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{{Short description|Flood control system in Ukraine}}
'''The ]s of the ]''' in ] pose a significant threat of a large-scale ] ] if their ]s fail. Such a threat is typical for reservoir dams; however, the Dnieper reservoirs are especially dangerous because of the geographical conditions, as well as the consequences of the ] and other nuclear-related environmental threats in the region.
{{update|2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|date=October 2022}}
] downstream]]
The '''Dnieper reservoir cascade''' or '''Dnieper cascade of hydroelectric power stations''' ({{langx|uk|Дніпровський каскад ГЕС}}) is a series of ]s, ]s and ]s on the ] river in ]. It was created to prevent uncontrolled flooding<ref>Tsalyk, S. '' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126011154/https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/blog-history-45280735 |date=2019-01-26 }}''. BBC in Ukrainian. 26 August 2018</ref> and improve ] infrastructure. Coordination and operation of all dams on the Dnieper is conducted by government company ].<ref>Yatsyk, A., Voshchynskyi, K. '' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126000822/http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=22200 |date=2019-01-26 }}''. Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine. 2008</ref> In 1970, the Kyiv dam partially prevented flooding in comparison with the 1931 Kyiv flooding.<ref>Andriy Manchuk. '' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126000919/http://www.istpravda.com.ua/blogs/2013/04/4/119569/ |date=2019-01-26 }}''. Istorychna Pravda (]). 4 April 2013</ref>


As with any dam, the water reservoirs of the Dnieper in Ukraine pose a significant threat of a large-scale, ] ] if their dams fail. Those concerns were raised in particular in connection with the 2009 ].<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126000939/https://tyzhden.ua/Publication/1931 |date=2019-01-26 }}. ]. 28 August 2009</ref> Concerns had yet again been raised regarding an air attack of the ] on July 11, 2022. The Kakhovka Dam would later fail in the result of an explosion that occurred on June 6, 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|last3=Regan |first3=Helen |last1=Hallam |first1=Jonny |last2=Pennington |first2=Josh |last4=Voitovych |first4=Olga |last5=Nasser |first5= Irene | first6=Sebastian|last6= Shukla|first7= Ivana|last7= Kottasová|first8= Gianluca|last8= Mezzofiore |first9= Jo|last9= Shelley |date=2023-06-06 |title= Collapse of critical Ukrainian dam sparks region-wide evacuations. Here’s what we know |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/06/europe/ukraine-nova-kakhovka-dam-breach-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=2023-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606094920/https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/06/europe/ukraine-nova-kakhovka-dam-breach-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Flooding will impact downstream communities such as Kherson and will have devastating consequences to communities on the bank of the Dnipro River south of ].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Miller |first= Christopher |last2=Seddon |first2=Max |date=2023-06-06 |title=Flood fears after Kakhovka dam blown up in Ukraine |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/10ba2659-3204-4fde-b407-6904a408c931 |access-date=2023-06-06 |archive-date=2023-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606182331/https://www.ft.com/content/10ba2659-3204-4fde-b407-6904a408c931 |url-status=live }}</ref>
While the safety studies of each dam are regularly performed and the public assurances about individual dam's condition were given multiple times,<ref name=assur>"The dam of the Kiev's power plant will be around for a thousand of years", - the chief engineer of the "Skhema Dnepra" institution Yefim Bakshayev seems to be tired of repeating those words. "The catastrophe is possible if it is directly hit by the nuclear bomb. I think that no one would then be around to be saved from flooding. Yes, the accidents are possible at peace time if the metallic structures of the dam are not replaced on time. But this is taken care of for the Kiev dam. Besides, in the Netherlands, one third of the country spans across the territories gained from the sea. People build the reservoirs there for 400 years and no one is afraid of this proximity. Most importnant is to build the dam competently, provide it with modern equipment and follow on its operation The capital is fully protected from flooding"<br>{{ru icon}} Lyudmila Kovalchuk, ''""'', '']'', March 23, 2005.</ref> the comprehensive analysis of the overall safety of the dams as a system or the impeding dangers that the damaged dam would cause has never been performed to this day. Various different scenarios of what would happen in case of the dam damage predict the catastrophes varying only by the scale (provided that one of the dams would indeed break down). According to the worst predictions and taking into account the already available radioactive contamination, a dam accident may result in a major threat for significant territories of ], and, possibly, the ] basin.


To combat uncontrolled flooding, the ] had developed a program of flooding forecasting; however, as of 2012, the ] refused to adopt it.<ref>Anna Poludenko. '' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126062346/https://day.kyiv.ua/uk/article/cuspilstvo/yak-uniknuti-prirodnoyi-katastrofi |date=2019-01-26 }}''. Den. 21 August 2012</ref>
==The reservoirs==


==Infrastructure==
During the ], the Ukrainian part of the Dnieper River flow was turned into a system of ]s by forming of five artificial ]s. Listed downstream, these reservoirs are:
===Power stations and dams===
* ] (alias ''Kiev Sea'')
From source to mouth:
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ] (Destroyed)
:* ]


===Water reservoirs===
The creation of reservoirs significantly boosted the Soviet ] and created a deep-water route on the river, formerly innavigable in certain sections. However, by diminishing flow velocity and altering river flow (see ]), the reservoirs caused environmental problems such as adverse changes in the balance of aquatic life forms, coastline erosion, and many others. The evacuation of significant territories now covered by the reservoirs was costly, and later, the system proved to be economically ineffective,{{Fact|date=February 2007}} as reservoirs’ waters began flooding important objects, most notably ] in the ] region.
From source to mouth:
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ] (Discharged)


==Concerns==
==The hyperflooding risk==
].]] ]]]
Like other ]s, Dnieper reservoirs pose a potential threat of causing major ] if their dams fail. Such damage may be inflicted by a powerful ] (e.g., an ]), a ], or a deliberate attack by ] or enemy forces at war.


The Dnieper reservoirs contain an additional major threat—after the ] in 1986, ] washed away by rains badly contaminated the bottom ] of the Kyiv Reservoir and presumably the others. During the years following the disaster, there were suggestions to drain the Kyiv Reservoir because it was too shallow.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}
Like with other ]s, Dnieper reservoirs pose a potential threat of causing major ] if their dams fail. Such damage may be inflicted by a powerful ] (e.g., an ]), a ], or a deliberate attack by ] or enemy forces at war.


The dams are supposed to be strong enough to survive natural and terrorist threats. Both their construction schemes and government efforts work towards this goal. For instance, some engineers guarantee that every Dnieper dam will survive an earthquake (to its typical regional extent), ] or ] falling.<ref name=assur>"The dam of the Kiev's power plant will be around for a thousand of years", - the chief engineer of the "Skhema Dnepra" institution Yefim Bakshayev seems to be tired of repeating those words. "The catastrophe is possible if it is directly hit by the nuclear bomb. I think that no one would then be around to be saved from flooding. Yes, the accidents are possible at peace time if the metallic structures of the dam are not replaced on time. But this is taken care of for the Kiev dam. Besides, in the Netherlands, one third of the country spans across the territories gained from the sea. People build the reservoirs there for 400 years and no one is afraid of this proximity. Most importnant is to build the dam competently, provide it with modern equipment and follow on its operation The capital is fully protected from flooding"<br>{{ru icon}} Lyudmila Kovalchuk, ''""'', '']'', March 23, 2005.</ref> There are also countermeasures against overflooding and malfunction of dams. Authorities pay significant attention to safeguarding the dams and bridges by special units of the ] and other security agencies.<ref name=Zahyst>{{uk icon}} Ю. П. Сурмін, Р. Н. Аврамчук, (Framework, means and strategy of the state security.), by , Ukrainian governmental agency.</ref> The dams are supposed to be strong enough to survive natural and terrorist threats. Both their construction schemes and government efforts work towards this goal. For instance, some engineers guarantee that every Dnieper dam will survive an earthquake (to its typical regional extent), ] or ] falling.<ref name=assur>"The dam of the Kyiv's power plant will be around for a thousand of years", - the chief engineer of the "Skhema Dnepra" institution Yefim Bakshayev seems to be tired of repeating those words. "The catastrophe is possible if it is directly hit by the nuclear bomb. I think that no one would then be around to be saved from flooding. Yes, the accidents are possible at peace time if the metallic structures of the dam are not replaced on time. But this is taken care of for the Kyiv dam. Besides, in the Netherlands, one third of the country spans across the territories gained from the sea. People build the reservoirs there for 400 years and no one is afraid of this proximity. Most important is to build the dam competently, provide it with modern equipment and follow on its operation The capital is fully protected from flooding"<br>{{in lang|ru}} Lyudmila Kovalchuk, ''" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070327224837/http://today.viaduk.net/todayol.nsf/b8b1d8d60f80fef4c2256b870037a906/c2256713004f33f5c2256b8600445935!OpenDocument |date=2007-03-27 }}"'', '']'', March 23, 2005.</ref> There are also countermeasures against overflooding and malfunction of dams. Authorities pay significant attention to safeguarding the dams and bridges by special units of the ] and other security agencies.<ref name=Zahyst>{{in lang|uk}} Ю. П. Сурмін, Р. Н. Аврамчук, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928085707/http://www.niisp.gov.ua/vydanna/panorama/issue.php?s=prnb2&issue=2001_1-2 |date=2007-09-28 }} (Framework, means and strategy of the state security.), by {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060704143357/http://www.niisp.gov.ua/index.php |date=2006-07-04 }}, Ukrainian governmental agency.</ref>


A failure of the ] would cause a flooding of the low-lying areas of ], mainly densely populated residential neighborhoods.<ref name=ZerkThunder>{{in lang|ru|uk}} Zoya Vishnevskaya "Before the thunder Rolls".''] (Mirror Weekly)'', March 13–19, 2004. Available online {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051101064157/http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/485/45872/ |date=2005-11-01 }}, {{dead link|date=August 2018|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The aftermath of a possible complex flooding also include the spread of radioactive material from the Chernobyl disaster contained in the reservoirs,{{Citation needed|date=May 2014}} the widespread contamination by industrial and urban wastes and creation of swamps on bottoms of emptied reservoirs. The spread of radioactive silt could reach the Black Sea and endanger wildlife and humans dependent on the produce from the sea.
However, the Dnieper reservoirs pose a special risk by the fact that they form a ] with an atypically short distance between them. In the case of one upper dam failure, massive flooding will impact other dams within hours, subsequently releasing lower reservoirs to the ]. A similar disaster occurred with the ], resulting in a cascade of 62 dam failures. Assessments of losses in a possible Dnieper hyperflooding vary, but remain very pessimistic.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}


In 2001–03 the ] organized exercises on the Kyiv Hydroelectric station, simulating a possible terrorist attack. The results of the exercises were considered satisfactory.<ref name=ZerkThunder/>
In case of a dam failure, floodwaters may devastate densely populated areas around ], ] and ], forcing evacuation and possibly killing millions, and destroying major industrial areas. A failure of the ] would cause a flooding of the low-lying areas of ], mainly densely-populated residential neighborhoods.<Ref name=ZerkThunder>{{ru icon}}/{{Uk icon}} Zoya Vishnevskaya "Before the thunder Rolls".''] (Mirror Weekly)'', March 13-19, 2004. Available online , </ref> The aftermath of a possible complex flooding also include the widespread contamination by industrial and urban ] and creation of ]s on bottoms of emptied reservoirs.


===Government position===
The first concerns about possible hyperflooding were raised in the ].{{Fact|date=February 2007}} In ]-] the ] organized exercises on the Kiev Hydroelectric station, simulating a possible terrorist attack. The results of the exercises were considered satisfactory.<Ref name=ZerkThunder/>
New concerns arose in 2005 after a fake terrorist threat case. A ], dissatisfied with his commanders, anonymously called an emergency line stating that he had planted a bomb in a cargo train crossing the Kyiv Reservoir's dam. An immediate check proved the threat to be fake and the officer was arrested. Regardless, the incident caused another wave of public concern.<ref name=ZerkCaller>{{in lang|ru|uk}} "The caller is out of the calling area", ''] (Mirror Weekly)'', April 23 - May 6, 2005, available online {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051129210348/http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/543/49907/ |date=2005-11-29 }}, {{dead link|date=August 2018|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
<!---COMMENTING OUT UNREFERENCED CONSPIRACY THEORY
During ''perestroyka'', some writers supposed that the Dnieper dams were intentionally built as a gigantic ] against foreign ]. According to them, ] ordered a system of reservoirs that could be deliberately dumped to create an impassable water barrier on an enemy’s way deep into ]. This was said to be an excuse for the huge construction spends and subsequent unprofitably of the project.
--->


In 2012, the former Kyiv Hydroelectric Power Plant manager and veteran stated that the dam is guaranteed to be capable of withstanding any physical threat except for a large ] or a deliberate military attack of significant scale. However, an emergency plan exists to safely minimize consequences of a space impact depending on if there would be ] of the impact event.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14338802.html |title=Киевскую дамбу может разрушить только метеорит или война — Эксперт |access-date=2012-02-15 |archive-date=2012-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219112757/http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14338802.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==The reservoirs as a radioactive hypercontamination threat==

Discussion of possible hyperflooding revealed another much more significant threat when hypothetical details of the incident were studied. First of all, a release of each but the southernmost reservoir would damage several top-hazard ] sites in the Dnieper basin, as explained below. Subsequently, the whole ] area would be ] to a significant extent. This would cause a ]-wide ] by means of large-distance air and water circulation.

===The Kiev Reservoir threat===
]s per square kilometer). Note the significant contamination areas along the ] flow.]]

After the ] in ], ] washed away by rains contaminated the bottom ] of the ].<!-- The site said nothing about the reservoir --> During the years following the disaster, there were suggestions to drain the reservoir because it was too shallow. It appeared that, if done, this could have caused the tremendous amounts of silt to turn into radioactive dust, free to be dispersed by wind. In that case, scientists predict even more serious disaster than hyperflooding.<Ref name=ZerkThunder/> According to some assessments, dust clouds would devastatingly contaminate the whole Europe. Some scholars regard such disaster as the ] one.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

Authorities reassured that the dangerous silt poses no actual danger if reservoir kept intact, and dismissed the draining plans.<ref name=silt>See Kovalcuk reference above.</ref> But this has re-energized concerns about ''accidental'' release of the Kiev Reservoir (and all subsequent reservoirs).{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

===The nuclear industry sites under threat of possible flooding===

The cities of ], standing on the Dnieper, contain dozens of hazardous industrial sites, mostly ]s dumps, which may be destroyed not only by hyperflooding but also by weather extremes due to their poor protection.

The most dangerous among those sites are the radioactive dumps in the riverbank city of ]. The now-defunct ] (PHZ) has been enriching ] ores for ] nuclear program from ] till ], preparing the so-called ] substance. Its processing wastes are now stored in 9 open-air dumping grounds containing about 36 million tones of sand-like low-radioactive material, occupying area of 2,5 million square meters. The sites, improperly constructed from the very beginning, have been abandoned by industry long ago and remain in very poor condition. The top concern is the dumps’ closeness to both the Dnieper River and city residential areas. According to government experts, the dams separating the grounds from ] are already leaking, causing the pollution of Dnieper basin. It is believed that further deterioration of the dams in itself may cause a devastating radioactive ]. Ukrainian government is now acquiring control over the grounds and seeking international aid in projects, aimed at securing and gradual re-processing PHZ wastes. Recently, the ] has evaluated the condition of the sites and is considering a major observation&aid mission to Dniprodzerzhynsk.<ref>, ''2000'', July 14, 2006; , ''Ukrayina Promyshlennaya'', February 26, 2008; , ''Gorod'', March 4, 2008; , ''UGMK'', March 11, 2008</ref>

Ukraine’s uranium ore mines (which products have been enriched by PHZ) are also situated in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast in proximity of the Dnieper and its tributaries, particularly in the town of ].

The ] is also situated within miles from the Dnieper, in the left-bank city of ].

In case of a hyperflooding, hazardous materials from these and many other industrial sites may be poured on surrounding territories and the ].

==Government position and recent concerns==

The safety issue of the Dnieper reservoirs has never been discussed on a state level during Soviet rule. It was only in ] when authorities of independent ] acknowledged the discussion officially. However, Ukrainian government never admitted the threat being a real one. Occasional concerns about underfunding of the dams-operating state company were raised in early 2000s, but the issue has been settled.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

New concerns arose in ] after a fake ] threat case. A ], dissatisfied with his commanders, anonymously called an emergency line stating that he had planted a ] in a cargo train crossing the Kiev Reservoir's dam. An immediate check proved the threat to be fake and the alerter was arrested. But the incident caused another wave of public concern.<ref name=ZerkCaller>{{ru icon}}/{{uk icon}} "The caller is out of the calling area", ''] (Mirror Weekly)'', April 23 - May 6, 2005, available online , </ref>

On May 30, ] researcher Vasily Kredo alerted the nation again, calling the Kiev Reservoir “the most dangerous place on the planet”.<!-- and claiming a real threat of its dam incident demolition. --> The researcher says there is a remote possibility of a “radioactive ] from the Kiev Sea” that would kill 15 million and make Ukraine “never revive again”.<ref name=KorrKredo>{{ru icon}} , ].net, May 30, 2006</ref>


==See also== ==See also==
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]


==References== ==References==
:'''Notes'''
{{reflist}} {{reflist}}

:'''Bibliography'''
== Further reading ==
* {{ru icon}} ''""'', '']'', January 31, 2002
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222223556/http://kp.ua/daily/031212/369129/ |date=2014-02-22 }}
* {{ru icon}} '''', '']''.net, July 19, 2006
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125125125/https://aif.ua/incidents/965194 |date=2021-01-25 }}
*
*

* {{in lang|ru}} ''""'', '']'', January 31, 2002
* {{in lang|ru}} '''', '']''.net, July 19, 2006
* “Комсомольская правда” об угрозах плотины Киевской ГЭС и водохранилища {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222223556/http://kp.ua/daily/031212/369129/ |date=2014-02-22 }}
* “Аргументы и факты” о реальных угрозах дамбы Киевского водохранилища и ГЭС {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125125125/https://aif.ua/incidents/965194 |date=2021-01-25 }}
* “Известия” о проблематике плотины Киевского водохранилища и ГЭС
* Эксперт УНИАН об угрозах дамбы Киевского водохранилища


==External links== ==External links==
* - details about the radioactive contamination * - details about the ]
* Prymak, K. ''''. ]
* Chernousenko, O. ''''. Power Generation: history, modernity, future.
* . ]
* The . Istorychna Pravda (]).
* Parnikoza, I. ''''. Kyiv islands and river embankment of Dnieper, view through the ages.
* Tetiana Stetsenko. ''''. Cherkasy 24. 30 November 2018.


{{Chernobyl disaster}}
]
{{Dnieper}}
]
]


]
]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 19:35, 25 October 2024

Flood control system in Ukraine
Parts of this article (those related to 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine) need to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (October 2022)
A map of the Kyiv Reservoir, with Kyiv downstream

The Dnieper reservoir cascade or Dnieper cascade of hydroelectric power stations (Ukrainian: Дніпровський каскад ГЕС) is a series of dams, reservoirs and hydroelectric power stations on the Dnieper river in Ukraine. It was created to prevent uncontrolled flooding and improve water transportation infrastructure. Coordination and operation of all dams on the Dnieper is conducted by government company Ukrhydroenergo. In 1970, the Kyiv dam partially prevented flooding in comparison with the 1931 Kyiv flooding.

As with any dam, the water reservoirs of the Dnieper in Ukraine pose a significant threat of a large-scale, human-made disaster if their dams fail. Those concerns were raised in particular in connection with the 2009 Sayano–Shushenskaya Dam disaster. Concerns had yet again been raised regarding an air attack of the Kakhovka Dam on July 11, 2022. The Kakhovka Dam would later fail in the result of an explosion that occurred on June 6, 2023. Flooding will impact downstream communities such as Kherson and will have devastating consequences to communities on the bank of the Dnipro River south of Nova Kakhovka.

To combat uncontrolled flooding, the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine had developed a program of flooding forecasting; however, as of 2012, the Government of Ukraine refused to adopt it.

Infrastructure

Power stations and dams

From source to mouth:

Water reservoirs

From source to mouth:

Concerns

A satellite photo of the Kyiv Reservoir

Like other reservoirs, Dnieper reservoirs pose a potential threat of causing major flooding if their dams fail. Such damage may be inflicted by a powerful natural disaster (e.g., an earthquake), a human-made disaster, or a deliberate attack by terrorists or enemy forces at war.

The Dnieper reservoirs contain an additional major threat—after the Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster in 1986, radionuclides washed away by rains badly contaminated the bottom silt of the Kyiv Reservoir and presumably the others. During the years following the disaster, there were suggestions to drain the Kyiv Reservoir because it was too shallow.

The dams are supposed to be strong enough to survive natural and terrorist threats. Both their construction schemes and government efforts work towards this goal. For instance, some engineers guarantee that every Dnieper dam will survive an earthquake (to its typical regional extent), meteorite or aircraft falling. There are also countermeasures against overflooding and malfunction of dams. Authorities pay significant attention to safeguarding the dams and bridges by special units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and other security agencies.

A failure of the Kyiv Reservoir would cause a flooding of the low-lying areas of Kyiv, mainly densely populated residential neighborhoods. The aftermath of a possible complex flooding also include the spread of radioactive material from the Chernobyl disaster contained in the reservoirs, the widespread contamination by industrial and urban wastes and creation of swamps on bottoms of emptied reservoirs. The spread of radioactive silt could reach the Black Sea and endanger wildlife and humans dependent on the produce from the sea.

In 2001–03 the Security Service of Ukraine organized exercises on the Kyiv Hydroelectric station, simulating a possible terrorist attack. The results of the exercises were considered satisfactory.

Government position

New concerns arose in 2005 after a fake terrorist threat case. A police officer, dissatisfied with his commanders, anonymously called an emergency line stating that he had planted a bomb in a cargo train crossing the Kyiv Reservoir's dam. An immediate check proved the threat to be fake and the officer was arrested. Regardless, the incident caused another wave of public concern.

In 2012, the former Kyiv Hydroelectric Power Plant manager and veteran stated that the dam is guaranteed to be capable of withstanding any physical threat except for a large space object impact or a deliberate military attack of significant scale. However, an emergency plan exists to safely minimize consequences of a space impact depending on if there would be early warning of the impact event.

See also

References

  1. Tsalyk, S. Almost-Venice: Millennium history of flooding in Kyiv (Майже Венеція: тисячолітня історія потопів у Києві) Archived 2019-01-26 at the Wayback Machine. BBC in Ukrainian. 26 August 2018
  2. Yatsyk, A., Voshchynskyi, K. Dnieper Cascade of HES (ДНІПРО́ВСЬКИЙ КАСКА́Д ГЕС) Archived 2019-01-26 at the Wayback Machine. Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine. 2008
  3. Andriy Manchuk. The Great Kyiv flooding. How it was (Велика київська повінь. Як це було) Archived 2019-01-26 at the Wayback Machine. Istorychna Pravda (Ukrayinska Pravda). 4 April 2013
  4. Everything what need to be aware of the Ukrainian HES Archived 2019-01-26 at the Wayback Machine. The Ukrainian Week. 28 August 2009
  5. Hallam, Jonny; Pennington, Josh; Regan, Helen; Voitovych, Olga; Nasser, Irene; Shukla, Sebastian; Kottasová, Ivana; Mezzofiore, Gianluca; Shelley, Jo (2023-06-06). "Collapse of critical Ukrainian dam sparks region-wide evacuations. Here's what we know". CNN. Archived from the original on 2023-06-06. Retrieved 2023-06-06.
  6. Miller, Christopher; Seddon, Max (2023-06-06). "Flood fears after Kakhovka dam blown up in Ukraine". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 2023-06-06. Retrieved 2023-06-06.
  7. Anna Poludenko. How to dodge natural disaster? (Як уникнути природної катастрофи?) Archived 2019-01-26 at the Wayback Machine. Den. 21 August 2012
  8. "The dam of the Kyiv's power plant will be around for a thousand of years", - the chief engineer of the "Skhema Dnepra" institution Yefim Bakshayev seems to be tired of repeating those words. "The catastrophe is possible if it is directly hit by the nuclear bomb. I think that no one would then be around to be saved from flooding. Yes, the accidents are possible at peace time if the metallic structures of the dam are not replaced on time. But this is taken care of for the Kyiv dam. Besides, in the Netherlands, one third of the country spans across the territories gained from the sea. People build the reservoirs there for 400 years and no one is afraid of this proximity. Most important is to build the dam competently, provide it with modern equipment and follow on its operation The capital is fully protected from flooding"
    (in Russian) Lyudmila Kovalchuk, "Kiev Reservoir: where the radioactive silt is now there were 52 villages Archived 2007-03-27 at the Wayback Machine", Segodnya, March 23, 2005.
  9. (in Ukrainian) Ю. П. Сурмін, Р. Н. Аврамчук, СТРУКТУРИ, ЗАСОБИ І СТРАТЕГІЯ РОЗВ'ЯЗАННЯ ПРОБЛЕМ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine (Framework, means and strategy of the state security.), by National Institute of State Security Archived 2006-07-04 at the Wayback Machine, Ukrainian governmental agency.
  10. ^ (in Russian and Ukrainian) Zoya Vishnevskaya "Before the thunder Rolls".Zerkalo Nedeli (Mirror Weekly), March 13–19, 2004. Available online in Russian Archived 2005-11-01 at the Wayback Machine, in Ukrainian
  11. (in Russian and Ukrainian) "The caller is out of the calling area", Zerkalo Nedeli (Mirror Weekly), April 23 - May 6, 2005, available online in Russian Archived 2005-11-29 at the Wayback Machine, in Ukrainian
  12. "Киевскую дамбу может разрушить только метеорит или война — Эксперт". Archived from the original on 2012-02-19. Retrieved 2012-02-15.

Further reading

External links

Chernobyl disaster
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Dnieper River
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