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{{Short description|Italian statistician (1884–1965)}}
'''Corrado Gini''' (], ] - ], ]) was an ] ], ] and ] who developed the ], a measure of the ] inequality in a ]. ] theorist and ideologue who wrote ''The Scientific Basis of Fascism'' in 1927.
{{Infobox scientist
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'''Corrado Gini''' (23 May 1884 – 13 March 1965) was an Italian ], ] and ] who developed the ], a measure of the ] in a society. Gini was a proponent of ] and applied it to nations.<ref name="pp40">Aaron Gillette. ''''. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA. Pp. 40.</ref> Gini was a ], and prior to and during World War II, he was an advocate of ]. Following the war, he founded the ], which advocated for the ] of Italy by the United States.


==Life== ==Career==
Gini was born on ] ] in ], near ], into an old ]. He entered the Faculty of Law at the University of ], where in addition to law he studied ], ], and ]. Gini was born on May 23, 1884, in ], near ], into an old ]. He entered the Faculty of Law at the ], where in addition to law he studied mathematics, economics, and biology.
His subsequent scientific work ran in two directions, towards the social sciences, and towards statistics.
His interests ranged well beyond the formal aspects of statistics to the laws that govern biological and social phenomena.


Gini's scientific work ran in two directions: towards the ] and towards statistics. His interests ranged well beyond the formal aspects of statistics—to the laws that govern biological and ].
His first published work was, ''Il sesso dal punto di vista statistico'' (1908)
This work is a thorough review of the natal sex ratio looking at past theories and at how new hypothesis fit the statistical data. In particular, it presents evidence that the tendency to produce one or other sex of child is to some extent heritable.


His first published work was ''Il sesso dal punto di vista statistico'' (1908). This work is a thorough review of the natal ], looking at past theories and at how new hypothesis fit the statistical data. In particular, it presents evidence that the tendency to produce one or the other sex of child is, to some extent, heritable.
In 1910 he acceded to the Chair of Statistics in the University of ] and then at ] in 1913.


He published the ] in the 1912 paper ''Variability and Mutability'' ({{langx|it|Variabilità e mutabilità}}).<ref>Gini, C. (1909). "Concentration and dependency ratios" (in Italian). English translation in ''Rivista di Politica Economica'', '''87''' (1997), 769–789.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gini |first=C |title=Variabilità e Mutuabilità. Contributo allo Studio delle Distribuzioni e delle Relazioni Statistiche |publisher=C. Cuppini |year=1912 |location=Bologna}}</ref> Also called the Gini index and the Gini ratio, it is a ] intended to represent the ] within a nation or other group.
He founded the statistical journal Metron in 1920 which he directed until his death and which never accepted articles that did not have practical applications.


In 1910, he acceded to the Chair of Statistics in the ] and then at ] in 1913.
He became a professor at the University of ] in 1925. At the University, he founded a lecture course on sociology, which he maintained until his retirement. He also set up the School of Statistics, in 1928, and, in 1936, the Faculty of Statistical, Demographic and Actuarial Sciences.


He founded the statistical journal ''Metron'' in 1920, directing it until his death; it only accepted articles with practical applications.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://meetings.sis-statistica.org/index.php/ginilegacy/index/about/editorialPolicies|title=Corrado Gini's Biography|publisher=Società Italiana di Statistica (SIS)|access-date=2016-11-05|archive-date=2016-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106061546/http://meetings.sis-statistica.org/index.php/ginilegacy/index/about/editorialPolicies|url-status=dead}}</ref>
In 1929 Gini founded the Italian Committee for the Study of Population Problems (''Comitato italiano per lo studio dei problemi della popolazione) '' which, two years later, organised the first Population Congress in ].


He became a professor at the ] in 1925. At the University, he founded a lecture course on sociology, maintaining it until his retirement. He also set up the School of Statistics in 1928, and, in 1936, the Faculty of Statistical, Demographic and Actuarial Sciences.
In 1926 he was appointed President of the Central Institute of Statistics in Rome. This he organised as a single centre for Italian statistical services. He resigned in 1932 in protest at interference in his work by the fascist state.


==Later career== ==Under fascism==
{{Fascism sidebar|intellectuals}}
*In 1933 Gini was elected vice president of the International Sociological Institute.
In 1926, he was appointed President of the ] in Rome. This he organised as a single centre for Italian statistical services. He was a close intimate of Mussolini throughout the 20s. He resigned from his position within the institute in 1932.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.umass.edu/wsp/resources/tales/gini.html|title=Tales of Statisticians {{!}} Corrado Gini|website=www.umass.edu|access-date=2018-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821093826/https://www.umass.edu/wsp/resources/tales/gini.html|archive-date=2018-08-21|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*In 1934 - president of the Italian ] and ] Society.

*In 1935 - president of the International Federation of Eugenics Societies in Latin-language Countries.
In 1927 he published a treatise entitled ''The Scientific Basis of Fascism''.<ref>''The Scientific Basis of Fascism,'' ] Vol.42, No 1, March 1927 pp. 99-115.</ref>
*In 1937 - president of the Italian Sociological Society.

*In 1941 - president of the Italian Statistical Society.
In 1929, Gini founded the Italian Committee for the Study of Population Problems (''Comitato italiano per lo studio dei problemi della popolazione) '' which, two years later, organised the first Population Congress in Rome.
*In 1957 he received the Gold Medal for outstanding service to the Italian School.

*In 1962 he was elected National Member of the ].
A eugenicist apart from being a demographer, Gini led an expedition to survey Polish populations, among them the ]. Gini was throughout the 20s a supporter of fascism, and expressed his hope that Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy would emerge as victors in WW2. However, he never supported any measure of exclusion of the Jews.<ref>Mikhail Kizilov, BRILL, 2009 pp.278ff.</ref><ref>Riccardo Calimani, vol.3, Mondadori 2015 p.583.</ref>
Milestones during the rest of his career include:
* In 1933 – vice president of the International Sociological Institute.
* In 1934 – president of the Italian Genetics and Eugenics Society.
* In 1935 – president of the International Federation of Eugenics Societies in Latin-language Countries.
* In 1937 – president of the Italian Sociological Society.
* In 1941 – president of the Italian Statistical Society.
* In 1957 – Gold Medal for outstanding service to the Italian School.
* In 1962 – National Member of the ].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Boldrini|first=Marcello|date=1966|title=Corrado Gini|journal=Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General)|volume=129|issue=1|pages=148–150|jstor=2343927}}</ref>

==Italian Unionist Movement==
{{Main|Italian Unionist Movement}}
On October 12, 1944, Gini joined with the Calabrian activist ], and fellow-statistician Ugo Damiani to found the ], for which the emblem was the ], the ] and a world map. According to the three men, the government of the United States should annex all free and democratic nations worldwide, thereby transforming itself into a ], and allowing Washington, D.C. to maintain Earth in a perpetual condition of ]. The party existed up to 1948 but had little success and its aims were not supported by the United States.

==Organicism and nations==
Gini was a proponent of ] and saw nations as organic in nature.<ref name="pp40"/> Gini shared the view held by ] that populations go through a cycle of birth, growth, and decay.<ref name="pp40"/> Gini claimed that nations at a primitive level have a high ], but, as they evolve, the ]es birth rate drops while the ] birth rate, while higher, will inevitably deplete as their stronger members emigrate, die in war, or enter into the upper classes.<ref name="pp40"/> If a nation continues on this path without resistance, Gini claimed the nation would enter a final ] stage where the nation would degenerate as noted by decreasing birth rate, decreasing cultural output, and the lack of ] conquest.<ref name="pp41">Aaron Gillette. ''Racial theories in fascist Italy''. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA. Pp. 41.</ref> At this point, the decadent nation with its aging population can be overrun by a more youthful and vigorous nation.<ref name="pp41"/> Gini's organicist theories of nations and natality are believed to have influenced policies of ].<ref name="pp40"/>


==Honours== ==Honours==
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2013}}
The following honorary degrees were conferred upon him: The following honorary degrees were conferred upon him:
*Economics by the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart in Milan (1932), * Economics by the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart in Milan (1932),
*Sociology by the University of Geneva (1934), * Sociology by the University of Geneva (1934),
*Sciences by Harvard University (1936), * Sciences by Harvard University (1936),
*Social Sciences by the University of Cordoba, Argentine (1963). * Social Sciences by the University of Cordoba, Argentine (1963).


==Partial bibliography==
Corrado Gini died in the early hours of ] ].

==Some publications==
* ''Il sesso dal punto di vista statistica: le leggi della produzione dei sessi'' (1908) * ''Il sesso dal punto di vista statistica: le leggi della produzione dei sessi'' (1908)
* ''Sulla misura della concentrazione e della variabilità dei caratteri'' (1914) * ''Sulla misura della concentrazione e della variabilità dei caratteri'' (1914)
Line 44: Line 112:
* ''Memorie di metodologia statistica. Vol.1: Variabilità e Concentrazione'' (1955) * ''Memorie di metodologia statistica. Vol.1: Variabilità e Concentrazione'' (1955)
* ''Memorie di metodologia statistica. Vol.2: Transvariazione'' (1960) * ''Memorie di metodologia statistica. Vol.2: Transvariazione'' (1960)
* {{cite journal |last1=Gini |first1=Corrado |title=The Scientific Basis of Fascism |journal=Political Science Quarterly |date=March 1927 |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=99–115 |doi=10.2307/2142862|author-mask=1|jstor=2142862}}


==References==
*''The Scientific Basis of Fascism'' Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 42, No. 1 (Mar., 1927), pp. 99-115 (article consists of 17 pages)
{{Reflist}}

==See also==
* ]


==External links== ==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}

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* *
* *

{{Authority control}}


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Latest revision as of 06:20, 23 December 2024

Italian statistician (1884–1965)
Corrado Gini
Gini c. 1945
Born(1884-05-23)May 23, 1884
Motta di Livenza, Veneto, Kingdom of Italy
DiedMarch 13, 1965(1965-03-13) (aged 80)
Rome, Italy
CitizenshipItalian
Alma materUniversity of Bologna
Known forGini coefficient
Scientific career
Fields
Institutions

Corrado Gini (23 May 1884 – 13 March 1965) was an Italian statistician, demographer and sociologist who developed the Gini coefficient, a measure of the income inequality in a society. Gini was a proponent of organicism and applied it to nations. Gini was a eugenicist, and prior to and during World War II, he was an advocate of Italian Fascism. Following the war, he founded the Italian Unionist Movement, which advocated for the annexation of Italy by the United States.

Career

Gini was born on May 23, 1884, in Motta di Livenza, near Treviso, into an old landed family. He entered the Faculty of Law at the University of Bologna, where in addition to law he studied mathematics, economics, and biology.

Gini's scientific work ran in two directions: towards the social sciences and towards statistics. His interests ranged well beyond the formal aspects of statistics—to the laws that govern biological and social phenomena.

His first published work was Il sesso dal punto di vista statistico (1908). This work is a thorough review of the natal sex ratio, looking at past theories and at how new hypothesis fit the statistical data. In particular, it presents evidence that the tendency to produce one or the other sex of child is, to some extent, heritable.

He published the Gini coefficient in the 1912 paper Variability and Mutability (Italian: Variabilità e mutabilità). Also called the Gini index and the Gini ratio, it is a measure of statistical dispersion intended to represent the income inequality within a nation or other group.

In 1910, he acceded to the Chair of Statistics in the University of Cagliari and then at Padua in 1913.

He founded the statistical journal Metron in 1920, directing it until his death; it only accepted articles with practical applications.

He became a professor at the Sapienza University of Rome in 1925. At the University, he founded a lecture course on sociology, maintaining it until his retirement. He also set up the School of Statistics in 1928, and, in 1936, the Faculty of Statistical, Demographic and Actuarial Sciences.

Under fascism

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In 1926, he was appointed President of the Central Institute of Statistics in Rome. This he organised as a single centre for Italian statistical services. He was a close intimate of Mussolini throughout the 20s. He resigned from his position within the institute in 1932.

In 1927 he published a treatise entitled The Scientific Basis of Fascism.

In 1929, Gini founded the Italian Committee for the Study of Population Problems (Comitato italiano per lo studio dei problemi della popolazione) which, two years later, organised the first Population Congress in Rome.

A eugenicist apart from being a demographer, Gini led an expedition to survey Polish populations, among them the Karaites. Gini was throughout the 20s a supporter of fascism, and expressed his hope that Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy would emerge as victors in WW2. However, he never supported any measure of exclusion of the Jews. Milestones during the rest of his career include:

  • In 1933 – vice president of the International Sociological Institute.
  • In 1934 – president of the Italian Genetics and Eugenics Society.
  • In 1935 – president of the International Federation of Eugenics Societies in Latin-language Countries.
  • In 1937 – president of the Italian Sociological Society.
  • In 1941 – president of the Italian Statistical Society.
  • In 1957 – Gold Medal for outstanding service to the Italian School.
  • In 1962 – National Member of the Accademia dei Lincei.

Italian Unionist Movement

Main article: Italian Unionist Movement

On October 12, 1944, Gini joined with the Calabrian activist Santi Paladino, and fellow-statistician Ugo Damiani to found the Italian Unionist Movement, for which the emblem was the Stars and Stripes, the Italian flag and a world map. According to the three men, the government of the United States should annex all free and democratic nations worldwide, thereby transforming itself into a world government, and allowing Washington, D.C. to maintain Earth in a perpetual condition of peace. The party existed up to 1948 but had little success and its aims were not supported by the United States.

Organicism and nations

Gini was a proponent of organicism and saw nations as organic in nature. Gini shared the view held by Oswald Spengler that populations go through a cycle of birth, growth, and decay. Gini claimed that nations at a primitive level have a high birth rate, but, as they evolve, the upper classes birth rate drops while the lower class birth rate, while higher, will inevitably deplete as their stronger members emigrate, die in war, or enter into the upper classes. If a nation continues on this path without resistance, Gini claimed the nation would enter a final decadent stage where the nation would degenerate as noted by decreasing birth rate, decreasing cultural output, and the lack of imperial conquest. At this point, the decadent nation with its aging population can be overrun by a more youthful and vigorous nation. Gini's organicist theories of nations and natality are believed to have influenced policies of Italian Fascism.

Honours

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The following honorary degrees were conferred upon him:

  • Economics by the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart in Milan (1932),
  • Sociology by the University of Geneva (1934),
  • Sciences by Harvard University (1936),
  • Social Sciences by the University of Cordoba, Argentine (1963).

Partial bibliography

  • Il sesso dal punto di vista statistica: le leggi della produzione dei sessi (1908)
  • Sulla misura della concentrazione e della variabilità dei caratteri (1914)
  • Quelques considérations au sujet de la construction des nombres indices des prix et des questions analogues (1924)
  • Memorie di metodologia statistica. Vol.1: Variabilità e Concentrazione (1955)
  • Memorie di metodologia statistica. Vol.2: Transvariazione (1960)
  • — (March 1927). "The Scientific Basis of Fascism". Political Science Quarterly. 42 (1): 99–115. doi:10.2307/2142862. JSTOR 2142862.

References

  1. ^ Aaron Gillette. Racial theories in fascist Italy. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA. Pp. 40.
  2. Gini, C. (1909). "Concentration and dependency ratios" (in Italian). English translation in Rivista di Politica Economica, 87 (1997), 769–789.
  3. Gini, C (1912). Variabilità e Mutuabilità. Contributo allo Studio delle Distribuzioni e delle Relazioni Statistiche. Bologna: C. Cuppini.
  4. "Corrado Gini's Biography". Società Italiana di Statistica (SIS). Archived from the original on 2016-11-06. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
  5. "Tales of Statisticians | Corrado Gini". www.umass.edu. Archived from the original on 2018-08-21. Retrieved 2018-08-21.
  6. The Scientific Basis of Fascism, Political Science Quarterly Vol.42, No 1, March 1927 pp. 99-115.
  7. Mikhail Kizilov, The Karaites of Galicia: An Ethnoreligious Minority Among the Ashkenazim, the Turks, and the Slavs, 1772-1945, BRILL, 2009 pp.278ff.
  8. Riccardo Calimani, Storia degli ebrei italiani, vol.3, Mondadori 2015 p.583.
  9. Boldrini, Marcello (1966). "Corrado Gini". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General). 129 (1): 148–150. JSTOR 2343927.
  10. ^ Aaron Gillette. Racial theories in fascist Italy. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA. Pp. 41.

External links

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