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{{Short description|Historical region in Poland}}
]
{{Infobox settlement
|native_name = Pomorze Tylne
|native_name_lang = pl
|settlement_type = ]
|image_skyline = {{multiple image
|border = infobox
|total_width = 270
|image_style = border:1;
|perrow = 2/2/2
|image1 = Kolobrzeg latarnia 1.jpg{{!}}Kołobrzeg Lighthouse
|image2 = Ratusz Miejski w Stargardzie - Nr rejestru zabytku A-1475+A1469.jpg{{!}}Market Square with Renaissance City Hall in Stargard
|image3 = Słupsk, Zamek Książąt Pomorskich (HB2).jpg{{!}}Pomeranian Dukes' Castle in Słupsk
|image4 = Darlowo ratusz.jpg{{!}}Darłowo Town Hall
|image5 = Memorial of papal visit to the Cathedral of Koszalin.jpg{{!}}Gothic Immaculate Conception Cathedral and Pope John Paul II Monument in Koszalin
|image6 = Dunes of Łeba kz07.jpg{{!}}Dunes of Łeba, Slovincian National Park
}}
|image_caption = {{hlist|From top, left to right: ]|Market Square in ]|]|] Town Hall|Gothic Cathedral in ]|]}}
|image_map = Achter-Pommeren.png
|map_caption = ] (in yellow)
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{POL}}
|subdivision_type2 = Historical region
|subdivision_name2 = ]
|seat_type = Largest city
|seat = ]
|timezone = ]
|utc_offset = +1
|timezone_DST = ]
|utc_offset_DST = +2
|blank_name_sec2 = ]
|blank_info_sec2 = ] ] ] ]
}}
'''Farther Pomerania''', '''Hinder Pomerania''', '''Rear Pomerania''' or '''Eastern Pomerania''' ({{langx|pl|Pomorze Tylne}}; {{langx|de|Hinterpommern, Ostpommern}}), is a subregion of the historic region of ] in north-western ], mostly within the ], while its easternmost parts are within the ].


'''Farther Pomerania''' or '''Further Pomerania''' ({{lang-de|Hinterpommern}}; {{lang-pl|Pomorze Zachodnie}}) is a ]n region roughly stretching from the ] in the West to ] in the East. The region corresponds with the eastern part of the pre-] ]n ], yet today it is not an administrative, but a historical region within the ] and ]s. It is the part of Pomerania which comprised the eastern part of the ] and later ]. It stretched roughly from the ] in the West to ] in the East. The ] term ''Pomorze Zachodnie'' ("Western Pomerania") is colloquially used in contemporary Poland as a synonym for the West Pomeranian Voivodship whose borders do not match the historical ones; in Polish historical usage, it applied to all areas west of ] (i.e. to the entire narrow ]).
]s (identified as Lordship of Lauenburg and Lordship of Buto, respectively, western border marked in red).]]


Farther Pomerania emerged as a subdivision of the ] in ], then known as ''Pomerania-Stettin'' (Szczecin) and already including the historical regions ] (Kamień), ] (Nowogard), ], and with ties to the ]. After the ], Farther Pomerania became the ]n ]. After the reorganization of the ] ] in 1815, Farther Pomerania was administered as ] ] (Koszalin). In 1938, northern part of the dissolved ] was merged in.
== Terminology ==


After Germany's defeat in ], the region became again part of Poland. The German population was ] in accordance with the ] and replaced with Polish citizens, many of whom were ] as well.
''Farther Pomerania'' is the rough English translation of German ''Hinterpommern'', which is literally ''behind'' or ''rear Pomerania''. Initially, the term meant areas east of ("behind") ] and was gradually adopted for areas east of Stettin in the 1500s. When the 1648 ] and the ] divided the ] into its Western, ] and Eastern ]ian parts, ''Farther Pomerania'' was used for the latter - in opposition to ] (''Vorpommern'') now including Stettin (]) and a strip of land east of the Oder River. As this Swedish-Prussian border shifted west several times afterwards, the Oder River was considered the western edge of Farther Pomerania. To the Southeast and East, Farther Pomerania has no distinct border to the Pomerelian region, as the administrative borders between the duchy and later province of Pomerania and its neighbors varied significant over time. In the post-1945 era, Farther Pomerania was affected by the ]. Before, it happened to be the Eastern part of German Pomerania (''Pommern'', consisting of Hither and Farther Pomerania), yet thereafter it became the Western part of Polish Pomerania (''Pomorze'', consisting of Farther Pomerania and Pomerelia). As Polish ''Pomorze'' has also been in use for Pomerelia, Farther Pomerania is termed ''Western Pomerania'' in Poland and roughly represented in today's ], including Szczecin ''(Stettin)'' and ] ''(Wollin)''. However, this term is not being adopted by the Germans, as the German part of Pomerania (Hither Pomerania) is considered to be Western Pomerania, so ''Farther Pomerania'' is still in use.


Before 1999, the ] (1945–1998) and its spin-offs ] (1950–1998) and ] (1975–1998) roughly resembled the area of former Farther Pomerania. The ] and ]s were merged in 1999 and now constitute the ], while ] was merged into the ].
== Towns ==


== Origin and use of the term ==
Major towns of Farther Pomerania include:
{{Further|Western Pomerania (disambiguation)|Eastern Pomerania (disambiguation)}}
*] ''(Bütow)''
*] ''(Rügenwalde)''
*] ''(Kolberg)''
*] ''(Köslin)''
*] ''(Lauenburg in Pommern)''
*] ''(Stolp in Pommern)''
*] ''(Stargard in Pommern)''
*] ''(Neustettin)''


== History == == Terminology ==
The German ] '']'' (cf. ]) denotes a location more distant from the speaker, and is the equivalent of "]"/"]"/"]" in English and ]/]/] in Latin (with the corresponding ]s in German, English and Latin being '']'', "]"/"]"/"]" and ]/]/], respectively).
{{History of Pomerania}}{{main|History of Pomerania}}


The toponym ] comes from ] '''''po more''''', which means '''''Land at the Sea'''''.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819090147/http://www.pommersches-landesmuseum.de/kulturreferat-fuer-pommern/aufgaben/aufgaben.html |date=2020-08-19 }} (Pommersches Landesmuseum, German)</ref>
After the ] tribes had left during the ], ''Farther Pomerania'' and '']'' became the settlement area of ] tribes known as ]. By 992 AD some of the Pomeranians' territory was conquered by ], who established a bishopric in ] that was destroyed only a decade later in a pagan uprising to regain Pomerania's independence. A note in a papal abbey in the 1080s mentiones that lands were gifted in 992 by Mieszko I to the pope (referred to as ], or (according to other sources) to sons of Mieszko I and ]. After a result of military campaigns from 1102 to 1121, all areas of Pomerania were conquered by ]. The eastern parts of Farther Pomerania, the ] ruled by ] ], and the western parts ruled by Griffin duke ] became Polish vassals. Wartislaw I was able to conquer large territories of ] tribes in the West, the stock of the later ''Hither Pomerania'', and by inviting the missionary ] managed to Christianize the formerly pagan Pomeranian and Liutizian inhabitants of his realm.
Initially, Farther Pomerania referred to the areas beyond (i.e. lying east of) ], and the name eventually became adopted for areas east of Szczecin by the 16th century. When the 1648 ] and the ] divided the ] into its Western, ] and Eastern ] parts, ''Farther Pomerania'' was used for the latter - in opposition to ] (''Vorpommern'') including ''Stettin'' (]), ''Wollin'' (]) and a strip of land east of the Oder River, ultimately limited to include two suburbs of Szczecin, namely the towns of ''Gollnow'' (]) and ''Damm/Alt-Damm/Altdamm'' (]). To the East, Farther Pomerania stretches to the border with Pomerelia, considered by the Polish historiography to be located on the river ].


In the post-1945 era, Farther Pomerania was affected by the ]. Before, it happened to be the Eastern part of German Pomerania (''Pommern'', consisting of Hither and Farther Pomerania), yet thereafter it became the Western part of Polish Pomerania (''Pomorze'', consisting of Pomerania and Pomerelia). As Polish ''Pomorze'' has also been in use for Pomerelia, while Hither and Farther Pomerania are jointly referred to as ''West Pomerania'' (''Pomorze Zachodnie'') in Poland, located predominantly in today's ], including Szczecin and ]. However, this term is not being adopted by the Germans, as only Hither Pomerania is considered to be Western Pomerania, so ''Farther Pomerania'' is still in use.
Wartislaw I is the first non-legendary member of the ] dynasty that ruled Farther Pomerania until 1637, when the last Duke of Pomerania died without descendants. The Griffins joined the ] after the 1164 ]. In 1177 the emperor Frederick Barbarossa gave the Duchy of Pomerania to Otto of ]. In 1181 the Duchy of Pomerania came directly under the rule of the ], then ruled by Frederic ], and the Pomeranian Dukes became German princes (''Landesfürsten''). In 1215 the emperor verified feudal rights to Pomerania to Albert II of Brandenburg, a son of Otto. In 1231 the Duchy of Pomerania was again verified as fief of ]. In the course of the German ], Farther Pomerania was settled with Germans. German law, culture and language was introduced. In contrast to Hither Pomerania, there still were substantial Slavic Pomeranian populations after this period in the East, that kept Slavic tongue and customs and became known as ] (Lutheran) and ] (Roman-Catholic). In 1534 the Dukes of Pomerania joined the ] influenced by ] and Pomerania became a ] state. Pomeranian Dukes managed lands on both sides of the ] river and therefore in different history periods territories were vassal's or real estate of:


== Cities and towns ==
] (center) partitioned between the ] and ] after the ]. ] (]) is indicated in blue, Brandenburgian ] (East Pomerania) is shown in orange.]]
] and the former ] Office in ], the largest city of the region]]
], the second largest city of the region]]
{{Main|List of towns in Farther Pomerania}}
There are four cities in Farther Pomerania, namely:
*]
*]
*]
*]


Towns of Farther Pomerania include:
* Dukes of Poland after 990s (small part around 960s-1005)
{{div col|colwidth=14em}}
* independent (1005-1116)
*]{{efn|Part of ] in the Middle Ages. Part of Pomerania since 1477.}}
* Conquest by Duke of Poland ] (1116-1135)
*]
* independent (1135-1177)
*]
* ] direct since 1181, fief of ] since 1177
*]
* as fief of Brandenburg verified in 1215 and again 1231, ] (1214-1227)
*]
* ] (1227-1806) (except for the ], see below)
*]
** different duchies within the HRE ruled by the Dukes of Pomerania (1227-1637)
*]
* ] territory in the ] (1631-1635, some parts from 1631-1660, 1631-1719)
*]{{efn|Part of ] in the 12th century. Part of Pomerania in the 10th–11th centuries and since 1469.}}
* ]/] (1648-1871)
*]
* ] (1871-1945)
*]
* ] (from 1945- present)
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]{{efn|name=gp|Part of ] in the Middle Ages. Part of Pomerania since 1815.}}
{{div col end}}


In addition, the following towns are located in the historical ], thus being treated as part of ]/] by the Polish historiography, and as part of Farther Pomerania by the German historiography:
After German vassalization, the region saw a huge influx of German settlers invited by the Pomeranian nobility to found towns and cultivate the countryside. By the 18th century, Farther Pomerania was linguistically:
*]
* in majority ],
*]
* in eastern rural areas ]
*]
* ] dialect in the rural areas of ] (Łeba) and ] (Lębork), roughly ] by 1850.


== Historical languages and dialects ==
* After ] in 1945, Farther Pomerania became part of the territory of ], and most of the ] as well as the Kashubian and Slovincian.
* primarily ], ] variant of ]
* in easternmost rural areas ]
* ] dialect in the rural areas of ] (Łeba) and ] (Lębork), roughly ] by 1850.


== Timelines == == History (timeline) ==
=== Majority of Farther Pomerania === {{Main|History of Pomerania}}
* 1000 ] founded by ], along with the dioceses of ] and ] and the ], as one of the oldest Polish dioceses (the only older diocese being the ], established in 968).
* became part of ] in the 12th century
* 1317 ] become part of the ] (before 1347 as a fief of the ])<ref name="Buchholz p.105">Werner Buchholz, ''Pommern'', Siedler, 1999, p.105, {{ISBN|3-88680-272-8}}</ref>
* 1121-1238 Duchy of Slawno ({{lang-de|Herzogtum Schlawe}})
* 1466 ] is handed by Poland over to the ] as a trust/fief, in reward for supporting Poland in wars against the Teutonic Order State<ref name="Buchholz p.186">Werner Buchholz, ''Pommern'', Siedler, 1999, p.186, {{ISBN|3-88680-272-8}}</ref>
* 1238-1317 divided
* 1532 ], Farther Pomerania becomes ]<ref name="Buchholz pp.205-220">Werner Buchholz, ''Pommern'', Siedler, 1999, pp.205–220, {{ISBN|3-88680-272-8}}</ref><ref name="Realenzyklopedie p.40ff">Gerhard Krause, Horst Robert Balz, ], '']'', De Gruyter, 1997, p.40ff, {{ISBN|3-11-015435-8}}</ref>
* 1317-1654 part of the ] (districts: Duchy of Kashubia, Duchy of Vandalia, Principality of Cammin)
* 1630 ] following the ]<ref name="Buchholz, p.233">Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p. 233, {{ISBN|3-88680-272-8}}</ref>
* 1654-1815 ], part of ] (districts: Duchy of Kashubia, Duchy of Vandalia, Principality of Cammin)
* 1637 ] is reclaimed by Poland to become part of the ]
* 1815-1945 District of Köslin, part of Prussian ]
* 1648 ] and the ] agree on a partition of Pomerania in the ]
* 1945-1950 part of ]
] (center) partitioned between the ] and ] after the ]. ] (]) is indicated in blue, ] is shown in orange.]]
* 1950-1975 ]
* 1653 ]: Farther Pomerania becomes ]'s ]
* 1975-1998 ], ]
* 1657 ] is pawned by Poland to ]
* after 1999 divided between ] and ]
* 1771 ] is annexed by the King in Prussia and is integrated into the ] of the ]
* 1772-1773 in the course of ], ] is reattached to the former ] (now renamed ])
* 1777 ] is ultimately disentangled from ] and made part of the ] of the ], but remains a part of the ]
* 1815 Farther Pomerania administered as ] ] within the reorganized ]n ]<ref name="Buchholz, p.366">Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p. 366, {{ISBN|3-88680-272-8}}</ref>
* 1919 ] - the bulk of Pomerelia, as well as minor parts of the ], ] and ] districts are awarded to the ]; the bulk of Farther Pomerania, Lauenburg and Bütow Land, as well as minor parts of the remainder of Pomerelian lands remain part of ]
* 1923 ], along with those of the remainder of Pomerelian lands which were made part of the new ], is disentangled from the (once again Polish) ] and made part of the Apostolic Administration of Tütz (later transformed into the ])
* 1938 northern part of the dissolved ] merged in
* 1939 ], a major ] for Polish POWs and civilians, and later also for other ] POWs, including Americans, French, Dutch, Belgians, Serbs, Soviet, ], Canadians, established by Nazi Germany in ] with numerous ] subcamps in the region.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Aniszewska|first=Jolanta|year=2011|title=W obowiązku pamięci... Stalag II D i formy upamiętnienia jeńców wojennych w Stargardzie Szczecińskim|journal=Łambinowicki rocznik muzealny|location=Opole|language=pl|volume=34|pages=9, 14, 20}}</ref>
* 1945 ], entire Farther Pomerania ], since then remains as part of Poland
* 1945 ] is established in ] and takes over the responsibility for Catholics in Farther Pomerania, the region remains however formally a part of the ]
* 1945–1950 newly established ] includes the entire Farther Pomerania, ] replace the ]
* 1950 ] is carved out of the eastern part of ]
* 1972 - ] ''Episcoporum Poloniae coetus'' following the ] - Apostolic Administration of Kamień, Lubusz and the Prelature of Piła is dissolved; Farther Pomerania is formally disentangled from the Diocese of Berlin and covered by the newly established ] and the ], with minor easternmost parts integrated into the ]
* 1975–1998 Farther Pomerania divided between ], ], and the newly established ]
* since 1999, the region divided between the ] and ] Voivodeships.


==Sports==
=== Lębork and Bytów ===
] with ] in the ]]]
{{main|Lauenburg and Bütow Land}}
] is a particularly popular sport in Farther Pomerania, with several notable teams, i.e. ], ], ] and ].
] (''Lauenburg'') and ] (''Bütow'') had a slightly different history:


== See also ==
* 1310 to ] (together with ])
* ]
* 1454 to Poland (])
* 1455 as a Polish fief administrated by the ] * ]
* 1637 after the extinction of the dukes of Pomerania, restored to Poland * ]
* ]
* 1657 as a Polish fief, administrated in the ] by the ]s of ]
* ]
* 1698 Prussians stopped recognizing Polish ] over the towns
* 1815 reorganized as ] in the ]
* 1945 to Poland as planned at the ]


==See also== == References ==
===Notes===
*]
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
*]
*]
*]


===Citations===
{{Pomeranian history}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Pomerania}}
{{Upper Saxon Circle}} {{Upper Saxon Circle}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Territories and provinces of Prussia}}


{{Coord missing|Poland}}
]
]


]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 16:51, 21 December 2024

Historical region in Poland Historical region in Poland
Farther Pomerania Pomorze Tylne
Historical region
Farther Pomerania in 1800 (in yellow)Farther Pomerania in 1800 (in yellow)
Country Poland
Historical regionPomerania
Largest cityKoszalin
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Highways

Farther Pomerania, Hinder Pomerania, Rear Pomerania or Eastern Pomerania (Polish: Pomorze Tylne; German: Hinterpommern, Ostpommern), is a subregion of the historic region of Pomerania in north-western Poland, mostly within the West Pomeranian Voivodeship, while its easternmost parts are within the Pomeranian Voivodeship.

It is the part of Pomerania which comprised the eastern part of the Duchy and later Province of Pomerania. It stretched roughly from the Oder River in the West to Pomerelia in the East. The Polish term Pomorze Zachodnie ("Western Pomerania") is colloquially used in contemporary Poland as a synonym for the West Pomeranian Voivodship whose borders do not match the historical ones; in Polish historical usage, it applied to all areas west of Pomerelia (i.e. to the entire narrow Pomerania).

Map of Farther Pomerania of 1801, on the r. h. s. the Lauenburg and Bütow Lands (identified as Lordship of Lauenburg and Lordship of Buto, respectively, western border marked in red).

Farther Pomerania emerged as a subdivision of the Duchy of Pomerania in the partition of 1532, then known as Pomerania-Stettin (Szczecin) and already including the historical regions Principality of Cammin (Kamień), County of Naugard (Nowogard), Land of Słupsk-Sławno, and with ties to the Lębork and Bytów Land. After the Brandenburg-Swedish partition of Pomerania, Farther Pomerania became the Brandenburg-Prussian Province of Pomerania (1653–1815). After the reorganization of the Prussian Province of Pomerania in 1815, Farther Pomerania was administered as Regierungsbezirk Köslin (Koszalin). In 1938, northern part of the dissolved Grenzmark Posen-West Prussia was merged in.

After Germany's defeat in World War II, the region became again part of Poland. The German population was expelled in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement and replaced with Polish citizens, many of whom were expellees themselves as well.

Before 1999, the Szczecin Voivodeship (1945–1998) and its spin-offs Koszalin Voivodeship (1950–1998) and Słupsk Voivodeship (1975–1998) roughly resembled the area of former Farther Pomerania. The Szczecin and Koszalin Voivodeships were merged in 1999 and now constitute the West Pomeranian Voivodeship, while Słupsk Voivodeship was merged into the Pomeranian Voivodeship.

Origin and use of the term

Further information: Western Pomerania (disambiguation) and Eastern Pomerania (disambiguation)

Terminology

The German prefix Hinter- (cf. hinterland) denotes a location more distant from the speaker, and is the equivalent of "Hinder"/"Rear"/"Farther" in English and Posterior/Ulterior/Trans- in Latin (with the corresponding antonyms in German, English and Latin being Vor-, "Fore"/"Front"/"Hither" and Anterior/Citerior/Cis-, respectively).

The toponym Pomerania comes from Slavic po more, which means Land at the Sea. Initially, Farther Pomerania referred to the areas beyond (i.e. lying east of) Pomerania-Wolgast, and the name eventually became adopted for areas east of Szczecin by the 16th century. When the 1648 Peace of Westphalia and the Treaty of Stettin (1653) divided the Duchy of Pomerania into its Western, Swedish and Eastern Brandenburgian parts, Farther Pomerania was used for the latter - in opposition to Swedish Hither Pomerania (Vorpommern) including Stettin (Szczecin), Wollin (Wolin) and a strip of land east of the Oder River, ultimately limited to include two suburbs of Szczecin, namely the towns of Gollnow (Goleniów) and Damm/Alt-Damm/Altdamm (Dąbie). To the East, Farther Pomerania stretches to the border with Pomerelia, considered by the Polish historiography to be located on the river Łeba.

In the post-1945 era, Farther Pomerania was affected by the Polish-German border shift. Before, it happened to be the Eastern part of German Pomerania (Pommern, consisting of Hither and Farther Pomerania), yet thereafter it became the Western part of Polish Pomerania (Pomorze, consisting of Pomerania and Pomerelia). As Polish Pomorze has also been in use for Pomerelia, while Hither and Farther Pomerania are jointly referred to as West Pomerania (Pomorze Zachodnie) in Poland, located predominantly in today's West Pomeranian Voivodeship, including Szczecin and Wolin. However, this term is not being adopted by the Germans, as only Hither Pomerania is considered to be Western Pomerania, so Farther Pomerania is still in use.

Cities and towns

Victory Square with the statue of Józef Piłsudski and the former Koszalin Voivodeship Office in Koszalin, the largest city of the region
County office in Słupsk, the second largest city of the region
Main article: List of towns in Farther Pomerania

There are four cities in Farther Pomerania, namely:

Towns of Farther Pomerania include:

In addition, the following towns are located in the historical Lębork and Bytów Land, thus being treated as part of Pomerelia/Gdańsk Pomerania by the Polish historiography, and as part of Farther Pomerania by the German historiography:

Historical languages and dialects

History (timeline)

Main article: History of Pomerania
The former Duchy of Pomerania (center) partitioned between the Swedish Empire and Brandenburg after the Treaty of Stettin (1653). Swedish Pomerania (West Pomerania) is indicated in blue, Brandenburgian Farther Pomerania is shown in orange.

Sports

Home game of Spójnia Stargard with Start Lublin in the 2018–19 PLK season

Basketball is a particularly popular sport in Farther Pomerania, with several notable teams, i.e. Czarni Słupsk, Spójnia Stargard, AZS Koszalin and SKK Kotwica Kołobrzeg.

See also

References

Notes

  1. Part of Greater Poland in the Middle Ages. Part of Pomerania since 1477.
  2. Part of Greater Poland in the 12th century. Part of Pomerania in the 10th–11th centuries and since 1469.
  3. Part of Greater Poland in the Middle Ages. Part of Pomerania since 1815.

Citations

  1. Der Name Pommern (po more) ist slawischer Herkunft und bedeutet so viel wie „Land am Meer“. Archived 2020-08-19 at the Wayback Machine (Pommersches Landesmuseum, German)
  2. Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.105, ISBN 3-88680-272-8
  3. Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.186, ISBN 3-88680-272-8
  4. Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp.205–220, ISBN 3-88680-272-8
  5. Gerhard Krause, Horst Robert Balz, Gerhard Müller, Theologische Realenzyklopädie, De Gruyter, 1997, p.40ff, ISBN 3-11-015435-8
  6. Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p. 233, ISBN 3-88680-272-8
  7. Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p. 366, ISBN 3-88680-272-8
  8. Aniszewska, Jolanta (2011). "W obowiązku pamięci... Stalag II D i formy upamiętnienia jeńców wojennych w Stargardzie Szczecińskim". Łambinowicki rocznik muzealny (in Polish). 34. Opole: 9, 14, 20.
Geography of Pomerania
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