest part of the south Wales coastal plain, Cardiff had a crucial strategic importance in the wars between the Normans (who had occupied lowland Wales) and the Welsh who maintained their hold on the uplands. As a result Cardiff claims to have the largest concentration of ] of any city in the world. As well as Cardiff Castle and Castell Coch, the remains of ], Y ], the Llandaff Bishop's Palace and ] are still in existence, whilst the site of ] (or Whitchurch Castle) has now been built over. <ref>{{cite web | url=http://homepage.mac.com/philipdavis/Welshsites/482.html | title=The Gatehouse: Treoda, Whitchurch | date=2007-10-8 | accessdate=2007-12-28}}</ref>
], the only medieval building next to Cardiff Castle to still be in city centre. Seen here in 1852]]
]]]
] granted Cardiff ] on 28 October 1905.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Beckett |first=J.V. |title=City Status in the British Isles, 1830–2002 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing Ltd |year=2005 |page=2 |isbn=978-0-7546-5067-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jqqSSOyjBEoC&pg=PP8 |access-date=2 October 2008 |archive-date=28 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528130543/https://books.google.com/books?id=jqqSSOyjBEoC&pg=PP8 |url-status=live}}</ref> It acquired a Roman Catholic cathedral in 1916. Later, more national institutions came to the city, including the ], the ], and the ] Registry Building, but it was denied the ], partly because the library's founder, Sir John Williams, considered Cardiff to have "a non-Welsh population".<ref name="Encyclopedia of Wales"/>


After a brief post-war boom, Cardiff docks entered a prolonged decline in the ]. By 1936, trade was at less than half its value in 1913, reflecting the slump in demand for ].<ref name="Encyclopedia of Wales"/> Bomb damage in the ] of World War II included the devastation of ], and in the immediate postwar years, the city's link with the Bute family came to an end.
<gallery>
Image:Animal Wall Cardiff.jpg|<center>Cardiff Castle in the 1890s
Image:Cardiff Castle keep.jpg|<center>Present day Cardiff Castle keep
Image:Castell Coch frontside January midday.jpg|<center>Castell Coch
Image:Castle St Fagans 01.JPG|<center>St Fagans Castle
</gallery>


The city was recognised as the ] on 20 December 1955, in a written reply by the ], ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1955-12-20/debates/f75e8a8b-79d6-42d2-96be-80f271ffe0b1/CapitalOfPrincipality(Cardiff) |title=Capital of Principality (Cardiff) (Hansard, 20 December 1955) |website=hansard.millbanksystems.com |access-date=30 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830234559/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1955/dec/20/capital-of-principality-cardiff |archive-date=30 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> ] had also vied for the title.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Cardiff as Capital of Wales: Formal Recognition by Government |newspaper=The Times |date=21 December 1955}}</ref> Welsh local authorities had been divided: only 76 out of 161 chose Cardiff in a 1924 poll organised by the ''South Wales Daily News''.<ref name="Johnes 2012">{{Cite journal |author=Prof. Martin Johnes |url=https://www.academia.edu/716868 |title=Cardiff: The Making and Development of the Capital City of Wales |year=2012 |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=509–28 |journal=Contemporary British History |doi=10.1080/13619462.2012.676911 |s2cid=144368404 |access-date=11 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511111542/https://www.academia.edu/716868/Cardiff_The_Making_and_Development_of_the_Capital_City_of_Wales |archive-date=11 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> The subject was not debated again until 1950, and meanwhile Cardiff took steps to promote its "Welshness". The stalemate between Cardiff and cities such as Caernarfon and Aberystwyth was not broken until Cardiganshire County Council decided to support Cardiff; and in a new local authority vote, 134 out of 161 voted for Cardiff.<ref name="Johnes 2012"/>
== Language ==


Cardiff therefore celebrated two important ] in 2005. The Encyclopedia of Wales notes that the decision to recognise the city as the capital of Wales "had more to do with the fact that it contained marginal ] constituencies than any reasoned view of what functions a Welsh capital should have." Although the city hosted the ] in 1958, Cardiff became a centre of national administration only with the establishment of the ] in 1964, which later prompted the creation of various other public bodies such as the ] and the ], most of which were based in Cardiff.
]


]
Cardiff has a chequered linguistic history with Welsh, English, Latin and Norse dominating at different times. Although it was the Romans who established the "castle on the Taff" it was the Vikings who first began developing the maritime trade from which the town (later to become a city) was to derive its prosperity. The Vikings – who controlled the Bristol Channel – used Cardiff as a raiding base, a port and a trading post. Many street-names in Cardiff are of Viking origin including Dumballs Road and the oldest street in the city, Womanby Street. Womanby Street is a corruption of the original Norse name Humandaby Street. It is most probable that Welsh was the majority language from the 13th century until the city's explosive growth in Victorian times. As late as 1850 five of the twelve Anglican churches within the current city boundaries conducted their services exclusively in Welsh, while only two worshipped exclusively in English.
The East Moors Steelworks closed in 1978 and Cardiff lost population in the 1980s,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_table_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TPop&u_id=10150530&c_id=10001043&add=N |title=Cardiff Wales Through Time – Population Statistics |access-date=20 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210191149/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_table_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TPop&u_id=10150530&c_id=10001043&add=N |archive-date=10 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> consistent with a wider pattern of counter-urbanisation in Britain. However, it recovered to become one of the few cities outside London where population grew in the 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sticerd.lse.ac.uk/dps/case/cbcb/census1.pdf |title=The Growth and Decline of Cities and Regions |date=1 July 2004 |access-date=20 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528025505/http://sticerd.lse.ac.uk/dps/case/cbcb/census1.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> During this period the ] was promoting the ] of south Cardiff; an evaluation of the regeneration of Cardiff Bay published in 2004 concluded that the project had "reinforced the competitive position of Cardiff" and "contributed to a massive improvement in the quality of the built environment, although it had "failed "to attract the major inward investors originally anticipated".<ref>Esys Consulting Ltd, Evaluation of Regeneration in Cardiff Bay. A report for the Welsh Assembly Government, December 2004.</ref>


In the ], Cardiff voters rejected the establishment of the National Assembly for Wales by 55.4% to 44.2% on a 47% turnout, which Denis Balsom partly ascribed to a general preference in Cardiff and some other parts of Wales for a British rather than exclusively Welsh ].<ref>Denis Balsom, "The referendum result". James Barry Jones and Denis Balsom, eds: ''The Road to the National Assembly for Wales''. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2000.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.swansea.ac.uk/history/research/Wales%20the%20Postnation.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408201247/http://www.swansea.ac.uk/history/research/Wales%20the%20Postnation.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 April 2008 |title=Wales: The Post-Nation |access-date=20 May 2008}}</ref> The relative lack of local support for the Assembly and difficulties between the Welsh Office and Cardiff Council in acquiring the originally preferred venue, ], encouraged other local authorities to bid to house the Assembly.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/34653.stm |title=Where To Now for the Welsh Assembly? |date=25 November 1997 |publisher=BBC Wales |access-date=20 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115093512/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/34653.stm |archive-date=15 January 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ossw.wales.gov.uk/2006/foi/foi_20060920_15.pdf |title=Welsh Assembly Accommodation |date=2 October 1997 |access-date=20 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528025511/http://ossw.wales.gov.uk/2006/foi/foi_20060920_15.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2008}}</ref> However, the Assembly was eventually located at ] in Cardiff Bay in 1999. In 2005, a new debating chamber on an adjacent site, designed by ], was opened.
A substantial Irish population settled in Cardiff during the 19th century. They were drawn to Cardiff by the work available on major building and engineering projects in the docks and the city itself. The intermingling of the Irish, together with migrants from the West Country, the Midlands and rural Wales is credited with having formed the distinctive flat-vowelled "Cardiff accent" (Roots to Cardiff exhibition, 2007). By 1891 the percentage of Welsh speakers had dropped to 27.9% and only Lisvane, Llanedyrn and Creigiau remained as majority Welsh-speaking communities. The Welsh language became grouped around a small cluster of chapels and churches, the most notable of which is Tabernacl in the city centre, one of four UK churches chosen to hold official services to commemorate the new millennium. Following the establishment of the city's first Welsh School (Ysgol Gymraeg Bryntaf) in the 1950s, Welsh has slowly regained some ground.


==Government==
Aided by Welsh-medium education and migration from other parts of Wales, the number of Welsh speakers in Cardiff rose by 14,451 between 1991 and 2001; Welsh is now spoken by 11% of Cardiffians. The highest percentage of Welsh speakers is in ], where over 20% of the population speak the language.
{{Main|Politics in Cardiff}}{{See also|Cardiff Council|Senedd}}
{{multiple image
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| header = Offices of the Welsh and UK governments in Cardiff
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| footer =
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| image1 = Cardiff 13741 Crown Buildings 01.JPG
| alt1 =
| caption1 = The ] of the ] in the ], Cardiff
| image2 = HMRC Central Square.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = The HQ of the ] ] in ]
}}


The Senedd (Welsh Parliament; {{Langx|cy|Senedd Cymru}}) has been based in Cardiff Bay since its formation in 1999 as the "National Assembly for Wales". The Senedd building was opened on 1 March 2006 by ].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/tm_objectid=16757822&method=full&siteid=50082&headline=queen-to-open-wales--senedd-name_page.html |title=Queen to open Wales' Senedd |date=1 March 2006 |publisher=WalesOnline.co.uk |access-date=22 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120055847/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/tm_objectid=16757822&method=full&siteid=50082&headline=queen-to-open-wales--senedd-name_page.html |archive-date=20 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> The ] (MSs), the Senedd Commission and ministerial support staff are based in Cardiff Bay.
In additional to English and Welsh, the diversity of Cardiff's population (including foreign students) means that a large number of languages are spoken within the city. One study has found that Cardiff has speakers of at least 94 languages, with Somali, Urdu, Bengali and Arabic being the most commonly spoken foreign languages.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cilt.org.uk/pdf/pubs/positively_plurilingual.pdf | title=Positively Plurilingual | format=PDF | accessdate=2008-01-03}}</ref>


Cardiff elects four constituency Members of the Senedd to the Senedd; the constituencies for the Senedd are the same as for the UK Parliament. All of the city's electors have an extra vote for the ] regional members; this system increases proportionality to the Senedd. The most recent Senedd general election was held on ].
== Capital city status ==


In the Senedd, Cardiff is represented by ] (Labour) in ], ] (Labour) in ], former First Minister ] (Labour) in ] and former First Minister ] (Labour) in ].
] granted Cardiff ] on ] ]. It was then proclaimed capital city of Wales on ] ], by a ] by the ] ]. ] had also vied for this title.<ref>Cardiff as Capital of Wales: Formal Recognition by Government. The Times. ] ].</ref> Cardiff therefore celebrated two important ] in 2005.
], 2 = ], 3 = ], 4 = ].]]
At Westminster, Cardiff is represented by four constituencies: ], ], ], and ].


The ] is headquartered in Cardiff's ], where most of its civil servants are based, with smaller numbers in other central locations: ], ], and ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://wales.gov.uk/contact_us/officelocations/southeastwalesoffices/cardiff/?lang=en |title=Offices in Cardiff |publisher=Welsh Government |date=15 October 2012 |access-date=2 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406020251/http://wales.gov.uk/contact_us/officelocations/southeastwalesoffices/cardiff/?lang=en |archive-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> There are other Welsh Government offices in other parts of Wales, such as Llandudno and Aberystwyth, and there are international offices.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://wales.gov.uk/contact_us/officelocations/?lang=en |title=Office locations |publisher=Welsh Government |date=23 May 2011 |access-date=2 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221171036/http://wales.gov.uk/contact_us/officelocations/?lang=en |archive-date=21 February 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
The city was ] of ] until the council reorganisation in 1974 paired Cardiff and the now ] together as the new county of ]. Further local government restructuring in 1996 resulted in Cardiff city's ] council becoming a ].


===Local government===
On ] ], Cardiff was granted ] status.
{{multiple image
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|header=Cardiff Council buildings
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|image1=Cardiff (15369893593).jpg
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|caption1=] is home to some of the Council's departments and Council Chambers.
|image2=County Hall on Atlantic Wharf.jpg
|alt2=
|caption2=] is the head office
}}


Between 1889 and 1974 Cardiff was a county borough governed by ] (known as Cardiff City Council after 1905). Between 1974 and 1996, Cardiff was governed by ], a district council of ]. Since ], Cardiff has been governed by the City and County Council of Cardiff, based at ] in Atlantic Wharf, Cardiff Bay. Voters elect 75 councillors every four years.
== Demographics ==
{|align=right class="toc" border=1 style="align=right: border-collapse: collapse; right"
|- align="center" bgcolor="black" style="color: white;font-size:125%;"
|Year
|Population of Cardiff
|-
|align=center|1801||align=center|6,342
|-
|align=center|1851||align=center|26,630
|-
|align=center|1861||align=center|48,965
|-
|align=center|1871||align=center|71,301
|-
|align=center|1881||align=center|93,637
|-
|align=center|1891||align=center|142,114
|-
|align=center|1901||align=center|172,629
|-
|align=center|1911||align=center|209,804
|-
|align=center|1921||align=center|227,753
|-
|align=center|1931||align=center|247,270
|-
|align=center|1941||align=center|257,112
|-
|align=center|1951||align=center|267,356
|-
|align=center|1961||align=center|278,552
|-
|align=center|1971||align=center|290,227
|-
|align=center|1981||align=center|274,500
|-
|align=center|1991||align=center|272,557
|-
|align=center|2001||align=center|292,150
|-
|align=center|2006||align=center|317,500*
|-
|align=center|2008||align=center|325,500*
|-
| colspan=2|''<center><small>source: <br />except * estimated from the <br /></small></center>''
|-
|}


Between the 2004 and 2012 local elections, no individual political party held a majority on Cardiff County Council. The ] held the largest number of seats and Cllr ] was Leader of the council.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/content.asp?nav=2872%2C4274%2C4956&parent_directory_id=2865 |title=Council Composition |date=14 May 2008 |publisher=Cardiff County Council |access-date=22 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927042410/http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/content.asp?Parent_Directory_id=2865&nav=2872%2C4274%2C4956 |archive-date=27 September 2006}}</ref> The Liberal Democrats and Plaid Cymru formed a partnership administration.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/politics-news/2008/05/13/lib-dems-and-plaid-set-for-a-coalition-in-cardiff-91466-20899896/ |title=Lib Dems and Plaid set for a coalition in Cardiff |last=Shipton |first=Martin |date=13 May 2008 |publisher=WalesOnline |access-date=22 October 2008 |archive-date=28 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528130543/https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/lib-dems-plaid-set-coalition-2176063 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the ] the ] achieved an outright majority, after gaining an additional 33 seats across the city.
Cardiff's population is a growing one, with a likely population of more than 317,500 in 2006 representing an increase of over 20,000 since the ] figure of 292,150. The current growth rates of 2008 would give Cardiff a population of possably over 400,000 in 2020. The region of South Wales which where most of Cardiff's commuters come from has a population of about 1.9million with 3 cities.


Cardiff is divided into communities, several with their own ] and the rest governed directly by Cardiff City Council. Elections are held every five years. The last contested elections would have been held at the same time as the ] had there been more candidates standing than available seats. Those with community councils are:
The ethnic make-up of Cardiff's population, at the time of the 2001 census was: 91.6% white, 2% mixed race, 4% South Asian, 1.3% Black, 1.2% Other ethnic origin.
*Lisvane (10 seats)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Your Local Councillors |url=http://www.lisvanecommunity.org.uk/Lisvane-CC/community_council-7044.aspx#councillors |publisher=] Community Council |access-date=26 March 2020 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727071138/http://www.lisvanecommunity.org.uk/Lisvane-CC/community_council-7044.aspx#councillors |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Old St. Mellons (9 seats)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Councillors |url=http://www.oldstmellonscommunitycouncil.org.uk/OSM-Community-Council/councillors-9368.aspx |publisher=] Community Council |access-date=26 March 2020 |archive-date=26 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326195154/http://www.oldstmellonscommunitycouncil.org.uk/OSM-Community-Council/councillors-9368.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref>
*Pentyrch (13 seats)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Councillors |url=http://www.pentyrch.cc/?page_id=72 |publisher=] Community Council |access-date=26 March 2020 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727071527/http://www.pentyrch.cc/?page_id=72 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*Radyr & Morganstown (13 seats)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Councillors and staff |url=https://www.radyrandmorganstown.org/councillors-and-staff.html |publisher=] & ] Community Council |access-date=26 March 2020 |archive-date=26 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326195147/https://www.radyrandmorganstown.org/councillors-and-staff.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
*Tongwynlais (9 seats)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Community Councillors |url=https://www.tongwynlais.org/community-councillors/ |publisher=] Community Council |access-date=26 March 2020 |archive-date=26 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326195153/https://www.tongwynlais.org/community-councillors/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
*St Fagans (9 seats)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Your Community Councillors |url=http://www.stfaganscommunitycouncil.org.uk/St-Fagans-Cc/your_community_councillors-9441.aspx |publisher=] Community Council |access-date=26 March 2020 |archive-date=26 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326195150/http://www.stfaganscommunitycouncil.org.uk/St-Fagans-Cc/your_community_councillors-9441.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref>


==Geography==
Official estimates derived from the census regarding the city's total population have been disputed. The city council has published two articles that argue the 2001 census seriously under reports the population of Cardiff and, in particular, the ethnic minority population of some inner city areas. If this work is given credence, a current official population of approximately 340,000 with up to 11% ethnic minority would be preferred.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/ObjView.asp?Object_ID=3418&Language= | title=Cardiff Council Representations to ONS on the 2001 Census: Section 1 | format=PDF | accessdate=2007-12-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/ObjView.asp?Object_ID=3419&Language= | title=Cardiff Council Representations to ONS on the 2001 Census: Section 2 | format=PDF | accessdate=2007-12-28}}</ref>
{{main|Geography of Cardiff}}
The centre of Cardiff is relatively flat and bounded by hills to the east, north and west. Its location influenced its development as the world's largest coal port, notably its proximity and easy access to the coalfields of the ]. The highest point in the local authority area is ], {{cvt|307|m|ft|0|abbr=off}} ].


Cardiff is built on reclaimed marshland on a bed of ] stones. This reclaimed marshland stretches from ] to the ],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/ObjView.asp?Object_ID=7004 |title=Cardiff Supplementary Planning Guidance: Archaeologically Sensitive Areas |date=20 July 2006 |publisher=Cardiff County Council |access-date=1 October 2008 |format=PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609181416/http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/ObjView.asp?Object_ID=7004 |archive-date=9 June 2011}}</ref> which is the natural boundary of Cardiff and the Vale of Glamorgan. Triassic landscapes of this part of the world are usually shallow and low-lying, consistent with the flatness of the centre of Cardiff.<ref>{{Cite journal |year=2008 |title=Discussion on palaeoecology of the Late Triassic extinction event in the SW UK |journal=Journal of the Geological Society |publisher=Geological Society of London |volume=165 |issue=5 |pages=988–992 |url=http://jgs.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/full/165/5/988 |access-date=1 October 2008 |doi=10.1144/0016-76492008-014 |last1=Radley |first1=J. D. |last2=Twitchett |first2=R. J. |last3=Mander |first3=L. |last4=Cope |first4=J.C.W |s2cid=129263471 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013221304/http://jgs.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/full/165/5/988 |archive-date=13 October 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> The classic Triassic ], ] and ] rocks are used predominantly throughout Cardiff as building materials. Many of these Triassic rocks are purplish, especially the coastal marl found near Penarth. One of the Triassic rocks used in Cardiff is "Radyr Stone", a ] which as its name suggests is quarried in the Radyr district.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.englishstone.org.uk/documents/dimension%20stone%208.html |title=Triassic building sandstone resources |access-date=7 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610061832/http://www.englishstone.org.uk/documents/dimension%20stone%208.html |archive-date=10 June 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> Cardiff has also imported some materials for buildings: ] sandstones (the ]) from the ] has been used. Most famously, the buildings of ], the civic centre in the centre of the city, are built of ] from Dorset.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.swga.org.uk/pdf/CathaysPark.pdf |title=Geological Walks in Wales: Cathays Park |publisher=Geologists Association South Wales |access-date=22 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029202443/http://www.swga.org.uk/pdf/CathaysPark.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A widely used building stone in Cardiff is the yellow-grey ] ] rock of the Vale of Glamorgan, including the rare "Sutton Stone", a conglomerate of lias limestone and ] limestone.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.castlewales.com/morgraig.html |title=Castell Morgraig |last=Iowerth |first=Dylan |journal=Castle Studies Group Newsletter |year=1998 |access-date=22 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907230838/http://castlewales.com/morgraig.html |archive-date=7 September 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>
== Religion ==


Cardiff is bordered to the west by the rural district of the Vale of Glamorgan, also known as the Garden of Cardiff,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gardenofcardiff.com/ |title=The Garden of Cardiff |access-date=20 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509082545/http://www.gardenofcardiff.com/ |archive-date=9 May 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> to the east by the city of Newport; to the north by the ], and to the south by the ] and ]. The River Taff winds through the city centre and together with the ] flows into the freshwater Cardiff Bay. A third river, the ], flows through the east of the city directly into the Severn Estuary.
Since 1922 Cardiff has included the suburban cathedral 'village' of ], whose bishop is currently ]. There is also a ] in the city. Since 1916 Cardiff has been the seat of a ] archbishop, but there appears to have been a fall in the estimated ] and ] populations of the city (two synagogues, one in Cyncoed and one in Moira Terrace, as opposed to at least three in the mid-20th century). There are a significant number of Nonconformist chapels, an early 20th century Greek Orthodox church and about ten mosques.


Cardiff lies near the ] ], stretching westward from Penarth and Barry – ]s of Cardiff – with striped yellow-blue ] limestone cliffs. The Glamorgan coast is the only part of the ] with exposed Jurassic (]) geology. This stretch of coast with its reefs, sandbanks and serrated cliffs was a ]; many ships sailing to Cardiff during the industrial era were wrecked on this hostile coastline during west/south-westerly gales. Smuggling, deliberate shipwrecking and attacks on ships were also common.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kenfig.org.uk/smuggling.html |title=Smuggling Around Kenfig |publisher=Kenfig.org |access-date=19 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422181813/http://www.kenfig.org.uk/smuggling.html |archive-date=22 April 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>
In the 2001 census 66.9% of the city's population described themselves as Christian, below the Welsh and UK average, while 3.7% described themselves as Muslim, significantly above the Welsh average but in line with the UK average. The proportion of people declaring themselves to be Hindu, Sikh and Jewish were all considerably higher than the Welsh averages, but less than the UK figures. 18.8% stated they had no religion, while 8.6% did not state a religion. ] is also enjoying a rebirth in Wales, though followers remain minute in number.


==Cityscape==
Cardiff has one of the longest-established muslim populations in the UK, started by Yemeni sailors who settled in the city during the 19th century.<ref>{{cite book
{{See also|List of places in Cardiff}}
| last = Ansari
], viewed from ]]]
| first = Humayun
]
| authorlink = Humayun Ansari
]]]
| title = The Infidel Within: Muslims in Briatin Since 1800
"Inner Cardiff" consists of the wards of ], ], ], ], ] and ] ward on the north and east of the city centre, and ], ], ] and ] to the south and west.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cardifflife.net/cardiffwheretolive.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929094036/http://www.cardifflife.net/cardiffwheretolive.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 September 2007 |title=Places to live in Cardiff |publisher=cardifflife.net |access-date=1 June 2009}}</ref> The inner-city areas to the south of the ], known as the "Southern Arc", are with the exception of Cardiff Bay some of the poorest districts of Wales, with low levels of economic activity.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Alan Hooper |author2=John Punter |title=Capital Cardiff 1975–2020: Regeneration, Competitiveness and the Urban Environment |publisher=] |location=Cardiff |year=2006 |page=63 |isbn=0-7083-2063-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hvud9bNwTisC&q=%22southern+arc%22+cardiff&pg=PT81 |access-date=15 October 2020 |archive-date=28 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528130604/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hvud9bNwTisC&q=%22southern+arc%22+cardiff&pg=PT81 |url-status=live}}</ref> On the other hand, Gabalfa, Plasnewydd and Cathays north of the 'arc' have large student populations,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/for/prospective/pg/life/accommodation/areasofcardiff/index.html |title=Areas of Cardiff |publisher=Cardiff University |access-date=18 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117170044/http://cardiff.ac.uk/for/prospective/pg/life/accommodation/areasofcardiff/index.html |archive-date=17 January 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> and Pontcanna (north of Riverside and alongside Canton) is a favourite for students and young professionals. ], to the north east of Roath Park, is an affluent area popular with older parents and the retired.
| publisher = C. Hurst & Co
| date= 2004
| location = London
| pages = 429
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=43G472v4KMUC&pg=PA156&lpg=PA156&dq=cardiff+yemeni+sailors&source=web&ots=Fj9DGU79Fd&sig=kcZ2YYeJqv2Z2qxa-53XQa-NJiQ#PPA429,M1
| isbn = 1-85065-685-1 (paperbound) / 1-85065-686-X (harbound)}}</ref> The first mosque in the UK (on the site of what is now known as the Al-Manar Islamic Centre) opened in 1860 in the Cathays district of Cardiff. <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/religion/Story/0,,739312,00.html | title=From scholarship, sailors and sects to the mills and the mosques. | date=2002-06-18 | accessdate=2007-07-12}}</ref> Cardiff is now home to over 11000 muslims from a large variety of different nationalities and backgrounds.<ref name="cityprofile">{{cite web | url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/00pt.asp | title=Census 2001 - Profiles - Cardiff. | accessdate=2007-07-12}}</ref>


To the west lie ] and ], which have some of the largest housing estates in the United Kingdom. With the exception of some outlying privately built estates at ], this is an economically disadvantaged area with high numbers of unemployed households. ] is a more affluent western area of the city. ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] & ], ], ], ] and ] lie in an arc from the north-west to the north-east of the centre. Lisvane, Cyncoed, Radyr and Rhiwbina contain some of the most expensive housing in Wales.
== Economy ==
As the capital city of Wales, Cardiff is the main engine of growth in the Welsh economy and conveys economic, social and cultural benefits across the wider region. The economy of Cardiff and adjacent areas makes up nearly 20% of Welsh GDP and 40% of the city’s workforce are daily in-commuters from the surrounding south Wales area.


Further east lie the wards of Pontprennau and Old St Mellons, Rumney, ], ], ] and ]. The last four are largely public housing stock, although much new private housing is being built in Trowbridge. ] is the newest "suburb" of Cardiff, while ] has a history going back to the 11th-century ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.oldstmellons.co.uk/history/ |title=Old St Mellons History |access-date=18 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213150548/http://www.oldstmellons.co.uk/history/ |archive-date=13 December 2007}}</ref> The region that may be called "Rural Cardiff" contains the villages of ], Creigiau, ], ] and ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/content.asp?nav=2870%2C3139%2C3158%2C3965&parent_directory_id=2865 |title=Landscape Study of Cardiff |date=17 October 2008 |publisher=Cardiff County Council |access-date=22 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927160311/http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/content.asp?Parent_Directory_id=2865&nav=2870%2C3139%2C3158%2C3965 |archive-date=27 September 2006}}</ref> In 2017, plans were approved for a new suburb of 7,000 homes between ] and ], known as ].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-40342706 |title=Bus interchange future for Cardiff to be revealed |work=BBC News |date=27 June 2017 |access-date=29 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202224806/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-40342706 |archive-date=2 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> St Fagans, home to the ], is protected from further development.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/ObjView.asp?Object_ID=9569 |title=St Fagans Conservation Area Appraisal |year=2007 |publisher=Cardiff County Council |access-date=18 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609185142/http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/ObjView.asp?Object_ID=9569 |archive-date=9 June 2011}}</ref>
] on St Mary Street in the city centre]]


Since 2000, there has been a marked change of scale and building height in Cardiff, with the development of the ]'s first purpose-built high-rise apartments.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hooper |first=Alan |author2=Hunter, John |title=Capital Cardiff 1975–2020. Regeneration, Competitiveness and the Urban Environment |editor=Alan Hooper, John Punter |publisher=University of Wales Press |location=Cardiff |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7083-2063-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hvud9bNwTisC&q=%22Regeneration,+Competitiveness+and+the+Urban+Environment%22 |access-date=15 October 2020 |archive-date=28 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528130604/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hvud9bNwTisC&q=%22Regeneration%2C+Competitiveness+and+the+Urban+Environment%22 |url-status=live}}</ref> ] have been built in the city centre and Cardiff Bay, and more are planned.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.skyscrapernews.com/bdbsearch.php?city=Cardiff |title=Skyscrapernews.com search results: Cardiff |access-date=23 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103115124/http://skyscrapernews.com/bdbsearch.php?city=Cardiff |archive-date=3 January 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Cardiff is increasingly benefiting from a raised international profile and has enjoyed significant growth over the last decade or more, spearheaded by the redevelopment of Cardiff Bay. Widely regarded as one of the United Kingdom’s most successful regeneration projects, the redevelopment of Cardiff Bay has involved the revitalisation of 1,100 hectares of decaying and derelict land in the city’s former dockland area with residential, retail, commercial and leisure developments. A major feature of the regeneration project has been the £220 million Cardiff Bay Barrage, which has created Europe’s largest city centre waterfront.


==Climate==
Total employment in Cardiff rose from 149,000 in 1991 to 173,200 in 2001 and between 2000 and 2001 employment levels in the city grew by 3% – more than double the rate across Great Britain (1.3%). Following the decline of the city’s heavy industry in the latter part of the 20th century, the economy of Cardiff is now dominated by the service sector (see table of employment by industry below) with just 9% of employees – 15,650 individuals – engaged in manufacturing activities.
{{See also|Climate of the United Kingdom#Wales}}
{{climate chart
|Cardiff
|2.3|8.3|121.6
|2.1|8.6|85.2
|4.0|11.1|89.8
|5.2|13.8|68.6
|8.3|17.1|72.3
|11|19.8|66.6
|13.1|21.7|78.4
|12.8|21.5|93.4
|10.5|18.8|94.0
|7.7|14.9|133.5
|4.6|11.3|123.4
|2.6|8.7|125.3
|source=, 1981–2010 averages
|float=right
}}
Cardiff, in the ], has a ] (]: Cfb) marked by mild weather that is often cloudy, wet and windy.<ref name="Met Off 1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/wl/ |publisher=Met Office |year=2009 |title=Met Office: Regional Climate: Wales |access-date=29 June 2009 |work=Met Office website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113130422/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/wl/ |archive-date=13 January 2012}}</ref> Cardiff is one of the warmest and wettest cities in the UK, with an average annual temperature and rainfall of approximately 11°C and 1200mm respectively. Summers tend to be warm and sunny, with average maxima between {{cvt|19|and|22|°C|°F}}. Winters are fairly wet, but excessive rainfall as well as frost are rare. Spring and autumn feel similar, with mild temperatures averaging around 15°C as daytime maxima. Rain is unpredictable at any time of year, although showers tend to be shorter in summer.<ref name="Airport guide">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cardiff-cwl.airports-guides.com/cwl_climate.html |publisher=TravelSmart Ltd |year=2009 |title=Weather at Cardiff Airport (CWL):Weather and Climate in Cardiff Area, Wales, U |access-date=1 July 2009 |work=Airports guides website |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914043201/http://www.cardiff-cwl.airports-guides.com/cwl_climate.html |archive-date=14 September 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>


The northern part of the county, being higher and inland, tends to be cooler and wetter than the city centre.<ref name="OS 171">{{Cite map |publisher=Ordnance Survey |title=Landranger Map sheet 171 |isbn=0-319-22771-5 |cartography=Ordnance Survey |edition=2002 C1 |section=ST083 990}}</ref>
Public administration, education and health is the largest sector in Cardiff, providing employment for 32% of the city’s workforce. Cardiff is the main financial and business services centre in Wales and as such, the sector provides employment for 20% of the city’s workforce.


Cardiff's maximum and minimum monthly temperatures average {{cvt|21.5|°C|°F}} (July) and {{cvt|2.1|°C|°F}} (February).<br />For Wales, the temperatures average {{cvt|19.1|°C|°F}} (July) and {{cvt|1.1|°C|°F}} (February).<ref name="Met Off 2">{{Cite web |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/sites/cardiff.html |publisher=Met Office |year=2009 |title=Met Office: averages 1971–2000 |access-date=29 June 2009 |work=Met Office website |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805000908/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/sites/cardiff.html |archive-date=5 August 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Met Off 3">{{Cite web |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/areal/wales.html |publisher=Met Office |year=2009 |title=Met Office: averages 1971–2000 |access-date=29 June 2009 |work=Met Office website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929102646/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/areal/wales.html |archive-date=29 September 2007}}</ref>
One in five employees (20.4%) in Cardiff are based in the distribution, hotels and restaurants sector, highlighting the growing retail and tourism industries in the city. Cardiff has a thriving retail and shopping centre, and the city was named as the 6th best shopping location in the UK in the 2003 Experian Retail Ranking, falling to 8th place in 2004. However a major £675 million regeneration programme for Cardiff's ] is currently underway. When completed in 2009, it will provide a total of 1.4 million square feet of shopping space, making it one of the largest shopping centres in the United Kingdom.<ref> {{cite web | url=http://www.stdavids2.com/Template01.asp?pageid=95 | title=St Davids 2 and Cardiff | accessdate=2008-01-03}}</ref>


Cardiff has 1,518 hours of sunshine in an average year (Wales 1,388.7 hours). Cardiff is sunniest in July, with an average 203.4 hours during the month (Wales 183.3 hours), and least sunny in December with 44.6 hours (Wales 38.5 hours).<ref name="Met Off 2"/><ref name="Met Off 3"/>
=== Industry ===
]
What transformed Cardiff into a big city was the demand for coal required in making iron and later steel, brought to the sea by ] from ]. The Ironmasters, the proprietors of the smelters in Dowlais and Merthyr, wanted to reduce the cost of carrying iron by road to ships berthed in the estuary of the ] at Cardiff. They sought permission of Parliament to build a {{convert|25|mi|km|sing=on}} long canal from Merthyr (510 feet above sea-level) to the Taff Estuary at Cardiff.


Cardiff experiences less rainfall than average for Wales. It falls on 146 days in an average year, with total annual rainfall of {{cvt|1151.9|mm|in}}. Monthly rainfall patterns show that from October to January, average monthly rainfall in Cardiff exceeds {{cvt|100|mm|in}} each month, the wettest month being December with {{cvt|125.3|mm|in}} and the driest from April to June, with average monthly rainfall fairly consistent between {{cvt|65|and|75|mm|in}}.<ref name="Met Off 2"/><ref name="Met Off 3"/>
Work on building the ] began in 1790, took eight years and involved installing 50 locks. The Cardiff Sea Lock, which enabled barges to unload iron into sea-going ships, was built at Harrowby Street (Harrowby - a Viking place-name - had been the original Norse trading post in Cardiff). Eventually the ] replaced the canal barges and massive marshalling yards sprang up as new docks were developed in Cardiff - all prompted by the soaring world-wide demand for south Wales coal.


{{Weather box
Cardiff's ], known as ], became the busiest port in the world and - for some time - the world's most important ] port. Indeed, Cardiff's ] was reputedly the first host to a business deal for a million ].
| location = Cardiff (])<br>]: 99610; coordinates {{coord|51.48818|N|3.18859|W|type:landmark_region:GB|name=Met Office Bute Park|format=dms}}; elevation: {{convert|9|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}; 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1913–present{{efn|Extreme temperature records were measured at Cardiff (1913–1976), Cardiff Weather Centre (1982–2006) and Bute Park (1977–present).}}
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 15.0
| Feb record high C = 18.3
| Mar record high C = 21.6
| Apr record high C = 26.9
| May record high C = 28.9
| Jun record high C = 32.1
| Jul record high C = 33.6
| Aug record high C = 34.5
| Sep record high C = 29.7
| Oct record high C = 27.1
| Nov record high C = 18.7
| Dec record high C = 16.7
| Jan high C = 8.6
| Feb high C = 9.2
| Mar high C = 11.3
| Apr high C = 14.4
| May high C = 17.4
| Jun high C = 20.1
| Jul high C = 21.8
| Aug high C = 21.4
| Sep high C = 19.1
| Oct high C = 15.3
| Nov high C = 11.6
| Dec high C = 9.1
| year high C = 15.0
| Jan mean C = 5.6
| Feb mean C = 5.9
| Mar mean C = 7.6
| Apr mean C = 10.1
| May mean C = 13.0
| Jun mean C = 15.7
| Jul mean C = 17.5
| Aug mean C = 17.2
| Sep mean C = 14.9
| Oct mean C = 11.7
| Nov mean C = 8.3
| Dec mean C = 6.0
| year mean C =
| Jan low C = 2.5
| Feb low C = 2.5
| Mar low C = 3.9
| Apr low C = 5.7
| May low C = 8.5
| Jun low C = 11.1
| Jul low C = 13.1
| Aug low C = 12.9
| Sep low C = 10.7
| Oct low C = 8.0
| Nov low C = 4.9
| Dec low C = 2.8
| year low C = 7.3
| Jan record low C = -16.7
| Feb record low C = -11.1
| Mar record low C = -8.9
| Apr record low C = -4.8
| May record low C = -2.0
| Jun record low C = 1.0
| Jul record low C = 4.5
| Aug record low C = 3.6
| Sep record low C = 0.5
| Oct record low C = -3.4
| Nov record low C = -8.7
| Dec record low C = -10.1
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 127.0
| Feb precipitation mm = 93.0
| Mar precipitation mm = 85.3
| Apr precipitation mm = 72.1
| May precipitation mm = 78.5
| Jun precipitation mm = 73.5
| Jul precipitation mm = 83.6
| Aug precipitation mm = 104.8
| Sep precipitation mm = 86.3
| Oct precipitation mm = 129.1
| Nov precipitation mm = 130.7
| Dec precipitation mm = 139.6
| year precipitation mm =
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 15.6
| Feb precipitation days = 12.0
| Mar precipitation days = 12.3
| Apr precipitation days = 10.7
| May precipitation days = 11.2
| Jun precipitation days = 10.4
| Jul precipitation days = 11.2
| Aug precipitation days = 12.4
| Sep precipitation days = 11.8
| Oct precipitation days = 15.0
| Nov precipitation days = 15.6
| Dec precipitation days = 15.2
| year precipitation days =
| Jan sun = 53.5
| Feb sun = 76.2
| Mar sun = 116.6
| Apr sun = 177.0
| May sun = 198.4
| Jun sun = 195.2
| Jul sun = 199.6
| Aug sun = 185.3
| Sep sun = 151.9
| Oct sun = 103.9
| Nov sun = 65.0
| Dec sun = 50.4
| year sun = 1572.9
| source 1 = ]<ref name="Met office">{{cite web |url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-climate-averages/gcjszmp44 |title=Cardiff 1991–2020 Averages |publisher=Met Office |access-date=11 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/interesting/aug1990 |title=Hot Spell August 1990 |publisher=Met Office |access-date=14 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/interesting/july2006 |title=Record Breaking Heat and Sunshine – 2006 |publisher=Met Office |access-date=14 December 2018}}</ref> ]<ref>] 1:25,000 map, </ref>
| source 2 = ]<ref name="KNMI">{{cite web |url=https://eca.knmi.nl//download/millennium/millennium.php |title=Cardiff – STAID 2126 and 17483 |access-date=23 April 2020 |publisher=KNMI |archive-date=9 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709010608/https://eca.knmi.nl//download/millennium/millennium.php |url-status=dead}}</ref> Starlings Roost Weather<ref>{{cite web|url=http://starlingsroost.ddns.net/weather/ukobs/temp_month_record_tmax_map.php|title=Monthly Extreme Maximum Temperature|access-date=5 February 2023|publisher=Starlings Roost Weather|archive-date=1 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201173843/http://starlingsroost.ddns.net/weather/ukobs/temp_month_record_tmax_map.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://starlingsroost.ddns.net/weather/ukobs/temp_month_record_tmin_map.php|title=Monthly Extreme Minimum Temperature|access-date=5 February 2023|publisher=Starlings Roost Weather|archive-date=1 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201173844/http://starlingsroost.ddns.net/weather/ukobs/temp_month_record_tmin_map.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| date = February 2012}}
{{Notelist}}


==Demography==
The Tiger Bay area also housed one of the UK's earliest ] communities. After a long period of neglect as '']'', it is now being ] as a popular area for arts, entertainment and nightlife. Much of the growth has been thanks to the building of the ].
{{main|Demographics of Cardiff}}
{{Historical populations|state=collapsed|
|1801|6342
|1851|26630
|1861|48965
|1871|71301
|1881|93637
|1891|142114
|1901|172629
|1911|209804
|1921|227753
|1931|247270
|1941|257112
|1951|267356
|1961|278552
|1971|290227
|1981|274500
|1991|272557
|2001|292150
|2011|346100
|footnote=<span style="font-size: smaller">Source: except 2011, which is the 2011 census data from the . Historical populations are calculated with the modern boundaries</span>
|2021|362400}}


After a period of decline in the 1970s and 1980s, Cardiff's population is growing again. It reached 362,400 in the ],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/visualisations/censuspopulationchange/W06000015/ |title=How the population changed in Cardiff: Census 2021 |publisher=] |date=28 June 2022 |access-date=18 July 2022 |work=] website}}</ref> compared to a ] figure of 346,100.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/population-and-household-estimates-for-wales/stb-2011-census-wales.html |title=2011 Census – Population and Household Estimates for Wales, March 2011 |publisher=] |date=16 July 2012 |access-date=17 July 2012 |work=] website |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721061211/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/population-and-household-estimates-for-wales/stb-2011-census-wales.html |archive-date=21 July 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> Between mid-2007 and mid-2008, Cardiff was the fastest-growing local authority in Wales, with growth of 1.2%.<ref name="2008 population">{{Cite web |url=http://wales.gov.uk/docs/statistics/2009/090827sb492009en.pdf?lang=en |format=PDF |title=2008 Mid-year Estimates of Population |publisher=National Office of Statistics for Wales |date=27 August 2009 |access-date=28 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606191116/http://wales.gov.uk/docs/statistics/2009/090827sb492009en.pdf?lang=en |archive-date=6 June 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> According to 2001 census data, Cardiff was the 21st largest ] in the United Kingdom.<ref>Pointer, Graham, , ''Focus on People and Migration'', 2005. Retrieved 12 June 2008. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804232006/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_compendia/fom2005/03_FOPM_UrbanAreas.pdf|date=4 August 2011}}</ref> The Cardiff ] (a ] definition including the Vale of Glamorgan and a number of local authorities in ]) has 841,600 people, the 10th largest LUZ in the UK.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.staedtestatistik.de/fileadmin/urban-audit/pdf/EU_stateofcities_2007.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719085823/http://www.staedtestatistik.de/fileadmin/urban-audit/pdf/EU_stateofcities_2007.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 July 2011 |title=REG 7 1300_cover2.indd |access-date=2 January 2010}}</ref> The Cardiff and South Wales Valleys metropolitan area has a population of nearly 1.1 million.<ref name="espon.eu">{{Cite web |url=http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Projects/ESPON2006Projects/StudiesScientificSupportProjects/UrbanFunctions/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf#page=119 |title=ESPON Project 1.4.3 Study on Urban Functions |access-date=23 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924002318/http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Projects/ESPON2006Projects/StudiesScientificSupportProjects/UrbanFunctions/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf#page=119 |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>
=== Present day ===
Today, Cardiff is the principal ] and business ] centre in ] and a major UK city, and as such there is a strong representation of finance and business services in the local economy. In December 2003, 33,850 individuals were employed in the sector - higher than the proportion across both Wales (9.6%) and Great Britain (15.4%). Cardiff has one of the fastest growing economies in ] and is currently enjoying several regeneration projects like the $1.4billion ] in Cardiff Bay which will play a part in ]. Cardiff is a major fast growing city within the ]


]
], ] Insurance, ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] (based in ] all operate large contact centres in the city, many based in Cardiff's office towers such as ] and Brunel House. Other major employers include ] and the ].
Official census estimates of the city's total population have been disputed. The city council published two articles arguing that the 2001 census seriously under-reported the population of Cardiff, and in particular the ethnic minority population of some inner city areas.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/ObjView.asp?Object_ID=3418&Language= |title=Cardiff Council Representations to ONS on the 2001 Census: Section 1 |format=PDF |access-date=28 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926220923/http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/ObjView.asp?Object_ID=3418&Language= |archive-date=26 September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/ObjView.asp?Object_ID=3419&Language= |title=Cardiff Council Representations to ONS on the 2001 Census: Section 2 |format=PDF |access-date=28 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926221139/http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/ObjView.asp?Object_ID=3419&Language= |archive-date=26 September 2007}}</ref>


The Welsh Government's official mid-year estimate of the population of the Cardiff local authority area in 2019 was 366,903.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population estimates by local authority and year |url=https://statswales.gov.wales/Catalogue/Population-and-Migration/Population/Estimates/Local-Authority/populationestimates-by-localauthority-year |access-date=26 April 2021 |website=statswales.gov.wales |archive-date=20 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620101839/https://statswales.gov.wales/Catalogue/Population-and-Migration/Population/Estimates/Local-Authority/populationestimates-by-localauthority-year |url-status=dead}}</ref> At the 2011, census the official population of the Cardiff Built Up Area (BUA) was put at 447,287.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/articles/ref/builtupareas_userguidance.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204061348/http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/articles/ref/builtupareas_userguidance.pdf |archive-date=4 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/ks101ew |title=KS101EW (Usual resident population) – Nomis – Official Labour Market Statistics |publisher=Nomisweb.co.uk |date=27 March 2011 |access-date=16 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108122327/http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/ks101ew |archive-date=8 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The BUA is not contiguous with the local authority boundary and aggregates data at a lower level; for Cardiff this includes the urban part of Cardiff, Penarth/Dinas Powys, Caerphilly and Pontypridd.
A 125-acre international business park is being planned near Thornhill in the north of the city which is hoped would bring in thousands of new jobs, and would also involve the construction of a new motorway junction (between M4 junctions 30 and 32) and the provision of a new park-and-ride facility. However, the local Welsh Assembly member for Cardiff North AM Jonathan Morgan has raised concerns for the environment, saying this scheme will ruin a lot of green and wooded areas.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://icwales.icnetwork.co.uk/business-in-wales/business-news/2007/12/19/business-park-plan-would-hit-green-land-91466-20266885/ | title=Business park plan ‘would hit green land’ | first=Aled | last=Blake | publisher=Western Mail | date=2007-12-19 | accessdate=2008-01-09}}</ref>


Cardiff has an ethnically diverse population due to past trading connections, post-war ] and large numbers of foreign students who attend university in the city. The ethnic make-up of Cardiff's population at the 2011 census was: 84.7% White, 1.6% mixed White and Black African/Caribbean, 0.7% mixed White and Asian, 0.6% mixed other, 8.1% Asian, 2.4% Black, 1.4% Arab and 0.6% other ethnic groups.<ref name=":0">{{NOMIS2011|id=1946157397|title=Cardiff Local Authority |access-date=9 February 2018}}</ref> This means almost 53,000 people from a non-white ethnic group reside in the city. This diversity, especially that of the city's long-established African<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Killingray |first1=David |title=Africans in Britain |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-0714641072 |page=6}}</ref> and Arab<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gilliat-Ray |first1=S. |last2=Mellor |first2=J. |title=Bilād al-Welsh (Land of the Welsh): Muslims in Cardiff, South Wales: past, present and future. |journal=The Muslim World |date=2010 |volume=100 |issue=4 |pages=452–453 |doi=10.1111/j.1478-1913.2010.01331.x |issn=1478-1913}}</ref> communities, has been recorded in cultural exhibitions and events, along with books published on this subject.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Brian |title=Butetown and Cardiff Docks |publisher=The History Press |date=15 April 1999 |isbn=978-0-7524-1582-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bhac.org/black_history.html |title=Black History in Butetown |publisher=Butetown History & Arts Centre |access-date=18 April 2008 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=6 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806155310/http://www.bhac.org/black_history.html}}</ref>
Cardiff has a major international ]. The airport is the fastest growing regional airport in the UK with formal CAA figures showing the number of passengers increasing at a rate of 14% per year. Currently, the airport serves around two million passengers per year, with twenty-five aircraft movements per hour.<ref name="airportgrowth">{{cite web | url=http://www.airport-technology.com/projects/cardiffinternational/ | title=Airport Technology - Cardiff International Airport | accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref> The airport is being extended and may have a highway built from the M4 motorway - plans to expand the route directly from Culverhouse Cross on the outskirts of Cardiff were shelved after protests from local residents.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.uk-airport-news.info/cardiff-airport-news-080207.htm | title=Victory for Cardiff Airport road protesters | date=2007-02-08 | accessdate=2008-01-05}}</ref>


===Health===
Cardiff is home to the Welsh media and the UK's largest film, TV & multimedia sector outside London. ], ] and ] have their studios in the city . Employment in the sector has grown significantly in recent years, and currently provides employment for 2.1% of the city's workforce - higher than the level across Wales (1.1%) and marginally lower than that across Great Britain as a whole (2.2%).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/ObjView.asp?Object_ID=3775 | title=The Film, TV and Multimedia Sector in Cardiff | publisher=Economic Development Division, Cardiff County Council | format=PDF | date=2003-12-01 | accessdate=2008-01-17}}</ref>
{{Main|Cardiff and Vale University Health Board}}
]]]
There are seven NHS hospitals in the city, the largest being the ], which is the third largest hospital in the UK and deals with most accidents and emergencies.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/about/community/healthofnation/allwalesrole/index.html |title=About Cardiff University – All-Wales Role |publisher=] |access-date=7 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117174955/http://cardiff.ac.uk/about/community/healthofnation/allwalesrole/index.html |archive-date=17 January 2011}}</ref> The University Dental Hospital, which provides emergency treatment, is also located on this site. ] is located in the south of the city.


], the city's newest hospital, built behind the former building, is located in Canton and provides services for the elderly and children. ] is on Newport Road, near the city centre. The majority of this hospital was closed in 1999, but the west wing remained open for clinic services, genitourinary medicine and rehabilitation treatment. ] and the ] are also located within Cardiff. They are administered by the ], with the exception of Velindre, which is run by a separate trust.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cardiffandvale.wales.nhs.uk/portal/page?_pageid=33,482279,33_482283&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |title=Cardiff & Vale NHS Trust – Our Hospitals |publisher=] |access-date=7 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080803025901/http://www.cardiffandvale.wales.nhs.uk/portal/page?_pageid=33%2C482279%2C33_482283&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |archive-date=3 August 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wales.nhs.uk/sites3/home.cfm?orgid=357&redirect=yes |title=Velindre Cancer Centre |publisher=Velindre NHS Trust |access-date=7 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025051622/http://www.wales.nhs.uk/sites3/home.cfm?orgid=357&redirect=yes |archive-date=25 October 2008}}</ref> ], a private hospital, is in Pontprennau.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.spirehealthcare.com/cardiff/?pathname=cardiff |title=Spire Cardiff Hospital |publisher=] |access-date=7 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716120007/http://www.spirehealthcare.com/cardiff/?pathname=cardiff |archive-date=16 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Former ] PM, ] said Cardiff has become one of the foremost cities of Europe. <ref>{{cite web | url=http://keeptonyblairforpm.wordpress.com/11-april-2007-cardiff-blair-callaghan-speech/ | title=11 April, 2007, Cardiff - Blair - Callaghan Speech | date=2007-11-04 | accessdate=2008-01-05}}</ref>.


===Language===
] also plays a strong role in the city's employment, with it being crowned the 8th best place to shop in the UK according to recent surveys, and this ranking is likely to rise once the St. David's 2 shopping development is completed. The majority of Cardiff's shopping portfolio is in the city centre around Queen Street and St. Mary's Street. There are also numerous suburban retail parks, serving the city. Cardiff is also reputed to have the oldest ] in the world in ], which was established in ].
{{See also|Cardiff dialect}}
]
Cardiff has a chequered linguistic history with ], English, ], ] and ] preponderant at different times. Welsh was the majority language in Cardiff from the 13th century until the city's explosive growth in the ].<ref name="welsh">{{Cite book |last=Jenkins |first=Geraint H. |title=The Welsh Language before the Industrial Revolution |location=Cardiff |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-7083-1418-0}}</ref> As late as 1850, five of the 12 ] churches within the current city boundaries conducted their services exclusively in Welsh, while only two worshipped exclusively in English.<ref name="welsh"/> By 1891, the percentage of Welsh speakers had fallen to 27.9% and only ], ] and ] remained as majority Welsh-speaking communities.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Language and Community in the Nineteenth Century |first=Geraint H. |last=Jenkins |isbn=0-7083-1467-8 |year=1998 |publisher=Univ. of Wales Press |location=Cardiff}}</ref> The Welsh language became grouped around a small cluster of chapels and churches, the most notable of which is Tabernacl in the city centre, one of four UK churches chosen to hold official services to commemorate the new millennium.


The city's first Welsh-language school (Ysgol Gymraeg Bryntaf) was established in the 1950s. Welsh has since regained ground.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/2755217.stm |title=Census shows Welsh language rise |date=14 February 2003 |publisher=BBC Wales |access-date=19 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406154822/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/2755217.stm |archive-date=6 April 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> Aided by ] and migration from other parts of Wales, there are now many more Welsh speakers: their numbers doubled between the 1991 and 2011 censuses, from 18,071 (6.6%) to 36,735 (11.1%) residents aged three years and above.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cardiff.gov.uk/ENG/Your-Council/Strategies-plans-and-policies/Bilingual-Cardiff/Pages/default.aspx |title=Bilingual Cardiff – Cardiff.gov.uk |website=cardiff.gov.uk |language=en-gb |access-date=13 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721100811/https://www.cardiff.gov.uk/ENG/Your-Council/Strategies-plans-and-policies/Bilingual-Cardiff/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=21 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The ] (Lower Layer Super Output Area) with the highest percentage of Welsh speakers in the city centre is found in ], at 25.5%.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=http://statiaith.com/blog/cyfrifiad-2011/mapiau-am-y-gymraeg-o-gyfrifiad-2011/ |title=Mapiau Cyfrifiad 2011 {{!}} Statiaith |website=statiaith.com |access-date=5 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151215142240/http://statiaith.com/blog/cyfrifiad-2011/mapiau-am-y-gymraeg-o-gyfrifiad-2011/ |archive-date=15 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The LSOA with the highest percentage of Welsh speakers in the whole of Cardiff is ], at 26%.<ref name="auto"/>
The city is also host to ], a ] with premises in Cardiff since ]. The current brewery is located next to ].


] adopted a five-year Welsh-language strategy in 2017, aimed at increasing the number of Welsh speakers (aged 3+) in Cardiff by 15.9%, from 36,735 in 2011 to 42,584 residents by the 2021 Census.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://businessnewswales.com/improving-bilingual-services-welsh-language-standards/ |title=Improving Bilingual Services with the Welsh Language Standards |date=28 June 2017 |work=Business News Wales |access-date=13 July 2017 |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017145513/https://businessnewswales.com/improving-bilingual-services-welsh-language-standards/ |archive-date=17 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The ] estimated that in December 2020, 89,900 (24.8%) of Cardiff's population could speak Welsh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Population Survey – Ability to speak Welsh by local authority and year |url=https://statswales.gov.wales/Catalogue/Welsh-Language/Annual-Population-Survey-Welsh-Language/annualpopulationsurveyestimatesofpersonsaged3andoverwhosaytheycanspeakwelsh-by-localauthority-measure |access-date=26 April 2021 |website=statswales.gov.wales |archive-date=20 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620200907/https://statswales.gov.wales/Catalogue/Welsh-Language/Annual-Population-Survey-Welsh-Language/annualpopulationsurveyestimatesofpersonsaged3andoverwhosaytheycanspeakwelsh-by-localauthority-measure |url-status=dead}}</ref>
In 2003 Cardiff combined with the Vale of Glamorgan had a ] of £8.335 billion ]. The GDP per head was £18,794, which was 116% of the UK average or 146% of the Welsh average.<ref name=rt36>Office for National Statistics, 2001. In 2004, the GVA of Cardiff grew at 1% faster than the average for the UK so that it was 117% of UK GVA or 150% of UK GVA. (or . (])</ref>


In addition to English and Welsh, the diversity of Cardiff's population (including foreign students) means that many other languages are spoken. One study has found that Cardiff has speakers of at least 94 languages, with ], ], ] and ] being the most commonly spoken foreign ones.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cilt.org.uk/pdf/pubs/positively_plurilingual.pdf |title=Positively Plurilingual |access-date=3 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128094815/http://www.cilt.org.uk/pdf/pubs/positively_plurilingual.pdf |archive-date=28 November 2007}}</ref>
]


The modern ] is distinct from that of nearby South Wales Valleys. It is marked primarily by:
{| class="wikitable"
*Substitution of {{angle bracket|iə}} by {{angle bracket|jøː}}<ref name="Phonetics">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tPwYt3gVbu4C&q=cardiff%20accent&pg=PA87 |title=English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change |first1=Nikolas |last1=Coupland |first2=Alan Richard |last2=Thomas |date=1 January 1990 |publisher=Multilingual Matters |isbn=9781853590313 |via=Google Books |access-date=19 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319200135/https://books.google.com/books?id=tPwYt3gVbu4C&pg=PA87&lpg=PA87&dq=cardiff%20accent&source=bl&ots=G0VLcC5XKi&sig=PQ-dMr1AN-fnS86oZt6fLqBb8bU&hl=en&ei=TMeOS_3BKI6A4Qaq6YitDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CA8Q6AEwBDgy#v=onepage&q=cardiff%20accent&f=false |archive-date=19 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Cardiff accent">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/text-only/wales/cardiff/ |title=Accents and dialects of the UK: Cardiff ''Accessed 2 March 2010'' |access-date=8 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805064351/http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/text-only/wales/cardiff/ |archive-date=5 August 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|+ Trend of regional gross value added of Cardiff and the Vale at current basic prices <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_economy/RegionalGVA.pdf | format=PDF | title=Regional Gross Value Added | accessdate=2008-01-05}}</ref>. Figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.
*''here'' pronounced as {{Not a typo|}} in the broader form{{clarify|date=December 2019}}
|-
*The vowel of ''start'' may be realised as {{IPA|}} or even {{IPA|}}, so that ''Cardiff'' is pronounced {{IPA|}}.
! Year || Regional Gross Value Added || Agriculture || Industry || Services
|-
| 1995 || '''4,797''' || 11 || 1,121 || 3,666
|-
| 2000 || '''6,584''' || 11 || 1,260 || 5,313
|-
| 2003 || '''8,335''' || 11 || 1,410 || 6,913
<!-- this isn't listed in the cited document, which was published in December 2005 - also suspect the numbers have been artificially inflated by a vandal
|-
| 2007 || '''28,235''' || 20|| 6,999 || 22,216-->
|}


====Language schools====
== Telecommunications ==
Due to its diversity and large student population, more people now come to the city to learn English. Foreign students from Arab states and other European countries are a common sight on the streets of Cardiff.<ref name="2008 population"/> The ] has an office in the city centre and there are six accredited schools in the area.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.britishcouncil.org/accreditation-az-list.htm |title=A-Z list of accredited centres |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601085533/http://www.britishcouncil.org/accreditation-az-list.htm |archive-date=1 June 2010}}</ref>


===Religion===
Previously 0222 and then 01222 this was changed during the ] iniative of the 1990s. '''029''' is the current telephone dialling code for ]. However it is vastly misconceived (in the city but on a larger scale in South Wales) to be 02920 because initially, at the time of the new dialing code system, all numbers began with 20. In fact, a question asked on ], from a viewer in ], asked the telephone code of Cardiff and the presenter gave the answer as 02920, which the contestant didn't know. Currently all newly issued numbers begin with 21.
{{main|Christianity in Wales|Religion in Wales}}
{{multiple image
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| header = Cardiff's cathedrals
| header_align = center
| header_background =
| footer =
| footer_align = left
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| total_width = 300
| image1 = Llandaff Cathedral (geograph 3435762 upright).jpg
| width1 =
| alt1 =
| caption1 = ], an ] cathedral, the parish church of Llandaff, the seat of the ], the head of the ]
| image2 = Eglwys Gadeiriol Caerdydd.jpg
| width2 =
| alt2 =
| caption2 = ], a ] cathedral, the seat of the ]
}}{{Pie chart|label1=No religion|value1=42.9|color1=DarkOrange|label2=Christianity|label3=Islam|label4=Hinduism|label5=Buddhism|value2=38.3|value3=9.3|value4=1.5|value5=0.4|value6=0.4|value7=0.2|value8=0.6|value9=6.3|label6=Sikhism|label7=Judaism|label8=Other religion|label9=Not stated|color2=Red|color3=Green|color4=Yellow|color5=Blue|color6=DarkKhaki|color7=Purple|color9=Grey|caption=Religion in Cardiff (2021)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/visualisations/censusareachanges/W06000015/ | title=How life has changed in Cardiff: Census 2021 }}</ref>|color8=White}}
Since 1922, Cardiff has included ] within its boundary, along with the ] ], the parish church of Llandaff and the seat of the ], head of the ] and the ].


There is a ] ] in the city. Since 1916, Cardiff has been the seat of a Catholic archbishop, but there appears to have been a fall in the estimated Catholic population, with numbers in 2006 around 25,000 fewer than in 1980.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dcard.html#stats |title=Archdiocese of Cardiff – Statistics |access-date=18 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517123138/http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dcard.html#stats |archive-date=17 May 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> Likewise, the Jewish population appears to have fallen – there are two synagogues in Cardiff, one in Cyncoed and one in Moira Terrace, as opposed to seven at the turn of the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/Community/Cardiff.htm |title=JCR-UK – Cardiff Community |date=14 October 2005 |access-date=23 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512081945/http://www.jewishgen.org/JCR-UK/Community/Cardiff.htm |archive-date=12 May 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> There are several ] chapels, an early 20th century Greek Orthodox church and 11 mosques.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/wal/GLA/Roath/Chapels.html |title=Cardiff, Llandaff & Roath chapels database |access-date=23 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119180148/http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/wal/GLA/Roath/Chapels.html |archive-date=19 January 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nostos.com/church/ |title=The Greek Orthodox Church in Great Britain |access-date=23 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080122154842/http://www.nostos.com/church/ |archive-date=22 January 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.muslimdirectory.co.uk/displayresults.php?PHPSESSID=f0fb8b41d8758983e7d43cddb556b9df&businesstype=1&orgtype=&country=UK&city=Cardiff |title=Muslim Directory – Mosques in Cardiff |access-date=23 January 2008 |archive-date=11 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211202744/http://www.muslimdirectory.co.uk/displayresults.php?PHPSESSID=f0fb8b41d8758983e7d43cddb556b9df&businesstype=1&orgtype=&country=UK&city=Cardiff |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the 2001 census, 66.9% of Cardiff's population described itself as Christian, a percentage point below the Welsh and UK averages.
The code includes the neighbouring towns of ], ] and ].


The oldest of the non-Christian communities in Wales is Judaism. Jews were not permitted to live in England and Wales between the 1290 ] and the 17th century. A Welsh Jewish community was re-established in the 18th century.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/religion/sites/timeline/pages/religion_in_wales_15.shtml |title=Multicultural Wales |access-date=6 December 2007 |publisher=British Broadcasting Company |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430180121/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/religion/sites/timeline/pages/religion_in_wales_15.shtml |archive-date=30 April 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> There was once a fairly substantial Jewish population in South Wales, most of which has disappeared. The ] community congregations are consolidated in the ] in Cyncoed, which was dedicated by Chief Rabbi ] in 2003.<ref> {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510221504/http://www.somethingjewish.co.uk/articles/717_chief_visits_bristol.htm|date=10 May 2012}}. Somethingjewish.co.uk (16 December 2003). Retrieved on 17 July 2013.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Holt |first1=Faygie Levy |title=Cardiff Rabbi Builds Sukkah Awareness Through BBC Radio Show in Wales |url=http://www.chabad.org/news/article_cdo/aid/3066412/jewish/Cardiff-Rabbi-Builds-Sukkah-Awareness-Through-BBC-Radio-Show-in-Wales.htm |publisher=Chabad.org Jewish News |date=17 September 2015 |quote=Educational options for adults are also expanding, says Rabbi Rose, noting that the Rohr Jewish Learning Institute's (JLI) "Journey of the Soul" course |access-date=18 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011210201/http://www.chabad.org/news/article_cdo/aid/3066412/jewish/Cardiff-Rabbi-Builds-Sukkah-Awareness-Through-BBC-Radio-Show-in-Wales.htm |archive-date=11 October 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The ] is in Adamsdown.
The city's dialling code changed on ] ] from 01222 to 029 in the ] along with ], ], ], ] and ] in response to the rapid late 1990s growth of telecommunications and impending exhaustion of numbers. This measure increased the numbers of digits in the subscriber telephone number from 6 to 8, therefore vastly increasing the possible telephone numbers available. Simply changing from 01222 to 02920 would not have changed anything.
{{multiple image
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|image1=Mosque in Crwys Road - geograph.org.uk - 625292.jpg
|width1=|alt1=
|caption1=] on Crwys Road, Cardiff. Built in 1899 as a Welsh Calvinistic Methodist Chapel; a mosque since 1990.
|image2=Shree Swaminarayan Temple - Cardiff - geograph.org.uk - 1605788.jpg
|width2=
|alt2=
|caption2=] in Grangetown is the first and largest Hindu temple in Wales.
|image3=Sri Dasmais Singh Sabha Gurdwara - Cardiff - 4836850.jpg
|width3=
|alt3=
|caption3=Sri Dasmais Singh Sabha Gurdwara, Bhatra Sikh centre, Riverside
}}
Cardiff's Muslim population is much above the Welsh average and the longest established in the UK, being started by Yemeni and Somali sailors settling in the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ansari |first=Humayun |author-link=Humayun Ansari |title=The Infidel Within: Muslims in Britain Since 1800 |publisher=C. Hurst & Co |year=2004 |location=London |page=429 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=43G472v4KMUC&q=cardiff+yemeni+sailors&pg=PA156 |isbn=978-1-85065-686-9 |access-date=15 October 2020 |archive-date=28 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528130605/https://books.google.com/books?id=43G472v4KMUC&q=cardiff+yemeni+sailors&pg=PA156 |url-status=live}}</ref> Cardiff now has over 11,000 Muslims with various national affiliations<ref name="cityprofile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/00pt.asp |title=Census 2001 – Profiles – Cardiff |access-date=12 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816024606/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/00pt.asp |archive-date=16 August 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> – nearly 52 per cent of the Muslim population in Wales.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Social Audit of the Muslim Community in Wales |url=http://gov.wales/docs/statistics/2007/070509socialmuslimen.pdf |date=3 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903214306/http://gov.wales/docs/statistics/2007/070509socialmuslimen.pdf |archive-date=3 September 2015}}</ref>


The proportion of Cardiff residents declaring themselves Hindu, Sikh and Jewish were all considerably higher than the Welsh averages, but lower than the UK figures. The city has had a Hindu community since Indian immigrants settled in the 1950s and 1960s. The first Hindu temple in the city was opened in ] on 6 April 1979 on the site of an abandoned synagogue.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.swaminarayanwales.org.uk/History/history.asp |title=History of Shree Swaminarayan Temple Cardiff |access-date=21 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420155606/http://www.swaminarayanwales.org.uk/History/history.asp |archive-date=20 April 2008}}</ref> The 25th anniversary of the founding was celebrated in September 2007 with a parade of over 3,000 people through the city centre, including Hindus from across the United Kingdom and members of Cardiff's other religious communities.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_east/7006249.stm |title=Worshippers celebrate with parade |date=22 September 2007 |publisher=BBC Wales |access-date=21 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115130822/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_east/7006249.stm |archive-date=15 January 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> There are over 2,000 Hindus in Cardiff, worshipping at three temples.<ref name="cityprofile"/>
] has allocated the range of telephone numbers from (029) 2018 0000 to (029) 2018 0999 to be used for drama purposes in television and radio. These numbers will not be allocated to telephone companies in the foreseeable future.<ref></ref>

In the 2001 census 18.8% of the city's population stated they had no religion, while 8.6% did not state a religion.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/00PT-A.asp#ethnic |title=Census 2001 – Profiles – Cardiff – Ethnicity & Religion |date=19 February 2003 |access-date=23 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524193506/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/00PT-A.asp#ethnic |archive-date=24 May 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{clear}}


== Culture == ==Economy==
{{see also |List of cultural venues in Cardiff}} {{Main|Economy and industry of Cardiff}}


]]]
Cardiff has a varied culture, with sites varying from the historical ] and out of town ] to the more modern ] and ]. Cardiff was a finalist in the ] 2008. In recent years Cardiff has grown in stature as a tourist destination, with recent accolades including Cardiff being voted the eighth favourite UK city by readers of the Guardian <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2007/nov/04/escape?page=all | title=Observer Travel Awards: Your holiday winners | date=2007-11-04 | accessdate=2007-12-12}}</ref> and the city being listed as one of the top 10 destinations in the UK on the official British tourist boards website Visit Britain. <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.visitbritain.co.uk/ | title=Visit Britain | accessdate=2007-12-12}}</ref>. Finally US travel guide Frommers have listed Cardiff as one of 13 top destinations worldwide for 2008. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.frommers.com/trip_ideas/cultural_immersion/article.cfm?ideaID=CULTURE&articleID=4811&t=Frommer%27s%20Top%20Destinations%20for%202008 | title=Frommer's Top Destinations for 2008 | date=2007-12-04 | accessdate=2007-12-12}}</ref>
As the capital city of Wales, Cardiff is the main engine of growth in the Welsh economy. Though the population of Cardiff is about 10% of the Welsh population, the economy of Cardiff makes up nearly 20% of Welsh GDP and 40% of the city's workforce are daily in-commuters from the surrounding South Wales area.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/articles/economic_trends/Sub-regional_&_Local_Area_GDP.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924210535/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/articles/economic_trends/Sub-regional_%26_Local_Area_GDP.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2009 |url-status=dead |title=Sub-regional and local area gross domestic product |last=Clifton-Fearnside |first=Alex |author2=Adam Douglas |date=14 May 2002 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |access-date=18 April 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.statswales.wales.gov.uk/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=4903&IF_Language=isl |title=Statistics on Commuting in Wales |date=5 December 2007 |publisher=Statistics for Wales |access-date=18 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114021425/http://www.statswales.wales.gov.uk/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=4903&IF_Language=isl |archive-date=14 January 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>


Industry has played a major part in Cardiff's development for many centuries. The main catalyst for its transformation from a small town into a big city was the demand for coal required in making iron and later steel, brought to sea by ] from ]. This was first achieved by building a {{convert|25|mi|km|adj=on|abbr=out}} canal from Merthyr ({{cvt|510|ft|m|disp=or}} above sea level) to the ] at Cardiff.<ref name="canal">{{Cite web |url=http://www.alangeorge.co.uk/the_glamorganshire_canal.htm |title=The Glamorganshire Canal |access-date=19 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227160758/http://www.alangeorge.co.uk/the_glamorganshire_canal.htm |archive-date=27 December 2007}}</ref> Eventually the ] replaced the canal barges and massive marshalling yards sprang up as new docks were developed in Cardiff – all prompted by the soaring worldwide demand for coal from the South Wales valleys.
=== Attractions ===
Cardiff is home to ], the ], , the ], and ] (including municipal buildings modelled on those in ]), and the . The ] moved into the ] in November 2004.


At its peak, Cardiff's port area, known as ], became the busiest port in the world and – for some time – the world's most important coal port.<ref name="Grauniad Dinas">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2009/jun/09/walk-guides-cardiff-wales-architecture?page=2 |title=Cardiff's millennium makeover, Cardiff – Travel |access-date=2 June 2010 |date=9 June 2009 |work=The Guardian |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606214328/http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2009/jun/09/walk-guides-cardiff-wales-architecture?page=2 |archive-date=6 June 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC Dinas">{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/2854567.stm |title=Capital claims – A city's struggle |access-date=2 June 2010 |date=22 April 2003 |work=BBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040713044548/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/2854567.stm |archive-date=13 July 2004 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the years leading up to the ], more than 10 million tonnes of coal was exported annually from ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/rhagor/article/?article_id=50 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120530052329/http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/rhagor/article/?article_id=50 |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 May 2012 |title=Cardiff – Coal and Shipping Metropolis of the World |publisher=National Museum of Wales |access-date=19 April 2008}}</ref> In 1907, Cardiff's ] was the first host to a business deal for a million ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.glamro.gov.uk/check/Building%20of%20a%20Capital%202/A_Why.html |title=Why Did Cardiff Grow? |publisher=Glamorgan Record Office |access-date=19 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123034747/http://www.glamro.gov.uk/check/Building%20of%20a%20Capital%202/A_Why.html |archive-date=23 November 2008}}</ref> The high demand for Welsh coal and specifically Welsh artificial fuel, named Patent Fuel, is shown by the numerous factories producing this fuel, with the same recipe, in the region of Cardiff. Most well known factories were the Star Patent fuel Co., the Crown Patent fuel, the Cardiff Patent fuel etc.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Davies |first=J. |title=The South Wales Coal Annual For 1908 |year=1908 |edition=1908 |location=Cardiff}}</ref> After a period of decline, due to low demand on coal, Cardiff's port has started to grow again – over 3 million tonnes of cargo passed through the docks in 2007.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/7414502.stm |title=Ports' resurgence as imports grow |date=22 May 2008 |publisher=BBC News Wales |access-date=28 May 2008}}</ref>
] is a major tourist attraction in the city and is situated in the heart of the city centre, near to the main shopping area of Queen Street and St. Mary's Street. The ] in Cardiff is a large open air museum housing dozens of buildings from throughout Welsh history that have been moved to the site in Cardiff.


] at {{cvt|85|m|ft}} in height, is the ].<ref name="Beeb">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-43880385 |title=Tallest building for Cardiff gets 'topped out' |work=BBC News |date=24 April 2018 |access-date=22 November 2021}}</ref>]]
Other major tourist attractions are the ] regeneration sites which include the recently opened Wales Millennium Centre and the ] and many other cultural and sites of interest including the ] and the famous ]. The ] was founded in 1906 and completely refurbished in the 1980s. Until the opening of the Wales Millennium Centre in 2004, it was the premier venue in Wales for touring theatre and dance companies, and is located in the city centre.


Cardiff today is the main finance and business ] centre in Wales, with strong representation of finance and business services in the local economy. This sector, combined with the public administration, education and health sectors, have accounted for about 75% of Cardiff's economic growth since 1991.<ref name="employ">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/objview.asp?Object_ID=3393& |title=Labour Market:An overview of Cardiff Employment and the local economy |date=9 April 2004 |publisher=Cardiff County Council |access-date=19 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609174301/http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/objview.asp?Object_ID=3393& |archive-date=9 June 2011}}</ref> The city was recently placed seventh overall in the top 50 European cities in the fDI 2008 Cities of the Future list published by the ], and ranked seventh in terms of attracting foreign investment.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://fdimagazine.com/cp/10/FDI_052-055_0208-2.pdf |title=European Cities & Regions of the Future 2008/09 |date=1 February 2008 |access-date=25 March 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408201244/http://fdimagazine.com/cp/10/FDI_052-055_0208-2.pdf |archive-date=8 April 2008}}</ref> Notable companies such as ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ], all operate large national or regional headquarters and contact centres in the city, some of them based in Cardiff's office towers such as ] and Brunel House. Other major employers include ] and the Senedd. On 1 March 2004, Cardiff was granted ] status.
Other venues which are popular for gigs and sporting events include ], ] and the ] and the city is often the only place in Wales chosen by major touring bands and singers in which to perform.


Cardiff is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the United Kingdom, receiving 18.3 million visitors in 2010 and generating £852 million for the city's economy.<ref name="tourism">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/content.asp?nav=2874,5852&parent_directory_id=2865&id=11590&Language= |title=Tourism Boost for Cardiff Economy |date=13 May 2011 |publisher=] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402175425/http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/content.asp?nav=2874%2C5852&parent_directory_id=2865&id=11590&Language= |archive-date=2 April 2012 |url-status=dead |access-date=27 May 2011}}</ref> One result is that one in five employees in Cardiff is based in the distribution, hotels and restaurants sector, highlighting the growing retail and tourism industries in the city.<ref name="employ"/> The city has many hotels of varying sizes and standards, providing almost 9,000 available beds.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/ObjView.asp?Object_ID=8719 |format=PDF |title=Cardiff Essential Facts – Tourism |publisher=Cardiff County Council |date=1 May 2007 |access-date=25 March 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609173534/http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/ObjView.asp?Object_ID=8719 |archive-date=9 June 2011}}</ref>
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Cardiff is home to the Welsh media and a large media sector with ], ] and ] all having studios in the city.<ref name="media"/> There is a large independent TV production industry sector of over 600 companies, employing around 6,000, with a turnover estimated at £350 million.<ref name="media">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/ObjView.asp?Object_ID=3775 |title=The Film, TV and Multimedia Sector in Cardiff |publisher=Economic Development Division, Cardiff County Council |format=PDF |date=1 December 2003 |access-date=11 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609173256/http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/ObjView.asp?Object_ID=3775 |archive-date=9 June 2011}}</ref> Just to the north-west of the city, in ], the first completely new film studios in the UK for 30 years are being built, to be named ]. The studios are set to be the biggest in the UK. In 2011 the BBC completed the ] studios in Cardiff Bay to film dramas such as ''Casualty'', ''Doctor Who'', and ''Pobol y Cwm''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=BBC Wales drama village's first phase completed |work=BBC News |date=20 January 2011 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-12231117 |access-date=18 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211123601/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-12231117 |archive-date=11 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Festivals ===
The ] Festival, is held annually in late July/August in the city centre and is the place for many theme park events, rides and regularly attracts annually over 200,000 visitors. The annual Cardiff Festival claims to be the UK's largest free outdoor festival and plays host to a range of different festivals including the Children's Festival that takes place in the grounds of ].


Cardiff has several regeneration projects, such as St David's 2 Centre and surrounding areas of the city centre, and the £1.4 billion International Sports Village in Cardiff Bay, which played a part in the ]. It features the only ] in Wales, the ], which opened on 12 January 2008.
Cardiff hosted the ] in 1883, 1899, 1938, 1960 and 1978, and is set to host it again in 2008. Cardiff is unique in Wales in having two permanent ] used by the Gorsedd of ] during Eisteddfodau. The original circle stands in Gorsedd Gardens in front of the ] while its 1978 replacement is situated in ].


According to the Welsh Rugby Union, the Principality Stadium contributed £1 billion to the Welsh economy in the ten years after it opened in 1999, with around 85% of that staying in the Cardiff area.<ref name="WRU Mileniwm 1">{{Cite web |title=Stadium has boosted economy by £1bn in |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/business-in-wales/business-news/2009/06/24/stadium-has-boosted-economy-by-1bn-in-its-first-decade-91466-23959813/ |access-date=28 June 2009 |date=24 June 2000 |work=WalesOnline website |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627031924/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/business-in-wales/business-news/2009/06/24/stadium-has-boosted-economy-by-1bn-in-its-first-decade-91466-23959813/ |archive-date=27 June 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Every other year, Cardiff plays host to the ] competition, a world renowned event on the opera calendar.


===Shopping===
The city now hosts The ] and began showcasing the best of Welsh design during the summer of 2005. Since then the festival has grown into a diverse range of designers exhibiting their wares at the 2006 portable exhibition.
{{See also|List of shopping arcades in Cardiff}}
] in ] is the ].]]


Most of Cardiff's shopping portfolio is in the ] around Queen Street, ], with large suburban ] in Cardiff Bay, ], ], ] and ], together with markets in the city centre and ]. A £675 million regeneration programme for Cardiff's ] was completed in 2009, providing a total of {{cvt|1400000|sqft|m2}} of shopping space, making it one of the largest shopping centres in the United Kingdom.<ref name="stdavids2">{{Cite web |url=http://www.stdavids2.com/Template01.asp?pageid=95 |title=St Davids 2 and Cardiff |access-date=3 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070723160331/http://www.stdavids2.com/Template01.asp?pageid=95 |archive-date=23 July 2007}}</ref> The centre was named the international shopping centre of the year in 2010 by Retail Leisure International (RLI).<ref name="StDavid22">{{Cite web |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2010/06/17/cardiff-s-st-david-s-is-world-s-top-retail-arcade-91466-26668936/ |title=St David 2 Worlds best shopping mall |date=16 June 2010 |access-date=17 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123143923/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2010/06/17/cardiff-s-st-david-s-is-world-s-top-retail-arcade-91466-26668936/ |archive-date=23 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Cardiff also hosts the Swn festival, a multiple venue city centre festival in the vein of south by southwest or the camden crawl, curated by Huw Stevens, BBC Radio 1 and Radio Cymru DJ


]
=== Parks ===
The ] is a commercial area in the north of the city centre, which includes some of Cardiff's Victorian and Edwardian arcades: ], ] and ], and principal shopping streets: ], ], and Queen Street. Morgan Arcade is home to ], the world's oldest record shop.<ref>{{Cite news |title=World's oldest record shop (est. 1894) is threatened with closure |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/dec/12/pop.rock |work=guardian.co.uk |access-date=11 September 2008 |location=London |first=Steven |last=Morris |date=12 December 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606214332/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/dec/12/pop.rock |archive-date=6 June 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="spillers">{{Cite news |url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/article656416.ece |title=World's oldest record shop in the death grip of a developer |newspaper=The Times |quote=The owners of Spillers Records, recognised by Guinness World Records as the oldest such emporium on Earth, say that it will close unless a buyer is found. |date=1 December 2006 |access-date=11 September 2008 |location=London |first1=Fiona |last1=Hamilton |first2=Sam |last2=Coates |first3=Michael |last3=Savage |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517084203/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/article656416.ece |archive-date=17 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Cardiff has a number of markets, including the vast Victorian indoor ] and the newly established Riverside Community Market, which specialises in locally produced organic produce.{{cn|date=September 2024}}


==Transport==
Cardiff's city centre is a particularly green one with ], formerly the castle grounds, extending northwards from the top of one of Cardiff's main shopping street (Queen Street); when combined with the adjacent Llandaff Fields to the north west it produces a massive open space skirting the ]. The popular name of ], for the Welshman abroad has its origins in the name of the river. Other popular parks include ] in the north, donated to the city by the ] in 1887 and which includes a very popular boating lake; ], Cardiff's first official park; and Thompson's Park, formerly home to an ] removed in the 1970s.
{{Main|Transport in Cardiff}}


===Rail===
In 2006 Cardiff won the prestigious Entente Floral award for large cities due to the beauty of its parks and floral displays.
{{main|Rail transport in Cardiff}}
] is the largest railway station in Wales, with nine platforms coping with over 12.5 million passengers a year.<ref> {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512181941/https://www.networkrail.co.uk/feeds/new-platform-at-cardiff-central-station-will-help-to-ease-congestion-as-railway-upgrade-in-south-wales-continues/|date=12 May 2018}} Network Rail 1 December 2016.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rail-reg.gov.uk/server/show/nav.1529 |title=Station usage |publisher=Office of Rail Regulation |access-date=13 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705115621/http://www.rail-reg.gov.uk/server/show/nav.1529 |archive-date=5 July 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> It provides direct services to ] and ], long-distance, cross-Wales services to ] and ], and services to ], ], ] and ]. Cardiff Central Station is situated within the southern border of what was known ], a former residential area within central Cardiff.


] is the second busiest in Wales and the hub for the ] services that connect the ] and the Cardiff suburbs with the city centre. It is located at the eastern end of the city centre and provides services to Cardiff Bay. Cardiff has a ] known as the ], operated by ]. There are eight lines that serve 20 stations in the city, 26 in the wider urban area (including Taffs Well, ] and Dinas Powys) and more than 60 in the South Wales valleys and the ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.arrivatrainswales.co.uk/WorkArea/showcontent.aspx?id=4776 |title=Network Map – Valleys & Cardiff local routes |publisher=Arriva Trains Wales |access-date=20 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525204307/http://www.arrivatrainswales.co.uk/WorkArea/showcontent.aspx?id=4776 |archive-date=25 May 2011}}</ref>
]]]


=== Music and nightlife === ===Metro===
The ] is an integrated public transport system under development in south-east Wales, centered on Cardiff. The project is to include the electrification of some of the existing railway lines and the creation of multiple ] and ] lines. Four lines are under construction with a further three planned. The first lines will link ] and ] to {{rws|Radyr}}, {{rws|Treherbert}}, {{rws|Aberdare}} and {{rws|Merthyr Tydfil}}, with plans to also serve ], ] and ]. Alongside this, current commuter services will be improved with a near-tripling in capacity on some routes to {{rws|Bridgend}} and {{rws|Rhymney}}.
{{main|Cardiff music scene}}
The Cardiff music scene is established and wide-ranging. It is the home to the ] and ]. It has produced several leading acts itself and, as a capital city, has acted as a springboard for numerous Welsh bands to go and become famous both nationally and internationally. These include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ] among others.


===Air===
Cardiff has a strong nightlife, well established in the UK, let alone Wales, and is home to many bars, pubs and clubs. Most clubs and bars are situated in the city centre, especially St. Mary's Street, and more recently Cardiff Bay has built up a strong night scene, with many modern bars & restaurants. The Brewery Quarter on St. Mary's Street is a recently developed venue for bars and restaurant with a central courtyard. Charles Street is also a popular part of the city.
{{main|Cardiff Airport|Cardiff Heliport}}
Domestic and international air links to Cardiff and South & West Wales are provided from ], the only international airport in Wales. The airport lies in the village of ], {{convert|10|mi|km|0|abbr=out}} west of the city. There are regular bus services linking the airport with Cardiff city centre, and a train service from ] to Cardiff Central.


=== Shopping === ===Road and bus===
{{Main|Bus transport in Cardiff}}
The ] connects Cardiff with ] to the west and ] and London to the east, with four junctions on the M4, including one with the ]. The ] provides an important link from the city to the ]. When completed, the ] – also known as the Peripheral Distributor Road – will form part of the Cardiff ring-road system, along with the M4 motorway between junctions 30 and 33.<ref name="Ring Roads">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pberry.plus.com/ukroads/ring_roads/ |publisher=Paul Berry |title=Ring Roads |access-date=8 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109114828/http://www.pberry.plus.com/ukroads/ring_roads/ |archive-date=9 November 2007}}</ref>


Cardiff has a comprehensive bus network, whose providers include the ] ] (routes within the city and to Newport, Barry and Penarth), ] (cross-city and to ]), ] (to the ]) and ] (to Cowbridge and Bridgend). ] and ] provides direct services to major cities such as ], London, ] and ].
Cardiff city centre has three main shopping arcades; ], ] and the ]. The current expansion of St. David's Centre as part of the St. David's 2 project is allowing a huge piece of land between ] and Charles Street to be demolished and redeveloped, bringing around 200 shops, flats and a John Lewis department store to the city. As well as these modern shopping arcades, the city is still home to many Victorian shopping centres, such as High Street Arcade, Castle Arcade, Wyndham Arcade, Royal Arcade and Morgan Arcade.


===Cycle===
There are two main shopping streets in the city centre. Queen Street is home to the main chain stores such as ], ], ], ], ], ], and ] to name a few. The second main street, St. Mary Street, is home to Wales' oldest and largest department store, ]. It is also home to smaller independent stores, but is mainly a beverage only high street. Also of note is the Hayes, home to Spillers Records, reputedly the world's oldest record shop.
{{Main|Cycling in Cardiff}}
The ] is a ] and ] running for {{convert|55|mi|km|round=5|abbr=out}} between Cardiff Bay and ] in the ] National Park. It runs through Bute Park, ] and many other green areas within Cardiff. It is possible to cycle the entire distance of the ] almost completely off-road, as it largely follows the ] and many of the disused railways of the Glamorganshire valleys.


] previously operated a public bike-hire scheme in the city between March 2018 and January 2024,<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 December 2023 |title=Nextbike Cardiff: Bike sharing scheme scrapped due to theft |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-67646004 |access-date=3 February 2024 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> with the scheme allegedly being scrapped due to theft. Cardiff Council are seeking a replacement operator.
Cardiff has a number of markets: these include the vast Victorian indoor ], and a smaller 'fruit & veg' style St. David's Market on Barrack Lane which will be improved with the coming of St. David's 2. In recent years the Sunday ] situated on the west bank of the Taff opposite the Millennium Stadium has gone from strength to strength with its blend of local and organic farmers' produce appealing to a more environmentally conscious population.


===Water===
Several out-of-town retail parks exist, such as Newport Road, Culverhouse Cross, Cardiff Gate and Cardiff Bay.
The Aquabus water taxi runs every hour between the city centre (Taff Mead Embankment) and Cardiff Bay (Mermaid Quay), and between Cardiff Bay and Penarth ]. Throughout the year, Cardiff Waterbus<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cardiffwaterbus.com/ |title=The original Cardiff Waterbus |website=cardiffwaterbus.com |access-date=9 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801084105/http://cardiffwaterbus.com/ |archive-date=1 August 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> sail between the Pierhead on The Waterfront and the Penarth end of the Cardiff Bay Barrage with short sightseeing cruises.


Between March and October boats depart from Cardiff Bay for ] Island. The '']'' and '']'' sail from Britannia Quay (in Roath Basin) to various destinations in the ].
Cardiff was named the 6th in a list of top ten shopping hotspots in the UK.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.yellgroup.com/espanol/media-pressreleases-2007-glasgownamedtopforshopsatchristmas | title=Glasgow named top for shops at Christmas | date=2007-12-06 | accessdate=2007-12-27}}</ref> However, there have been a number of issues relating to city centre shopping, most recently the cost of parking in the city centre and the experimental banning of private cars on St. Mary's Street. Both have been heavily criticised by some sectors of the media, public and retailers.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/nolpda/ukfs_news/hi/newsid_6990000/6990973.stm?region=60&userimagepref=off | title=Union enters city parking debate | publisher=BBC News | date=2007-09-12 | accessdate=2007-12-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://icwales.icnetwork.co.uk/news/cardiff-news/2007/11/14/road-plan-could-be-one-way-to-disaster-91466-20103047/ | title=Road plan could be one way to disaster | last=Nifield | first=Philip | publisher=South Wales Echo | date=2007-11-14}}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Cardiff Central station (26526139271).jpg|]
File:Gorsaf Heol y Frenhines, Caerdydd.JPG|]
File:Depo Ffynnon Taf - TfW 398011 llaes 398010.JPG|] ]s
File:Cardiff Airport (Oct 2010).jpg|]
File:Bus Interchange Open (1).jpg|]
File:Cardiff Bus (Bws Caerdydd) YN17ONL.jpg|] is the main bus operator in the Cardiff area
File:Cycle lane in Excalibur Drive, Cardiff.jpg|Typical cycle lane in Cardiff
File:Aquabushydro1.jpg|Aquabus
</gallery>


==Telecommunications==
=== Walks ===
{{See also|List of Wales dialling codes}}
'''029''' is the current telephone dialling code for Cardiff,<ref name="wales online 02921">{{cite news|last=Malone |first=Sam |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/local-news/new-029-22-cardiff-telephone-2731565 |title=New phone numbers for Cardiff as first sets of 029 prefixes begin running out |work=Wales Online |date=18 April 2013 |access-date=29 May 2023 }}</ref> as well as for the neighbouring towns of Penarth, Dinas Powys and ]. The dialling code is optional when dialling within the area: one can dial between any two phones within the 029 code using only the eight-digit local number.


Prior to the ] on 22 April 2000 the area had shorter, six-digit local numbers with an area code of 01222.<ref name="wales online 02921" /> This was 0222 before May 1995, derived from 0 (indicating it was a trunk call), 22 (CA on a telephone pad, for CArdiff) and 2 (as 220 was used for CAmbridge and 221 for BAth). Before the introduction of automated trunk call dialling, non-local numbers were accessed through a system of manual telephone exchanges, in common with rest if the United Kingdom.
In addition to the many parks, Cardiff has walks of special interest for tourists and ] alike, such as the ], which runs for {{convert|2.3|mi|km|1}} within ]. It passes through many of Cardiff's landmarks and historic buildings.


There remains a common misconception that local numbers are still six digits long and that the code is 02920, even though there are newer Cardiff numbers in the ranges (029) 21xx xxxx and (029) 22xx xxxx.<ref name="wales online 02921" />
The ], which is a ] and ] running for {{convert|55|mi|km|1}} between ] and ]. It runs through ], ] and many other green areas within Cardiff. It is possible to cycle the entire distance of the ] almost completely off-road, as it largely follows the ] and many of the old disused railways of the Glamorganshire valleys.


== Media == ==Education==
''See Also: ]'' {{See also|List of schools in Cardiff}}


Cardiff is home to four major institutions of higher education: ], ], ] and the ].
Cardiff is the Welsh base for the national television broadcasters (], ] and ]) along with ], a locally-based free-to-air television station serving the city on a ].


Cardiff University was founded by a ] in 1883 as the University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/about/milestones/index.html |title=About Cardiff University – Milestones |publisher=Cardiff University |access-date=20 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926212224/http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/about/milestones/index.html |archive-date=26 September 2007}}</ref> is a member of the ] of leading research led universities, having most of its campus in ] and the city centre. ] (formerly UWIC) has campuses in the Llandaff, ] and city centre areas, and is part of the confederal ]. The ] is a ] established in 1949 and is based in the grounds of Cardiff Castle. The ]'s Cardiff campus, ], is home to the Cardiff School of Creative & Cultural Industries and is located in the city centre.
The main local newspaper, the ] and the national paper the ] are based in the Western Mail and Echo building in the city centre. ''Capital Times'', ''Cardiff Post'' and the South Wales edition of ] are also based and distributed in the city. There are also a number of magazines based in the city including ], ], ] and a monthly Welsh language paper called '']'' (The Citizen).


The total number of higher education students in the city is around 43,900.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hesa.ac.uk/dox/dataTables/studentsAndQualifiers/download/institution0607.xls |title=Table 0a – All students by institution, mode of study, level of study, gender and domicile 2006/07 |publisher=Higher Education Statistics Agency |format=XLS |access-date=4 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709132444/http://www.hesa.ac.uk/dox/dataTables/studentsAndQualifiers/download/institution0607.xls |archive-date=9 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cci.glam.ac.uk/faqs/#numbers |title=FAQs, Cardiff School of Creative & Cultural Industries, University of Glamorgan |publisher=] |access-date=4 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070826194742/http://cci.glam.ac.uk/faqs/ |archive-date=26 August 2007}}</ref> The city also has two ] colleges: ] and ]. The former is the result of a merger, completed in August 2011, between ] and ]. Further education is also offered at most high schools in the city.
] (based in the Red Dragon Centre located in Cardiff Bay) is the main radio station serving South Wales. A number of other radio stations also serve the city and are based in Cardiff, including ], ], ], ] and ].


Cardiff has three state nursery schools (one bilingual), 98 state primary schools (two bilingual, fifteen ]), and 19 state secondary schools (three Welsh medium).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://apps8.cardiff.gov.uk/schools/index.php |title=Schools Search Page |publisher=Cardiff Council. Retrieved 8 December 2016. |access-date=8 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220082913/http://apps8.cardiff.gov.uk/schools/index.php |archive-date=20 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> There are also several independent schools in the city, including ], ], ], ] and ], a single-sex girls' school (until sixth form). In 2013 Cardiff Sixth Form College came top of the independent senior schools in the UK, which were based on the percentage of A* and A at ]. Also in the top 100 were St John's College and Howell's School.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.best-schools.co.uk/league-tables/a-level-passes.aspx |title=The Top 100 Senior Schools A*and A Grade at A Level |publisher=Best-Schools.co.uk |access-date=30 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031040833/http://www.best-schools.co.uk/league-tables/a-level-passes.aspx |archive-date=31 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
] started broadcasting from Cardiff on 29 November 2007, making the South Wales region it's fourth dedicated area.


Notable schools include ] (the largest secondary school in Wales),<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.estyn.gov.uk/english/provider/6815403/ |title=Whitchurch High School: 2003 Inspection Report |last=Medhurst |first=B W |date=28 March 2003 |publisher=] |access-date=5 June 2008 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117163324/http://www.estyn.gov.uk/english/provider/6815403/ |archive-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> ] (one of the most multi-cultural state schools in the UK),<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.estyn.gov.uk/inspection_reports/Fitzalan_sec_2004.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090514052918/http://www.estyn.gov.uk/inspection_reports/Fitzalan_sec_2004.pdf |archive-date=14 May 2009 |title=Fitzalan High School: 2004 Inspection Report |last=Owen |first=G |date=13 December 2004 |publisher=] |access-date=5 June 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> and ] (the largest Welsh medium secondary school in Wales).
== Use in media ==
{{sect-stub}}
Cardiff, along with ], is one of the most-visited locations in the new series of '']'', due to the programme being produced by ]. The spin-off '']'' is set exclusively in Wales, with all but ] being mainly set in Cardiff. In both programmes, a "]" transects the city, with specific focus on ] and the ]. In "]" amd "]", the rift's recent activity is used to fuel the TARDIS, while in ''Torchwood'', the ] is based under the paving.


As well as academic institutions, Cardiff is also home to other educational and learning organisations such as ], a hands-on science discovery centre that now has franchises throughout Wales, and is part of the Wales Gene Park in collaboration with Cardiff University, ] and the ] (WDA).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wales Gene Park |url=http://www.wgp.cf.ac.uk/listWorkProgProEd.htm |access-date=31 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625151144/http://www.wgp.cf.ac.uk/listWorkProgProEd.htm |archive-date=25 June 2007}}</ref> Cardiff is also home to a regional office of the ] Organisation (IBO).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibo.org/contact-the-ib/office-locations/|title=IBO office locations|publisher=]|access-date=12 September 2024}}</ref>
Cardiff is also the birthplace of Dalek creator ] and popular children's author ], owing to the naming of the plaza outside the Millennium Centre.


Cardiff was referenced by ] in the Tim Burton film ] and was the setting for several scenes in the film ].


{|class="toccolours" style="margin:0.5em auto"
== Sports ==
|-
] playing ] during a ] match at the ].]]
|<gallery caption="University Campuses in Cardiff" mode="packed">
The city has a regional ] team, the ], who play in the ] at their ] stadium. Cardiff also has several amateur rugby clubs too.
File:Cardiff University main building.jpg|] {{endash}} Cathays Park and Heath Park Campuses
File:Cardiff Metropolitan University Llandaff Campus (2).jpg|] {{endash}} Llandaff and Cyncoed Campuses
File:University of South Wales, Cardiff Campus.jpg|] {{endash}} Cardiff Campus
File:Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama.jpg|], part of the University of South Wales Group
File:Wales Academy of Voice & Dramatic Arts, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, Cardiff.jpg|] {{endash}} Cardiff Campus
File:Cardiff 13737 University of Wales Registry 01.JPG|] is a confederal university based in the ].
</gallery>
|}


==Landmarks and attractions==
Cardiff has one main professional ] club, ] who currently play in the English Coca-Cola Championship and are also known locally as the Bluebirds. Their current stadium is ] located to the south of the city, however a ] is currently under construction in nearby Leckwith, which is due to be opened in 2009, and will be shared with the ]. Cardiff has numerous smaller clubs such as ] ] and ] who all play in the ].
{{See also |Architecture of Cardiff|Listed buildings in Cardiff}}
{{multiple image
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|caption1=] is part of the ].
|image2=Cardiff, Church Street, St. John the Baptist.jpg
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|caption2=] is the oldest ] building in the city
|image3=Cardiff Crown Court.JPG
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Cardiff has many landmark buildings such as the Principality Stadium, ], the Welsh National Museum and the Senedd building, the home of the Welsh Parliament. Cardiff is also known for Cardiff Castle, ], ], ] and the ].


] is a major tourist attraction in the city and is situated in the heart of the ]. The ] in Cardiff is a large open-air museum housing dozens of buildings from throughout Welsh history that have been moved to the site in Cardiff. The Civic Centre in ] comprises a collection of ] buildings such as the ], ], ], and buildings forming part of Cardiff University, together with more modern civic buildings. These buildings are laid out around the Queen Alexandra Gardens, a formal park which contains the ] and a number of other, smaller memorials.
Cardiff also has a county cricket side, ], who play at the city centre's ] ground, and will undergo a multi-million pound improvement in time to host a ] as part of ] in 2009. Cardiff also plays host to a ] side, ] and a professional ice-hockey team, the ]. The ] takes place in the city every October and attracts several thousand participants and spectators.


In addition to Cardiff Castle, ] is a castle in ], in the north of the city. The current castle is an elaborately decorated Victorian ] designed by ] for the Marquess and built in the 1870s, as an occasional retreat. However, the Victorian castle stands on the footings of a much older medieval castle possibly built by ], a regional baron with links to Cardiff Castle also. The exterior has become a popular location for film and television productions. It rarely fulfilled its intended role as a retreat for the Butes, who seldom stayed there. For the Marquess, the pleasure had been in its creation, a pleasure lost following Burges's death in 1881.
Cardiff is the principal home of the sport of Welsh or ], and hosts the annual England-Wales international game every four years, usually at ].


Cardiff claims the largest concentration of ] of any city in the world.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.skysports.com/rugbyunion/World_Cup/Story/0,21043,13092_2689478,00.html |title=2007 Rugby World Cup City Guides – Cardiff |publisher=Sky Sports |access-date=19 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405094448/http://www.skysports.com/rugbyunion/World_Cup/Story/0%2C21043%2C13092_2689478%2C00.html |archive-date=5 April 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> As well as Cardiff Castle and Castell Coch, there are the remains of two ]s in ] and ], known as ] and ] or Twmpath Motte (also known as {{lang|cy|Caer Cynwrig}}) respectively.<ref name="Morganstown">{{Cadw|uid=3373|class=SM|num=GM256|desc=Morganstown Castle Mound |access-date=24 April 2021 |archive-date=24 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424071247/https://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/sam/FullReport?lang=&id=3373 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Twmpath Motte">{{Cadw|uid=3465|class=SM|num=GM017|desc=Twmpath, Rhiwbina |access-date=24 April 2021 |archive-date=24 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424064805/https://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/sam/FullReport?lang=&id=3465 |url-status=live }}</ref> ] being a Welsh word for a small mound),<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.castlewales.com/twmpath.html |title=Twmpath Castle |year=2002 |access-date=21 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307035335/http://www.castlewales.com/twmpath.html |archive-date=7 March 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> which along with a castle at Whitchurch (known as Treoda and destroyed by housing in the 1960s) formed an arc of fortifications which divided the Norman lordship from the Welsh lordship of Senghenydd.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gatehouse-gazetteer.info/Welshsites/482.html |title=The Gatehouse: Treoda, Whitchurch |date=8 October 2007 |access-date=28 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815082212/http://www.gatehouse-gazetteer.info/Welshsites/482.html |archive-date=15 August 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Further up the Cefn Cibwr ridge on the boundary with Caerphilly there is also another ruined castle, known as ] ({{langx|cy|Castell Morgraig}}). Archaeological evidence suggests this castle was never finished, and it is debated whether the fortification was of Norman or Welsh origin. The concentration of castles indicates the moveable nature of the border between the Norman lordship of Glamorgan, centred at Cardiff, and its Welsh neighbours to the north.
]


There is also the ruined ], also known as Llandaff Castle,<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Llandaff |title=Llandaff |publisher=] |access-date=5 April 2021 |archive-date=6 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206235749/https://www.britannica.com/place/Llandaff |url-status=live}}</ref> which was the home of the medieval bishops, which was destroyed about 1403–1404 by the Welsh leader ]. Now only the ruined gatehouse remains.<ref name="Britannica"/> Not strictly a castle in the historical sense, ] is a preserved 17th-century manor house, once the seat of the ].
Cardiff hosted the ]. The Wales Empire Swimming Pool was demolished to make way for the ]. The pool in Swansea will remain as the Welsh National Pool until the 50 metre replacement pool will be built in ] as part of the ]. Of the venues used for the Games only the cycling track at Maindy remains. Cardiff also plays host to motorsport's ] as part of ].


{|class="toccolours" style="margin:0.5em auto"
The city also features an international sporting venue, the 74,500 capacity ], where the ] and the ] plays. The ] final was held at the Millennium Stadium, and also doubles up as a venue for other concerts and festivals. The first ever indoor special stages of the ] were held at the ] in September 2005.
|-
One of the annual Speedway Grand Prixs is staged in the Millenium Stadium, on purpose built full size track, each year. The Grand Prix is a round of the World Speedway Championship event.
|<gallery caption="Cardiff's castles" mode="packed">
Speedway was staged at Cardiff White City greyhound stadium during the pre-war era with the first meeting being staged around Christmas 1928.
File:Cardiff Castle (15802151760).jpg|]
In the early 1950s, a dedicated speedway stadium was constructed and the Cardiff Dragons raced in the National league for a short spell.
File:Castell Coch - exterior.JPG|]
File:St Fagans National History Museum 196.JPG|]
File:Bishops palace llandaff.jpg|]<br />''(also known as Llandaff Castle)''
File:Twmpath Castle (2).jpg|The overgrown ]<br />''(also known as Caer Cynwrig)''
File:Morganstown Castle Mound 3.jpg|The overgrown ]
File:Caer Castell Camp 0194.jpg|The overgrown ]
</gallery>
|}
Other major tourist attractions are the ] regeneration sites, which include the recently opened Wales Millennium Centre and the Senedd building, and many other cultural and sites of interest, including the ] and the famous ]. The ] was founded in 1906 and refurbished in the 1980s. Until the opening of the Wales Millennium Centre in 2004, it was the premier venue in Wales for touring theatre and dance companies. Other venues popular for concerts and sporting events include ], St David's Hall and the Principality Stadium. ], a museum documenting the city's history, has been open to the public since the spring of 2011.


Cardiff has over 1,000 listed buildings, ranging from the more prominent buildings such as the castles, to smaller buildings, houses and structures.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/content.asp?Parent_Directory_id=2865&nav=2870,3139,3939,3972 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927041924/http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/content.asp?Parent_Directory_id=2865&nav=2870%2C3139%2C3939%2C3972 |archive-date=27 September 2006 |title=Listed and Locally Listed Buildings |publisher=Cardiff County Council |access-date=28 May 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Cathedral Road was developed by the 3rd Marquis of Bute and is lined by fine villas, some backing on to Sophia Gardens.
== Government and politics ==
] of Wales]]


Cardiff has walks of special interest for tourists and ] alike, such as the ], which runs for {{convert|2+1/4|mi|km|round=0.5|abbr=out}} within Cardiff city centre. This route passes through many of Cardiff's landmarks and historic buildings. The ], designed by ] in 1866, marks the south edge of Bute Park on Castle Street. It bears 15 carved animal statues.
Cardiff is host to the ], which is situated in ]. The building which is now known as the '']'' (Welsh for Legislature, Parliament or Senate) was opened on ] ], by ]. The executive and civil servants of the ] are based in Cardiff's ] while the Assembly Members, the Assembly Parliamentary Service and Ministerial support staff are based in Cardiff Bay.


==Culture and recreation==
] is based at County Hall in Atlantic Wharf, Cardiff Bay.
{{Main|Culture and recreation in Cardiff|List of cultural venues in Cardiff|List of public art in Cardiff}}
]]]
Cardiff has many cultural sites varying from the historical Cardiff Castle and out of town ] to the more modern ] and Cardiff Bay. Cardiff was a finalist in the ] 2008.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/2959944.stm |title=Liverpool named as European Capital of Culture |date=4 June 2003 |work=BBC News |access-date=28 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217061749/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/2959944.stm |archive-date=17 December 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> In recent years Cardiff has grown in stature as a tourist destination, with recent accolades including Cardiff being voted the eighth favourite UK city by readers of the ''Guardian''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2007/nov/04/escape?page=all |title=Observer Travel Awards: Your holiday winners |date=4 November 2007 |access-date=12 December 2007 |work=The Guardian |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606235025/http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2007/nov/04/escape?page=all |archive-date=6 June 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>


The city was also listed as one of the top 10 destinations in the UK on the official British tourist boards website Visit Britain,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.visitbritain.co.uk/ |title=Visit Britain |access-date=12 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928114810/http://www.visitbritain.co.uk/ |archive-date=28 September 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and US travel guide Frommers have listed Cardiff as one of 13 top destinations worldwide for 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.frommers.com/trip_ideas/cultural_immersion/article.cfm?ideaID=CULTURE&articleID=4811&t=Frommer%27s%20Top%20Destinations%20for%202008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219200126/http://frommers.com/trip_ideas/cultural_immersion/article.cfm?ideaID=CULTURE&articleID=4811&t=Frommer%27s%20Top%20Destinations%20for%202008 |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 February 2008 |title=Frommer's Top Destinations for 2008 |date=4 December 2007 |access-date=12 December 2007}}</ref> Annual events in Cardiff that have become regular appearances in Cardiff's calendar include ], ], ] (formerly Cardiff Mardi Gras), Cardiff Winter Wonderland, Cardiff Festival and ].
Cardiff elects 4 AMs to the Welsh Assembly and 4 MPs to the ]. There is also an electoral region for Cardiff, South Wales Central, that provides top-up seats to parties in the Assembly. Cardiff is part of the Wales constituency in ] elections.


=== Local government === ===Music and performing arts===
{{main|Cardiff Council}} {{main|Music of Cardiff}}
]]]
Since local government reorganisation in 1996, Cardiff has been governed by ]. Voters elect 75 councillors every four years, with the next elections due to be held in 2008.
A large number of concerts are held in the city, the larger ones at St David's Hall, Cardiff International Arena and occasionally the Principality Stadium. A number of festivals are also held in Cardiff, the largest being the ] Festival, held annually in the city centre in the summer and playing host to free musical performances (from artists such as ], ], ], the ], ] and ]), fairground rides and cultural events such as a Children's Festival that takes place in the grounds of Cardiff Castle. The annual festival claims to be the UK's largest free outdoor festival, attracting over 250,000 visitors in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/music/sites/big_weekend/ |title=BBC Wales – Big Weekend |access-date=23 February 2008 |archive-date=28 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528130551/https://edigitalsurvey.com/l.php?id=INS-642345567&v=7038&x=1600&y=1000&d=24&c=null&ck=1&p=%2Fwales%2Fmusic%2Fsites%2Fcardiff-big-weekend%2F&fu=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fwales%2Fmusic%2Fsites%2Fcardiff-big-weekend%2F&xdm=edr&xdm_o=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk&xdm_c=edr0 |url-status=live}}</ref>


Cardiff hosted the ] in 1883, 1899, 1938, 1960, 1978, 2008 and 2018. Cardiff is unique in Wales in having two permanent ] used by the Gorsedd of ]s during Eisteddfodau. The original circle stands in Gorsedd Gardens in front of the ] while its 1978 replacement is situated in ]. Since 1983, Cardiff has hosted the ] competition, a world-renowned event on the opera calendar which is held every two years. The city also hosts smaller events.
Following the 2004 local elections, no individual political party has a majority on Cardiff City Council. The ] have 32 councillors (33 were elected, but one councillor crossed the floor to Plaid Cymru) and have formed a minority administration, ] have 27, the ] have 10 (12 elected but two now form the Independent Group), ] have 4 (3 elected, and one former Liberal Democrat) and two former Conservatives currently sit as Independents. The Leader of the Council, Cllr ], is from the ].


The ] hosts performances of opera, ballet, dance, comedy, musicals and is home to the ]. St David's Hall (which hosts the Singer of the World competition) has regular performances of classical music and ballet as well as music of other genres. The largest of Cardiff's theatres is the ], situated in the city centre just off Queen Street. Other such venues include the ], ] and ].
=== National Assembly for Wales ===
{{main|National Assembly for Wales}}
The ] has been based in ] since its formation in 1999. Cardiff elects 4 constituency Assembly Members (AMs) to the Assembly, with the individual constituencies for the Assembly being the same as for the UK Parliament. All of the city's residents have an extra vote for the ] region which increases proportionality to the Assembly. The most recent Welsh Assembly ] were held on ] ].


The Cardiff music scene is established and wide-ranging: home to the ] and the ]; has produced several leading acts; has acted as a springboard for Welsh bands to become famous. Acts hailing from Cardiff include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. Also, artists such as ], ],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://theautomatic.co.uk/band.php |title=The Automatic / Band |publisher=theautomatic.co.uk |access-date=8 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417213451/http://www.theautomatic.co.uk/band.php |archive-date=17 April 2008}}</ref> ],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.myspace.com/manics |title=Manic Street Preachers on MySpace Music – Free Streaming MP3s, Pictures & Music |date=2 January 2010 |publisher=] |access-date=2 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100101212617/http://www.myspace.com/manics |archive-date=1 January 2010}}</ref> ],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/music/sites/lostprophets/pages/rise.shtml |title=The rise of Lostprophets |publisher=] |last=Pattison |first=Louis |access-date=8 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202142753/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/music/sites/lostprophets/pages/rise.shtml |archive-date=2 December 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> ], ], ] and ] have links with the city and are associated with the Cardiff music scene.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/cardiff-music-scene-the-scene-is-more-alive-than-ever-428059.html |title=Cardiff music scene: 'The scene is more alive than ever' |date=30 November 2006 |work=] |last=Mugan |first=Chris |access-date=8 December 2008 |location=London |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113001608/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/cardiff-music-scene-the-scene-is-more-alive-than-ever-428059.html |archive-date=13 November 2010}}</ref> In 2010, Cardiff was named the UK's second "most musical" city by ].<ref> {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605083821/http://www.mirror.co.uk/celebs/news/2010/03/13/bristol-named-britain-s-most-musical-city-115875-22107650/|date=5 June 2011}} ''Daily Mirror''</ref>
=== Political representation ===
Cardiff is presently split into four parliamentary constituencies which form the electoral basis for elections to the ] and the ].


===Visual arts===
The constituencies and their representatives are:
{{see also|Art in Cardiff}}
* ]: MP ], AM ] (Both Liberal Democrat)
Cardiff has held a ] in the city each year since 2004, in which photographers compete to take the best 12 pictures of 12 previously unknown topics in 12 hours. An exhibition of winners and other entries is held in June/July each year.<ref>Karen Price (21 June 2013) {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809114012/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/lifestyle/new-views-city-unveiled--4695993|date=9 August 2014}}, ''WalesOnline''. Retrieved 28 July 2014</ref>
* ]: MP ] (Labour), AM ] (Conservative)
* ]: MP ], AM ] (Both Labour)
* ]: MP ], AM ] (Both Labour)


===Sporting venues===
The ] elects four Assembly Members to serve the area covered by Cardiff, ] and the ] local authority areas. These are currently:
Sporting venues include the ] – the national stadium and home of the ] – ] for ], ] for ] and the ], ], home of ], ] for ] and ] rugby union teams, and ] for ] ice hockey team. It hosted the ] and was dubbed European City of Sport for its role in international sporting events in 2009 and again in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |title=City takes European sports capital title for 2014 |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/cardiffonline/cardiff-news/2011/04/01/city-takes-european-sports-capital-title-for-2014-91466-28440348/ |access-date=6 April 2011 |newspaper=South Wales Echo |date=1 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123142245/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/cardiffonline/cardiff-news/2011/04/01/city-takes-european-sports-capital-title-for-2014-91466-28440348/ |archive-date=23 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Principality Stadium hosted 11 football matches during the ], including the opening event and the men's bronze medal match.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Olympic football in Cardiff |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-12905961 |publisher=Visit Cardiff |access-date=6 April 2011 |date=22 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110402184433/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-12905961 |archive-date=2 April 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* ] (Conservative)
* ] (Conservative)
* ] (Plaid Cymru)
* ] (Plaid Cymru)


===Recreation===
Famous politicians who have represented Cardiff constituencies include:
]]]
* ]
* ]


Cardiff has strong nightlife. Most clubs and bars are situated in the city centre, especially St Mary Street. More recently Cardiff Bay has built up a strong night scene, with many modern bars and restaurants. The Brewery Quarter on St Mary Street is a recently developed venue for bars and restaurant with a central courtyard. Charles Street is also a popular part of the city.
== Transport ==
{{main|Transport in Cardiff}}


], including the lighthouse erected as a memorial to ]]]
Cardiff is the major transport hub in Wales and is the focus for many arterial road and rail routes that connect the city to the rest of Wales and England.


Cardiff is known for its extensive parks and other green spaces covering around 10% of the city's total area.<ref name="trends">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/ObjView.asp?Object_ID=4289 |format=PDF |title=Cardiff Population Trends |date=4 January 2006 |access-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609173610/http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/ObjView.asp?Object_ID=4289 |archive-date=9 June 2011}}</ref> Cardiff's main park, Bute Park (which was formerly the castle grounds) extends northwards from the top of one of Cardiff's main shopping street (Queen Street); when combined with the adjacent ] and Pontcanna Fields to the north-west it produces a massive open space skirting the River Taff. Other popular parks include ] in the north, donated to the city by the ] in 1887, which includes a popular boating lake; ]'s first official park; and ], formerly home to an ] removed in the 1970s. Wild open spaces include Howardian Local Nature Reserve, {{cvt|32|acre|ha|abbr=off}} of the lower Rhymney valley in Penylan noted for its orchids,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Useful information |url=http://www.howardianlnr.org.uk/info.html |website=Howardian Local Nature Reserve |access-date=9 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804122517/http://howardianlnr.org.uk/info.html |archive-date=4 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> and ], over {{cvt|150|acre|ha|abbr=off}} along the River Taff in Whitchurch.
=== Road ===
The ] is the principal motorway in the region that connects Cardiff with ] and ], towns in ] such as ] and ], and also cities in ], principally, ] and ]. Cardiff is served by junctions 29-34 inclusive and is about 30-45 minutes from the ].


==Media==
The ] is another motorway within the city, linking the M4 to the city centre and the eastern suburbs. The ] is another major road within the city that provides an important link with the Heads of the Valleys, Mid and North Wales.
{{Main|Media in Cardiff}}
{{See also|Media in Wales}}
] and ]]]


Cardiff is the Welsh base for the main national broadcasters (], ] and ]). A locally based television station, ''Made in Cardiff'', is also based in the city centre. Major filming studios in Cardiff include the BBC's ] Studios and ] Wales.
As with many other cities car traffic has caused congestion problems and as such the council has designated bus lanes to improve transport into and out of the city centre. The council has also revealed plans to introduce ], as in London, but only once there has been significant investment in the city's public transport network.


Several contemporary television programmes and films are filmed in and/or set in Cardiff such as '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'' and '']''.<ref> {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922110234/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2010/08/13/remake-of-upstairs-downstairs-filming-in-wales-91466-27054006/|date=22 September 2010}} Wales Online 13 August 2010. Retrieved 23 August 2010.</ref>
There are several road and rail bridges that cross the ] in Cardiff. These include the Clarence Road Bridge, a comparatively modern bridge which replaced a swing bridge. The original bridge was named after the ].


The main local newspaper is the '']''; the national paper is the '']''. Both are based in Park Street in the city centre. ''Capital Times'', ''Echo Extra'' and the South Wales edition of '']'' are also based and distributed in the city.
There are several taxi companies serving the city. Major Taxi Ranks in the ] are found at The Hayes, ], Wood Street, Greyfriars Road and St. Mary's Street.


There are several magazines, including '']'' and a monthly '']'', and a Welsh-language community newsletter called '']'' (The Citizen). Radio stations serving the city and based in Cardiff include ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].
=== Cycling and walking ===
] in winter]]
Much of Cardiff's central shopping zone is pedestrianised, and further pedestrianisation is planned as part of the current St David's 2 regeneration scheme.


The Principality Stadium was one of the first six British landmarks to be fully mapped on ] as a 360-degree virtual tour.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/8149329.stm |title=BBC News Locations |work=BBC News |access-date=21 July 2009 |date=14 July 2009}}</ref>
Although cycling in Cardiff is made easier by its relative flatness, provision for cycling within the city is fairly poor compared with many cities. Despite its adoption of positive policies on health and environment, ] continues to implement major transport and regeneration projects without properly integrating the urban cyclist.


==Sport==
The ] runs for 55 miles (88 km) alongside the ], from ] to the market town of ] in the ] National Park. On Sundays in summer the Beacons Bike Bus enables cyclists to take their bikes into the Beacons and then ride back to Cardiff along the Trail.
{{Main|Sport in Cardiff}}
{{See also|Leisure centres in Cardiff|List of stadia in Wales by capacity|Rugby in Cardiff}}
]
Cardiff hosts many high-profile sporting events at local, national and international level and in recognition of the city's commitment to sport for all was awarded the title of European Capital of Sport 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/content.asp?nav=2868%2C5924%2C5925%2C6188&parent_directory_id=2865&id=11467 |title=Cardiff is named European Capital for Sport |publisher=Cardiff Council |work=Sport Cardiff |access-date=2 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028084516/http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/content.asp?nav=2868%2C5924%2C5925%2C6188&parent_directory_id=2865&id=11467 |archive-date=28 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://yourcardiff.walesonline.co.uk/2011/04/01/cardiff-announced-as-2014-europeancapital-of-sport/ |title=Cardiff announced as 2014 European Capital of Sport |work=yourCardiff |date=1 April 2011 |access-date=2 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513185732/http://yourcardiff.walesonline.co.uk/2011/04/01/cardiff-announced-as-2014-europeancapital-of-sport |archive-date=13 May 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aceseurope.eu/index.php/en/2012-09-01-17-17-01/european-capitals-of-sport |title=European Capitals of Sport list |publisher=European Capitals and Cities of Sport Federation |access-date=2 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614130203/http://www.aceseurope.eu/index.php/en/2012-09-01-17-17-01/european-capitals-of-sport |archive-date=14 June 2013}}</ref> Organised sports have been held in the city since the early 19th century.<ref name="Arms Park 1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/glamorgan/content/story/60134.html |publisher=ESPN EMEA Ltd |date=6 January 2005 |title=Cricinfo.com |access-date=26 June 2009 |work=ESPN Cricinfo website |archive-date=28 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528130548/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/cardiff-s-first-home-60134 |url-status=live}}</ref> national home sporting fixtures are nearly always played in the city. All Wales' multi-sports agencies and many of the ]'s ] have their headquarters in Cardiff and the city's many top quality venues have attracted world-famous sports events, sometimes unrelated to Cardiff or to Wales. In 2008/09, 61% of Cardiff residents regularly participated in sport and active recreation, the highest percentage in ll 22 local authorities in Wales.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://wales.gov.uk/docs/statistics/2010/100517profilecardiffen.pdf |title=Wayback Machine- Web cite query result |website=www.webcitation.org |access-date=28 May 2021 |archive-date=8 August 2010 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5rpWuiiAM?url=http://wales.gov.uk/docs/statistics/2010/100517profilecardiffen.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>


] fans around the world have long been familiar with the old National Stadium, Cardiff Arms Park, and its successor the ], which hosted the ] for six years (from 2001 to 2006) it took to rebuild ]. In 2009, Cardiff hosted the first ] cricket test between England and Australia to be held in Wales. Cardiff hosted eight football matches of the ].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/4657779.stm |title=Cardiff to host Olympics football |date=6 July 2005 |via=news.bbc.co.uk |access-date=24 April 2021 |archive-date=24 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424132013/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/4657779.stm |url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Bus ===
]]]
]'s new double deckers]]
] (founded 1899 as Riverside AFC) played their home games at ] from 1910 until the end of the 2008–09 season. The club's new home is the ], which they initially rented to the ], the city's professional rugby union team, the Blues returning to the Arms Park in 2012. Cardiff City have played in the English ] since the 1920–21 season, climbing to Division 1 after one season.<ref name="1927 1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cardiffcityfc.co.uk/page/ClubHistory/0,,10335~61928,00.html |publisher=Cardiff City Football Club & FL Interactive |date=17 November 2004 |title=Cardiff City – Club – Club History – Club History – The Foundations and Early Y |access-date=26 June 2009 |work=Cardiff City FC website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813201655/http://www.cardiffcityfc.co.uk/page/ClubHistory/0%2C%2C10335~61928%2C00.html |archive-date=13 August 2009}}</ref><ref name="1927 2">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cardiffcityfc.co.uk/page/ClubHistory/0,,10335~61930,00.html |publisher=Cardiff City Football Club & FL Interactive |date=17 November 2004 |title=Cardiff City – Club – Club History – Club History – The Roaring Twenties |access-date=26 June 2009 |work=Cardiff City FC website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520124931/http://www.cardiffcityfc.co.uk/page/ClubHistory/0%2C%2C10335~61930%2C00.html |archive-date=20 May 2009}}</ref> Cardiff City are the only non-English team to have won the ], beating ] in the ] at ].<ref name="1927 2"/> They were runners up to ] in the ], losing 1–0 at the new Wembley Stadium.<ref name="1927 3">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cardiffcityfc.co.uk/page/ClubHistory/0,,10335~61926,00.html |quote=In 2013 the Club won promotion to the Premier League, the second Welsh Club do so as Swansea City had gained the honour of being the first in the 2010–2011 season. Cardiff struggled all season and returned to the Championship having finished bottom. |publisher=Cardiff City Football Club & FL Interactive |date=17 November 2004 |title=Cardiff City – Club Honours and History |access-date=26 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091223061126/http://www.cardiffcityfc.co.uk/page/ClubHistory/0%2C%2C10335~61926%2C00.html |archive-date=23 December 2009}}</ref> In the 2013/14 and 2018/19 seasons Cardiff City played in the English ].


] of the Athletic Union of Cardiff Metropolitan University, based in Cyncoed, play in the ], having been promoted from Welsh League Division One in 2016. They were winners of the ] for the 2018–19 season.
''See Also: ]''
<ref name="1927 4">{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/cardiff_city/default.stm |publisher=BBC |date=26 June 2009 |title=BBC Sport – Football-My Club-C-Cardiff |access-date=26 June 2009 |work=BBC News website |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124181119/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/cardiff_city/default.stm |archive-date=24 January 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>


Cardiff has numerous smaller clubs including ], ], ], ], and ], which all play in the ].<ref name="Peldroed 1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.welshleague.org.uk/directory_of_clubs.htm |publisher=The Welsh Football League |year=2009 |title=Directory of Clubs |access-date=26 June 2009 |work=Welsh League website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218005515/http://welshleague.org.uk/directory_of_clubs.htm |archive-date=18 February 2009}}</ref>
Cardiff has a comprehensive ] network, with council-owned ] providing the vast majority of routes in the city and as well as Newport, Penarth, Barry, ] and Llantwit Major.
Cardiff Bus has introduced ] on the popular 17 and 18 routes to Canton, Ely and Caerau and on the Cardiff Bay route. Its hub is ].


], Cardiff, headquarters of ], the ] and the ]]]
] provides direct services to most cities in the UK, including high frequency services to nearby ] and ], as well as major ] and ] cities.<!-- Unsourced image removed: ] -->
In addition to men's football teams ] of the ] are based in the city. Teams in the ] are ], ] and ].
] also operates frequent discounted services to ].


During the 1990s, London-based football club ] expressed interest in relocating to Cardiff, having been without a home of their own since exiting ] stadium in 1991 and sharing with ] at ]. The relocation of the club to Cardiff did not happen; in 2003, the club moved to ] and a year later rebranded as ].<ref name="Warren">{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/w/wimbledon/3596377.stm |work=BBC News |first=Dan |last=Warren |title=Dons' darkest day |date=6 April 2004 |access-date=14 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051211210410/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/w/wimbledon/3596377.stm |archive-date=11 December 2005 |url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Railways ===
]
Cardiff has a ] system under the name of ], which is operated by ]. There are eight lines which serve 20 stations in the city, 26 in the wider urban area (including Taffs Well, Penarth and Dinas Powys) and more than 60 in the South Wales valleys and the ].<ref>http://www.arrivatrainswales.co.uk/WorkArea/showcontent.aspx?id=1604&langtype=1033</ref>


Cardiff Arms Park ({{langx|cy|Parc yr Arfau Caerdydd}}), in central Cardiff, is among the world's most famous venues—being the scene of three Welsh ] in the 1970s (], ] and ]) and six ] titles in nine years—and was the venue for Wales' games in the ].<ref name="Arms Park 2">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cardiff-rfc.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=68 |publisher=Cardiff Rugby Football Club |date=2 November 2007 |title=Cardiff RFC – CRFC History |access-date=26 June 2009 |work=Cardiff RFC website |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604215745/http://www.cardiff-rfc.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=68 |archive-date=4 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="rwc 1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rwc2007.irb.com/destinationFrance/venues/venue=1/stadium.html |publisher=RWCL |year=2007 |title=RWC 2007 – The Millennium Stadium |access-date=27 June 2009 |work=2007 RWCL website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312041919/http://www.rwc2007.irb.com/destinationFrance/venues/venue%3D1/stadium.html |archive-date=12 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="Arms Park 3">{{Cite web |url=http://www.viamichelin.be/viamichelin/gbr/dyn/controller/Datasheet/4fef4a879fbee938b9416dcacea56b3b/125195/Cardiff%20or%20the%20pride%20of%20being%20Welsh! |publisher=ViaMichelin SAS |year=2009 |title=Cardiff or the pride of being Welsh! |access-date=28 June 2009 |work=ViaMichelin website}}{{dead link|date=June 2015}}</ref><ref name="Arms Park 4">{{Cite web |url=http://guides.travelchannel.com/cardiff/business-travel/personal-business/public-access-sports-grounds/386235.html |publisher=The Travel Channel L.L.C. |year=2009 |title=Cardiff travel guide: Cardiff vacation ideas: Travel Channel |access-date=28 June 2009 |work=Travel Channel website}}{{dead link|date=November 2016|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> The Arms Park has a sporting history dating back to at least the 1850s, when Cardiff Cricket Club (formed 1819) relocated to the site.<ref name="Arms Park 1"/> The ground was donated to Cardiff CC in 1867 by the Marquess of Bute. Cardiff Cricket Club shared the ground with Cardiff Rugby Football Club (founded 1876) — forming ] between them — until 1966, when the cricket section moved to Sophia Gardens. Cardiff Athletic Club and the ] established two stadia on the site—Cardiff RFC played at their stadium at the northern end of the site, and the Wales national rugby union team played international matches at the National Stadium, Cardiff Arms Park, which opened in 1970. The National Stadium was replaced by the 74,500 capacity Millennium Stadium ({{langx|cy|Stadiwm y Mileniwm}}) in 1999—in time for the ]—and is home stadium to the ] and ] teams for international matches.<ref name="Arms Park 1"/><ref name="Arms Park 2"/><ref name="Mileniwm 1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.millenniumstadium.com/information/facts_and_figures.php |publisher=Millennium Stadium plc |year=2009 |title=Millennium Stadium:Information:About the Venue:Facts&Figures |access-date=25 June 2009 |work=Millennium Stadium website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608154948/http://www.millenniumstadium.com/information/facts_and_figures.php |archive-date=8 June 2011}}</ref><ref name="Mileniwm 2">{{Cite web |url=http://www.millenniumstadium.com/history/index.php |publisher=Millennium Stadium plc |year=2009 |title=Millennium Stadium:Information:Stadium History:Stadium History |access-date=29 June 2009 |work=Millennium Stadium website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608155032/https://www.millenniumstadium.com/history/index.php |archive-date=8 June 2011}}</ref> In addition to Wales' ] and other international games, the Principality Stadium held four matches in the ] and six FA Cup finals (from the ] to ] seasons) while ] was being rebuilt.<ref name="rwc 1"/>
] is the largest railway station in Wales with 7 platforms, and one of the busiest in the UK. It provides direct services to major cities such as ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ], as well as serving as an interchange for services from West Wales. There is also a regular shuttle service to ] (for ferries to Ireland) and ] in ].


]
] is the second busiest in Wales and is hub for routes via the ] services that connect the ] and the Cardiff ] with the city centre. Its location at the eastern end of the city centre makes it convenient for commuters and shoppers alike. This station also provides services to Cardiff Bay, these do not call at Central.


] was formed in 1819 and ] has competed as a first-class county since 1921. Its headquarters and ground is the ], ], since moving from Cardiff Arms Park in 1966. The Sophia Gardens stadium underwent multimillion-pound improvements since being selected to host the first ] v ] ] of the ].<ref name="Arms Park 1"/><ref name="Sophia 1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2009/06/17/what-the-ashes-could-do-for-cardiff-91466-23894940/ |publisher=Media Wales Ltd |date=17 June 2009 |title=WalesOnline – News – Wales News – What the Ashes could do for Cardiff |access-date=26 June 2009 |work=WalesOnline website |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006230314/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2009/06/17/what-the-ashes-could-do-for-cardiff-91466-23894940/ |archive-date=6 October 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> ] franchise team ] is also based at the stadium.
Cardiff benefits from having a centralised and integrated transport system. The central bus and railway stations are sited together at Central Square, allowing for easy interchange between different modes of transport.


Cardiff has a long association with boxing, from ] — born in Cardiff in 1880 — to more recent, high-profile fights staged in the city.<ref name="Peerless 1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.newtown-cardiff.org.uk/page11.htm |publisher=Newtown Association |year=2000 |title=Untitled Normal Page |access-date=28 June 2009 |work=Newtown Association website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827234551/http://www.newtown-cardiff.org.uk/page11.htm |archive-date=27 August 2008}}</ref> These include the ] ] ] championship fight at the Arms Park in 1993, and many of ]'s fights, between 2003 and 2007.
Proposals to include an ] rail network in the city have been shelved due to rising costs.<ref>{{cite news | first=Philip | last=Nifield | url=http://icwales.icnetwork.co.uk/news/wales-news/page.cfm?objectid=12590074&method=full&siteid=50082 | publisher=South Wales Echo | title=Pod transport system is shelved | date=2003-01-01 | accessdate=2008-01-04}}</ref>, however the council is investigating converting the ] network into a ] tram network and extending it in the near future<ref>http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/ObjView.asp?Object_ID=3384</ref>.


Cardiff's professional ice hockey team, the ], plays in the 3,000-seat ] in the Cardiff International Sports Village. It plays in the 12-team professional ]. Founded in 1986, it was one of the most successful British teams in the 1990s.
=== Water ===
Two waterbus firms operate half-hourly services from ] in the city centre to Cardiff Bay and onwards to Penarth. Throughout the summer (March to October), boats also depart from Cardiff Bay to take visitors to ] Island.


Cardiff's only American-flag football team is the Hurricanes. It won the British Championship in 2014 after falling short by 2 points in a quarter-final to eventual winners, the London Rebels, the previous year. It is based at Roath Recreational Ground.
The ] and ] sail from Britannia Quay (in Roath Basin) to various destinations in the ].


] at the ], Cardiff Bay]]
=== Air ===
The ] were hosted by Cardiff. These involved 1,130 athletes from 35 national teams competing in 94 events.<ref name="Empire 1958">{{Cite web |url=http://www.commonwealthgames.org.au/Templates/Games_PastGames_1958.htm |publisher=Australian Commonwealth Games Association |year=2007 |title=ACGA Past Games 1958 |access-date=25 June 2009 |work=Australian Commonwealth Games Association website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912190520/http://commonwealthgames.org.au/Templates/Games_PastGames_1958.htm |archive-date=12 September 2009}}</ref> One of the venues for those Games—The Wales Empire Swimming Pool—was demolished in 1998 to make way for the Principality Stadium. The GBP32m ] in ], opened to the public on 12 January 2008 — part of the GBP1bn International Sports Village (ISV) — is the only Olympic-standard swimming pool in Wales. When complete, the ISV complex will provide Olympic standard facilities for sports including ] and ], gymnastics, ], ] events (including ] and ]) and ] as well as a ] with real snow for ] and ], an ] for public ] and ] and a hotel.<ref name="Pool 1">{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_east/7184798.stm |work=BBC News |date=12 January 2008 |title=£32m world-class pool is opened |access-date=26 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314193215/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_east/7184798.stm |archive-date=14 March 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ISV 1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2009/03/21/cardiff-new-ice-rink-to-be-complete-by-2011-says-berman-91466-23198378/ |publisher=Media Wales Ltd |date=21 March 2009 |title=Cardiff new ice rink to be complete by 2011, says Berman |access-date=28 July 2012 |work=WalesOnline website |archive-date=28 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528130547/https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/cardiff-new-ice-rink-complete-2119279 |url-status=live}}</ref> Some of the sports facilities at the ISV were to be used as training venues for the ].<ref name="ISV 2">{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympics/london_2012/7275423.stm |date=3 March 2008 |title=Olympic training venues – Wales |access-date=26 June 2009 |work=BBC Sport |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227104505/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympics/london_2012/7275423.stm |archive-date=27 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Cardiff and South & West Wales are served by ] (CWL), the only international airport in the Wales. It provides links domestically and internationally. It is situated in the village of ], {{convert|10|mi|km}} west of the city. There are regular bus services linking the airport with the Cardiff Central Bus Station as well as a train service from ] to Cardiff Central. The airport is the fastest growing regional airport in the UK with formal CAA figures showing the number of passengers increasing at a rate of 14% per year. Currently, the airport serves around two million passengers per year, with twenty-five aircraft movements per hour.<ref name="airportgrowth">{{cite web | url=http://www.airport-technology.com/projects/cardiffinternational/ | title=Airport Technology - Cardiff International Airport | accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref>


]]]
== Time Zone ==
The Principality Stadium hosts motor-sport events such as the ], as part of ]. The first indoor special stages of the World Rally Championship were held at the Principality Stadium in September 2005 and have been an annual event since.<ref name="Rali 1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2009/04/15/funding-withdrawl-threatens-wales-raly-gb-91466-23393717/ |publisher=Media Wales Ltd |date=15 April 2009 |title=WalesOnline – News -Wales News – Funding withdrawal threatens Wales Rally GB |access-date=25 June 2009 |work=WalesOnline website |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417072822/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2009/04/15/funding-withdrawl-threatens-wales-raly-gb-91466-23393717/ |archive-date=17 April 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> The ], one of the World Championship events, is held at the Principality Stadium.<ref name="Mileniwm 2"/> While the track—a temporary, purpose built, shale oval—is not universally loved, the venue is considered the best of the World Championship's 11 rounds.<ref name="Speedway 1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/sports/motor-sport/2008/06/30/moto-stars-put-boot-into-millennium-stadium-track-91466-21172356/ |publisher=Media Wales Ltd |date=30 June 2008 |title=Moto:Stars put boot into Millennium Stadium Track |access-date=13 January 2013 |work=WalesOnline website |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006230448/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/sports/motor-sport/2008/06/30/moto-stars-put-boot-into-millennium-stadium-track-91466-21172356/ |archive-date=6 October 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Cardiff time is the same as the rest of the UK, in that it is in the ] zone; ] is the standard time and in summer ]<ref>Time zone in Cardiff</ref>


The ], opened 19 January 2009, replacing the ], demolished to make way for the Cardiff City Stadium. It has a 4,953 capacity as a multi sport/special event venue, offering certificated international ] facilities, including an international standard external throws area.<ref name="Stadiwm 1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2009/01/20/jacko-back-to-his-roots-to-open-city-s-new-sports-arena-91466-22731611/ |publisher=Media Wales Ltd |date=20 January 2009 |title=WalesOnline – News – Wales News – Jacko back to his roots to open city's new sports arena |access-date=27 June 2009 |work=WalesOnline website |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123043511/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2009/01/20/jacko-back-to-his-roots-to-open-city-s-new-sports-arena-91466-22731611/ |archive-date=23 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Stadiwm 2">{{Cite web |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/rugbynation/cardiff-blues/2007/11/15/end-of-an-era-for-city-landmark-91466-20112288/ |publisher=Media Wales Ltd. |date=15 November 2007 |title=WalesOnline – Rugby Nation – Blues – End of an era for city landmark |access-date=27 June 2009 |work=WalesOnline website |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123062428/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/rugbynation/cardiff-blues/2007/11/15/end-of-an-era-for-city-landmark-91466-20112288/ |archive-date=23 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Stadiwm 3">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/content.asp?nav=2868,2967,3001,4662,4664&id=3299&Positioning_Article_ID=&Language=&parent_directory_id=2865&d1p1=1 |publisher=Cardiff Council |date=29 May 2009 |title=Cardiff – Home, Cardiff International Sports Stadium |access-date=27 June 2009 |work=Cardiff Council website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609165947/http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/content.asp?nav=2868%2C2967%2C3001%2C4662%2C4664&id=3299&Positioning_Article_ID=&Language=&parent_directory_id=2865&d1p1=1 |archive-date=9 June 2011}}</ref> The stadium houses the Headquarters of ], the sport's governing body for Wales.<ref name="Stadiwm 4">{{Cite web |url=http://www.welshathletics.org/about-us/contact-us/ |publisher=Welsh Athletics Ltd. |year=2007 |title=Welsh Athletics – Contact Us |access-date=27 June 2009 |work=Welsh Athletics website |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107014722/http://www.welshathletics.org/about-us/contact-us/ |archive-date=7 January 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The city's indoor track and field athletics sports venue is the ], an international athletics and multi sports centre at the ] Campus, ].<ref name="Stadiwm 5">{{Cite web |url=http://www3.uwic.ac.uk/english/businessservices/conferenceservices/pages/niac.aspx |publisher=University of Wales Institute, Cardiff – Athrofa Prifysgol Cymru, Caerdydd |year=2009 |title=National Indoor Athletics Centre |access-date=27 June 2009 |work=Uwic website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420063902/http://www3.uwic.ac.uk/english/businessservices/conferenceservices/pages/niac.aspx |archive-date=20 April 2009}}</ref>
== Education ==
=== Universities and colleges ===


The ] ] takes place each October and is one of the largest road races in the United Kingdom, attracting over 20,000 participants and many overseas visitors annually. The event is organised by the not-for-profit social enterprise Run 4 Wales, and has grown considerably since its establishment in 2003. It has hosted the World (2016) Commonwealth (2018) British (2014/2015) and Welsh (Annually) Half Marathon Championships and has held a ] Elite Road Race Label since 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2024 |title=About The Race |url=https://www.cardiffhalfmarathon.co.uk/event-info/about-the-race/ |access-date=29 January 2024 |website=Principality Cardiff Half Marathon |language=en-US}}</ref> The race is also a part of the SuperHalfs, a series of leading international half marathon races which also includes Lisbon, Prague, Berlin, Valencia and Copenhagen.
Cardiff is home to four major institutions of higher education: ], founded
by Royal Charter in 1883 as the University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire,<ref>Cardiff University </ref> is a "]" university and member of the ] of leading research led universities; ] (UWIC) gained university status in 1992; The ] is a ] established in 1949 and is based in the grounds of ]. The ] has a Cardiff campus, ''']''', which is home to the Cardiff School of Creative & Cultural Industries. The total number of higher education students in the city is around 30,000.<ref name="cityprofile">{{cite web | url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/00pt.asp | title=Census 2001 - Profiles - Cardiff | accessdate=2008-01-18}}</ref>


==Notable people==
<!-- Unsourced image removed: ].]] -->
{{Main|List of people from Cardiff}}
The city also has two ] only colleges: ] and St. David's College, although further education is offered at most high schools in the city.
{{Category see also|People from Cardiff}}


Many notable people have hailed from Cardiff, ranging from historical figures such as the 12th-century Welsh leader ] to more recent figures such as ], ], ], ], and the former Blue Peter presenter ].
Cardiff University was home to Millicent McKenzie who was possibly the first female in Britain to be addressed as ‘professor’, becoming associate professor in 1904 and full professor in 1910.<ref></ref>
Famous alumni of Cardiff University include ], ], millionaire businessman and philanthropist ], the ] ] ], and fellow BBC personalities ] and ].


Notable actors include ] ('']''), ] (]) and ] ('']).''
=== Schools ===
Cardiff has eighty-three state primary schools (two bilingual, ten ]),<ref>Cardiff Council
</ref> and twenty state secondary schools, of which two are Welsh medium.<ref>Cardiff Council </ref> There are also a number of independent schools in the city, including Llandaff Cathedral School, Kings Monkton and Howell's School, a single-sex girls' school (until sixth form). Notable schools include ], the largest in Wales, and ] one of the most multi-cultural state schools in the UK; ] the largest Welsh medium secondary in the country. Also, ] which has exceptional academic achievement and is rated one of the best in the UK.


Also notable is ], BAFTA winner and Oscar nominated Hollywood make-up artist.
As well as academic institutions, Cardiff is also home to other educational and learning organisations such as ], a hands on science discovery centre that now has franchises throughout Wales.<ref>Techniquest </ref> Techniquest is also part of the ] in collaboration with ], ] and the ] (WDA).<ref>Wales Gene Park</ref>


The city has been the birthplace of sports stars such as ] and ], as well as many ], ] and international footballers, such as ], ], ], ], and former managers of the ] ] and ]. International ] players from Cardiff include ], ], ] and ]. International ] players include ], ], ], ], ], and baseball internationals include ] and ].
=== International Baccalaureate Organisation ===
Cardiff is also home of the largest regional office of the ] Organisation (IB). The curriculum and assessment centre, which is responsible for overseeing the creation and grading of various IB assessments is located in Cardiff, as are the offices of various professional support services.


] ({{Circa|500}} – 9 February {{Circa|560}}) is the patron saint of Cardiff. He was a British Christian monk, bishop, and founder of monasteries and churches. Reputed to be a cousin, friend, and disciple of Saint David, he was Bishop of Llandaff and founder of the first church at Llandaff Cathedral, where his tomb is. His Saint's Day is 9 February.
== Health ==
{{main |Cardiff and Vale NHS Trust}}
There are seven NHS hospitals in the city.


Cardiff is also well known for its musicians. ] inspired the ]. ], founder of the ], lived in Llandaff. Dame ] was born and raised in Cardiff. ] is famous as a crossover classical/pop singer. ] was one of the top-selling male artists in the UK during the 1980s. ], a popular ] act in the 1980s, also hailed from Cardiff. A number of Cardiff-based bands, such as ] and ], were popular in the 1990s.
The ], which is also known simply as 'The Heath' or the 'UHW', is the third largest hospital in the ] and deals with most accidents and emergencies. Llandough Hospital is located in the south of the city. The University Dental Hospital, which provides emergency dental treatment, is also located on this site.


==Twinning==
The city's newest hospital, St. David's Hospital (built behind the former building) is located in the Canton area and provides services for the elderly and children.
*], Ukraine<ref name="Cardiff twinning"/>
*], Norway<ref name="Cardiff twinning"/>
*], Bolivia<ref name="Cardiff twinning"/>
*], France<ref name="Cardiff twinning"/><ref name="Archant twinning">{{Cite web |url=http://www.completefrance.com/language-culture/twin-towns |title=British towns twinned with French towns |access-date=11 July 2013 |work=Archant Community Media Ltd |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705094933/http://www.completefrance.com/language-culture/twin-towns |archive-date=5 July 2013}}</ref>
*], Germany<ref name="Cardiff twinning"/>
*], China<ref name="Cardiff twinning"/>
*], Peru<ref name="Cardiff twinning">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/content.asp?id=2940&d1=0 |title=Home page of Cardiff Council – Cardiff's twin cities |publisher=Cardiff Council |date=15 June 2010 |access-date=10 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609144903/http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/content.asp?id=2940&d1=0 |archive-date=9 June 2011}}</ref>


==Namesakes==
] is located on Newport Road, near to the city centre. The majority of this hospital was closed in 1999 but with the West Wing remaining open, for clinic services, genitourinary medicine and rehabilitation treatment.
] in Encinitas, California and ] were both named after Cardiff in Wales.


==Diplomatic presence==
] and ] are also located within the city, along with Llandaff and Velindre Hospital which is run by a separate NHS trust.


A total of 28 countries have a diplomatic presence in Cardiff.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.consularassociationinwales.com/aboutus.htm |title=About Us |publisher=The Consular Association of Wales |access-date=7 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313234657/http://consularassociationinwales.com/aboutus.htm |archive-date=13 March 2012}}</ref> Many of these, such as Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Denmark, Canada, Thailand and the Czech Republic, are represented by ]. The United States Embassy to the UK operates a satellite office.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/ObjView.asp?Object_ID=11428&Language= |title=Expanding International Links |date=1 April 2008 |publisher=Capital Times / Cardiff County Council |access-date=21 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609181556/http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/ObjView.asp?Object_ID=11428&Language= |archive-date=9 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cardiffontheweb.com/directory/directoryresults_768290_cat-140_type-768290 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727073347/http://www.cardiffontheweb.com/directory/directoryresults_768290_cat-140_type-768290 |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 July 2020 |title=Cardiff on the Web – German Consul |access-date=6 May 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.amblondon.um.dk/en/servicemenu/Contact/DanishConsulatesandViceConsulatesintheUK/ |title=Danish Honorary Consulates and Vice Consulates in the UK |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark |access-date=6 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421145115/http://www.amblondon.um.dk/en/servicemenu/Contact/DanishConsulatesandViceConsulatesintheUK/ |archive-date=21 April 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cardiffontheweb.com/directory/directoryresults_984756_cat-140_type-984756 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727081813/http://www.cardiffontheweb.com/directory/directoryresults_984756_cat-140_type-984756 |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 July 2020 |title=Cardiff on the Web – Italian Vice-Consulate |access-date=6 May 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eda.admin.ch/eda/en/home/reps/eur/vgbr/ukcons.html |title=Swiss UK Consulates |publisher=Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs |access-date=6 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501121206/http://www.eda.admin.ch/eda/en/home/reps/eur/vgbr/ukcons.html |archive-date=1 May 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/canada-europa/united_kingdom/honcons-cardiff-en.asp |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20081219234443/http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/missions/unitedkingdom-royaumeuni/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 December 2008 |title=Honorary Consulate, Cardiff |publisher=Government of Canada |access-date=6 May 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mzv.cz/wwwo/default.asp?id=50466&ido=15692&idj=2&amb=153&ParentIDO= |title=New Czech Honorary Consulate in Cardiff |publisher=Embassy of the Czech Republic in the United Kingdom |access-date=6 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903214305/http://www.mzv.cz/wwwo/default.asp?id=50466&ido=15692&idj=2&amb=153&ParentIDO= |archive-date=3 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.assemblywales.org/N0000000000000000000000000046311.pdf |title=Wales in the World |date=12 June 2006 |publisher=European and External Affairs Committee, Welsh Assembly |access-date=6 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528025511/http://www.assemblywales.org/N0000000000000000000000000046311.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>
In addition ] has a hospital in the city which is located in Pentwyn.


== Twinning == ==Freedom of the City==
The following people and military units have received the ] of Cardiff; they are listed with the date that they received the honour.<ref>{{cite web |title=HONORARY FREEMAN OF THE CITY AND COUNTY OF CARDIFF |url=https://www.cardiff.gov.uk/ENG/Your-Council/Lord-Mayor/honorary-freedom/Documents/freedom%20roll%20list%20June%202014.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/https://www.cardiff.gov.uk/ENG/Your-Council/Lord-Mayor/honorary-freedom/Documents/freedom%20roll%20list%20June%202014.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2022 |url-status=live |website=Cardiff City Council |access-date=1 November 2021}}</ref>
Cardiff has ] arrangements with:*
* ] ''']''', {{flagicon|Ukraine}} ]
* ] ''']''', ] {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} ]
* ] ''']''', ], {{flagicon|Norway}} ]
* ] ''']''', ] {{flagicon|France}} ]
* ]''' ]''', ], {{flagicon|Germany}} ]
* ] ''']''', ], {{flagicon|China}} ]


== See also == ===Individuals===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
{{Commons|Cardiff}} {{portalpar|Wales}}
*]: 31 March 1886
*
*]: 13 August 1888
* ]
*]: 6 July 1889
* ]
*]: 17 September 1890
* ]
*]: 27 March 1891
* ]
* ] *]: 1 July 1892
*] ]: 26 January 1894
* ]
*]: 28 September 1895
* ]
*] (later King Edward VII): 27 June 1896
* ]
*]: 3 June 1897
* ]
*]: 18 April 1898
* ]
*] ]: 2 December 1897
* ]
*] ]: 29 May 1903
*] : 10 March 1905
*] (later King George V): 29 June 1905
*]: 24 June 1908
*]: 25 October 1909
*]: 10 October 1910
*]: 12 April 1915
*]: 24 March 1916
*]: 27 October 1916
*]: 8 May 1917
*] ]: 27 October 1917
*]: 24 July 1918
*] ]: 24 July 1918
*] (later King Edward VIII): 26 June 1919
*]: 5 July 1923
*]: 22 October 1926
*]: 26 March 1928
*]: 26 March 1928
*]: 26 October 1931
*]: 26 October 1931
*]: 25 October 1932
*]: 5 March 1934
*]: 26 October 1936
*]: 26 October 1936
*]: 15 October 1937
*]: 15 October 1937
*] (later Queen Elizabeth II): 27 May 1948
*]: 16 July 1948
*]: 11 May 1954
* ]: 11 May 1954
*]: 1 December 1954
*] ]: 26 October 1956
*] (Later King Charles III): 5 July 1969
*]: 16 March 1975
*]: 16 March 1975
*]: 29 October 1981
*]: 2 June 1982
*]: 29 January 1985
*]: 25 January 1993
*]: 16 June 1998
*]: 4 December 2000
*]: 27 November 2003
*]: 27 November 2003
*] ]: 12 April 2006
*]: 23 February 2012
}}


===Military units===
== References ==
*The ]: 10 June 1944
{{reflist}}
*The ]: 27 April 1957
*The ]: 11 June 1969
*The ]: 7 November 1973
*The ]: 29 July 1985
*], ]: 3 February 1988
*The ] Association (Wales): 3 September 2001
*] ] ]: 21 April 2014
*], ]: 18 May 2014



== External links ==
{{Geographic location
*
|title=Destinations from Cardiff
*
|Northwest=], ]
*
|North=], ], ], ]
*
|Northeast=], ]
* : the full text of the edition of historical records for Cardiff, edited by J. H. Matthews (1898-1905.) Part of British History Online.
|West=], ], ]
*
|Centre=CARDIFF
*
|East=]
|Southwest=], ]
|South=], ], ]
|Southeast=Bristol Channel
}}

==See also==
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|voy=Cardiff|Cardiff}}
*
*: the full text of the edition of historical records for Cardiff, edited by J. H. Matthews (1898–1905). Part of British History Online.
{{clear}} {{clear}}

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{{Core Cities Group}}
{{UK cities}} {{UK cities}}
{{List of British Territories capitals}}
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{{List of European capitals by region}}
{{Commonwealth Games Host Cities}} {{Commonwealth Games Host Cities}}
{{European Capital of Sport}}
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Latest revision as of 11:46, 24 December 2024

Capital and largest city of Wales For other uses, see Cardiff (disambiguation). "Caerdydd" redirects here. For the TV sitcom, see Caerdydd (TV series).

Capital city and county in Wales
Cardiff Caerdydd (Welsh)
Capital city and county
Skyline of CardiffSenedd buildingWales Millennium CentreLlandaff CathedralCardiff CastleCity HallNational MuseumCentral LibraryPrincipality Stadium
Flag of CardiffFlagCoat of arms of CardiffCoat of arms
Mottoes: 
  • Welsh: Y ddraig goch ddyry cychwyn, lit.'the red dragon will lead the way'
  • Welsh: Deffro mae'n ddydd!, lit.'awake, it is day!'
Cardiff shown within WalesCardiff shown within Wales
Coordinates: 51°29′N 03°11′W / 51.483°N 3.183°W / 51.483; -3.183
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
CountryWales
Preserved countySouth Glamorgan
City status1905
Capital city1955
Administrative HQCity Hall
Government
 • TypePrincipal council
 • BodyCardiff Council
 • ControlLabour
 • MPs 4 MPs
 • MSs 4 MSs
Area
 • Total54 sq mi (141 km)
 • Rank19th
Population
 • Total372,089
 • Rank1st
 • Density6,840/sq mi (2,641/km)
Ethnicity (2021)
 • Ethnic groups List
Religion (2021)
 • Religion List
Time zoneUTC+0 (GMT)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+1 (BST)
Postcode areasCF
Dialling codes029
ISO 3166 codeGB-CRF
GSS codeW06000015
Websitecardiff.gov.uk

Cardiff (/ˈkɑːrdɪf/ ; Welsh: Caerdydd [kairˈdiːð, kaːɨrˈdɨːð] ) is the capital and largest city of Wales. Cardiff had a population of 372,089 in 2022 and forms a principal area officially known as the City and County of Cardiff (Welsh: Dinas a Sir Caerdydd). The city is the eleventh largest in the United Kingdom. Located in the southeast of Wales and in the Cardiff Capital Region, Cardiff is the county town of the historic county of Glamorgan and in 1974–1996 of South Glamorgan. It belongs to the Eurocities network of the largest European cities. A small town until the early 19th century, its prominence as a port for coal when mining began in the region helped its expansion. In 1905, it was ranked as a city and in 1955 proclaimed capital of Wales. Cardiff Built-up Area covers a larger area outside the county boundary, including the towns of Dinas Powys and Penarth.

Cardiff is the main commercial centre of Wales as well as the base for the Senedd, the Welsh Parliament. At the 2021 census, the unitary authority area population was put at 362,400. The population of the wider urban area in 2011 was 479,000. In 2011, it ranked sixth in the world in a National Geographic magazine list of alternative tourist destinations. It is the most popular destination in Wales with 21.3 million visitors in 2017.

Cardiff is a major centre for television and film production (such as the 2005 revival of Doctor Who, Torchwood and Sherlock) and is the Welsh base for the main national broadcasters.

Cardiff Bay contains the Senedd building and the Wales Millennium Centre arts complex. Work continues at Cardiff Bay and in the centre on projects such as Cardiff International Sports Village, BBC drama village, and a new business district.

Toponymy

Caerdydd (the Welsh name of the city) derives from the Middle Welsh Caerdyf. The change from -dyf to -dydd shows the colloquial alteration of Welsh f [v] and dd [ð] and was perhaps also driven by folk etymology. This sound change probably first occurred in the Middle Ages; both forms were current in the Tudor period. Caerdyf has its origins in post-Roman Brythonic words meaning "the fort of the Taff". The fort probably refers to that established by the Romans. Caer is Welsh for fort and -dyf is in effect a form of Taf (Taff), the river which flows by Cardiff Castle, with the ⟨t⟩ showing consonant mutation to ⟨d⟩ and the vowel showing affection as a result of a (lost) genitive case ending.

The anglicised Cardiff is derived from Caerdyf, with the Welsh f [v] borrowed as ff /f/, as also happens in Taff (from Welsh Taf) and Llandaff (from Welsh Llandaf).

The antiquarian William Camden (1551–1623) suggested that the name Cardiff may derive from *Caer-Didi ("the Fort of Didius"), a name supposedly given in honour of Aulus Didius Gallus, governor of a nearby province at the time when the Roman fort was established. Although some sources repeat this theory, it has been rejected on linguistic grounds by modern scholars such as Professor Gwynedd Pierce.

History

Main articles: History of Cardiff and Timeline of Cardiff history

Origins

Archaeological evidence from sites in and around Cardiff show that people had settled in the area by at least around 6000 BC, during the early Neolithic; about 1,500 years before either Stonehenge or the Great Pyramid of Giza was completed. These include the St Lythans burial chamber near Wenvoe, (approximately four miles or six km west of Cardiff city centre); the Tinkinswood burial chamber, near St. Nicholas (about six miles or ten km west of Cardiff city centre), the Cae'rarfau Chambered Tomb, Creigiau (about six miles or ten km northwest of Cardiff city centre) and the Gwern y Cleppa long barrow, near Coedkernew, Newport (about eight miles or thirteen km northeast of Cardiff city centre). A group of five Bronze Age tumuli is at the summit of the Garth, within the county's northern boundary. Four Iron Age hill fort and enclosure sites have been identified within Cardiff's county boundaries, including Caerau Hillfort, an enclosed area of 5.1 hectares (12+1⁄2 acres).

Front wall of Cardiff Castle
part of the original Roman fort beneath the red stones

Until the Roman conquest of Britain, Cardiff was part of the territory of the Silures – a Celtic British tribe that flourished in the Iron Age – whose territory included the areas that would become known as Breconshire, Monmouthshire and Glamorgan. The 3.2 ha (8-acre) fort established by the Romans near the mouth of the River Taff in AD 75, in what would become the north western boundary of the centre of Cardiff, was built over an extensive settlement that had been established by the Romans in the 50s AD. The fort was one of a series of military outposts associated with Isca Augusta (Caerleon) that acted as border defences. The fort may have been abandoned in the early 2nd century as the area had been subdued. However, by this time a civilian settlement, or vicus, was established. It was likely made up of traders who made a living from the fort, ex-soldiers and their families. A Roman villa has been discovered at Ely. Contemporary with the Saxon Shore forts of the 3rd and 4th centuries, a stone fortress was established at Cardiff. Similar to the shore forts, the fortress was built to protect Britannia from raiders. Coins from the reign of Gratian indicate that Cardiff was inhabited until at least the 4th century; the fort was abandoned towards the end of the 4th century, as the last Roman legions left the province of Britannia with Magnus Maximus.

Little is known of the fort and civilian settlement in the period between the Roman departure from Britain and the Norman Conquest. The settlement probably shrank in size and may even have been abandoned. In the absence of Roman rule, Wales was divided into small kingdoms; early on, Meurig ap Tewdrig emerged as the local king in Glywysing (which later became Glamorgan). The area passed through his family until the advent of the Normans in the 11th century.

Norman occupation and Middle Ages

The Norman keep

In 1081 William I, King of England, began work on the castle keep within the walls of the old Roman fort. Cardiff Castle has been at the heart of the city ever since. The castle was substantially altered and extended during the Victorian period by John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute, and the architect William Burges. Original Roman work can, however, still be distinguished in the wall facings.

A town grew up under the castle, consisting mainly of settlers from England. Cardiff had a population of between 1,500 and 2,000 in the Middle Ages – a normal size for a Welsh town in the period. It was the centre of the Norman Marcher Lordship of Glamorgan. By the end of the 13th century, Cardiff was the only town in Wales with a population exceeding 2,000, although it remained relatively small compared with notable towns in England and continued to be contained within its walls, which were begun as a wooden palisade in the early 12th century. It was of sufficient size and importance to receive a series of charters, notably in 1331 from William La Zouche, Lord of Glamorgan through marriage with the de Clare family, Edward III in 1359, then Henry IV in 1400, and later Henry VI.

In 1404, Owain Glyndŵr burned Cardiff and took possession of the Castle. As many of the buildings were made of timber and tightly packed within the town walls, much of Cardiff was destroyed. The settlement was soon rebuilt on the same street plan and began to flourish again. (Glyndŵr's statue was erected in Cardiff Town Hall in the early 20th century, reflecting the complex, often conflicting cultural identity of Cardiff as capital of Wales.) Besides serving an important political role in the governance of the fertile south Glamorgan coastal plain, Cardiff was a busy port in the Middle Ages and declared a staple port in 1327.

County town of Glamorganshire

View of Caerdiffe Castle
Cardiff old town hall (1860)

In 1536, the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542 led to the creation of Glamorganshire and Cardiff was made the county town, it also became part of Kibbor hundred, around the same time the Herberts became the most powerful family in the area. In 1538, Henry VIII closed Cardiff's Dominican and Franciscan friaries, whose remains were used as building materials. A writer in this period noted: "The River Taff runs under the walls of his honours castle and from the north part of the town to the south part where there is a fair quay and a safe harbour for shipping."

Cardiff became a borough in 1542 and further Royal Charters were granted to it by Elizabeth I in 1600 and James I in 1608. In 1573, it was made a head port for collection of customs duties. Pembrokeshire historian George Owen described Cardiff in 1602 as "the fayrest towne in Wales yett not the welthiest". It gained a second Royal Charter in 1608.

John Speed's map of Cardiff from 1610

A disastrous flood in the Bristol Channel on 30 January 1607 (now believed to have been a tidal wave) changed the course of the River Taff and ruined St Mary's Parish Church, which was replaced by a chapel of ease dedicated to St John the Baptist.

During the Second English Civil War St Fagans, just to the west of the town, the Battle of St Fagans, between Royalist rebels and a New Model Army detachment, was a decisive victory for the Parliamentarians that allowed Oliver Cromwell to conquer Wales. It was the last major battle in Wales, with about 200, mostly Royalist soldiers killed.

Cardiff was at peace throughout the ensuing century. In 1766, John Stuart, 1st Marquess of Bute married into the Herbert family and was later created Baron Cardiff. In 1778, he began renovating Cardiff Castle. A racecourse, printing press, bank and coffee house opened in the 1790s and Cardiff gained a stagecoach service to London. Despite these improvements, Cardiff's position in the Welsh urban hierarchy declined over the 18th century. Iolo Morganwg called it "an obscure and inconsiderable place" and the 1801 census found a population of only 1,870, making it only the 25th largest town in Wales, well behind Merthyr and Swansea.

Building the docks

Main article: Cardiff Docks

In 1793, John Crichton-Stuart, 2nd Marquess of Bute was born. He spent his life building the Cardiff docks and was later hailed as "the creator of modern Cardiff". A twice-weekly boat service between Cardiff and Bristol opened in 1815, and in 1821, the Cardiff Gas Works was established.

After the Napoleonic Wars Cardiff suffered some social and industrial unrest, starting with the trial and hanging of Dic Penderyn in 1831.

Jubilee dock, Cardiff, from the eastern side (1849)

The town grew rapidly from the 1830s onwards, when the Marquess of Bute built a dock, which eventually linked to the Taff Vale Railway. Cardiff became the main port for coal exports from the Cynon, Rhondda, and Rhymney valleys, and grew in population at a rate of nearly 80 per cent per decade between 1840 and 1870. Much of this was due to migration from within and outside Wales: in 1841, a quarter of Cardiff's population were English-born and more than 10 per cent born in Ireland. By the 1881 census, Cardiff had overtaken Merthyr and Swansea to become the largest town in Wales. Cardiff's status as the premier town in South Wales was confirmed when it was chosen as the site for the University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire in 1883.

A permanent military presence was established with the completion of Maindy Barracks in 1877.

Cardiff faced a challenge in the 1880s when David Davies of Llandinam and the Barry Railway Company promoted rival docks at Barry. These had the advantage of being accessible in all tides: David Davies claimed his venture would cause "grass to grow in the streets of Cardiff". From 1901 coal exports from Barry surpassed those from Cardiff, but the administration of the coal trade remained centred on Cardiff, in particular its Coal Exchange, where the price of coal on the British market was determined and the first million-pound deal was struck in 1907. The city also strengthened its industrial base when the owners of the Dowlais Ironworks in Merthyr (who would later form part of Guest, Keen and Nettlefolds) built a steelworks close to the docks at East Moors, which Lord Bute opened on 4 February 1891.

County Borough of Cardiff

Cardiff became a county borough on 1 April 1889 under the Local Government Act 1888. The town had grown rapidly and had a population of over 123,000. It retained its county borough status until 1974.

City and capital city status

St John the Baptist Church, Cardiff, the only medieval building next to Cardiff Castle to still be in city centre. Seen here in 1852
National Museum of Wales, Cardiff

King Edward VII granted Cardiff city status on 28 October 1905. It acquired a Roman Catholic cathedral in 1916. Later, more national institutions came to the city, including the National Museum of Wales, the Welsh National War Memorial, and the University of Wales Registry Building, but it was denied the National Library of Wales, partly because the library's founder, Sir John Williams, considered Cardiff to have "a non-Welsh population".

After a brief post-war boom, Cardiff docks entered a prolonged decline in the interwar period. By 1936, trade was at less than half its value in 1913, reflecting the slump in demand for Welsh coal. Bomb damage in the Cardiff Blitz of World War II included the devastation of Llandaff Cathedral, and in the immediate postwar years, the city's link with the Bute family came to an end.

The city was recognised as the capital city of Wales on 20 December 1955, in a written reply by the Home Secretary, Gwilym Lloyd George. Caernarfon had also vied for the title. Welsh local authorities had been divided: only 76 out of 161 chose Cardiff in a 1924 poll organised by the South Wales Daily News. The subject was not debated again until 1950, and meanwhile Cardiff took steps to promote its "Welshness". The stalemate between Cardiff and cities such as Caernarfon and Aberystwyth was not broken until Cardiganshire County Council decided to support Cardiff; and in a new local authority vote, 134 out of 161 voted for Cardiff.

Cardiff therefore celebrated two important anniversaries in 2005. The Encyclopedia of Wales notes that the decision to recognise the city as the capital of Wales "had more to do with the fact that it contained marginal Conservative constituencies than any reasoned view of what functions a Welsh capital should have." Although the city hosted the Commonwealth Games in 1958, Cardiff became a centre of national administration only with the establishment of the Welsh Office in 1964, which later prompted the creation of various other public bodies such as the Arts Council of Wales and the Welsh Development Agency, most of which were based in Cardiff.

Redevelopment in the city's historic Cardiff Bay area

The East Moors Steelworks closed in 1978 and Cardiff lost population in the 1980s, consistent with a wider pattern of counter-urbanisation in Britain. However, it recovered to become one of the few cities outside London where population grew in the 1990s. During this period the Cardiff Bay Development Corporation was promoting the redevelopment of south Cardiff; an evaluation of the regeneration of Cardiff Bay published in 2004 concluded that the project had "reinforced the competitive position of Cardiff" and "contributed to a massive improvement in the quality of the built environment, although it had "failed "to attract the major inward investors originally anticipated".

In the 1997 Welsh devolution referendum, Cardiff voters rejected the establishment of the National Assembly for Wales by 55.4% to 44.2% on a 47% turnout, which Denis Balsom partly ascribed to a general preference in Cardiff and some other parts of Wales for a British rather than exclusively Welsh identity. The relative lack of local support for the Assembly and difficulties between the Welsh Office and Cardiff Council in acquiring the originally preferred venue, Cardiff City Hall, encouraged other local authorities to bid to house the Assembly. However, the Assembly was eventually located at Tŷ Hywel in Cardiff Bay in 1999. In 2005, a new debating chamber on an adjacent site, designed by Richard Rogers, was opened.

Government

Main article: Politics in CardiffSee also: Cardiff Council and Senedd Offices of the Welsh and UK governments in CardiffThe HQ of the Welsh Government in the Crown Buildings, Cathays Park, CardiffThe HQ of the UK Government's Secretary of State for Wales in William Morgan House

The Senedd (Welsh Parliament; Welsh: Senedd Cymru) has been based in Cardiff Bay since its formation in 1999 as the "National Assembly for Wales". The Senedd building was opened on 1 March 2006 by The Queen. The Members of the Senedd (MSs), the Senedd Commission and ministerial support staff are based in Cardiff Bay.

Cardiff elects four constituency Members of the Senedd to the Senedd; the constituencies for the Senedd are the same as for the UK Parliament. All of the city's electors have an extra vote for the South Wales Central regional members; this system increases proportionality to the Senedd. The most recent Senedd general election was held on 6 May 2021.

In the Senedd, Cardiff is represented by Jenny Rathbone (Labour) in Cardiff Central, Julie Morgan (Labour) in Cardiff North, former First Minister Mark Drakeford (Labour) in Cardiff West and former First Minister Vaughan Gething (Labour) in Cardiff South and Penarth.

Map of the four constituencies covering Cardiff (in pink) since 2024. 1 = Cardiff West, 2 = Cardiff North, 3 = Cardiff South and Penarth, 4 = Cardiff East.

At Westminster, Cardiff is represented by four constituencies: Cardiff East, Cardiff North, Cardiff South and Penarth, and Cardiff West.

The Welsh Government is headquartered in Cardiff's Cathays Park, where most of its civil servants are based, with smaller numbers in other central locations: Cathays, Canton, and Cardiff Bay. There are other Welsh Government offices in other parts of Wales, such as Llandudno and Aberystwyth, and there are international offices.

Local government

Cardiff Council buildingsCity Hall is home to some of the Council's departments and Council Chambers.County Hall is the head office

Between 1889 and 1974 Cardiff was a county borough governed by Cardiff County Borough Council (known as Cardiff City Council after 1905). Between 1974 and 1996, Cardiff was governed by Cardiff City Council, a district council of South Glamorgan. Since local government reorganisation in 1996, Cardiff has been governed by the City and County Council of Cardiff, based at County Hall in Atlantic Wharf, Cardiff Bay. Voters elect 75 councillors every four years.

Between the 2004 and 2012 local elections, no individual political party held a majority on Cardiff County Council. The Liberal Democrats held the largest number of seats and Cllr Rodney Berman was Leader of the council. The Liberal Democrats and Plaid Cymru formed a partnership administration. In the 2012 elections the Labour Party achieved an outright majority, after gaining an additional 33 seats across the city.

Cardiff is divided into communities, several with their own community council and the rest governed directly by Cardiff City Council. Elections are held every five years. The last contested elections would have been held at the same time as the 2017 Cardiff Council election had there been more candidates standing than available seats. Those with community councils are:

  • Lisvane (10 seats)
  • Old St. Mellons (9 seats)
  • Pentyrch (13 seats)
  • Radyr & Morganstown (13 seats)
  • Tongwynlais (9 seats)
  • St Fagans (9 seats)

Geography

Main article: Geography of Cardiff

The centre of Cardiff is relatively flat and bounded by hills to the east, north and west. Its location influenced its development as the world's largest coal port, notably its proximity and easy access to the coalfields of the South Wales Valleys. The highest point in the local authority area is Garth Hill, 307 m (1,007 ft) above sea level.

Cardiff is built on reclaimed marshland on a bed of Triassic stones. This reclaimed marshland stretches from Chepstow to the Ely Estuary, which is the natural boundary of Cardiff and the Vale of Glamorgan. Triassic landscapes of this part of the world are usually shallow and low-lying, consistent with the flatness of the centre of Cardiff. The classic Triassic marl, sand and conglomerate rocks are used predominantly throughout Cardiff as building materials. Many of these Triassic rocks are purplish, especially the coastal marl found near Penarth. One of the Triassic rocks used in Cardiff is "Radyr Stone", a freestone which as its name suggests is quarried in the Radyr district. Cardiff has also imported some materials for buildings: Devonian sandstones (the Old Red Sandstone) from the Brecon Beacons has been used. Most famously, the buildings of Cathays Park, the civic centre in the centre of the city, are built of Portland stone from Dorset. A widely used building stone in Cardiff is the yellow-grey Liassic limestone rock of the Vale of Glamorgan, including the rare "Sutton Stone", a conglomerate of lias limestone and carboniferous limestone.

Cardiff is bordered to the west by the rural district of the Vale of Glamorgan, also known as the Garden of Cardiff, to the east by the city of Newport; to the north by the South Wales Valleys, and to the south by the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel. The River Taff winds through the city centre and together with the River Ely flows into the freshwater Cardiff Bay. A third river, the Rhymney, flows through the east of the city directly into the Severn Estuary.

Cardiff lies near the Glamorgan Heritage Coast, stretching westward from Penarth and Barry – commuter towns of Cardiff – with striped yellow-blue Jurassic limestone cliffs. The Glamorgan coast is the only part of the Celtic Sea with exposed Jurassic (blue lias) geology. This stretch of coast with its reefs, sandbanks and serrated cliffs was a ship graveyard; many ships sailing to Cardiff during the industrial era were wrecked on this hostile coastline during west/south-westerly gales. Smuggling, deliberate shipwrecking and attacks on ships were also common.

Cityscape

See also: List of places in Cardiff
Overlooking Cardiff Bay, viewed from Penarth
Cathays Library
The dock feeder canal
Atlantic Wharf

"Inner Cardiff" consists of the wards of Plasnewydd, Gabalfa, Roath, Cathays, Adamsdown and Splott ward on the north and east of the city centre, and Butetown, Grangetown, Riverside and Canton to the south and west. The inner-city areas to the south of the A4161 road, known as the "Southern Arc", are with the exception of Cardiff Bay some of the poorest districts of Wales, with low levels of economic activity. On the other hand, Gabalfa, Plasnewydd and Cathays north of the 'arc' have large student populations, and Pontcanna (north of Riverside and alongside Canton) is a favourite for students and young professionals. Penylan, to the north east of Roath Park, is an affluent area popular with older parents and the retired.

To the west lie Ely and Caerau, which have some of the largest housing estates in the United Kingdom. With the exception of some outlying privately built estates at Michaelston-super-Ely, this is an economically disadvantaged area with high numbers of unemployed households. Culverhouse Cross is a more affluent western area of the city. Fairwater, Heath, Birchgrove, Gabalfa, Mynachdy, Llandaff North, Llandaff, Llanishen, Radyr, Whitchurch & Tongwynlais, Rhiwbina, Thornhill, Lisvane and Cyncoed lie in an arc from the north-west to the north-east of the centre. Lisvane, Cyncoed, Radyr and Rhiwbina contain some of the most expensive housing in Wales.

Further east lie the wards of Pontprennau and Old St Mellons, Rumney, Pentwyn, Llanrumney, Llanedeyrn and Trowbridge. The last four are largely public housing stock, although much new private housing is being built in Trowbridge. Pontprennau is the newest "suburb" of Cardiff, while Old St Mellons has a history going back to the 11th-century Norman Conquest. The region that may be called "Rural Cardiff" contains the villages of St Fagans, Creigiau, Pentyrch, Tongwynlais and Gwaelod-y-garth. In 2017, plans were approved for a new suburb of 7,000 homes between Radyr and St Fagans, known as Plasdŵr. St Fagans, home to the Museum of Welsh Life, is protected from further development.

Since 2000, there has been a marked change of scale and building height in Cardiff, with the development of the city centre's first purpose-built high-rise apartments. Tall buildings have been built in the city centre and Cardiff Bay, and more are planned.

Climate

See also: Climate of the United Kingdom § Wales
Cardiff
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
    122     8 2     85     9 2     90     11 4     69     14 5     72     17 8     67     20 11     78     22 13     93     22 13     94     19 11     134     15 8     123     11 5     125     9 3
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Met Office, 1981–2010 averages
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
    4.8     47 36     3.4     47 36     3.5     52 39     2.7     57 41     2.8     63 47     2.6     68 52     3.1     71 56     3.7     71 55     3.7     66 51     5.3     59 46     4.9     52 40     4.9     48 37
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches

Cardiff, in the north temperate zone, has a maritime climate (Köppen: Cfb) marked by mild weather that is often cloudy, wet and windy. Cardiff is one of the warmest and wettest cities in the UK, with an average annual temperature and rainfall of approximately 11°C and 1200mm respectively. Summers tend to be warm and sunny, with average maxima between 19 and 22 °C (66 and 72 °F). Winters are fairly wet, but excessive rainfall as well as frost are rare. Spring and autumn feel similar, with mild temperatures averaging around 15°C as daytime maxima. Rain is unpredictable at any time of year, although showers tend to be shorter in summer.

The northern part of the county, being higher and inland, tends to be cooler and wetter than the city centre.

Cardiff's maximum and minimum monthly temperatures average 21.5 °C (70.7 °F) (July) and 2.1 °C (35.8 °F) (February).
For Wales, the temperatures average 19.1 °C (66.4 °F) (July) and 1.1 °C (34.0 °F) (February).

Cardiff has 1,518 hours of sunshine in an average year (Wales 1,388.7 hours). Cardiff is sunniest in July, with an average 203.4 hours during the month (Wales 183.3 hours), and least sunny in December with 44.6 hours (Wales 38.5 hours).

Cardiff experiences less rainfall than average for Wales. It falls on 146 days in an average year, with total annual rainfall of 1,151.9 mm (45.35 in). Monthly rainfall patterns show that from October to January, average monthly rainfall in Cardiff exceeds 100 mm (3.9 in) each month, the wettest month being December with 125.3 mm (4.93 in) and the driest from April to June, with average monthly rainfall fairly consistent between 65 and 75 mm (2.6 and 3.0 in).

Climate data for Cardiff (Bute Park)
WMO ID: 99610; coordinates 51°29′17″N 3°11′19″W / 51.48818°N 3.18859°W / 51.48818; -3.18859 (Met Office Bute Park); elevation: 9 m (30 ft); 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1913–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.0
(59.0)
18.3
(64.9)
21.6
(70.9)
26.9
(80.4)
28.9
(84.0)
32.1
(89.8)
33.6
(92.5)
34.5
(94.1)
29.7
(85.5)
27.1
(80.8)
18.7
(65.7)
16.7
(62.1)
34.5
(94.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 8.6
(47.5)
9.2
(48.6)
11.3
(52.3)
14.4
(57.9)
17.4
(63.3)
20.1
(68.2)
21.8
(71.2)
21.4
(70.5)
19.1
(66.4)
15.3
(59.5)
11.6
(52.9)
9.1
(48.4)
15.0
(59.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 5.6
(42.1)
5.9
(42.6)
7.6
(45.7)
10.1
(50.2)
13.0
(55.4)
15.7
(60.3)
17.5
(63.5)
17.2
(63.0)
14.9
(58.8)
11.7
(53.1)
8.3
(46.9)
6.0
(42.8)
11.1
(52.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.5
(36.5)
2.5
(36.5)
3.9
(39.0)
5.7
(42.3)
8.5
(47.3)
11.1
(52.0)
13.1
(55.6)
12.9
(55.2)
10.7
(51.3)
8.0
(46.4)
4.9
(40.8)
2.8
(37.0)
7.3
(45.1)
Record low °C (°F) −16.7
(1.9)
−11.1
(12.0)
−8.9
(16.0)
−4.8
(23.4)
−2.0
(28.4)
1.0
(33.8)
4.5
(40.1)
3.6
(38.5)
0.5
(32.9)
−3.4
(25.9)
−8.7
(16.3)
−10.1
(13.8)
−16.7
(1.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 127.0
(5.00)
93.0
(3.66)
85.3
(3.36)
72.1
(2.84)
78.5
(3.09)
73.5
(2.89)
83.6
(3.29)
104.8
(4.13)
86.3
(3.40)
129.1
(5.08)
130.7
(5.15)
139.6
(5.50)
1,203.5
(47.39)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 15.6 12.0 12.3 10.7 11.2 10.4 11.2 12.4 11.8 15.0 15.6 15.2 153.4
Mean monthly sunshine hours 53.5 76.2 116.6 177.0 198.4 195.2 199.6 185.3 151.9 103.9 65.0 50.4 1,572.9
Source 1: Met Office Ordnance Survey
Source 2: KNMI Starlings Roost Weather
  1. Extreme temperature records were measured at Cardiff (1913–1976), Cardiff Weather Centre (1982–2006) and Bute Park (1977–present).

Demography

Main article: Demographics of Cardiff
Historical population
YearPop.±%
6342 1,851—    
26630 1,861+0.5%
48965 1,871+0.5%
71301 1,881+0.5%
93637 1,891+0.5%
142114 1,901+0.5%
172629 1,911+0.5%
209804 1,921+0.5%
227753 1,931+0.5%
247270 1,941+0.5%
257112 1,951+0.5%
267356 1,961+0.5%
278552 1,971+0.5%
290227 1,981+0.5%
274500 1,991+0.5%
272557 2,001+0.5%
292150 2,011+0.5%
346100 2,021+0.5%
362400—    
Source: Vision of Britain except 2011, which is the 2011 census data from the Office for National Statistics. Historical populations are calculated with the modern boundaries

After a period of decline in the 1970s and 1980s, Cardiff's population is growing again. It reached 362,400 in the 2021 census, compared to a 2011 census figure of 346,100. Between mid-2007 and mid-2008, Cardiff was the fastest-growing local authority in Wales, with growth of 1.2%. According to 2001 census data, Cardiff was the 21st largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The Cardiff Larger Urban Zone (a Eurostat definition including the Vale of Glamorgan and a number of local authorities in the Valleys) has 841,600 people, the 10th largest LUZ in the UK. The Cardiff and South Wales Valleys metropolitan area has a population of nearly 1.1 million.

Residential areas of northern Cardiff

Official census estimates of the city's total population have been disputed. The city council published two articles arguing that the 2001 census seriously under-reported the population of Cardiff, and in particular the ethnic minority population of some inner city areas.

The Welsh Government's official mid-year estimate of the population of the Cardiff local authority area in 2019 was 366,903. At the 2011, census the official population of the Cardiff Built Up Area (BUA) was put at 447,287. The BUA is not contiguous with the local authority boundary and aggregates data at a lower level; for Cardiff this includes the urban part of Cardiff, Penarth/Dinas Powys, Caerphilly and Pontypridd.

Cardiff has an ethnically diverse population due to past trading connections, post-war immigration and large numbers of foreign students who attend university in the city. The ethnic make-up of Cardiff's population at the 2011 census was: 84.7% White, 1.6% mixed White and Black African/Caribbean, 0.7% mixed White and Asian, 0.6% mixed other, 8.1% Asian, 2.4% Black, 1.4% Arab and 0.6% other ethnic groups. This means almost 53,000 people from a non-white ethnic group reside in the city. This diversity, especially that of the city's long-established African and Arab communities, has been recorded in cultural exhibitions and events, along with books published on this subject.

Health

Main article: Cardiff and Vale University Health Board
University Hospital of Wales

There are seven NHS hospitals in the city, the largest being the University Hospital of Wales, which is the third largest hospital in the UK and deals with most accidents and emergencies. The University Dental Hospital, which provides emergency treatment, is also located on this site. Llandough Hospital is located in the south of the city.

St. David's Hospital, the city's newest hospital, built behind the former building, is located in Canton and provides services for the elderly and children. Cardiff Royal Infirmary is on Newport Road, near the city centre. The majority of this hospital was closed in 1999, but the west wing remained open for clinic services, genitourinary medicine and rehabilitation treatment. Rookwood Hospital and the Velindre Cancer Centre are also located within Cardiff. They are administered by the Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, with the exception of Velindre, which is run by a separate trust. Spire Healthcare, a private hospital, is in Pontprennau.

Language

See also: Cardiff dialect
Bilingual signs are commonplace in Cardiff.

Cardiff has a chequered linguistic history with Welsh, English, Latin, Norse and Norman French preponderant at different times. Welsh was the majority language in Cardiff from the 13th century until the city's explosive growth in the Victorian era. As late as 1850, five of the 12 Anglican churches within the current city boundaries conducted their services exclusively in Welsh, while only two worshipped exclusively in English. By 1891, the percentage of Welsh speakers had fallen to 27.9% and only Lisvane, Llanedeyrn and Creigiau remained as majority Welsh-speaking communities. The Welsh language became grouped around a small cluster of chapels and churches, the most notable of which is Tabernacl in the city centre, one of four UK churches chosen to hold official services to commemorate the new millennium.

The city's first Welsh-language school (Ysgol Gymraeg Bryntaf) was established in the 1950s. Welsh has since regained ground. Aided by Welsh-medium education and migration from other parts of Wales, there are now many more Welsh speakers: their numbers doubled between the 1991 and 2011 censuses, from 18,071 (6.6%) to 36,735 (11.1%) residents aged three years and above. The LSOA (Lower Layer Super Output Area) with the highest percentage of Welsh speakers in the city centre is found in Canton, at 25.5%. The LSOA with the highest percentage of Welsh speakers in the whole of Cardiff is Whitchurch, at 26%.

Cardiff City Council adopted a five-year Welsh-language strategy in 2017, aimed at increasing the number of Welsh speakers (aged 3+) in Cardiff by 15.9%, from 36,735 in 2011 to 42,584 residents by the 2021 Census. The ONS estimated that in December 2020, 89,900 (24.8%) of Cardiff's population could speak Welsh.

In addition to English and Welsh, the diversity of Cardiff's population (including foreign students) means that many other languages are spoken. One study has found that Cardiff has speakers of at least 94 languages, with Somali, Urdu, Bengali and Arabic being the most commonly spoken foreign ones.

The modern Cardiff accent is distinct from that of nearby South Wales Valleys. It is marked primarily by:

  • Substitution of ⟨iə⟩ by ⟨jøː⟩
  • here pronounced as in the broader form
  • The vowel of start may be realised as or even , so that Cardiff is pronounced .

Language schools

Due to its diversity and large student population, more people now come to the city to learn English. Foreign students from Arab states and other European countries are a common sight on the streets of Cardiff. The British Council has an office in the city centre and there are six accredited schools in the area.

Religion

Main articles: Christianity in Wales and Religion in Wales Cardiff's cathedralsLlandaff Cathedral, an Anglican cathedral, the parish church of Llandaff, the seat of the Bishop of Llandaff, the head of the Church in WalesCardiff Metropolitan Cathedral, a Catholic cathedral, the seat of the Archbishop of Cardiff

Religion in Cardiff (2021)

  No religion (42.9%)  Christianity (38.3%)  Islam (9.3%)  Hinduism (1.5%)  Buddhism (0.4%)  Sikhism (0.4%)  Judaism (0.2%)  Other religion (0.6%)  Not stated (6.3%)

Since 1922, Cardiff has included Llandaff within its boundary, along with the Anglican Llandaff Cathedral, the parish church of Llandaff and the seat of the Bishop of Llandaff, head of the Church in Wales and the Diocese of Llandaff.

There is a Roman Catholic cathedral in the city. Since 1916, Cardiff has been the seat of a Catholic archbishop, but there appears to have been a fall in the estimated Catholic population, with numbers in 2006 around 25,000 fewer than in 1980. Likewise, the Jewish population appears to have fallen – there are two synagogues in Cardiff, one in Cyncoed and one in Moira Terrace, as opposed to seven at the turn of the 20th century. There are several nonconformist chapels, an early 20th century Greek Orthodox church and 11 mosques. In the 2001 census, 66.9% of Cardiff's population described itself as Christian, a percentage point below the Welsh and UK averages.

The oldest of the non-Christian communities in Wales is Judaism. Jews were not permitted to live in England and Wales between the 1290 Edict of Expulsion and the 17th century. A Welsh Jewish community was re-established in the 18th century. There was once a fairly substantial Jewish population in South Wales, most of which has disappeared. The Orthodox Jewish community congregations are consolidated in the Cardiff United Synagogue in Cyncoed, which was dedicated by Chief Rabbi Jonathan Sacks in 2003. The Cardiff Reform Synagogue is in Adamsdown.

Shah Jalal Mosque on Crwys Road, Cardiff. Built in 1899 as a Welsh Calvinistic Methodist Chapel; a mosque since 1990.Shri Swaminarayan Mandir in Grangetown is the first and largest Hindu temple in Wales.Sri Dasmais Singh Sabha Gurdwara, Bhatra Sikh centre, Riverside

Cardiff's Muslim population is much above the Welsh average and the longest established in the UK, being started by Yemeni and Somali sailors settling in the 19th century. Cardiff now has over 11,000 Muslims with various national affiliations – nearly 52 per cent of the Muslim population in Wales.

The proportion of Cardiff residents declaring themselves Hindu, Sikh and Jewish were all considerably higher than the Welsh averages, but lower than the UK figures. The city has had a Hindu community since Indian immigrants settled in the 1950s and 1960s. The first Hindu temple in the city was opened in Grangetown on 6 April 1979 on the site of an abandoned synagogue. The 25th anniversary of the founding was celebrated in September 2007 with a parade of over 3,000 people through the city centre, including Hindus from across the United Kingdom and members of Cardiff's other religious communities. There are over 2,000 Hindus in Cardiff, worshipping at three temples.

In the 2001 census 18.8% of the city's population stated they had no religion, while 8.6% did not state a religion.

Economy

Main article: Economy and industry of Cardiff
The Coal Exchange

As the capital city of Wales, Cardiff is the main engine of growth in the Welsh economy. Though the population of Cardiff is about 10% of the Welsh population, the economy of Cardiff makes up nearly 20% of Welsh GDP and 40% of the city's workforce are daily in-commuters from the surrounding South Wales area.

Industry has played a major part in Cardiff's development for many centuries. The main catalyst for its transformation from a small town into a big city was the demand for coal required in making iron and later steel, brought to sea by packhorse from Merthyr Tydfil. This was first achieved by building a 25-mile (40 km) canal from Merthyr (510 ft or 160 m above sea level) to the Taff Estuary at Cardiff. Eventually the Taff Vale Railway replaced the canal barges and massive marshalling yards sprang up as new docks were developed in Cardiff – all prompted by the soaring worldwide demand for coal from the South Wales valleys.

At its peak, Cardiff's port area, known as Tiger Bay, became the busiest port in the world and – for some time – the world's most important coal port. In the years leading up to the First World War, more than 10 million tonnes of coal was exported annually from Cardiff Docks. In 1907, Cardiff's Coal Exchange was the first host to a business deal for a million pounds Sterling. The high demand for Welsh coal and specifically Welsh artificial fuel, named Patent Fuel, is shown by the numerous factories producing this fuel, with the same recipe, in the region of Cardiff. Most well known factories were the Star Patent fuel Co., the Crown Patent fuel, the Cardiff Patent fuel etc. After a period of decline, due to low demand on coal, Cardiff's port has started to grow again – over 3 million tonnes of cargo passed through the docks in 2007.

The 26-storey Bridge Street Exchange at 85 m (279 ft) in height, is the tallest building in Cardiff.

Cardiff today is the main finance and business services centre in Wales, with strong representation of finance and business services in the local economy. This sector, combined with the public administration, education and health sectors, have accounted for about 75% of Cardiff's economic growth since 1991. The city was recently placed seventh overall in the top 50 European cities in the fDI 2008 Cities of the Future list published by the fDi magazine, and ranked seventh in terms of attracting foreign investment. Notable companies such as Legal & General, Admiral Insurance, HBOS, Zurich, ING Direct, The AA, Principality Building Society, 118118, British Gas, Brains, SWALEC Energy and BT, all operate large national or regional headquarters and contact centres in the city, some of them based in Cardiff's office towers such as Capital Tower and Brunel House. Other major employers include NHS Wales and the Senedd. On 1 March 2004, Cardiff was granted Fairtrade City status.

Cardiff is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the United Kingdom, receiving 18.3 million visitors in 2010 and generating £852 million for the city's economy. One result is that one in five employees in Cardiff is based in the distribution, hotels and restaurants sector, highlighting the growing retail and tourism industries in the city. The city has many hotels of varying sizes and standards, providing almost 9,000 available beds.

The BBC Cymru Wales estate in CardiffBBC New Broadcasting HouseBBC Roath Lock Studios

Cardiff is home to the Welsh media and a large media sector with BBC Cymru Wales, S4C and ITV Wales all having studios in the city. There is a large independent TV production industry sector of over 600 companies, employing around 6,000, with a turnover estimated at £350 million. Just to the north-west of the city, in Rhondda Cynon Taff, the first completely new film studios in the UK for 30 years are being built, to be named Valleywood. The studios are set to be the biggest in the UK. In 2011 the BBC completed the Roath Lock studios in Cardiff Bay to film dramas such as Casualty, Doctor Who, and Pobol y Cwm.

Cardiff has several regeneration projects, such as St David's 2 Centre and surrounding areas of the city centre, and the £1.4 billion International Sports Village in Cardiff Bay, which played a part in the London 2012 Olympics. It features the only Olympic-standard swimming pool in Wales, the Cardiff International Pool, which opened on 12 January 2008.

According to the Welsh Rugby Union, the Principality Stadium contributed £1 billion to the Welsh economy in the ten years after it opened in 1999, with around 85% of that staying in the Cardiff area.

Shopping

See also: List of shopping arcades in Cardiff
St. David's in The Hayes is the largest shopping centre in Wales.

Most of Cardiff's shopping portfolio is in the city centre around Queen Street, St Mary Street and High Street, with large suburban retail parks in Cardiff Bay, Culverhouse Cross, Leckwith, Newport Road and Pontprennau, together with markets in the city centre and Splott. A £675 million regeneration programme for Cardiff's St. David's Centre was completed in 2009, providing a total of 1,400,000 sq ft (130,000 m) of shopping space, making it one of the largest shopping centres in the United Kingdom. The centre was named the international shopping centre of the year in 2010 by Retail Leisure International (RLI).

Queen Street, one of Cardiff's main shopping areas

The Castle Quarter is a commercial area in the north of the city centre, which includes some of Cardiff's Victorian and Edwardian arcades: Castle Arcade, Morgan Arcade and Royal Arcade, and principal shopping streets: St Mary Street, High Street, The Hayes, and Queen Street. Morgan Arcade is home to Spillers Records, the world's oldest record shop. Cardiff has a number of markets, including the vast Victorian indoor Cardiff Central Market and the newly established Riverside Community Market, which specialises in locally produced organic produce.

Transport

Main article: Transport in Cardiff

Rail

Main article: Rail transport in Cardiff

Cardiff Central railway station is the largest railway station in Wales, with nine platforms coping with over 12.5 million passengers a year. It provides direct services to Bridgend and Newport, long-distance, cross-Wales services to Wrexham and Holyhead, and services to Bristol, Birmingham, Manchester and London. Cardiff Central Station is situated within the southern border of what was known Temperance Town, a former residential area within central Cardiff.

Cardiff Queen Street railway station is the second busiest in Wales and the hub for the Valley Lines services that connect the South Wales Valleys and the Cardiff suburbs with the city centre. It is located at the eastern end of the city centre and provides services to Cardiff Bay. Cardiff has a suburban rail system known as the Valleys & Cardiff Local Routes, operated by Transport for Wales. There are eight lines that serve 20 stations in the city, 26 in the wider urban area (including Taffs Well, Penarth and Dinas Powys) and more than 60 in the South Wales valleys and the Vale of Glamorgan.

Metro

The South Wales Metro is an integrated public transport system under development in south-east Wales, centered on Cardiff. The project is to include the electrification of some of the existing railway lines and the creation of multiple light rail and light rapid transit lines. Four lines are under construction with a further three planned. The first lines will link Penarth and Cardiff Bay to Radyr, Treherbert, Aberdare and Merthyr Tydfil, with plans to also serve Pontyclun, St Mellons and Porth Teigr. Alongside this, current commuter services will be improved with a near-tripling in capacity on some routes to Bridgend and Rhymney.

Air

Main articles: Cardiff Airport and Cardiff Heliport

Domestic and international air links to Cardiff and South & West Wales are provided from Cardiff Airport (CWL), the only international airport in Wales. The airport lies in the village of Rhoose, 10 miles (16 km) west of the city. There are regular bus services linking the airport with Cardiff city centre, and a train service from Rhoose Cardiff International Airport railway station to Cardiff Central.

Road and bus

Main article: Bus transport in Cardiff

The M4 motorway connects Cardiff with Swansea to the west and Newport and London to the east, with four junctions on the M4, including one with the A48(M). The A470 provides an important link from the city to the Heads of the Valleys road. When completed, the A4232 – also known as the Peripheral Distributor Road – will form part of the Cardiff ring-road system, along with the M4 motorway between junctions 30 and 33.

Cardiff has a comprehensive bus network, whose providers include the municipal bus company Cardiff Bus (routes within the city and to Newport, Barry and Penarth), Adventure Travel (cross-city and to Cardiff Airport), Stagecoach South Wales (to the South Wales Valleys) and First Cymru (to Cowbridge and Bridgend). National Express and Megabus provides direct services to major cities such as Bristol, London, Newcastle upon Tyne and Manchester.

Cycle

Main article: Cycling in Cardiff

The Taff Trail is a walking and cycle path running for 55 miles (90 km) between Cardiff Bay and Brecon in the Brecon Beacons National Park. It runs through Bute Park, Sophia Gardens and many other green areas within Cardiff. It is possible to cycle the entire distance of the Trail almost completely off-road, as it largely follows the River Taff and many of the disused railways of the Glamorganshire valleys.

Nextbike previously operated a public bike-hire scheme in the city between March 2018 and January 2024, with the scheme allegedly being scrapped due to theft. Cardiff Council are seeking a replacement operator.

Water

The Aquabus water taxi runs every hour between the city centre (Taff Mead Embankment) and Cardiff Bay (Mermaid Quay), and between Cardiff Bay and Penarth Cardiff Bay Barrage. Throughout the year, Cardiff Waterbus sail between the Pierhead on The Waterfront and the Penarth end of the Cardiff Bay Barrage with short sightseeing cruises.

Between March and October boats depart from Cardiff Bay for Flat Holm Island. The PS Waverley and MV Balmoral sail from Britannia Quay (in Roath Basin) to various destinations in the Bristol Channel.

Telecommunications

See also: List of Wales dialling codes

029 is the current telephone dialling code for Cardiff, as well as for the neighbouring towns of Penarth, Dinas Powys and Caerphilly. The dialling code is optional when dialling within the area: one can dial between any two phones within the 029 code using only the eight-digit local number.

Prior to the Big Number Change on 22 April 2000 the area had shorter, six-digit local numbers with an area code of 01222. This was 0222 before May 1995, derived from 0 (indicating it was a trunk call), 22 (CA on a telephone pad, for CArdiff) and 2 (as 220 was used for CAmbridge and 221 for BAth). Before the introduction of automated trunk call dialling, non-local numbers were accessed through a system of manual telephone exchanges, in common with rest if the United Kingdom.

There remains a common misconception that local numbers are still six digits long and that the code is 02920, even though there are newer Cardiff numbers in the ranges (029) 21xx xxxx and (029) 22xx xxxx.

Education

See also: List of schools in Cardiff

Cardiff is home to four major institutions of higher education: Cardiff University, Cardiff Metropolitan University, University of South Wales and the Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama.

Cardiff University was founded by a royal charter in 1883 as the University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire, is a member of the Russell Group of leading research led universities, having most of its campus in Cathays and the city centre. Cardiff Metropolitan University (formerly UWIC) has campuses in the Llandaff, Cyncoed and city centre areas, and is part of the confederal University of Wales. The Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama is a conservatoire established in 1949 and is based in the grounds of Cardiff Castle. The University of South Wales's Cardiff campus, Atrium, is home to the Cardiff School of Creative & Cultural Industries and is located in the city centre.

The total number of higher education students in the city is around 43,900. The city also has two further education colleges: Cardiff and Vale College and St David's College. The former is the result of a merger, completed in August 2011, between Coleg Glan Hafren and Barry College. Further education is also offered at most high schools in the city.

Cardiff has three state nursery schools (one bilingual), 98 state primary schools (two bilingual, fifteen Welsh medium), and 19 state secondary schools (three Welsh medium). There are also several independent schools in the city, including St John's College, Llandaff Cathedral School, Cardiff Sixth Form College, Kings Monkton School and Howell's School, a single-sex girls' school (until sixth form). In 2013 Cardiff Sixth Form College came top of the independent senior schools in the UK, which were based on the percentage of A* and A at Advanced Level. Also in the top 100 were St John's College and Howell's School.

Notable schools include Whitchurch High School (the largest secondary school in Wales), Fitzalan High School (one of the most multi-cultural state schools in the UK), and Ysgol Gyfun Gymraeg Glantaf (the largest Welsh medium secondary school in Wales).

As well as academic institutions, Cardiff is also home to other educational and learning organisations such as Techniquest, a hands-on science discovery centre that now has franchises throughout Wales, and is part of the Wales Gene Park in collaboration with Cardiff University, NHS Wales and the Welsh Development Agency (WDA). Cardiff is also home to a regional office of the International Baccalaureate Organisation (IBO).


Landmarks and attractions

See also: Architecture of Cardiff and Listed buildings in Cardiff Pierhead Building is part of the Senedd estate in Cardiff Bay.St John the Baptist Church is the oldest Church in Wales building in the cityCardiff Crown Court is part of the Wales Circuit of His Majesty's Courts and Tribunals Service.

Cardiff has many landmark buildings such as the Principality Stadium, Pierhead Building, the Welsh National Museum and the Senedd building, the home of the Welsh Parliament. Cardiff is also known for Cardiff Castle, St David's Hall, St John the Baptist Church, Llandaff Cathedral and the Wales Millennium Centre.

Cardiff Castle is a major tourist attraction in the city and is situated in the heart of the city centre. The National History Museum at St Fagans in Cardiff is a large open-air museum housing dozens of buildings from throughout Welsh history that have been moved to the site in Cardiff. The Civic Centre in Cathays Park comprises a collection of Edwardian buildings such as the City Hall, National Museum and Gallery of Wales, Cardiff Crown Court, and buildings forming part of Cardiff University, together with more modern civic buildings. These buildings are laid out around the Queen Alexandra Gardens, a formal park which contains the Welsh National War Memorial and a number of other, smaller memorials.

In addition to Cardiff Castle, Castell Coch is a castle in Tongwynlais, in the north of the city. The current castle is an elaborately decorated Victorian folly designed by William Burges for the Marquess and built in the 1870s, as an occasional retreat. However, the Victorian castle stands on the footings of a much older medieval castle possibly built by Ifor Bach, a regional baron with links to Cardiff Castle also. The exterior has become a popular location for film and television productions. It rarely fulfilled its intended role as a retreat for the Butes, who seldom stayed there. For the Marquess, the pleasure had been in its creation, a pleasure lost following Burges's death in 1881.

Cardiff claims the largest concentration of castles of any city in the world. As well as Cardiff Castle and Castell Coch, there are the remains of two motte-and-bailey castles in Morganstown and Rhiwbina, known as Morganstown Castle Mound and Twmpath Castle or Twmpath Motte (also known as Caer Cynwrig) respectively. Twmpath being a Welsh word for a small mound), which along with a castle at Whitchurch (known as Treoda and destroyed by housing in the 1960s) formed an arc of fortifications which divided the Norman lordship from the Welsh lordship of Senghenydd. Further up the Cefn Cibwr ridge on the boundary with Caerphilly there is also another ruined castle, known as Morgraig Castle (Welsh: Castell Morgraig). Archaeological evidence suggests this castle was never finished, and it is debated whether the fortification was of Norman or Welsh origin. The concentration of castles indicates the moveable nature of the border between the Norman lordship of Glamorgan, centred at Cardiff, and its Welsh neighbours to the north.

There is also the ruined Llandaff Bishop's Palace, also known as Llandaff Castle, which was the home of the medieval bishops, which was destroyed about 1403–1404 by the Welsh leader Owain Glyndŵr. Now only the ruined gatehouse remains. Not strictly a castle in the historical sense, Saint Fagans Castle is a preserved 17th-century manor house, once the seat of the Earls of Plymouth.

Other major tourist attractions are the Cardiff Bay regeneration sites, which include the recently opened Wales Millennium Centre and the Senedd building, and many other cultural and sites of interest, including the Cardiff Bay Barrage and the famous Coal Exchange. The New Theatre was founded in 1906 and refurbished in the 1980s. Until the opening of the Wales Millennium Centre in 2004, it was the premier venue in Wales for touring theatre and dance companies. Other venues popular for concerts and sporting events include Cardiff International Arena, St David's Hall and the Principality Stadium. Cardiff Story, a museum documenting the city's history, has been open to the public since the spring of 2011.

Cardiff has over 1,000 listed buildings, ranging from the more prominent buildings such as the castles, to smaller buildings, houses and structures. Cathedral Road was developed by the 3rd Marquis of Bute and is lined by fine villas, some backing on to Sophia Gardens.

Cardiff has walks of special interest for tourists and ramblers alike, such as the Centenary Walk, which runs for 2+1⁄4 miles (3.5 km) within Cardiff city centre. This route passes through many of Cardiff's landmarks and historic buildings. The Animal Wall, designed by William Burges in 1866, marks the south edge of Bute Park on Castle Street. It bears 15 carved animal statues.

Culture and recreation

Main articles: Culture and recreation in Cardiff, List of cultural venues in Cardiff, and List of public art in Cardiff
Wales Millennium Centre

Cardiff has many cultural sites varying from the historical Cardiff Castle and out of town Castell Coch to the more modern Wales Millennium Centre and Cardiff Bay. Cardiff was a finalist in the European Capital of Culture 2008. In recent years Cardiff has grown in stature as a tourist destination, with recent accolades including Cardiff being voted the eighth favourite UK city by readers of the Guardian.

The city was also listed as one of the top 10 destinations in the UK on the official British tourist boards website Visit Britain, and US travel guide Frommers have listed Cardiff as one of 13 top destinations worldwide for 2008. Annual events in Cardiff that have become regular appearances in Cardiff's calendar include Sparks in the Park, The Great British Cheese Festival, Pride Cymru (formerly Cardiff Mardi Gras), Cardiff Winter Wonderland, Cardiff Festival and Made in Roath.

Music and performing arts

Main article: Music of Cardiff
Utilita Arena Cardiff

A large number of concerts are held in the city, the larger ones at St David's Hall, Cardiff International Arena and occasionally the Principality Stadium. A number of festivals are also held in Cardiff, the largest being the Cardiff Big Weekend Festival, held annually in the city centre in the summer and playing host to free musical performances (from artists such as Ash, Jimmy Cliff, Cerys Matthews, the Fun Loving Criminals, Soul II Soul and the Magic Numbers), fairground rides and cultural events such as a Children's Festival that takes place in the grounds of Cardiff Castle. The annual festival claims to be the UK's largest free outdoor festival, attracting over 250,000 visitors in 2007.

Cardiff hosted the National Eisteddfod in 1883, 1899, 1938, 1960, 1978, 2008 and 2018. Cardiff is unique in Wales in having two permanent stone circles used by the Gorsedd of Bards during Eisteddfodau. The original circle stands in Gorsedd Gardens in front of the National Museum while its 1978 replacement is situated in Bute Park. Since 1983, Cardiff has hosted the BBC Cardiff Singer of the World competition, a world-renowned event on the opera calendar which is held every two years. The city also hosts smaller events.

The Wales Millennium Centre hosts performances of opera, ballet, dance, comedy, musicals and is home to the BBC National Orchestra of Wales. St David's Hall (which hosts the Singer of the World competition) has regular performances of classical music and ballet as well as music of other genres. The largest of Cardiff's theatres is the New Theatre, situated in the city centre just off Queen Street. Other such venues include the Sherman Theatre, Chapter Arts Centre and the Gate Arts Centre.

The Cardiff music scene is established and wide-ranging: home to the BBC National Orchestra of Wales and the Welsh National Opera; has produced several leading acts; has acted as a springboard for Welsh bands to become famous. Acts hailing from Cardiff include Charlotte Church, Shirley Bassey, Iwan Rheon, the Oppressed, Kids In Glass Houses, Los Campesinos, the Hot Puppies, the School, We're No Heroes, Budgie and Shakin' Stevens. Also, artists such as Stereophonics, the Automatic, Manic Street Preachers, Lostprophets, Underworld, Super Furry Animals, Catatonia and Bullet for My Valentine have links with the city and are associated with the Cardiff music scene. In 2010, Cardiff was named the UK's second "most musical" city by PRS for Music.

Visual arts

See also: Art in Cardiff

Cardiff has held a photomarathon in the city each year since 2004, in which photographers compete to take the best 12 pictures of 12 previously unknown topics in 12 hours. An exhibition of winners and other entries is held in June/July each year.

Sporting venues

Sporting venues include the Principality Stadium – the national stadium and home of the Wales national rugby union teamSophia Gardens for Glamorgan County Cricket Club, Cardiff City Stadium for Cardiff City F.C. and the Wales football team, Cardiff International Sports Stadium, home of Cardiff Amateur Athletic Club, Cardiff Arms Park for Cardiff Blues and Cardiff RFC rugby union teams, and Ice Arena Wales for Cardiff Devils ice hockey team. It hosted the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games and was dubbed European City of Sport for its role in international sporting events in 2009 and again in 2014. The Principality Stadium hosted 11 football matches during the 2012 Summer Olympics, including the opening event and the men's bronze medal match.

Recreation

Bute Park

Cardiff has strong nightlife. Most clubs and bars are situated in the city centre, especially St Mary Street. More recently Cardiff Bay has built up a strong night scene, with many modern bars and restaurants. The Brewery Quarter on St Mary Street is a recently developed venue for bars and restaurant with a central courtyard. Charles Street is also a popular part of the city.

The lake at Roath Park, including the lighthouse erected as a memorial to Captain Scott

Cardiff is known for its extensive parks and other green spaces covering around 10% of the city's total area. Cardiff's main park, Bute Park (which was formerly the castle grounds) extends northwards from the top of one of Cardiff's main shopping street (Queen Street); when combined with the adjacent Llandaff Fields and Pontcanna Fields to the north-west it produces a massive open space skirting the River Taff. Other popular parks include Roath Park in the north, donated to the city by the 3rd Marquess of Bute in 1887, which includes a popular boating lake; Victoria Park, Cardiff's first official park; and Thompson's Park, formerly home to an aviary removed in the 1970s. Wild open spaces include Howardian Local Nature Reserve, 32 acres (13 ha) of the lower Rhymney valley in Penylan noted for its orchids, and Forest Farm Country Park, over 150 acres (61 ha) along the River Taff in Whitchurch.

Media

Main article: Media in Cardiff See also: Media in Wales
The South Wales Echo and Western Mail

Cardiff is the Welsh base for the main national broadcasters (BBC Cymru Wales, ITV Wales and S4C). A locally based television station, Made in Cardiff, is also based in the city centre. Major filming studios in Cardiff include the BBC's Roath Lock Studios and Pinewood Studios Wales.

Several contemporary television programmes and films are filmed in and/or set in Cardiff such as Casualty, Doctor Who, The Sarah Jane Adventures, Torchwood, Merlin, Class, The Valleys, Upstairs Downstairs, A Discovery of Witches, His Dark Materials, Being Human, The Story of Tracy Beaker, Wizards vs Aliens, Sex Education and Sherlock.

The main local newspaper is the South Wales Echo; the national paper is the Western Mail. Both are based in Park Street in the city centre. Capital Times, Echo Extra and the South Wales edition of Metro are also based and distributed in the city.

There are several magazines, including Primary Times and a monthly papur bro, and a Welsh-language community newsletter called Y Dinesydd (The Citizen). Radio stations serving the city and based in Cardiff include Capital South Wales, Heart South Wales, BBC Radio Wales, BBC Radio Cymru, Nation Radio Wales, Radio Cardiff, Smooth Wales and Xpress Radio.

The Principality Stadium was one of the first six British landmarks to be fully mapped on Google Street View as a 360-degree virtual tour.

Sport

Main article: Sport in Cardiff See also: Leisure centres in Cardiff, List of stadia in Wales by capacity, and Rugby in Cardiff
Cardiff Arms Park

Cardiff hosts many high-profile sporting events at local, national and international level and in recognition of the city's commitment to sport for all was awarded the title of European Capital of Sport 2014. Organised sports have been held in the city since the early 19th century. national home sporting fixtures are nearly always played in the city. All Wales' multi-sports agencies and many of the country's sports governing bodies have their headquarters in Cardiff and the city's many top quality venues have attracted world-famous sports events, sometimes unrelated to Cardiff or to Wales. In 2008/09, 61% of Cardiff residents regularly participated in sport and active recreation, the highest percentage in ll 22 local authorities in Wales.

Rugby union fans around the world have long been familiar with the old National Stadium, Cardiff Arms Park, and its successor the Principality Stadium, which hosted the FA Cup for six years (from 2001 to 2006) it took to rebuild Wembley Stadium. In 2009, Cardiff hosted the first Ashes cricket test between England and Australia to be held in Wales. Cardiff hosted eight football matches of the London 2012 Olympics.

Principality Stadium

Cardiff City F.C. (founded 1899 as Riverside AFC) played their home games at Ninian Park from 1910 until the end of the 2008–09 season. The club's new home is the Cardiff City Stadium, which they initially rented to the Cardiff Blues, the city's professional rugby union team, the Blues returning to the Arms Park in 2012. Cardiff City have played in the English Football League since the 1920–21 season, climbing to Division 1 after one season. Cardiff City are the only non-English team to have won the FA Cup, beating Arsenal in the 1927 final at Wembley Stadium. They were runners up to Portsmouth in the 2008 final, losing 1–0 at the new Wembley Stadium. In the 2013/14 and 2018/19 seasons Cardiff City played in the English Premier League.

Cardiff Metropolitan University F.C. of the Athletic Union of Cardiff Metropolitan University, based in Cyncoed, play in the Cymru Premier, having been promoted from Welsh League Division One in 2016. They were winners of the Welsh League Cup for the 2018–19 season.

Cardiff has numerous smaller clubs including Bridgend Street A.F.C., Caerau (Ely) A.F.C., Cardiff Corinthians F.C., Cardiff Grange Harlequins A.F.C., and Ely Rangers A.F.C., which all play in the Welsh football league system.

Sport Wales National Centre, Cardiff, headquarters of Sport Wales, the Welsh Sports Association and the Federation of Disability Sport Wales

In addition to men's football teams Cardiff City Ladies of the FA Women's Premier League Southern Division are based in the city. Teams in the Welsh Premier Women's Football League are Cardiff Met. Ladies, Cyncoed Ladies and Cardiff City.

During the 1990s, London-based football club Wimbledon FC expressed interest in relocating to Cardiff, having been without a home of their own since exiting Plough Lane stadium in 1991 and sharing with Crystal Palace FC at Selhurst Park. The relocation of the club to Cardiff did not happen; in 2003, the club moved to Milton Keynes and a year later rebranded as Milton Keynes Dons.

Cardiff Arms Park (Welsh: Parc yr Arfau Caerdydd), in central Cardiff, is among the world's most famous venues—being the scene of three Welsh Grand Slams in the 1970s (1971, 1976 and 1978) and six Five Nations titles in nine years—and was the venue for Wales' games in the 1991 Rugby World Cup. The Arms Park has a sporting history dating back to at least the 1850s, when Cardiff Cricket Club (formed 1819) relocated to the site. The ground was donated to Cardiff CC in 1867 by the Marquess of Bute. Cardiff Cricket Club shared the ground with Cardiff Rugby Football Club (founded 1876) — forming Cardiff Athletic Club between them — until 1966, when the cricket section moved to Sophia Gardens. Cardiff Athletic Club and the Welsh Rugby Union established two stadia on the site—Cardiff RFC played at their stadium at the northern end of the site, and the Wales national rugby union team played international matches at the National Stadium, Cardiff Arms Park, which opened in 1970. The National Stadium was replaced by the 74,500 capacity Millennium Stadium (Welsh: Stadiwm y Mileniwm) in 1999—in time for the 1999 Rugby World Cup—and is home stadium to the Wales national rugby and football teams for international matches. In addition to Wales' Six Nations Championship and other international games, the Principality Stadium held four matches in the 2007 Rugby World Cup and six FA Cup finals (from the 2001–02 to 2005–06 seasons) while Wembley Stadium was being rebuilt.

SWALEC Stadium

Cardiff Cricket Club was formed in 1819 and Glamorgan County Cricket Club has competed as a first-class county since 1921. Its headquarters and ground is the SWALEC Stadium, Sophia Gardens, since moving from Cardiff Arms Park in 1966. The Sophia Gardens stadium underwent multimillion-pound improvements since being selected to host the first "England" v Australia Test match of the 2009 Ashes series. The Hundred franchise team Welsh Fire is also based at the stadium.

Cardiff has a long association with boxing, from 'Peerless' Jim Driscoll — born in Cardiff in 1880 — to more recent, high-profile fights staged in the city. These include the WBC Lennox Lewis vs. Frank Bruno heavyweight championship fight at the Arms Park in 1993, and many of Joe Calzaghe's fights, between 2003 and 2007.

Cardiff's professional ice hockey team, the Cardiff Devils, plays in the 3,000-seat Ice Arena Wales in the Cardiff International Sports Village. It plays in the 12-team professional Elite Ice Hockey League. Founded in 1986, it was one of the most successful British teams in the 1990s.

Cardiff's only American-flag football team is the Hurricanes. It won the British Championship in 2014 after falling short by 2 points in a quarter-final to eventual winners, the London Rebels, the previous year. It is based at Roath Recreational Ground.

Cardiff International Pool at the International Sports Village, Cardiff Bay

The 1958 Commonwealth Games were hosted by Cardiff. These involved 1,130 athletes from 35 national teams competing in 94 events. One of the venues for those Games—The Wales Empire Swimming Pool—was demolished in 1998 to make way for the Principality Stadium. The GBP32m Cardiff International Pool in Cardiff Bay, opened to the public on 12 January 2008 — part of the GBP1bn International Sports Village (ISV) — is the only Olympic-standard swimming pool in Wales. When complete, the ISV complex will provide Olympic standard facilities for sports including boxing and fencing, gymnastics, judo, white water events (including canoeing and kayaking) and wrestling as well as a snow dome with real snow for skiing and snowboarding, an arena for public ice skating and ice hockey and a hotel. Some of the sports facilities at the ISV were to be used as training venues for the London 2012 Olympics.

A stage of Wales Rally GB, hosted inside the Principality Stadium

The Principality Stadium hosts motor-sport events such as the World Rally Championship, as part of Wales Rally GB. The first indoor special stages of the World Rally Championship were held at the Principality Stadium in September 2005 and have been an annual event since. The British Speedway Grand Prix, one of the World Championship events, is held at the Principality Stadium. While the track—a temporary, purpose built, shale oval—is not universally loved, the venue is considered the best of the World Championship's 11 rounds.

The Cardiff International Sports Stadium, opened 19 January 2009, replacing the Cardiff Athletics Stadium, demolished to make way for the Cardiff City Stadium. It has a 4,953 capacity as a multi sport/special event venue, offering certificated international track and field athletics facilities, including an international standard external throws area. The stadium houses the Headquarters of Welsh Athletics, the sport's governing body for Wales. The city's indoor track and field athletics sports venue is the National Indoor Athletics Centre, an international athletics and multi sports centre at the University of Wales Institute, Cardiff Campus, Cyncoed.

The Principality Cardiff Half Marathon takes place each October and is one of the largest road races in the United Kingdom, attracting over 20,000 participants and many overseas visitors annually. The event is organised by the not-for-profit social enterprise Run 4 Wales, and has grown considerably since its establishment in 2003. It has hosted the World (2016) Commonwealth (2018) British (2014/2015) and Welsh (Annually) Half Marathon Championships and has held a World Athletics Elite Road Race Label since 2017. The race is also a part of the SuperHalfs, a series of leading international half marathon races which also includes Lisbon, Prague, Berlin, Valencia and Copenhagen.

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Cardiff See also: Category:People from Cardiff

Many notable people have hailed from Cardiff, ranging from historical figures such as the 12th-century Welsh leader Ifor Bach to more recent figures such as Roald Dahl, Ken Follett, Griff Rhys Jones, Catrin Dafydd, and the former Blue Peter presenter Gethin Jones.

Notable actors include Ioan Gruffudd (Fantastic 4), Iwan Rheon (Game of Thrones) and Matthew Rhys (The Americans).

Also notable is Siân Grigg, BAFTA winner and Oscar nominated Hollywood make-up artist.

The city has been the birthplace of sports stars such as Tanni Grey-Thompson and Colin Jackson, as well as many Premier League, Football League and international footballers, such as Craig Bellamy, Gareth Bale, Ryan Giggs, Joe Ledley, and former managers of the Wales national football team Terry Yorath and John Toshack. International rugby league players from Cardiff include Frank Whitcombe, Billy Boston, David Willicombe and Colin Dixon. International rugby union players include Sam Warburton, Jamie Roberts, Jamie Robinson, Nicky Robinson, Rhys Patchell, and baseball internationals include George Whitcombe and Ted Peterson.

Saint Teilo (c. 500 – 9 February c. 560) is the patron saint of Cardiff. He was a British Christian monk, bishop, and founder of monasteries and churches. Reputed to be a cousin, friend, and disciple of Saint David, he was Bishop of Llandaff and founder of the first church at Llandaff Cathedral, where his tomb is. His Saint's Day is 9 February.

Cardiff is also well known for its musicians. Ivor Novello inspired the Ivor Novello Awards. Idloes Owen, founder of the Welsh National Opera, lived in Llandaff. Dame Shirley Bassey was born and raised in Cardiff. Charlotte Church is famous as a crossover classical/pop singer. Shakin' Stevens was one of the top-selling male artists in the UK during the 1980s. Tigertailz, a popular glam metal act in the 1980s, also hailed from Cardiff. A number of Cardiff-based bands, such as Catatonia and Super Furry Animals, were popular in the 1990s.

Twinning

Namesakes

Cardiff-by-the-Sea in Encinitas, California and Cardiff, Alabama were both named after Cardiff in Wales.

Diplomatic presence

A total of 28 countries have a diplomatic presence in Cardiff. Many of these, such as Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Denmark, Canada, Thailand and the Czech Republic, are represented by honorary consulates. The United States Embassy to the UK operates a satellite office.

Freedom of the City

The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the City of Cardiff; they are listed with the date that they received the honour.

Individuals

Military units


Destinations from Cardiff
Llantrisant, Rhondda Pontypridd, Brecon, Merthyr Tydfil, Caerphilly Newport, Chepstow
Maesteg, Neath, Bridgend CARDIFF Bristol Channel
Llantwit Major, Cardiff International Airport Penarth, Dinas Powys, Barry Bristol Channel

See also

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