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{{short description|City and commune in Southern France}}
{{French commune
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
| nomcommune=Aix-en-Provence
{{Infobox French commune
| image=]
|name = Aix-en-Provence
| image_map=France_jms.png
|native name = {{native name|oc|Ais de Provença}}
| x=197
|commune status = ] and ]
| y=209
|image = {{multiple image
| caption=The coat of arms of Aix-en-Provence
| border = infobox
| région=]
| perrow = 2/1/2
| département=]<br />('']'')
| total_width = 290
| arrondissement=Aix-en-Provence
| align = center
| canton=Chief town of 3 cantons
| caption_align = center
| insee=13001
| image1 = Aix en Provence - panoramio (1).jpg
| cp=13100 or 13090
| caption1 = ]
| maire=]
| image2 = Place d'Albertas.jpg
| party=]
| caption2 = ]
| mandat=] - ]
| image3 = Aix-en-Provence - Pavillon Vendôme.jpg
| intercomm=]
| caption3 = ]
| lat_long={{coor dms|43|31|53|N|05|25|24|E}}
| image4 = 2016 Aix-en-Provence - Hôtel de ville.jpg
| alt moy=173m
| caption4 = ]
| alt mini=
| image5 = France-002438 - Cours Mirabeau Fountain (15867627856).jpg
| alt maxi=
| caption5 = ]
| hectares=18,608
| km²=186.08
| sans=140,100
| date-sans=2005
| dens=752
| date-dens=2005
}} }}
|caption =
|image flag = Flag of Aix-en-Provence.svg
|image coat of arms = Escut de Ais de Provença.svg
|coordinates = {{coord|43.526304|5.445429|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|arrondissement = Aix-en-Provence
|canton = ]
|INSEE = 13001
|postal code = 13100, 13090
|mayor = ]<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|publisher=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=4 May 2022|language=fr}}</ref>
|term = 2021&ndash;2026
|intercommunality = ]
|elevation m = 173
|elevation min m =
|elevation max m =
|area km2 = 186.083
|population = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}}
|population date = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}
|population footnotes = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}}
|demonym=''Aixois'', ''Aquisextain'', ''Aquisestain'' (masculine)<br>''Aixoise'', ''Aquisextaine'', ''Aquisestaine'' (feminine)}}


'''Aix''' ({{IPA2|ɛks}}), or, to distinguish it from other cities built over hot springs, '''Aix-en-Provence''' (]: ''Ais de Provença'' in classical norm or ''Ais de Prouvènço'' in Mistralian norm) is a ] in southern ], some 30 km north of ]. It is located in the ] region, in the ] '']'', of which it is a '']''. The population of Aix is approximately 140,100. {{Fact}} Its inhabitants are called ''Aixois''. '''Aix-en-Provence'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|UK|ˌ|ɛ|k|s|_|ɒ̃|_|p|r|ɒ|ˈ|v|ɒ̃|s}},<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Aix-en-Provence |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182301/https://www.lexico.com/definition/aix-en-provence |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-03-22 |title=Aix-en-Provence |dictionary=] UK English Dictionary |publisher=]}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|US|ˌ|eɪ|k|s|_|ɒ̃|_|p|r|oʊ|ˈ|v|ɒ̃|s|,_|ˌ|ɛ|k|s|_|-}},<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Aix-en-Provence|access-date=31 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Aix-en-Provence|access-date=31 July 2019}}</ref> {{IPA|fr|ɛks ɑ̃ pʁɔvɑ̃s|lang|LL-Q150 (fra)-Jules78120-Aix-en-Provence.wav}}; {{langx|oc|label=]|Ais de Provença}} in classical norm, or {{lang|oc|Ais de Prouvènço}} in ], {{IPA|oc|ˈajz de pʀuˈvɛnsɔ|pron}}}} or simply '''Aix''', is a ] and ] in ], about {{convert|30|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} north of ]. A former capital of ], it is the ] of the ], in the department of ], in the region of ]. The population of Aix-en-Provence is approximately 145,000. Its inhabitants are called ''Aixois'' or, less commonly, ''Aquisextains''.


== History == ==History==
:''For the ecclesiastical history, see ]''
]


{{see also|Timeline of Aix-en-Provence}}
Aix (''Aquae Sextiae'') was founded in ] by the ] ] ], who gave his name to its springs.<ref>'']'', article .</ref> In ] its neighbourhood was the scene of the ] when Romans under ] defeated the ] and ], with mass suicides among the captured women, which passed into Roman legends of Germanic heroism.<ref> cf ], letter cxxiii, , 8, 409 A.D.</ref>
{{For|the ecclesiastical history|Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Aix}}
]


Aix (''Aquae Sextiae'') was founded in 123 BC by the ] ], who gave his name to its springs, following the destruction of the nearby ] ] at ].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=447}}<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104035151/http://www.aixenprovencetourism.com/aix-histoire.htm |date=4 November 2013 }}, site de l'office du tourisme d'Aix-en-Provence.</ref> In 102 BC its vicinity was the scene of the ], where the Romans under ] defeated the ] and ],{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=447}} with mass suicides among the captured women, which passed into Roman legends of ] heroism.<ref>cf ], letter cxxiii, , 8, 409 A.D.</ref>
In the ] it became the metropolis of ]. It was occupied by the ] in ]. In the succeeding century, the town was repeatedly plundered by the ] and ], and was occupied by the ] in ]. Aix, which during the ] was the capital of the county of Provence, did not reach its zenith until after the ], when, under the houses of ] and ], it became an artistic centre and seat of learning.


In the 4th century AD it became the metropolis of ]. It was occupied by the ] in 477. In the succeeding century, the town was repeatedly plundered by the ] and ], and was occupied by the ] in 731 and by ] in 737. Aix, which during the ] was the capital of ], did not reach its zenith until after the 12th century, when, under the houses of ] and ], it became an artistic centre and seat of learning.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=447}}
Aix passed to the crown of France with the rest of Provence in ], and in ] ] established there the parliament of Provence, which existed until ]. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the town was the seat of the Intendance of Provence.


Aix passed to the crown of France with the rest of Provence in 1487, and in 1501 ] established there the parliament of Provence, which existed until 1789. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the town was the seat of the Intendance of Provence.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=447}} Current archeological excavations in the Ville des Tours, a ] ] of Aix, have unearthed the remains of a ] ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mairie-aixenprovence.fr/SEDS|title=La Seds|date=23 April 2009|website=Mairie d'Aix-en-Provence|language=fr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004161222/http://www.mairie-aixenprovence.fr/SEDS |archive-date= Oct 4, 2022 }}</ref> A deposit of fossil bones from the Upper Continental Miocene gave rise to a Christian dragon legend.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Alfred |last1=de Grazia |first2=Ami |last2=de Grazia |url=http://www.q-mag.org/the-dragon-at-the-bus-stop.html |title=The Dragon at the bus-stop |publisher=Q-mag.org |date= |accessdate=2021-11-19}}</ref>
Current archeological excavations in the Ville des Tours, a ] ] of Aix, have unearthed the remains of a ] ]. <ref>http://www.mairie-aixenprovence.fr/article.php3?id_article=2493</ref>


== Geography and climate == ==Geography and climate==
Aix-en-Provence is situated in a plain overlooking the ], about a mile from the right bank of the river. The city slopes gently from north to south and the ] can easily be seen to the east. Aix's position in the south of France gives it a warm climate. It has an average January temperature of 5°C and a July average of 22°C. It has an average of 300 days of sunshine and only 91 of rain. {{Fact}} Whilst it is partially protected from the ], Aix does occasionally suffer the cold gusty conditions it brings. Aix-en-Provence is situated in the south of France, in a plain overlooking the ] river, about {{convert|1|mi|km|round=0.5|order=flip}} from the right bank of the river. The city slopes gently from north to south and the ] can easily be seen to the east. Aix's position in the south of France gives it a warm climate, though more extreme than ] due to the inland location. It has an average January temperature of {{convert|6|°C|F|0|abbr=on|lk=out}} and a July average of {{convert|24|°C|F|0|abbr=on|lk=out}}. It has an average of 300 days of sunshine and only 58 days of rain.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aixenprovencetourism.com/uk/aix-en-provence.htm |title=Tourist office; the climate of Aix |publisher=Aixenprovencetourism.com |access-date=15 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210024749/http://www.aixenprovencetourism.com/uk/aix-en-provence.htm |archive-date=10 February 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> While it is partially protected from the ], Aix still occasionally experiences the cooler and gusty conditions it brings.


Like most of the south of France, Aix-en-Provence has a ] (] Csa).
== Main sights ==
]
]
]
]
]


{{Weather box|location = Aix-en-Provence (1991–2020, extremes 1955–present)
The ] is a wide thoroughfare, planted with double rows of ], bordered by fine houses and decorated by fountains. It follows the line of the old city wall and divides the town into two sections. The new town extends to the south and west; the old town, with its wide but irregular streets and its old mansions dating from the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, lies to the north. Along this avenue, which is lined on one side with banks and on the other with cafés, is the Deux Garçons, the most famous ] in Aix. Built in 1792, it has been frequented by the likes of ], ] and ]. {{Fact}}
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 20.9
|Feb record high C = 22.8
|Mar record high C = 25.6
|Apr record high C = 28.9
|May record high C = 34.2
|Jun record high C = 42.0
|Jul record high C = 40.2
|Aug record high C = 40.1
|Sep record high C = 35.1
|Oct record high C = 31.4
|Nov record high C = 24.7
|Dec record high C = 22.7
|year record high C = 42.0
|Jan high C = 11.8
|Feb high C = 12.8
|Mar high C = 16.3
|Apr high C = 19.1
|May high C = 23.4
|Jun high C = 27.9
|Jul high C = 31.0
|Aug high C = 30.8
|Sep high C = 25.9
|Oct high C = 21.0
|Nov high C = 15.4
|Dec high C = 12.2
|year high C = 20.6
|Jan mean C = 6.7
|Feb mean C = 7.2
|Mar mean C = 10.3
|Apr mean C = 13.1
|May mean C = 17.2
|Jun mean C = 21.3
|Jul mean C = 24.0
|Aug mean C = 23.8
|Sep mean C = 19.6
|Oct mean C = 15.7
|Nov mean C = 10.5
|Dec mean C = 7.3
|year mean C = 14.7
|Jan low C = 1.6
|Feb low C = 1.5
|Mar low C = 4.3
|Apr low C = 7.1
|May low C = 11.0
|Jun low C = 14.7
|Jul low C = 17.0
|Aug low C = 16.8
|Sep low C = 13.4
|Oct low C = 10.3
|Nov low C = 5.5
|Dec low C = 2.4
|year low C = 8.8
|Jan record low C = −16.6
|Feb record low C = −20.2
|Mar record low C = −12.5
|Apr record low C = −4.0
|May record low C = −1.1
|Jun record low C = 3.2
|Jul record low C = 6.0
|Aug record low C = 4.0
|Sep record low C = 1.7
|Oct record low C = −4.7
|Nov record low C = −9.0
|Dec record low C = −14.9
|year record low C = −20.2
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 52.8
|Feb precipitation mm = 35.9
|Mar precipitation mm = 33.2
|Apr precipitation mm = 58.4
|May precipitation mm = 47.5
|Jun precipitation mm = 36.4
|Jul precipitation mm = 15.9
|Aug precipitation mm = 33.8
|Sep precipitation mm = 88.2
|Oct precipitation mm = 77.1
|Nov precipitation mm = 78.6
|Dec precipitation mm = 51.0
|year precipitation mm = 608.8
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 5.5
|Feb precipitation days = 4.6
|Mar precipitation days = 4.8
|Apr precipitation days = 6.5
|May precipitation days = 5.3
|Jun precipitation days = 3.4
|Jul precipitation days = 2.0
|Aug precipitation days = 2.8
|Sep precipitation days = 5.2
|Oct precipitation days = 6.0
|Nov precipitation days = 7.5
|Dec precipitation days = 5.2
|year precipitation days = 58.9
|Jan sun = 150.8
|Feb sun = 176.7
|Mar sun = 233.4
|Apr sun = 244.3
|May sun = 296.6
|Jun sun = 330.7
|Jul sun = 370.0
|Aug sun = 331.6
|Sep sun = 256.5
|Oct sun = 189.5
|Nov sun = 152.4
|Dec sun = 140.9
|year sun = 2873.2
|source 1 = ]<ref>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180330023102/https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_13001009.pdf
| archive-date = 30 March 2018
| url = https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_13001009.pdf
| title = Aix en Provence (13)
| work = Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1991–2020 et records
| publisher = Meteo France
| language = fr
| access-date = 30 June 2024}}</ref>
|date=August 2010
}}


==Sights==
The Cathedral of the Holy Saviour (]) is situated to the north in the ] part of Aix. Built on the site of a Roman temple, it dates from the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries. It is fronted by a richly decorated portal in ] style with elaborately carved doors, and is flanked on the north by an uncompleted tower. The interior contains tapestries from the 16th century, other works of art and a baptismal pool dating from the fourth century. The archbishop's palace (Palais de l'Archêveché) and a ] ] adjoin the cathedral on its south side. The ] of Aix is now shared with ].
]


]
Among its other public institutions, Aix also has the second most important ] (Palais de Justice) outside Paris, located near the site of the former Palace of the Princes (Palais des Comtes) of ].
]
The ] is a wide thoroughfare, planted with double rows of ], bordered by fine houses and decorated by fountains. It follows the line of the old city wall, and divides the town into two sections. The new town extends to the south and west; the old town, with its narrow, irregular streets, and its old mansions dating from the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, lies to the north. Situated on this avenue, which is lined on one side with banks and on the other with cafés, is the Deux Garçons, the most famous ] in Aix. Built in 1792, it was frequented by the likes of ], ] and ].<ref>{{Cite book|first=Claude-Alain|last=Sarre|title=Les Deux Garçons. Quatre Siècles d'Histoire au Coeur d'Aix-en-Provence.|year=2007|publisher=Université Aix|isbn=978-2-903449-92-6}}</ref> On 3 November 2019, Les Deux Garçons was devastated by a fire that engulfed the entire building, leaving the much loved establishment just a shell.<ref>{{cite news |title=Aix : les "2G" totalement détruits par un incendie |url=http://www.laprovence.com/article/faits-divers-justice/5785368/aix-les-2g-totalement-detruits-par-un-incendie.html |access-date=5 March 2020 |agency=La Provence}}</ref>


The Cathedral of the Holy Saviour (]) is situated to the north in the ] part of Aix. Built on the site of a former ] and an adjacent basilica, it contains a mixture of all styles from the 5th to the 17th century, including a richly decorated portal in the ] with doors elaborately carved in ]. The interior contains 16th-century tapestries, a 15th-century ] depicting ] and his wife on the side panels, as well as a ] ], its ] dome supported by original Roman columns. The archbishop's palace (Palais de l'Archêveché) and a ] ] adjoin the cathedral on its south side.<ref>Michelin Guide to Provence, {{ISBN|2-06-137503-0}}, pages 67–68.</ref> The ] of Aix is now shared with ].
The ], a building in the classical style of the middle of the 17th century, looks onto a picturesque square (Place de l'Hôtel de Ville). It contains some fine woodwork and a large library, which includes many valuable manuscripts. At its side rises a handsome clock-tower erected in 1505. {{fact}}


] on the right]]
Also on the Place de l'Hôtel de Ville is the former Corn Exchange (Halle de Grains). This ornately decorated 18th century building was designed by the Vallon brothers. Nearby are the remarkable ], containing lime and carbonic acid, that first drew the ] to Aix and gave it the name ''Aquae Sextiae''. A ] was built in 1705 near the remains of the ] ] of ].
]
Among its other public institutions, Aix also has the second most important ] (Palais de Justice) outside of Paris, located near the site of the former Palace of the Counts (Palais des Comtes) of ].


The ] (town hall), a building in the classical style of the middle of the 17th century, looks onto a picturesque square (Place de l'Hôtel de Ville). It contains some fine woodwork and tapestries. At its side rises a handsome clock-tower, erected in 1510.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aixenprovencetourism.com/aix-vieilleville.htm |title=Tourist office: Old Aix |publisher=Aixenprovencetourism.com |access-date=15 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100217045112/http://www.aixenprovencetourism.com/aix-vieilleville.htm |archive-date=17 February 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Also on the Place de l'Hôtel de Ville is the former ] (1759–1761) (Halle de Grains). This ornately decorated 18th-century building was designed by the Vallon brothers. Nearby are the remarkable ], containing lime and ], that first drew the ] to Aix and gave it the name ''Aquae Sextiae''. A ] was built in 1705 near the remains of the ] ] of ].<ref>], 1911.</ref>
South of the Cours Mirabeau is the ''Quartier Mazarin''. This residential district was constructed for the gentry of Aix by the brother of ] in the last half of the seventeenth century and contains several notable ]. The 13th century church of Saint-Jean-de-Malte contains valuable pictures and a recently restored organ. Next to it is the Musée Granet.


South of the Cours Mirabeau is the ]. This residential district was constructed for the gentry of Aix by ] ] brother of ] in the last half of the 17th century and contains several notable ]. The 13th-century ] contains valuable pictures and a recently restored organ. Next to it is the Musée Granet, devoted to European painting and sculpture.
Aix is often referred to as the city of a thousand fountains. Among the most notable are the seventeeth century Fontaine des Quatre Dauphins (Fountain of the Four Dolphins) in the Quartier Mazarin, designed by Jean-Claude Rambot, and three of the fountains down the central Cours Mirabeau: At the top, a nineteenth century fountain depicts the "good king" ] holding the ] that he introduced to ] in the fifteenth century; half-way down is a natural hot water fountain (34°C), covered in moss, dating back to the romans; and at the bottom at la Rotonde, the hub of modern Aix, stands a monumental fountain from 1860 beneath three giant statues representing art, justice and agriculture. In the older part of Aix, there are also charming fountains in the Place d'Albertas and the Place des Trois-Ormeaux.


Aix is often referred to as the city of a thousand fountains.<ref>Laurence Labrouche, "Ariane Mnouchkine: un parcours théâtral: le terrassier, l'enfant et le voyageur", L'Harmattan (1999), {{ISBN|2-7384-8022-5}}, page 66, "la ville aux mille fontaines"</ref> Among the most notable are the 17th-century Fontaine des Quatre Dauphins (Fountain of the Four Dolphins) in the Quartier Mazarin, designed by Jean-Claude Rambot,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Provence |series=Michelin Green Guide |year=1999 |publisher=Michelin |isbn=0-320-03732-0}}, page 69. The fountain was built in 1667,</ref> and three of the fountains down the central Cours Mirabeau: at the top, a 19th-century fountain depicts the "good king" ] holding the ] that he introduced to ] in the 15th century; halfway down is a natural hot water fountain (34&nbsp;°C), covered in moss, dating back to the Romans; and at the bottom, at la Rotonde, the hub of modern Aix, stands a monumental fountain from 1860 beneath three giant statues representing art, justice and agriculture. In the older part of Aix, there are also fountains of note in the Place d'Albertas and the Place des Trois-Ormeaux.
== Education ==

]
Aix is the birthplace of Post-Impressionist painter Paul Cézanne. A walking trail links sites including his childhood home, Jas de Bouffan, and his former studio, Atelier Cézanne. The white limestone mountain Sainte-Victoire overlooks the city and was a frequent subject of Cézanne's works.
Aix has long been a university town: ] granted a ] for a university in 1409. Today Aix remains an important educational centre, with many teaching and research institutes:

* ], specialising in the humanities in Aix.
==Education==
* ]
]
* ], specialising principally in law, economics, political science and administration in Aix.
Aix has long been a university town: ] granted a ] for a university in 1409. Today Aix-en-Provence remains an important educational centre, with many teaching and research institutes:
* ] (IEP), an Institute of Political Studies

* a military academy
* ], an engineering graduate school that settled a campus in the city in 1843. This teaching and research center (CER) let the students attend courses focused on industrial and mechanical engineering.
* ], consisting of the faculty and former campuses of:
**], specialising in the humanities.
**], specialising in economics.
**], specialising principally in law, economics, political science and administration.
* ] (IEP) is part of France's network of political studies universities, often referred to as "Sciences Po".
* ], an institute in the Université Paul Cézanne for town and country planning. * ], an institute in the Université Paul Cézanne for town and country planning.
* The American College of the Mediterranean (ACM), an American-style degree-granting institution with programs in art, art history, business, communication, French language and culture, international relations, psychology and many others. ACM also includes a study abroad institute for undergraduates, ].
* ]

* Institut d'Etudes Françaises pour Etudiants Etrangers (IEFEE), a language school in the Université Paul Cézanne for foreign students of all levels of French proficiency
Aix also has several training collèges, lycées, and a college of art and design. It has also become a centre for many international study programmes. Several lycées offer ].
* , an international ] in ], on the outskirts of Aix, taking a large number of English-speaking students.
* The American University Center of Provence, an American study abroad program
* Institute For American Universities, a small program for American students studying abroad
*
*
* , a private school in ], on the outskirts of Aix
* , a private school in the east of Aix that teaches English IGCSE and A-level examinations as well as the French Baccalaureate.


==Culture==
Aix also has several training colleges, lycées, and a college of art and design. It has also become a centre for many international study programmes.
]'' in 2006]]


== Culture == ===Music===
=== Music ===
Aix holds two significant musical events each year. These are: Aix holds two significant musical events each year. These are:


==== Festival d'Aix-en-Provence ==== ====Festival d'Aix-en-Provence====
An important opera festival, the '']'', founded in 1948, now ranks with those in ], ] and ]. The director until 2018 was ], organist and director of ] in Brussels. The festival takes place in late June and July each year. The main venues in Aix itself are the outdoor Théâtre de l'Archévêché in the former garden of the archbishop's palace, the recently restored 18th-century Théâtre du Jeu de Paume, and the newly built ]; operas are also staged in the outdoor Théâtre du Grand Saint-Jean outside Aix. Linked to the festival is the Académie européenne de musique, a summer school for young musicians with master classes by celebrated artists. Over the four-year period from 2006 until 2009, ]'s version of Wagner's ] with the ] was performed at the Aix festival. The current director of the festival is ].
]
An important opera festival, the ']' founded in ] which now ranks with those in ], ] and ]. The current director is , director of ] in ]. The festival takes place in late June and July each year. The main venues in Aix itself are the outdoor Théâtre de l'Archévêché in the former gardens of the archbishop's palace, the recently restored 18th century Théâtre du Jeu de Paume, and the newly built Grand Théâtre de Provence; operas are also staged in the outdoor Théâtre du Grand Saint-Jean outside Aix. Linked to the festival is the Académie européenne de musique, a summer school for young musicians with master classes by celebrated artists.


==== Musique dans la Rue ==== ====Musique dans la Rue====
This takes place each year in June to coincide with the national '].' There is a week of classical, jazz and popular concerts held in different street venues and courtyards in the city. Some of these events are held in the Conservatoire ], named in honour of the french composer, a native of Aix. This takes place each year in June to coincide with the national '].' There is a week of classical, jazz, and popular concerts held in different street venues and courtyards in the city. Some of these events are held in the Conservatoire ], named in honour of the French composer, a native of Aix.


=== Museums and Libraries === ===Dance===
The dance company ''Ballet Preljocaj'' of the French dancer and choreographer ] has been located in Aix since 1996. In 2007 it took up residence in the ], a centre for dance performance, designed in 1999 by the architect ]. The centre is one of nineteen of its kind in France, designated ''Centre chorégraphique national''.
] "Pumpkin Harvest" at the Musée Granet]]

===European Capital of Culture===

Aix-en-Provence was part of ], the year-long cultural festival when the region served as the ]. Aix hosted several major cultural events including one half of the Grand Atelier du Midi gala exhibition and an episode of the Révélations pyrotechnical performance. The city also unveiled major new cultural infrastructure to coincide with Marseille-Provence 2013, including the Darius Milhaud Conservatory designed by ].

===Museums and libraries===
]
]'s "Pumpkin Harvest" at the ]]]
] from 1902 until his 1906 death]]
Aix has several museums and galleries: Aix has several museums and galleries:
*Le Musée du Vieil Aix (Museum of Old Aix), housed in two period ] and devoted to the history and provencal heritage of Aix. *Le Musée du Vieil Aix (Museum of Old Aix), housed in two period ] and devoted to the history and provencal heritage of Aix.
*Le ] (Natural History Museum). *Le ] (Natural History Museum).
*Le Musée de Tapisseries (Tapestry Museum), housed in the Archbishop's Palace. *Le Musée de Tapisseries (Tapestry Museum), housed in the Archbishop's Palace and with a collection of tapestries and furniture from the 17th and 18th centuries.
*Le Musée Paul Arbaud (Faïence/Pottery). *Le Musée Paul Arbaud (Faïence/Pottery).
*Le ], a museum devoted to painting, sculpture and the archeology of Aix.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.museegranet-aixenprovence.fr/www/index5.html |title=Website of the Musée Granet |publisher=Museegranet-aixenprovence.fr |access-date=15 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100423165631/http://www.museegranet-aixenprovence.fr/www/index5.html |archive-date=23 April 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> It recently underwent significant restoration and reorganization, prior to the international exhibition in 2006 marking the centenary of ]'s death.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thearttribune.com/Reopening-of-the-Musee-Granet-in.html |title=Reopening of the Musée Granet in Aix-en-Provence |publisher=The Art Tribune |date=20 August 2007 |access-date=22 May 2009 |archive-date=3 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103001637/http://www.thearttribune.com/Reopening-of-the-Musee-Granet-in.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Due to lack of space, the large archeological collection, including many recent discoveries, will be displayed in a new museum, still in the planning stages. The museum contains major paintings by ] (among which the monumental "]"), an authentic self-portrait by ], and works by ], ], ] and ]. In June 2011, the first part of the collection of the ''Fondation Jean et Suzanne Planque'' opened at the Musée Granet, containing over 180 artworks. This legacy of the Swiss painter, dealer and art collector ], a personal friend of ], has been donated to the city for an initial period of 15 years. The collection contains over 300 works of art, including paintings and drawings by ], ]. ], ], Cézanne, ], Picasso, ], ], ], Giacometti and ]. The full collection will be housed in a specially constructed annex in the ''Chapelle des Pénitents Blancs'', situated nearby: the expected opening is in 2013.
*Le Musée Granet, a museum devoted to painting, sculpture and the ] of Aix. It recently underwent significant restoration and reorganization, prior to the international exhibition in 2006 marking the centenary of ]'s death. Due to lack of space, the large archeological collection, including many recent discoveries, will be displayed in a new museum, still in the planning stages.
*Le Pavillon de Vendôme, a 17th century mansion housing permanent and touring art exhibitions. *Le Pavillon de Vendôme, a 17th-century mansion housing permanent and touring art exhibitions.
*The , a gallery dedicated to the works of the Hungarian-born French abstract painter ]. *The ], a gallery dedicated to the works of the Hungarian-born French ] ].
*Le Camp des Milles
*L'atelier Cézanne, a museum on the northern outskirts of Aix, constructed around the studio of the painter ].
*], the former studio of Paul Cézanne, now a museum, located in the northern outskirts of Aix. It has been preserved as it was at the time of the painter's death and contains many of his personal items and props used in his paintings.
*Jas de Bouffan, the house and grounds of Cézanne's father, now partially open to the public. *Jas de Bouffan, the house and grounds of Cézanne's father, now partially open to the public.


Prior to 1989 Aix had multiple libraries, for example in the Parc Jourdan and the Town Hall. In 1989, many of these were moved to the , an old match factory. This comprises an adult section, a children's section and a CD loan facility. Prior to 1989 Aix had several libraries, for example in the Parc Jourdan and the Town Hall. In 1989, many of these were moved to the Méjanes, an old match factory.
<br />
In 1993, the was opened around the library. This has spaces for dance, cinema and music, and a training facility for librarians.


In 1993, the "Cité du Livre" was opened around the library. This has media spaces for dance, cinema and music, and a training facility for librarians. Adjacent to the Cité du Livre are the Grand Théâtre de Provence and the Pavillon Noir (see above).
=== Mont Sainte-Victoire ===
]
]
To the east of Aix rises the magnificent 1011m ]. It is accessible from the centre of Aix by road or on foot, taking the wooded footpath of Escrachou Pevou to the ] of Bibemus. It dramatically overshadows the small ] built by ]'s father and was a favourite subject and haunt of ] throughout his lifetime. In the village of ] on the precipitous southern side of Mont Sainte-Victoire, there is a ] that he used and beyond that a mountain hut, the ''réfuge Cézanne'', where he liked to paint.


===Montagne Sainte-Victoire===
To the north, the mountain slopes gently down through woodland to the village of ]. The chateau that overlooks the village was acquired by the Spanish artist ] in 1958; fifteen years later he was buried in its grounds, which are not currently open to the public. Mont Sainte-Victoire has a complex network of paths, leading to the priory and ''Croix de Provence'' at the summit, to the large man-made ] of Bimont and to the ] ] above le Tholonet.
]'', Paul Cézanne, 1882–1885]]
], Paul Cézanne, 1904–1906]]
To the east of Aix rises ] ({{convert|1,011|m|ft|abbr=off|disp=or}}), one of the landmarks of the Pays d'Aix. It is accessible from the centre of Aix by road or on foot, taking the wooded footpath of Escrachou Pevou to the ] of Bibemus.<ref>
{{Cite journal|title=Montagne Ste-Victoire, Aix-en-Provence, Gardanne, Trets|series=La Carte de Randonnée, 1;25,000|volume=3244 ET|publisher=Institut Géographique National}}</ref> It dramatically overshadows the small dam built by ]'s father and was a favourite subject and haunt of ] throughout his lifetime. In the village of ] on the precipitous southern side of Mont Sainte-Victoire, there is a ] that he used, and beyond that a mountain hut, the ''refuge Cézanne'', where he liked to paint.


To the north, the mountain slopes gently down through woodland to the village of ]. The ] overlooking the village was formerly occupied by the ] (including ]) and the Archbishops of Aix before it became the family home of the ].<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518195509/http://www.vauvenargues.org/index.php?P=91&action=afficher&type=art&menu=3 |date=18 May 2020 }} {{in lang|fr}}</ref> It was acquired by the Spanish artist ] in 1958, who was resident there from 1959 until 1962, when he moved to ]. He and his wife Jacqueline are buried in its grounds,<ref>{{Cite book|first=Patrick|last=O'Brian|publisher=Putnam|year=1976|title=Picasso: Pablo Ruiz Picasso : a Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/picassopabloruiz0000obri|url-access=registration|isbn=88-304-0863-8}}</ref>
== Economy ==
<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,945265,00.html |title=Pablo Picasso's Last Days and Final Journey|magazine=]|date=23 April 1973}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Château de Vauvenargues|author=Bruno Ely|publisher=ImageArt|year=2009|isbn=978-2-9534525-0-1}}</ref> which are not usually open to the public. From 2009 onwards, the château, which now belongs to Jacqueline's daughter Catherine Hutin, has been open to the public from June to September.<ref>, official web site</ref>
]

Industries formerly included flour-milling, the manufacture of confectionery, iron-ware, hats, matches and the extraction of ].
Mont Sainte-Victoire has a complex network of paths, leading to the priory and ''Croix de Provence'' at the summit, to the large man-made reservoir of Bimont and to the ] ] above le Tholonet.

==Sport==
*Association football is represented in the city by ], until 2014 known as AS Aix-en-Provence. Their best result was playing in French Division 1 in the 1967–68 season, but recent years see the team playing in amateur levels of the French football league system.
*Rugby union club ] (previously known as Aix Rugby Club and Pays d'Aix Rugby Club) is based in the city. {{as of|2021}}, they play in ], the second-tier French league.
*] is a handball club competing in the top-level ].
*American football team ] has won the top-level ] a total of eight times and is one of the most successful teams in the country. They were finalist of the 1996 ].
*The city hosts a professional tennis tournament on the ]. It is held every May at the Country Club Aixois.
*Former world number one squash player ] lives in Aix-en-Provence.
*The city hosted ] football base camp during ].<ref>Ribeiro, Benjamin. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326204341/http://www.aix-international.com/Euro-2016-Aix-camp-de-base-de-l-Ukraine |date=26 March 2016 }}, aix-international.com (in French). Retrieved on 18 March 2016.</ref>
*The city holds a junior ] World Cup event for men's foil in January of each year. Local fencer ] was part of the team that won the gold medal in men's team foil at the 2020 Summer Olympics.

==Economy==
]s, a specialty of Aix-en-Provence]]
Industries formerly included flour-milling, the manufacture of confectionery, iron-ware, hats, matches and the extraction of ].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Histoire d'Aix-en-Provence|publisher=Edisud|year=1977|isbn=2-85744-237-8}}</ref>


Current economic activities include: Current economic activities include:
* Tourism. * Tourism.
* Entertainment, particularly ] and ]. * Entertainment, particularly opera and dance.
* The ] and ] ] in ], to the south of ], specializing in ] technology for ]s. * The ] and ] industry in ], to the south of ], specializing in ] technology for ]s.
* Education and research. In Aix the ] - mainly the ] - specializes in the ], ] and ]. * Education and research. In Aix the ] specializes in the ], law and economics.
* The ] industry. * The computer software industry.
* The manufacture of ], traditional hand-crafted figurines, often associated with ] Christmas ]. * The manufacture of ], traditional hand-crafted figurines, often associated with ] Christmas ].
* The manufacture of ]. * The manufacture of ].
* The manufacture of '']s'', a lozenge-shaped ] made from ]s and crystalised ]. Each year in early September, there is a mass in ] and ] in the ] church of St Jean de Malte to bless the calissons - '' la bénédiction des calissons''. This ceremony has been held since the seventeeth century to mark the deliverance of Aix from the ]. It is currently accompanied by a colourful ] ], involving most of the local calisson manufacturers and their wares. * The manufacture of '']s'', a lozenge-shaped ] made from ]s, orange peel, sugar, and crystallized melon.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/26/travel/fare-of-the-country-provence-s-almond-calissons.html|title=Fare of the Country; Provence's Almond Calissons|last=Beckett-Young|first=Kathleen|date=26 February 1989|work=]|access-date=2019-11-24|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Each year in early September, there is a mass in French and Provençal in the ] church of St Jean de Malte to bless the calissons '' la bénédiction des calissons''. This ceremony has been held since the 17th century to mark the deliverance of Aix from the ]. It is currently accompanied by a colourful ] ], involving most of the local calisson manufacturers and their wares. About calissons, Provençal novelist ] wrote that, to make true calissons "'''You need one-third almonds, one-third fruit confits, one-third sugar, and a quarter savoir faire''.<nowiki>''</nowiki><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-38005875|title=France battles China over sweets trademark|date=16 November 2016|access-date=2019-11-24|language=en-GB}}</ref>
* ]: the local ] is ], with many vineyards between Aix and the ] to the north. The reputed appellation of Château Simone is situated in the hills above the village of ], just outside Aix. * ]: the local ] is ], with many vineyards between Aix and the ] to the north. The reputed appellation of ] is represented by the estates of Château Simone in ] and Château Crémade in ], to the east of Aix.<ref>
{{Cite book|first=Robert|last=Parker|author-link=Robert M. Parker, Jr.|year=1996|page=488|title=The Wine Buyer's Guide|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|isbn=0-7513-0342-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chateau-simone.fr/ |title=Official website for Château Simone |publisher=Chateau-simone.fr |access-date=15 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410003611/http://www.chateau-simone.fr/ |archive-date=10 April 2010 |url-status=live |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guidevins.com/index.php?option=com_wrapper&Itemid=320 |title=Guide des Vins – Château Crémade |language= fr |publisher=Guidevins.com |access-date=15 April 2010}}</ref> There is a fair of local wine producers every year on the last Sunday in July on the ]. Grape varieties include ], ], ], and notably ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.aixenprovencetourism.com/aix-vins.htm |title=Aix en Provence Office de Tourisme |access-date=19 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203173426/http://en.aixenprovencetourism.com/aix-vins.htm |archive-date=3 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* ]: the well known Chocolaterie de Puyricard is situated in the hills to the north of Aix.


* Chocolate: the well known ] de ] is situated in the hills to the north of Aix.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.puyricard.fr/ |title=The Chocolaterie of Puyricard |publisher=Puyricard.fr |access-date=15 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421144543/http://www.puyricard.fr/ |archive-date=21 April 2010 |url-status=live |df=dmy }}</ref>
== Transport ==
* Saffron: The Safranière de Provence is an organic saffron producer situated near Aix-en-Provence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://safranieredeprovence.com/ |title=Saffron of Provence |publisher=safranieredeprovence.com |access-date=19 October 2021}}</ref>
]
A set of ancient roads radiate out from Aix to the surrounding countryside, the Pays d'Aix. There are also a large number of modern ]s connecting Aix to nearby towns. There are autoroutes northwards to ] and to the ]; southwards to ]; and eastwards to ] and the ] coast of ]; and to ] and other towns on the ]. Aix and Marseille are equidistant from the international airport of ] at ] on the ]. There is a frequent bus shuttle service there from the main bus station in Aix. This shuttle also serves the nearby ] station "Aix-TGV" at l'Arbois, in the middle of the countryside about 10 miles from Aix.


The airline ] has its head office in Aix-en-Provence.<ref>"." ]. Retrieved on 8 July 2010. "Address : TWIN JET 1070 rue du lieutenant Parayre BP 30370 13799 AIX EN PROVENCE CEDEX 3 "</ref>
At Aix-TGV the line from Paris branches to Marseille and Nice; it takes about 3 hours to get from Paris to Aix by TGV. Aix also has a ] near the centre, but the single track line which connects Marseille to Aix, and from there to the Luberon and ] in the ], is currently only partially in service during modernisation. A frequent and rapid shuttle bus service for commuters operates between the bus station in Aix and Marseille. There are many other long distance and local buses from the bus station.


From 1990 to 2000, criminal organizations established complex ] rings in ] extending to Aix-en-Provence and the greater ]. Since 2002, ''Le Milieu'' is known for, in addition to its extortion rings, large ]ing and ] crime operations. Due to increased financial regulation, ''Le Milieu'' has collectively pushed to ] into the legal economy.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}
In the town itself, there is an inexpensive and efficient municipal bus service, including a dial-a-bus service ("proxibus"), a ] service and tiny electrified buses for those with mobility problems. The central old town of Aix is for the most part pedestrianised. There are large underground and overground parking structures placed at regular intervals on the "boulevard exterieur", the predominantly ] ] that encircles the old town. Access to the old town is by a series of often narrow one-way streets that can be confusing to navigate for the uninitiated. {{Fact}}


==Demographics==
As in many other French cities, a short-term bicycle hire scheme nicknamed , free for trips of less than half an hour, has recently been put in place by the town council: so far it seems popular with tourists. As well as overland routes, two "]" flow through Aix, the Arc and the Torse, but neither of them can remotely be described as navigable.
{{Historical populations
| align = none
| cols = 2
| percentages = pagr
| source = EHESS<ref name=ehess>{{Cassini-Ehess|320|Aix-en-Provence}}</ref> and INSEE (1968-2017)<ref name=pophist>, INSEE</ref>
| graph-pos = bottom
|1793 |27000
|1800 |21009
|1806 |21960
|1821 |22412
|1831 |22575
|1836 |24660
|1841 |26698
|1846 |27280
|1851 |27255
|1856 |26136
|1861 |27659
|1866 |28152
|1872 |29020
|1876 |28693
|1881 |29257
|1886 |29057
|1891 |28357
|1896 |28913
|1901 |29418
|1906 |29829
|1911 |29836
|1921 |29983
|1926 |35106
|1931 |38332
|1936 |42615
|1946 |46053
|1954 |54217
|1962 |67943
|1968 |89566
|1975 |110659
|1982 |121327
|1990 |123842
|1999 |133018
|2007 |143404
|2012 |141148
|2017 |142482
}}


== Miscellaneous == == Politics ==
The local Aix dialect, rarely used and spoken by a rapidly decreasing number of people, is part of the ] language. The provencal for "Aix-en-Provence" is "Ais de Prouvènço" . Most of the older streets in Aix have names in both Provencal and French.


The current mayor of Aix-en-Provence is ], elected on September 24, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/provence-alpes-cote-dazur/aix-en-provence-13080/sophie-joissains-succede-a-sa-mere-a-la-mairie-d-aix-en-provence-26bfbf78-1d1d-11ec-b443-821185c78bbd|title=Sophie Joissains succède à sa mère à la mairie d'Aix-en-Provence}}</ref>
Aix hosted the ninth ] in ].
{| class="wikitable"
|+ | List of successive mayors
!term !!Name!! Party
|-
| 2021–incumbent || ] || ]
|-
| 2001–2021 || ] || ]
|-
| 1989–2001 || ] || ]
|-
| 1983–1989 || ] || ]
|-
| 1978–1983 || ] || ]
|-
| 1967–1978 || ] || ]
|-
| 1945–1967 || Henri Mouret ||
|}


'''Presidential Elections Second Round:'''
Aix is the home town of the ] team ]. It also played host to the ] during the 2007 ].


{| class="wikitable"
], the tenth novel of the best-selling ] author ], was set and written in Aix.
|-
!colspan="2"|Election!!Winning Candidate!!Party!!%
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|En Marche!}}" |
| ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/resultats-elections/aix-en-provence-13001/|title=Résultats élections: Aix-en-Provence|website=Le Monde.fr}}</ref>
| ]
| ]
| 73.59
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Union for a Popular Movement}}" |
| ]
| ]
| ]
| 53.09
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Union for a Popular Movement}}" |
| ]
| ]
| ]
| 57.30
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Rally for the Republic}}" |
| ]
| ]
| ]
| 80.74
|}


=== Twin towns === ==Transport==
].]]
Aix-en-Provence is officially twinned <ref></ref>
A set of ancient roads radiate out from Aix to the surrounding countryside, the Pays d'Aix. There are also a large number of modern ]s connecting Aix to nearby towns. There are autoroutes northwards to Avignon and to the ]; southwards to ]; and eastwards to ] and the Mediterranean coast of Provence; and to ] and other towns on the ]. Aix and Marseille are equidistant from the ] (MRS) at ] on the ] which features domestic and international scheduled passenger service. There is another airport at Les Milles, which is mostly used by general aviation. There is a frequent bus shuttle service from the main bus station in Aix which also serves the ] at l'Arbois, in the middle of the countryside about {{convert|10|mi|km|0|order=flip}} from Aix.
<ref></ref>
with the following seven cities (in alphabetical order):


At Aix, the line from Paris branches to Marseille and Nice; it takes about 3 hours to get from Paris to Aix by TGV. Aix also has a railway station near the centre, ], with connections to Marseille, ] and ] in the ]. A frequent and rapid shuttle bus service for commuters operates between the bus station in Aix and Marseille. There are many other long distance and local buses from the bus station. The city also offers a "city pass" available in 24, 48, and 72-hour packages for visiting tourists.<ref name="Aix-en-Provence Tourist Office">{{Cite news|url=http://www.aixenprovencetourism.com/en/plan-your-trip/tourist-pass/|title=Aix-en-Provence City Pass {{!}} Aix en Provence │ Office de Tourisme|work=Aix-en-Provence Tourist Office|access-date=2017-12-18|language=en-GB}}</ref> The "pass tourisitque" is offered at the Aix-en-Provence Tourist Office, the Atelier de Cézanne, and the official Aix tourism website.<ref name="Aix-en-Provence Tourist Office"/>
* {{flagicon|Israel}} ], ]
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} ], ], ]
* {{flagicon|Tunisia}} ], ]
* {{flagicon|Portugal}} ], ]
* {{flagicon|Spain}} ], ]
* {{flagicon|Italy}} ], ]
* {{flagicon|Germany}} ], ]


In the town itself, there is an inexpensive municipal bus service, including a dial-a-bus service ("proxibus"), a ] service and tiny electrified buses for those with mobility problems – these are six-seater vehicles that circulate at a speed of {{convert|10|mph|km/h|0|order=flip|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mairie-aixenprovence.fr/IMG/aed/27.pdf |title=BILAN 2001/06: la ville á visage humain |date=27 February 2008 |access-date=15 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320132246/http://www.mairie-aixenprovence.fr/IMG/aed/27.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2009 }}</ref> The central old town of Aix is for the most part pedestrianised. There are large underground and overground parking structures placed at regular intervals on the "boulevard exterieur", the predominantly ] ] that encircles the old town. Access to the old town is by a series of often narrow one-way streets that can be confusing to navigate for the uninitiated.<ref>''Aix-en-Provence'', Plan Guide Blay-Foldex.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aixenprovencetourism.com/pdf/plan-centre-a-imprimer.gif |title=Map of central Aix |access-date=15 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531220019/http://www.aixenprovencetourism.com/pdf/plan-centre-a-imprimer.gif |archive-date=31 May 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>


As well as overland routes, two "rivers" flow through Aix, the Arc and the Torse, but neither of which can remotely be described as navigable.
In addition Aix has international cooperations, partnerships and exchanges with the following cities from all over the world: ] (]), ] (]), ] (]), ](]), ] (]), ] (]), ] (]), ] (]), ] (]) and ] (]).


==Miscellaneous==
== People from Aix ==
]]]
=== Births ===
The local Aix dialect, rarely used and spoken by a rapidly decreasing number of people, is part of the provencal dialect of the ] language. The provencal for "Aix-en-Provence" is "Ais de Prouvènço" {{IPA|}}. Most of the older streets in Aix have names in both Provençal and French.
]
]
]
Aix-en-Provence was the birthplace of:
* ] (died ]), queen consort of King ].
* ], (]-]), French jurist, born in Aix.
* ], (]-]) theologian and playwright.
* ], (]-]), botanist.
* ] ]-], ] and ].
* ] (]-]), painter.
* ], (]-]), ] ].
* ], (]-]), doctor to ].
* ], (]-]), a carpenter and an architect.
* ], (]-]), painter.
* ], (]-]), ].
* ], (]-]), ] and arts writer.
* ], (]-]), member of the National Constituent Assembly of 1789.
* ] (]-]), ]
* ] (]-]), ] and founder of the ].
* ], (]-]), historian.
* ], (]-]), French painter.
* ], (]-]), French painter, friends with ].
* ] (]-]), painter who lived and painted in the city.
* ], (]-]), French sculptor.
* ] (]-]), politician
* ] (]-]), playwright, member of the ].
* ] (]-]), theologian.
* ] (]-]), ] and teacher
* ] (born ]), French-Australian actor and hostess of ]'s ].
* ] (born ]), ].
* ] (born ]), Professional ], Currently sailing on the ] Groupama. Quadruple World Champion ].
* ] (born ]), professional ], finalist at the ] in 2001


Aix hosted the ninth ] in 1953.
=== Famous residents ===
] by ] 1868]]
* ], the ] ] and first ] of Aix, who according to ] ]d Aix with ].
* ], the ] ] who died in Aix in ] and whose ] are preserved in the Cathedral.
* ], the ].
* ], (]-]), a ] best known for his correspondence.
* ], (]-]), the French painter, who died in Aix.
* ], (]-]), the ].
* ], (]-]), who bequeathed to the town his collection of between 60 and 80 thousand books, which later became the municipal library, the Bibliothèque Méjanes.
* ] (]-]), Archbishop of Aix.
* ], (]-]), writer and philosopher.
* ], (]-]), a ] and ].
* ] (]-]), the ], who was born in ] but spent his childhood in Aix.
* ], (]-]), the French painter, who died in Aix.
* ], (]-]), the French painter, who died in Aix.
* ], (]-]), the French poet, who died in Aix.


Aix is the home town of the ] team ]. It played host to the ] during the early stages of the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.radiosport.co.nz/WhatsUp/Detail.aspx?id=1432 |title=Just Sport – New Zealand's Sports Network – What's Up : RWC 2007 Commentators Blog |publisher=Radio Sport |date=21 October 2007 |access-date=22 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927111053/http://www.radiosport.co.nz/WhatsUp/Detail.aspx?id=1432 |archive-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rugbyheaven.com.au/news/news/all-blacks-dazzled-by-haka-ballet/2007/09/28/1190486520975.html |title=All Blacks dazzled by haka ballet – rugbyheaven07.com.au |publisher=Rugbyheaven.com.au |date=28 September 2007 |access-date=22 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080730130451/http://www.rugbyheaven.com.au/news/news/all-blacks-dazzled-by-haka-ballet/2007/09/28/1190486520975.html |archive-date=30 July 2008 }}</ref>
== Gallery ==

'']'', the tenth novel of the best-selling Canadian author ], was set and written in Aix.

Italian electroacoustic artist ]'s album Aix<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.12k.com/index.php/site/releases/aix/ |title=Aix, 12k records |date=13 January 2009 |access-date=1 August 2012}}</ref> was produced in Aix-en-Provence, hence the title.

This is also the site of an alleged sighting and landing of a UFO in 1981 that is taken seriously by ], the department within the French Space Agency responsible for investigating aerospace phenomena.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-29755919 |title=Why the French state has a team of UFO hunters By Chris Bockman |work=BBC News |date=4 November 2014 |access-date=4 November 2014}}</ref>

==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in France}}
Aix-en-Provence is ] with:<ref name=twins>{{cite web |title=Les villes partenaires|url=https://www.aixenprovence.fr/villes-partenaires|website=aixenprovence.fr|date=20 October 2020|publisher=Aix-en-Provence|language=fr|access-date=2021-04-20}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}{{flagicon| }}{{flagicon|ENG}} ], England, United Kingdom (1977)
*{{flagicon|TUN}} ], Tunisia (1993)
*{{flagicon|POR}} ], Portugal (1982)
*{{flagicon|ESP}} ], Spain (1979)
*{{flagicon|ITA}} ], Italy (1970)
*{{flagicon|GER}} ], Germany (1960)
{{div col end}}

===Friendship and cooperation===
Aix-en-Provence also cooperates with:<ref name=twins/>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|LIB}} ], Lebanon (2003)
*{{flagicon|MLI}} ], Mali (2003)
*{{flagicon|USA}} ], United States (1999)
*{{flagicon|USA}} ], United States (1997)
*{{flagicon|JPN}} ], Japan (2013)
*{{flagicon|MAR}} ], Morocco (1998)
*{{flagicon|HUN}} ], Hungary (2011)
*{{flagicon|USA}} ], United States (1998)
*{{flagicon|USA}} ], United States
{{div col end}}

==Notable people==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*] (died 1291), ] of King ]
*] (1580–1659), jurist
*] (1640–1723), theologian and playwright
*] (1656–1708), botanist
*] (1660–1744), composer and conductor
*] (1684–1745), painter
*] (1693–1762), composer
*] (1703–1780), doctor to ]
*] (1715–1747), writer and ]
*] (1715–1794), carpenter and architect
*] (1744–1814), painter
*] (1752–1830), sculptor
*] (1755–1839), archeologist and arts writer
*] (1759–1825), member of the National Constituent Assembly of 1789
*] (1775–1849), painter
*] (1782–1861), ] and founder of the ]
*] (1792–1859), illegitimate daughter of the Prime Minister ] and ]
*] (1796–1884), historian
*] (1796–1890), painter
*] (1829–1898), painter
*] (1832–1911), Occitan poet and activist
*] (1839–1906), painter
*] (1840–1906), sculptor
*] (1841–1918), professor of ] and ]
*] (1842–1911), politician
*] (1858–1922), journalist and playwright
*] (1864–1933), theologian
*] (1892–1977), last known speaker of ]
*] (1930–2022), historian and archeologist
*] (1944–2021), painter
*] (1947–2018), football player and coach
*] (born 1952), chef
*] (born 1957), pilot
*] (born 1958), celebrity hairstylist
*] (born 1959), classical composer
*] (born 1964), writer
*] (born 1967), Australian television presenter and actress
*] (born 1969), concert pianist
*] (born 1972), yachtsman
*] (born 1975), music composer
*] (born 1977), tennis player
*] (born 1977), classical pianist
*] (born 1980), actress
*] (born 1988), former football player, writer
*] (born 1991), Indian dancer
{{div col end}}

===Notable residents===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*], saint, first bishop of Aix, who according to ] evangelised Aix with ]
*] (433–466), Christian ], died here and his ] are preserved in the Cathedral
*] (1409–1480), Duke of Anjou, Count of Provence
*] (c. 1420 – after 1470), painter
*] (1580–1637), scientist best known for his correspondence
*] (1613–1668), painter, died here
*] (1658–1737), botanist
*] (1697–1786), painter
*] (1729–1786), who bequeathed to the town his collection of between 60 and 80 thousand books, which later became the municipal library, the Bibliothèque Méjanes
*] (1732–1804), Archbishop of Aix
*] (1746–1818), writer and philosopher
*] (1756–1844), painter
*] (1768–1852), composer, guitarist and soldier
*] (1776–1858), ] and historian
*] (1840–1902), novelist, spent his childhood here
*] (1865–1925), painter, died here
*] (1874–1939), painter, died here
*] (1874–1950), poet, died here
*] (1892–1984), composer and teacher<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Darius Milhaud, Compositeur de Musique|first=Georges|last=Jessula|url=http://www.cairn.info/article.php?ID_REVUE=AJ&ID_NUMPUBLIE=AJ_361&ID_ARTICLE=AJ_361_0140#|pages=140–144|journal=Revue Juive|year=2003}} Since their marriage in 1892, Milhaud's parents lived in the ''Bras d'Or'' in Aix-en-Provence, where their son grew up; however he was delivered at the home of his maternal grandparents in Marseille.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|first=Darius|last=Milhaud|author-link=Darius Milhaud|title=Ma Vie heureuse |publisher=Zurfluh|year= 1998|isbn=2-87750-083-7}}</ref>
*] (1907–1979), Swiss minister, died here
*] (1933–2003), American singer, songwriter, pianist, civil rights activist, lived here in 1993–2003
*] (born 1961), conductor and harpsichordist, grew up here
*] (1942–2001), poet, painter and singer, wrote several evergreens here
*] (born 1975), American actor, spent 6 months as an exchange student here whilst studying an English major and French minor at ].
*] (born 1982), ]
*] (born 1980), footballer
{{div col end}}

==Gallery==
<gallery> <gallery>
File:Aix-en-Provence Thermes Sextius 2 20061227.jpg|Medieval ] near Roman baths
Image:Barthélemy d' Eyck 002.jpg | Altarpiece by Barthélemy d'Eyck
File:Aix-en-Provence-Fountain-Oct-2001.jpeg|Place des Tanneurs
Image:Aix-en-Provence Mausolee Joseph Sec 09 20061227.jpg | Joseph Sec Mausoleum in ] style
Image:Aix-en-Provence_Mausolee_Joseph_Sec_04_20061227.jpg | Detail of Mausoleum File:Aix-en-Provence Rene Ier de Naples 4 20061227.jpg|Statue of le Roi René
File:Aix - le roi René.jpg|Detail of le Roi René
Image:Aix-en-Provence Thermes Sextius 2 20061227.jpg | Medieval town wall near Roman baths
Image:Aix-en-Provence-Fountain-Oct-2001.jpeg | Place des Tanneurs File:Aix-en-Provence Fontaine des Quatre-Dauphins 20061227.jpg|Place des Quatre Dauphins, towards the Boulevard extérieur
File:Aix-en-Provence Musee des tapisseries 2 20061227.jpg|The archbishop's palace, opera house and tapestry museum
Image:Aix-en-Provence_Rene_Ier_de_Naples_4_20061227.jpg | Statue of le Roi René
File:Aix-en-Provence Hotel de ville 2 20061227.jpg|Clock tower, Hotel de Ville
Image:Aix - le roi René.jpg| Detail of le Roi René
File:Aix-en-Provence Hotel de ville 3 20061227.jpg|Detail of mechanical clock
Image:Aix-en-Provence_Fontaine_des_Quatre-Dauphins_20061227.jpg | Place des Quatre Dauphins, towards boulevard exterieur
File:Aix-en-Provence Bureau de Poste 20061227.jpg|Bureau de Poste
Image:Aix-en-Provence_Musee_des_tapisseries_2_20061227.jpg | The archbishop's palace, opera house and tapestry museum
File:Dome-Saint-Sauveur-Aix.jpg|Aix Cathedral, Dome
Image:Aix-en-Provence_Hotel_de_ville_2_20061227.jpg | Clock tower, Hotel de Ville
File:Aix-en-Provence Cathedrale Saint-Sauveur 1 20061227.jpg|Aix Cathedral
Image:Aix-en-Provence_Hotel_de_ville_3_20061227.jpg | Detail of mechanical clock
Image:Aix-en-Provence Bureau de Poste 20061227.jpg | The Corn Exchange File:Aix-en-Provence Saint-Jean-de-Malte 1 20061227.jpg|St Jean de Malte, rue Cardinale
File:Aix-en-Provence Eglise de la Madeleine 20061227.jpg|Église de la Madeleine, place des Precheurs
Image:Dome-Saint-Sauveur-Aix.jpg|Cathedral Saint-Sauveur, Dome
File:Paul Cézanne 079.jpg|Jas de Bouffan, Paul Cézanne
Image:Aix-en-Provence Cathedrale Saint-Sauveur 1 20061227.jpg | Cathedral Saint-Sauveur
File:Paul Cézanne 083.jpg|Jas de Bouffan, Paul Cézanne
Image:Aix-en-Provence_Saint-Jean-de-Malte_1_20061227.jpg | St Jean de Malte, rue Cardinale
File:Pavillon de Vendome Aix-en-Provence 01.jpg|The ]
Image:Aix-en-Provence Eglise de la Madeleine 20061227.jpg | Eglise de la Madeleine, place des Precheurs
File:Aix-en-Provence Publicite murale 20061227.jpg|Mural advertisement
Image:Paul Cézanne 079.jpg |Jas de Bouffan, Paul Cezanne
File:Atlante-Aix-license.jpg|] on a doorway in Aix
Image:Paul Cézanne 083.jpg | Jas de Bouffan, Paul Cezanne
Image:Pavillon-Vendome.jpg | The Vendome Pavillion File:Place-Albertas-Aix.jpg|The place d'Albertas
File:Fontaine-Albertas.jpg|Fountain in the place d'Albertas
Image:Aix-en-Provence_Publicite_murale_20061227.jpg | Mural advertisement
File:Aix-en-Provence Hotel Estienne de Saint-Jean 20061227.jpg|Door carving in Aix
Image:Atlante-Aix-license.jpg|] on a doorway in Aix
Image:Place-Albertas-Aix.jpg|The place d'Albertas File:Clock-Precheurs-Aix.jpg|Mechanical clock, place des Precheurs
Image:Fontaine-Albertas.jpg| Fountain in the place d'Albertas File:Marche-Richelme-Aix.jpg|Daily vegetable market, place Richelme
File:Provence - Confiseries.jpg|Provençal confectionery
Image:Aix-en-Provence_Hotel_Estienne_de_Saint-Jean_20061227.jpg| Door carving in Aix
Image:Clock-Precheurs-Aix.jpg|Mechanical clock, place des Precheurs File:Les-Fontetes-Aix.jpg|Baroque fountain in Aix
File:Holiday home, Provence, France (6052487203).jpg|Provençal House
Image:Marche-Richelme-Aix.jpg|Daily vegetable market, place Richelme
File:Aix - marché traditionnel .jpg|Provençal market
Image:Provencal-delicacies.jpg | Provencal confectionery
Image:Les-Fontetes-Aix.jpg|Baroque fountain in Aix File:Aix-en-Provence-Les-Bains-Oct-2001.jpeg|The modern spa in Aix
Image:Aix-en-Provence-Cours-Mirabeau-Oct-2001.jpeg | The cours Mirabeau File:Fondation Vasarely, Aix-en-Provence.jpg|The Vasarely Foundation
File:Aix-en-Provence 2013.JPG|Rue des Cordeliers
Image:Aix - marché traditionnel .jpg |Provencal market
File:Aix-en-Provence-Place de la Mairie.jpg|alt=Flower market on Place de l'Hôtel de Ville and the Clock Tower in Aix-en-Provence.|Flower market on Place de l'Hôtel de Ville and the Clock Tower in Aix-en-Provence.
Image:Aix-en-Provence-Les-Bains-Oct-2001.jpeg | The modern spa in Aix
File:Cezanne casa Aix-en-Provence.jpg|alt=House where painter Paul Cézanne died in 1906 in Aix-en-Provence|House where painter Paul Cézanne died in 1906 in Aix-en-Provence
Image:FondationAix.JPG | The Vasarely Foundation
</gallery> </gallery>


== See also == ==See also==
* ]: In 1611, Father Louis Gaufridi was accused of causing demonic possession in the Ursuline nuns at Aix.
* ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
*]
*]


== References == ==Notes==
{{reflist}} {{Reflist|30em}}


===Explanatory footnotes===
{{notelist}}


==References==
*{{1911}}
*{{Cite book|first=Raoul|last=Busquet|title=Histoire de la Provençade des origines à la révolution française|publisher=Éditions Jeanne Lafitte|year=1954|isbn=2-86276-319-5}}
;Attribution
*{{EB1911|wstitle=Aix |volume=1 |page=447}}


==Bibliography==
== External links ==
{{commons|Aix-en-Provence|Aix-en-Provence}} {{See also|Timeline of Aix-en-Provence#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Aix-en-Provence}}
* {{en}}
* {{fr}}
*
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==External links==
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* {{in lang|en}}
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* {{in lang|fr}}
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Latest revision as of 08:59, 27 October 2024

City and commune in Southern France

Subprefecture and commune in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France
Aix-en-Provence Ais de Provença (Occitan)
Subprefecture and commune
Aix CathedralPlace d'AlbertasPavillon VendômeHôtel de VilleFontaine de la Rotonde
Flag of Aix-en-ProvenceFlagCoat of arms of Aix-en-ProvenceCoat of arms
Location of Aix-en-Provence
Aix-en-Provence is located in FranceAix-en-ProvenceAix-en-ProvenceShow map of FranceAix-en-Provence is located in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'AzurAix-en-ProvenceAix-en-ProvenceShow map of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Coordinates: 43°31′35″N 5°26′44″E / 43.526304°N 5.445429°E / 43.526304; 5.445429
CountryFrance
RegionProvence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
DepartmentBouches-du-Rhône
ArrondissementAix-en-Provence
CantonAix-en-Provence 1
Aix-en-Provence 2
IntercommunalityAix-Marseille-Provence
Government
 • Mayor (2021–2026) Sophie Joissains
Area186.083 km (71.847 sq mi)
Population147,478
 • Density790/km (2,100/sq mi)
Demonym(s)Aixois, Aquisextain, Aquisestain (masculine)
Aixoise, Aquisextaine, Aquisestaine (feminine)
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
INSEE/Postal code13001 /13100, 13090
Elevation173 m (568 ft)
French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

Aix-en-Provence or simply Aix, is a city and commune in southern France, about 30 km (20 mi) north of Marseille. A former capital of Provence, it is the subprefecture of the arrondissement of Aix-en-Provence, in the department of Bouches-du-Rhône, in the region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. The population of Aix-en-Provence is approximately 145,000. Its inhabitants are called Aixois or, less commonly, Aquisextains.

History

See also: Timeline of Aix-en-Provence For the ecclesiastical history, see Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Aix.
Rue Espariat in November 2013

Aix (Aquae Sextiae) was founded in 123 BC by the Roman consul Sextius Calvinus, who gave his name to its springs, following the destruction of the nearby Gallic oppidum at Entremont. In 102 BC its vicinity was the scene of the Battle of Aquae Sextiae, where the Romans under Gaius Marius defeated the Ambrones and Teutones, with mass suicides among the captured women, which passed into Roman legends of Germanic heroism.

In the 4th century AD it became the metropolis of Narbonensis Secunda. It was occupied by the Visigoths in 477. In the succeeding century, the town was repeatedly plundered by the Franks and Lombards, and was occupied by the Saracens in 731 and by Charles Martel in 737. Aix, which during the Middle Ages was the capital of Provence, did not reach its zenith until after the 12th century, when, under the houses of Barcelona/Aragon and Anjou, it became an artistic centre and seat of learning.

Aix passed to the crown of France with the rest of Provence in 1487, and in 1501 Louis XII established there the parliament of Provence, which existed until 1789. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the town was the seat of the Intendance of Provence. Current archeological excavations in the Ville des Tours, a medieval suburb of Aix, have unearthed the remains of a Roman amphitheatre. A deposit of fossil bones from the Upper Continental Miocene gave rise to a Christian dragon legend.

Geography and climate

Aix-en-Provence is situated in the south of France, in a plain overlooking the Arc river, about 1.5 kilometres (1 mi) from the right bank of the river. The city slopes gently from north to south and the Montagne Sainte-Victoire can easily be seen to the east. Aix's position in the south of France gives it a warm climate, though more extreme than Marseille due to the inland location. It has an average January temperature of 6 °C (43 °F) and a July average of 24 °C (75 °F). It has an average of 300 days of sunshine and only 58 days of rain. While it is partially protected from the Mistral, Aix still occasionally experiences the cooler and gusty conditions it brings.

Like most of the south of France, Aix-en-Provence has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csa).

Climate data for Aix-en-Provence (1991–2020, extremes 1955–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 20.9
(69.6)
22.8
(73.0)
25.6
(78.1)
28.9
(84.0)
34.2
(93.6)
42.0
(107.6)
40.2
(104.4)
40.1
(104.2)
35.1
(95.2)
31.4
(88.5)
24.7
(76.5)
22.7
(72.9)
42.0
(107.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 11.8
(53.2)
12.8
(55.0)
16.3
(61.3)
19.1
(66.4)
23.4
(74.1)
27.9
(82.2)
31.0
(87.8)
30.8
(87.4)
25.9
(78.6)
21.0
(69.8)
15.4
(59.7)
12.2
(54.0)
20.6
(69.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 6.7
(44.1)
7.2
(45.0)
10.3
(50.5)
13.1
(55.6)
17.2
(63.0)
21.3
(70.3)
24.0
(75.2)
23.8
(74.8)
19.6
(67.3)
15.7
(60.3)
10.5
(50.9)
7.3
(45.1)
14.7
(58.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1.6
(34.9)
1.5
(34.7)
4.3
(39.7)
7.1
(44.8)
11.0
(51.8)
14.7
(58.5)
17.0
(62.6)
16.8
(62.2)
13.4
(56.1)
10.3
(50.5)
5.5
(41.9)
2.4
(36.3)
8.8
(47.8)
Record low °C (°F) −16.6
(2.1)
−20.2
(−4.4)
−12.5
(9.5)
−4
(25)
−1.1
(30.0)
3.2
(37.8)
6.0
(42.8)
4.0
(39.2)
1.7
(35.1)
−4.7
(23.5)
−9
(16)
−14.9
(5.2)
−20.2
(−4.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 52.8
(2.08)
35.9
(1.41)
33.2
(1.31)
58.4
(2.30)
47.5
(1.87)
36.4
(1.43)
15.9
(0.63)
33.8
(1.33)
88.2
(3.47)
77.1
(3.04)
78.6
(3.09)
51.0
(2.01)
608.8
(23.97)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 5.5 4.6 4.8 6.5 5.3 3.4 2.0 2.8 5.2 6.0 7.5 5.2 58.9
Mean monthly sunshine hours 150.8 176.7 233.4 244.3 296.6 330.7 370.0 331.6 256.5 189.5 152.4 140.9 2,873.2
Source: Météo France

Sights

The narrow streets of Aix
Les Deux Garçons
The Cathedral Cloisters

The Cours Mirabeau is a wide thoroughfare, planted with double rows of plane trees, bordered by fine houses and decorated by fountains. It follows the line of the old city wall, and divides the town into two sections. The new town extends to the south and west; the old town, with its narrow, irregular streets, and its old mansions dating from the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, lies to the north. Situated on this avenue, which is lined on one side with banks and on the other with cafés, is the Deux Garçons, the most famous brasserie in Aix. Built in 1792, it was frequented by the likes of Paul Cézanne, Émile Zola and Ernest Hemingway. On 3 November 2019, Les Deux Garçons was devastated by a fire that engulfed the entire building, leaving the much loved establishment just a shell.

The Cathedral of the Holy Saviour (Aix Cathedral) is situated to the north in the medieval part of Aix. Built on the site of a former Roman forum and an adjacent basilica, it contains a mixture of all styles from the 5th to the 17th century, including a richly decorated portal in the Gothic style with doors elaborately carved in walnut. The interior contains 16th-century tapestries, a 15th-century triptych depicting King René and his wife on the side panels, as well as a Merovingian baptistery, its Renaissance dome supported by original Roman columns. The archbishop's palace (Palais de l'Archêveché) and a Romanesque cloister adjoin the cathedral on its south side. The Archbishopric of Aix is now shared with Arles.

Place de l'Hôtel de Ville with the Hôtel de Ville on the right
Saint-Jean-de-Malte

Among its other public institutions, Aix also has the second most important Appeal Court (Palais de Justice) outside of Paris, located near the site of the former Palace of the Counts (Palais des Comtes) of Provence.

The Hôtel de Ville (town hall), a building in the classical style of the middle of the 17th century, looks onto a picturesque square (Place de l'Hôtel de Ville). It contains some fine woodwork and tapestries. At its side rises a handsome clock-tower, erected in 1510. Also on the Place de l'Hôtel de Ville is the former Corn Exchange (1759–1761) (Halle de Grains). This ornately decorated 18th-century building was designed by the Vallon brothers. Nearby are the remarkable thermal springs, containing lime and carbonic acid, that first drew the Romans to Aix and gave it the name Aquae Sextiae. A spa was built in 1705 near the remains of the ancient Roman baths of Sextius.

South of the Cours Mirabeau is the Quartier Mazarin. This residential district was constructed for the gentry of Aix by Archbishop Michele Mazzarino brother of Cardinal Jules Mazarin in the last half of the 17th century and contains several notable hôtels particuliers. The 13th-century church of Saint-Jean-de-Malte contains valuable pictures and a recently restored organ. Next to it is the Musée Granet, devoted to European painting and sculpture.

Aix is often referred to as the city of a thousand fountains. Among the most notable are the 17th-century Fontaine des Quatre Dauphins (Fountain of the Four Dolphins) in the Quartier Mazarin, designed by Jean-Claude Rambot, and three of the fountains down the central Cours Mirabeau: at the top, a 19th-century fountain depicts the "good king" René holding the Muscat grapes that he introduced to Provence in the 15th century; halfway down is a natural hot water fountain (34 °C), covered in moss, dating back to the Romans; and at the bottom, at la Rotonde, the hub of modern Aix, stands a monumental fountain from 1860 beneath three giant statues representing art, justice and agriculture. In the older part of Aix, there are also fountains of note in the Place d'Albertas and the Place des Trois-Ormeaux.

Aix is the birthplace of Post-Impressionist painter Paul Cézanne. A walking trail links sites including his childhood home, Jas de Bouffan, and his former studio, Atelier Cézanne. The white limestone mountain Sainte-Victoire overlooks the city and was a frequent subject of Cézanne's works.

Education

The Institute of Political Studies (Sciences Po)

Aix has long been a university town: Louis II of Anjou granted a royal charter for a university in 1409. Today Aix-en-Provence remains an important educational centre, with many teaching and research institutes:

Aix also has several training collèges, lycées, and a college of art and design. It has also become a centre for many international study programmes. Several lycées offer CPGE.

Culture

Sir Simon Rattle conducting Das Rheingold in 2006

Music

Aix holds two significant musical events each year. These are:

Festival d'Aix-en-Provence

An important opera festival, the Festival international d'Art Lyrique, founded in 1948, now ranks with those in Bayreuth, Salzburg and Glyndebourne. The director until 2018 was Bernard Foccroulle, organist and director of la Monnaie in Brussels. The festival takes place in late June and July each year. The main venues in Aix itself are the outdoor Théâtre de l'Archévêché in the former garden of the archbishop's palace, the recently restored 18th-century Théâtre du Jeu de Paume, and the newly built Grand Théâtre de Provence; operas are also staged in the outdoor Théâtre du Grand Saint-Jean outside Aix. Linked to the festival is the Académie européenne de musique, a summer school for young musicians with master classes by celebrated artists. Over the four-year period from 2006 until 2009, Sir Simon Rattle's version of Wagner's Ring Cycle with the Berlin Philharmonic was performed at the Aix festival. The current director of the festival is Pierre Audi.

Musique dans la Rue

This takes place each year in June to coincide with the national 'Fête de la Musique.' There is a week of classical, jazz, and popular concerts held in different street venues and courtyards in the city. Some of these events are held in the Conservatoire Darius Milhaud, named in honour of the French composer, a native of Aix.

Dance

The dance company Ballet Preljocaj of the French dancer and choreographer Angelin Preljocaj has been located in Aix since 1996. In 2007 it took up residence in the Pavillon Noir, a centre for dance performance, designed in 1999 by the architect Rudy Ricciotti. The centre is one of nineteen of its kind in France, designated Centre chorégraphique national.

European Capital of Culture

Aix-en-Provence was part of Marseille-Provence 2013, the year-long cultural festival when the region served as the European Capital of Culture. Aix hosted several major cultural events including one half of the Grand Atelier du Midi gala exhibition and an episode of the Révélations pyrotechnical performance. The city also unveiled major new cultural infrastructure to coincide with Marseille-Provence 2013, including the Darius Milhaud Conservatory designed by Kengo Kuma.

Museums and libraries

Vendôme Pavilion
Granet's "Pumpkin Harvest" at the Musée Granet
Paul Cézanne's studio from 1902 until his 1906 death

Aix has several museums and galleries:

  • Le Musée du Vieil Aix (Museum of Old Aix), housed in two period "hôtels particuliers" and devoted to the history and provencal heritage of Aix.
  • Le Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle (Natural History Museum).
  • Le Musée de Tapisseries (Tapestry Museum), housed in the Archbishop's Palace and with a collection of tapestries and furniture from the 17th and 18th centuries.
  • Le Musée Paul Arbaud (Faïence/Pottery).
  • Le Musée Granet, a museum devoted to painting, sculpture and the archeology of Aix. It recently underwent significant restoration and reorganization, prior to the international exhibition in 2006 marking the centenary of Cézanne's death. Due to lack of space, the large archeological collection, including many recent discoveries, will be displayed in a new museum, still in the planning stages. The museum contains major paintings by Jean-Dominique Ingres (among which the monumental "Jupiter and Thetis"), an authentic self-portrait by Rembrandt, and works by Anthony van Dyck, Paul Cézanne, Alberto Giacometti and Nicolas de Staël. In June 2011, the first part of the collection of the Fondation Jean et Suzanne Planque opened at the Musée Granet, containing over 180 artworks. This legacy of the Swiss painter, dealer and art collector Jean Planque, a personal friend of Pablo Picasso, has been donated to the city for an initial period of 15 years. The collection contains over 300 works of art, including paintings and drawings by Degas, Renoir. Gauguin, Monet, Cézanne, Van Gogh, Picasso, Pierre Bonnard, Paul Klee, Fernand Léger, Giacometti and Dubuffet. The full collection will be housed in a specially constructed annex in the Chapelle des Pénitents Blancs, situated nearby: the expected opening is in 2013.
  • Le Pavillon de Vendôme, a 17th-century mansion housing permanent and touring art exhibitions.
  • The Fondation Vasarely, a gallery dedicated to the works of the Hungarian-born French abstract painter Victor Vasarely.
  • Le Camp des Milles
  • L'atelier Cézanne, the former studio of Paul Cézanne, now a museum, located in the northern outskirts of Aix. It has been preserved as it was at the time of the painter's death and contains many of his personal items and props used in his paintings.
  • Jas de Bouffan, the house and grounds of Cézanne's father, now partially open to the public.

Prior to 1989 Aix had several libraries, for example in the Parc Jourdan and the Town Hall. In 1989, many of these were moved to the Méjanes, an old match factory.

In 1993, the "Cité du Livre" was opened around the library. This has media spaces for dance, cinema and music, and a training facility for librarians. Adjacent to the Cité du Livre are the Grand Théâtre de Provence and the Pavillon Noir (see above).

Montagne Sainte-Victoire

Mont Sainte-Victoire and the Viaduct of the Arc River Valley, Paul Cézanne, 1882–1885
Mont Sainte-Victoire, Paul Cézanne, 1904–1906

To the east of Aix rises Montagne Sainte-Victoire (1,011 metres or 3,317 feet), one of the landmarks of the Pays d'Aix. It is accessible from the centre of Aix by road or on foot, taking the wooded footpath of Escrachou Pevou to the plateau of Bibemus. It dramatically overshadows the small dam built by Émile Zola's father and was a favourite subject and haunt of Paul Cézanne throughout his lifetime. In the village of Le Tholonet on the precipitous southern side of Mont Sainte-Victoire, there is a windmill that he used, and beyond that a mountain hut, the refuge Cézanne, where he liked to paint.

To the north, the mountain slopes gently down through woodland to the village of Vauvenargues. The Château of Vauvenargues overlooking the village was formerly occupied by the counts of Provence (including René of Anjou) and the Archbishops of Aix before it became the family home of the marquis de Vauvenargues. It was acquired by the Spanish artist Pablo Picasso in 1958, who was resident there from 1959 until 1962, when he moved to Mougins. He and his wife Jacqueline are buried in its grounds, which are not usually open to the public. From 2009 onwards, the château, which now belongs to Jacqueline's daughter Catherine Hutin, has been open to the public from June to September.

Mont Sainte-Victoire has a complex network of paths, leading to the priory and Croix de Provence at the summit, to the large man-made reservoir of Bimont and to the Roman viaduct above le Tholonet.

Sport

Economy

Calissons, a specialty of Aix-en-Provence

Industries formerly included flour-milling, the manufacture of confectionery, iron-ware, hats, matches and the extraction of olive oil.

Current economic activities include:

  • Chocolate: the well known Chocolaterie de Puyricard is situated in the hills to the north of Aix.
  • Saffron: The Safranière de Provence is an organic saffron producer situated near Aix-en-Provence.

The airline Twin Jet has its head office in Aix-en-Provence.

From 1990 to 2000, criminal organizations established complex extortion rings in Marseille extending to Aix-en-Provence and the greater French Riviera. Since 2002, Le Milieu is known for, in addition to its extortion rings, large counterfeiting and white-collar crime operations. Due to increased financial regulation, Le Milieu has collectively pushed to integrate their crime profits into the legal economy.

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1793 27,000—    
1800 21,009−3.52%
1806 21,960+0.74%
1821 22,412+0.14%
1831 22,575+0.07%
1836 24,660+1.78%
1841 26,698+1.60%
1846 27,280+0.43%
1851 27,255−0.02%
1856 26,136−0.83%
1861 27,659+1.14%
1866 28,152+0.35%
1872 29,020+0.51%
1876 28,693−0.28%
1881 29,257+0.39%
1886 29,057−0.14%
1891 28,357−0.49%
1896 28,913+0.39%
YearPop.±% p.a.
1901 29,418+0.35%
1906 29,829+0.28%
1911 29,836+0.00%
1921 29,983+0.05%
1926 35,106+3.21%
1931 38,332+1.77%
1936 42,615+2.14%
1946 46,053+0.78%
1954 54,217+2.06%
1962 67,943+2.86%
1968 89,566+4.71%
1975 110,659+3.07%
1982 121,327+1.32%
1990 123,842+0.26%
1999 133,018+0.80%
2007 143,404+0.94%
2012 141,148−0.32%
2017 142,482+0.19%
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
Source: EHESS and INSEE (1968-2017)

Politics

The current mayor of Aix-en-Provence is Sophie Joissains, elected on September 24, 2021.

List of successive mayors
term Name Party
2021–incumbent Sophie Joissains UDI
2001–2021 Maryse Joissains-Masini LR
1989–2001 Jean-François Picheral PS
1983–1989 Jean-Pierre de Peretti UDF
1978–1983 Alain Joissains UDF
1967–1978 Félix Ciccolini PS
1945–1967 Henri Mouret

Presidential Elections Second Round:

Election Winning Candidate Party %
2017 Emmanuel Macron EM 73.59
2012 Nicolas Sarkozy UMP 53.09
2007 Nicolas Sarkozy UMP 57.30
2002 Jacques Chirac RPR 80.74

Transport

Aix-en-Provence TGV railway station.

A set of ancient roads radiate out from Aix to the surrounding countryside, the Pays d'Aix. There are also a large number of modern autoroutes connecting Aix to nearby towns. There are autoroutes northwards to Avignon and to the Luberon; southwards to Marseille; and eastwards to Aubagne and the Mediterranean coast of Provence; and to Nice and other towns on the French Riviera. Aix and Marseille are equidistant from the Marseille Provence Airport (MRS) at Marignane on the Étang de Berre which features domestic and international scheduled passenger service. There is another airport at Les Milles, which is mostly used by general aviation. There is a frequent bus shuttle service from the main bus station in Aix which also serves the nearby TGV station at l'Arbois, in the middle of the countryside about 16 kilometres (10 mi) from Aix.

At Aix, the line from Paris branches to Marseille and Nice; it takes about 3 hours to get from Paris to Aix by TGV. Aix also has a railway station near the centre, Gare d'Aix-en-Provence, with connections to Marseille, Pertuis and Briançon in the French Alps. A frequent and rapid shuttle bus service for commuters operates between the bus station in Aix and Marseille. There are many other long distance and local buses from the bus station. The city also offers a "city pass" available in 24, 48, and 72-hour packages for visiting tourists. The "pass tourisitque" is offered at the Aix-en-Provence Tourist Office, the Atelier de Cézanne, and the official Aix tourism website.

In the town itself, there is an inexpensive municipal bus service, including a dial-a-bus service ("proxibus"), a park-and-ride service and tiny electrified buses for those with mobility problems – these are six-seater vehicles that circulate at a speed of 16 km/h (10 mph). The central old town of Aix is for the most part pedestrianised. There are large underground and overground parking structures placed at regular intervals on the "boulevard exterieur", the predominantly one-way ring road that encircles the old town. Access to the old town is by a series of often narrow one-way streets that can be confusing to navigate for the uninitiated.

As well as overland routes, two "rivers" flow through Aix, the Arc and the Torse, but neither of which can remotely be described as navigable.

Miscellaneous

Cours Mirabeau

The local Aix dialect, rarely used and spoken by a rapidly decreasing number of people, is part of the provencal dialect of the Occitan language. The provencal for "Aix-en-Provence" is "Ais de Prouvènço" . Most of the older streets in Aix have names in both Provençal and French.

Aix hosted the ninth International Congress of Modern Architecture in 1953.

Aix is the home town of the rugby union team Provence Rugby. It played host to the All Blacks during the early stages of the 2007 Rugby World Cup.

Ysabel, the tenth novel of the best-selling Canadian author Guy Gavriel Kay, was set and written in Aix.

Italian electroacoustic artist Giuseppe Ielasi's album Aix was produced in Aix-en-Provence, hence the title.

This is also the site of an alleged sighting and landing of a UFO in 1981 that is taken seriously by GEIPAN, the department within the French Space Agency responsible for investigating aerospace phenomena.

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in France

Aix-en-Provence is twinned with:

England Bath, England, United Kingdom (1977)

Friendship and cooperation

Aix-en-Provence also cooperates with:

Notable people

Notable residents

Gallery

  • Medieval town wall near Roman baths Medieval town wall near Roman baths
  • Place des Tanneurs Place des Tanneurs
  • Statue of le Roi René Statue of le Roi René
  • Detail of le Roi René Detail of le Roi René
  • Place des Quatre Dauphins, towards the Boulevard extérieur Place des Quatre Dauphins, towards the Boulevard extérieur
  • The archbishop's palace, opera house and tapestry museum The archbishop's palace, opera house and tapestry museum
  • Clock tower, Hotel de Ville Clock tower, Hotel de Ville
  • Detail of mechanical clock Detail of mechanical clock
  • Bureau de Poste Bureau de Poste
  • Aix Cathedral, Dome Aix Cathedral, Dome
  • Aix Cathedral Aix Cathedral
  • St Jean de Malte, rue Cardinale St Jean de Malte, rue Cardinale
  • Église de la Madeleine, place des Precheurs Église de la Madeleine, place des Precheurs
  • Jas de Bouffan, Paul Cézanne Jas de Bouffan, Paul Cézanne
  • Jas de Bouffan, Paul Cézanne Jas de Bouffan, Paul Cézanne
  • The Pavillon Vendôme The Pavillon Vendôme
  • Mural advertisement Mural advertisement
  • Atlas on a doorway in Aix Atlas on a doorway in Aix
  • The place d'Albertas The place d'Albertas
  • Fountain in the place d'Albertas Fountain in the place d'Albertas
  • Door carving in Aix Door carving in Aix
  • Mechanical clock, place des Precheurs Mechanical clock, place des Precheurs
  • Daily vegetable market, place Richelme Daily vegetable market, place Richelme
  • Provençal confectionery Provençal confectionery
  • Baroque fountain in Aix Baroque fountain in Aix
  • Provençal House Provençal House
  • Provençal market Provençal market
  • The modern spa in Aix The modern spa in Aix
  • The Vasarely Foundation The Vasarely Foundation
  • Rue des Cordeliers Rue des Cordeliers
  • Flower market on Place de l'Hôtel de Ville and the Clock Tower in Aix-en-Provence. Flower market on Place de l'Hôtel de Ville and the Clock Tower in Aix-en-Provence.
  • House where painter Paul Cézanne died in 1906 in Aix-en-Provence House where painter Paul Cézanne died in 1906 in Aix-en-Provence

See also

Notes

  1. "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 4 May 2022.
  2. "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
  3. "Aix-en-Provence". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020.
  4. "Aix-en-Provence". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
  5. "Aix-en-Provence". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
  6. ^ Chisholm 1911, p. 447.
  7. « Histoire d'Aix » Archived 4 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine, site de l'office du tourisme d'Aix-en-Provence.
  8. cf Jerome, letter cxxiii, To Ageruchia, 8, 409 A.D.
  9. "La Seds". Mairie d'Aix-en-Provence (in French). 23 April 2009. Archived from the original on 4 October 2022.
  10. de Grazia, Alfred; de Grazia, Ami. "The Dragon at the bus-stop". Q-mag.org. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  11. "Tourist office; the climate of Aix". Aixenprovencetourism.com. Archived from the original on 10 February 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  12. "Aix en Provence (13)" (PDF). Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1991–2020 et records (in French). Meteo France. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 March 2018. Retrieved 30 June 2024.
  13. Sarre, Claude-Alain (2007). Les Deux Garçons. Quatre Siècles d'Histoire au Coeur d'Aix-en-Provence. Université Aix. ISBN 978-2-903449-92-6.
  14. "Aix : les "2G" totalement détruits par un incendie". La Provence. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
  15. Michelin Guide to Provence, ISBN 2-06-137503-0, pages 67–68.
  16. "Tourist office: Old Aix". Aixenprovencetourism.com. Archived from the original on 17 February 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  17. Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911.
  18. Laurence Labrouche, "Ariane Mnouchkine: un parcours théâtral: le terrassier, l'enfant et le voyageur", L'Harmattan (1999), ISBN 2-7384-8022-5, page 66, "la ville aux mille fontaines"
  19. Provence. Michelin Green Guide. Michelin. 1999. ISBN 0-320-03732-0., page 69. The fountain was built in 1667,
  20. "Website of the Musée Granet". Museegranet-aixenprovence.fr. Archived from the original on 23 April 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  21. "Reopening of the Musée Granet in Aix-en-Provence". The Art Tribune. 20 August 2007. Archived from the original on 3 November 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2009.
  22. "Montagne Ste-Victoire, Aix-en-Provence, Gardanne, Trets". La Carte de Randonnée, 1;25,000. 3244 ET. Institut Géographique National. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  23. Mairie of Vauvenargues, History and heritage Archived 18 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine (in French)
  24. O'Brian, Patrick (1976). Picasso: Pablo Ruiz Picasso : a Biography. Putnam. ISBN 88-304-0863-8.
  25. "Pablo Picasso's Last Days and Final Journey". Time. 23 April 1973.
  26. Bruno Ely (2009). Château de Vauvenargues. ImageArt. ISBN 978-2-9534525-0-1.
  27. Château of Vauvenargues, official web site
  28. Ribeiro, Benjamin. "Euro 2016: Aix, camp de base de l'Ukraine" Archived 26 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, aix-international.com (in French). Retrieved on 18 March 2016.
  29. Histoire d'Aix-en-Provence. Edisud. 1977. ISBN 2-85744-237-8.
  30. Beckett-Young, Kathleen (26 February 1989). "Fare of the Country; Provence's Almond Calissons". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
  31. "France battles China over sweets trademark". 16 November 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
  32. Parker, Robert (1996). The Wine Buyer's Guide. Dorling Kindersley. p. 488. ISBN 0-7513-0342-9.
  33. "Official website for Château Simone". Chateau-simone.fr. Archived from the original on 10 April 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  34. "Guide des Vins – Château Crémade" (in French). Guidevins.com. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  35. "Aix en Provence Office de Tourisme". Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2019.
  36. "The Chocolaterie of Puyricard". Puyricard.fr. Archived from the original on 21 April 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  37. "Saffron of Provence". safranieredeprovence.com. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  38. "The company: Company information." Twin Jet. Retrieved on 8 July 2010. "Address : TWIN JET 1070 rue du lieutenant Parayre BP 30370 13799 AIX EN PROVENCE CEDEX 3 "
  39. Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui: Commune data sheet Aix-en-Provence, EHESS (in French).
  40. Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE
  41. "Sophie Joissains succède à sa mère à la mairie d'Aix-en-Provence".
  42. "Résultats élections: Aix-en-Provence". Le Monde.fr.
  43. ^ "Aix-en-Provence City Pass | Aix en Provence │ Office de Tourisme". Aix-en-Provence Tourist Office. Retrieved 18 December 2017.
  44. "BILAN 2001/06: la ville á visage humain" (PDF). 27 February 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2009. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  45. Aix-en-Provence, Plan Guide Blay-Foldex.
  46. "Map of central Aix". Archived from the original on 31 May 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  47. "Just Sport – New Zealand's Sports Network – What's Up : RWC 2007 Commentators Blog". Radio Sport. 21 October 2007. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 22 May 2009.
  48. "All Blacks dazzled by haka ballet – rugbyheaven07.com.au". Rugbyheaven.com.au. 28 September 2007. Archived from the original on 30 July 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2009.
  49. "Aix, 12k records". 13 January 2009. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  50. "Why the French state has a team of UFO hunters By Chris Bockman". BBC News. 4 November 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  51. ^ "Les villes partenaires". aixenprovence.fr (in French). Aix-en-Provence. 20 October 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  52. Jessula, Georges (2003). "Darius Milhaud, Compositeur de Musique". Revue Juive: 140–144. Since their marriage in 1892, Milhaud's parents lived in the Bras d'Or in Aix-en-Provence, where their son grew up; however he was delivered at the home of his maternal grandparents in Marseille.
  53. Milhaud, Darius (1998). Ma Vie heureuse. Zurfluh. ISBN 2-87750-083-7.

Explanatory footnotes

  1. UK: /ˌɛks ɒ̃ prɒˈvɒ̃s/, US: /ˌeɪks ɒ̃ proʊˈvɒ̃s, ˌɛks -/, French: [ɛks ɑ̃ pʁɔvɑ̃s] ; Provençal: Ais de Provença in classical norm, or Ais de Prouvènço in Mistralian norm, pronounced [ˈajz de pʀuˈvɛnsɔ]

References

  • Busquet, Raoul (1954). Histoire de la Provençade des origines à la révolution française. Éditions Jeanne Lafitte. ISBN 2-86276-319-5.
Attribution

Bibliography

See also: Bibliography of the history of Aix-en-Provence

External links

Aix-en-Provence at Misplaced Pages's sister projects:
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