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⚫ ]]]
⚫ {{History of China}}
⚫ ] in the 7th and, to a lesser degree, 8th centuries AD was marked by the expansion of the ]'s realm in the ], across the ] and into ]. Wars were fought against the ] and ], but also against the states of the Tarim basin. This expansion was not steady; for example, the Tang did lose control of the Tarim basin temporarily to the Tibetans in the 680s, and their expansion north of the Gobi was thwarted in 682. ]'s military success was, in part, a consequence of changes he initiated in the Chinese army, including improved weaponry. The emperor placed a new emphasis on cavalry, which was very important because his non-Chinese opponents used the horse effectively in warfare.<ref>Latourette, Kenneth Scott. (1965). </ref>


⚫ The ''' Tang dynasty in Inner Asia''' was the expansion of the ]'s realm in ] in the 7th and, to a lesser degree, the 8th century AD, in the ] (]), the ], and portions of ]. Wars were fought against the ] and ], but also against many states of Central Asia. This expansion was not steady; for example, the Tang did lose control of the Tarim Basin temporarily to the ] in the 680s, and their expansion north of the ] was thwarted in 682. ]'s military success was, in part, a consequence of changes he initiated in the Chinese army, including improved weaponry. The emperor placed a new emphasis on cavalry, which was very important because his non-] opponents used the horse effectively in warfare.<ref>Latourette, Kenneth Scott. (1965). </ref>
==Tang expansion==
⚫ ===Tang Conquest of the Eastern Gokturks===


==History==
⚫ The Eastern Gokturks were the primary threat to the Tang dynasty.<ref>Li, Zheng, ''5000 years of Chinese history'', p. 764-765. </ref>.Following ]'s defeat and death, the Tang dynasty prepared to march against the Eastern Gokturks.<ref>Li, Zheng, ''5000 years of Chinese history'', p. 766. </ref>. In 630, the Tang army marched against the Gokturks and defeated them in Southern Mongolia, sending them to flight.<ref>Li, Zheng, ''5000 years of Chinese history'', p. 765. </ref>. However, the real victory came when Li Jin, regarded as one of China's best generals, surprised the Eastern Gokturk Khan with a fast force of 3,000 Cavalry at the battle of Ying shan, which also involved a rear guard of over 100,000 Tang troops.<ref>Li, Zheng, ''5000 years of Chinese history'', p. 765. </ref>. This battle destroyed the Gokturk army and capturing the Khan and over 120,000 Gokturks<ref>Li, Zheng, ''5000 years of Chinese history'', p. 766. </ref>.Thus ended the Eastern Gokturk Empire. Emperor Taizong of Tang took up the title of ], or "Heavenly Khan" of the Gokturks.<ref>Li, Zheng, ''5000 years of Chinese history'', p. 765. </ref>.
⚫ ]]]
] over the ] in 848. ] 156, late ]]]
⚫ {{History of Xinjiang}}
{{History of Mongolia}}


===Tang conquest of Xueyantuo=== ===Tang expansion===
The Tang dynasty was one of the Golden Ages of Chinese history. Coming out of the devastation of the late ], Tang emperors were eager to expand their territories by conquering the Gokturks. As a result, Tang forces mounted several campaigns against the Gokturks in order to subjugate them and consolidated Tang rule in the process. Controlling the Tarim Basin, which contained key trade routes, was also a secondary objective.


====Tang conquest of the Eastern Gokturks====
⚫ Xueyantuo had helped Tang armies defeat the Eastern Gokturks, but after the demise of the Eastern Gokturks, Xueyantuo-Tang relations turned hostile because Xueyantuo kept on making attacks on Gokturks who were now Tang subjects.<ref>Bo, ''Outlines of the History of the Chinese vol. 2'', p. 512. </ref>
{{Main|Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks}}
⚫ The Eastern Gokturks were the primary threat to the Tang dynasty.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Li Bo |author2=Zheng Yin |title=5000 Years of Chinese History |pages=764–765}}</ref> Following ]'s defeat and death, the Tang dynasty prepared to march against the Eastern Gokturks.<ref name=Li766>{{cite book |author1=Li Bo |author2=Zheng Yin |title=5000 Years of Chinese History |page=766}}</ref> In 630, the Tang army marched against the Gokturks and defeated them in Southern Mongolia, sending them to flight.<ref name=Li765>{{cite book |author1=Li Bo |author2=Zheng Yin |title=5000 Years of Chinese History |page=765}}</ref> However, the real victory came when ], regarded as one of the best generals in Chinese history, surprised the Eastern Gokturk Khan with a fast force of 3,000 Cavalry at the battle of Ying shan, which also involved a rear guard of over 100,000 Tang troops.<ref name=Li765 /> This battle destroyed the Gokturk army, resulting in the capture of the Khan and over 120,000 Gokturks.<ref name=Li766 /> Thus ended the Eastern Gokturk Empire. Emperor Taizong of Tang took up the title of ], or "Heavenly Khan" of the Gokturks.<ref name=Li765 />


====Tang conquest of Xueyantuo====
In 642, Taizong sent an army to attack Xueyantuo and destroyed it.<ref>Li, Zheng, ''5000 years of Chinese history'', p. 766</ref><ref>Bo, ''Outlines of the History of the Chinese vol. 2'', p. 512</ref>
{{Main|Emperor Taizong's campaign against Xueyantuo}}
⚫ Xueyantuo had helped Tang armies defeat the Eastern Gokturks, but after the demise of the Eastern Gokturks, Xueyantuo-Tang relations turned hostile because Xueyantuo kept on making attacks on Gokturks who were now Tang subjects.<ref name=Bo512>{{cite book |author=Bo Yang |title=Outlines of the History of the Chinese |volume=2 |page=512}}</ref>


In 642, Taizong sent an army to attack Xueyantuo and destroyed it.<ref name=Li766 /><ref name=Bo512 />
⚫ ===Tang Conquest of the Western Gokturks===


⚫ ====Tang Conquest of the Western Gokturks====
⚫ The Western Gokturks were not an initial threat to the Tang, so initially relations were peaceful<ref>Li, Zheng, ''5000 years of Chinese history'', p. 767. </ref>.However, Civil war and dispute in the Western Gokturks gave the Tang the opportunity to expand into Central Asia.<ref>Li, Zheng, ''5000 years of Chinese history'', p. 767. </ref>.From 642 to 645, the Tang army defeated the Western Gokturks and drove them out of ].<ref>Li, Zheng, ''5000 years of Chinese history'', p. 767. </ref>.
{{Main|Conquest of the Western Turks}}
⚫ The Western Gokturks were not an initial threat to the Tang, so initially relations were peaceful.<ref name=Li767>{{cite book |author1=Li Bo |author2=Zheng Yin |title=5000 Years of Chinese History |pages=767}}</ref> However, Civil war and dispute in the Western Gokturks gave the Tang the opportunity to expand into Central Asia.<ref name=Li767 /> From 642 to 645, the Tang army defeated the Western Gokturks and drove them out of ].<ref name=Li767 />


In 657, the Tang defeated the last Western Gokturk Khan and took over all Western Gokturk terroritory.<ref>Li, Zheng, ''5000 years of Chinese history'', p. 767. </ref>. In 657, the Tang defeated the last Western Gokturk Khan and took over all Western Gokturk territory.<ref name=Li767 />


==The second Göktürk Kaghanate== ====Second Göktürk Khaganate====
⚫ In what has been described as "a response to a surge of something like national sentiment",<ref>Grousset, René. (1970). </ref> the Eastern Türkish Kaghanate was restored in 682 by ] (a.k.a. Qutlugh).<ref>Sinor, Denis. (1990). ''Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia,'' p. 310.</ref> In the ], Elterish's son describes the modest beginnings of Elterish's struggle against the Tang thus: <blockquote>My father the kaghan set out with seventeen men, and as the word spread that he had set out and was advancing, those who were in the towns went up into the mountains and those who were in the mountains came down, they gathered, and there were seventy-seven men. Because heaven gave them strength, the army of my father was like wolves and his enemies were like sheep. When they were seven hundred, in accordance with the institutions of my ancestors my father organized those who had been deprived of their state, those who had been deprived of their kaghan, who had become slaves and servants, who had lost their Türk institutions"<ref>Sinor, p. 311.</ref></blockquote>
The new Khanate was centered on the upper ] and in the ], presumably the ]. After decades of war and border raids with the Tang, peace was made in 721–22.<ref>Grousset, </ref>
The second Gokturk Khanate remained a tributary and vassal of the Tang dynasty. It then survived until the 740s, when it fell due to internal conflicts and was succeeded by the ].<ref>Sinor, p. 313.</ref>


===Battle of Talas===
⚫ In what has been described as "a response to something like a surge of something like national sentiment"<ref>Grousset, p. 103</ref>, the Eastern Türks under ] (a.k.a. Qutlugh) was restored in 682<ref>Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, p.310</ref>. In the ], Elterish's son describes the modest beginnings of Elterish's struggle against the Tang Dynasty thus: <blockquote>My father the kaghan set out with seventeen men, and as the word spread that he had set out and was advancing, those who were in the towns went up into the mountains and those who were in the mountains came down, they gathered, and there were seventy-seven men. Because heaven gave them strength, the army of my father was like wolves and his enemies were like sheep. When they were seven hundred, in accordance with the institutions of my ancestors my father organized those who had been deprived of their state, those who had been deprived of their kaghan, who had become slaves and servants, who had lost their Türk institutions"<ref>Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, p.311</ref></blockquote>
{{Main|Battle of Talas}}
The new Kaghanate was centered on the upper ] and in the ], presumably the ]. Elterish and his deputy ] began harassing the northern Chinese border<ref>Rene Grousset, p.106f</ref>, and his son Kapghan (a.k.a Mocho) succeeded in restoring almost all of the territories the first Türk Kaghanate had controlled in 550<ref>Rene Grousset, p. 109</ref>. After decades of war and border raids, peace was made in 721/22.<ref>Rene Grousset, p.112</ref> The second Göktürk Khaganate survived until the 740s, when it fell due to internal conflicts and was succeeded by the ]<ref>Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, p.313</ref>
The Battle of Talas was a military engagement between the ] and their ally, the ], against the Tang dynasty under ]. In July 751 AD, Tang and Abbasid forces met in the valley of the ] to vie for control of the ] region of central Asia. After a stalemate in several days of combat, the Tang lost the battle because the ] defected from the Tang side to the Abbasid side. The defeat marked the end of Tang westward territorial expansion, resulting in Muslim control of ] for the next four hundred years.

===Retrenchment of Tang influence post-763===
In 755, the Tang dynasty was subject to the devastating ] and lost much influence in Inner Asia, which came to be dominated by the Uyghurs. Tang influence and rule over the northwestern regions, however, continued until the dynasty's fall in 907, at which time these areas were taken over by the ], who later established the ] in 1038.<ref name=Li768>{{cite book |author1=Li |author2=Zheng |title=5000 Years of Chinese History |page=768}}</ref>

====Tang-Uyghur relations====
Although they now controlled most of the ], the Uyghur Khans still maintained relatively cordial relations with the Tang dynasty, accepting many titles from the Tang emperors. in 788, the Uyghur Khan pleaded the Tang emperor to change the title of the Uyghurs from Huihe (回紇) to Huihu (回鶻).<ref name=Li768 />

====Fall of the Uyghur Khanate====
]
By the mid-800's, the power of the Uyghur Khanate was on the wane. Attacked on all sides, the Uyghurs retreated to the Xinjiang area and their Khanate collapsed, being replaced by the ].<ref name=Li768 />


==See also== ==See also==
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]

⚫ == References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}


== Notes == === Sources ===
{{reflist|2}} {{refbegin}}
⚫ * {{cite book |last1 = Fairbank |first1 = John King |author1-link = John K. Fairbank |first2 = Herbert |last2 = Franke |first3 = Denis |last3 = Twitchett |year = 1994 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SA9-OgAACAAJ&q=Herbert+Franke++Cambridge+History+of+China |title = The Cambridge History of China |volume = 6: Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368 |location = Cambridge, England |publisher = ] |oclc = 186526593 }}
* {{cite book |author-link = Kenneth Scott Latourette |last = Latourette |first = Kenneth Scott |year = 1934 |url = https://archive.org/details/chinesetheirhist10lato |url-access = registration |quote = The Chinese and their History and Culture. |title = The Chinese: Their History and Culture |location = New York, NY |publisher = ] |oclc = 220885107 }}
* ], René. (1970). New Brunswick: ]. {{ISBN|978-0-8135-1304-1}}; {{OCLC|90972}}. {{in lang|fr}} (1939). Paris: Editions Payot.
* ]. (1990). in Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-24304-9}}; {{OCLC|18070387}}.
⚫ * {{in lang|zh}} Li Bo (李波), Zheng Yin (郑颖), "5000 years of Chinese history" (《中华五千年》), Inner Mongolian People's Publishing Corp. (内蒙古人民出版社), {{ISBN|7-204-04420-7}}, 2001. http://book.jqcq.com/product/30157.html
⚫ * {{in lang|zh}} ] (柏扬), Outlines of the History of the Chinese (《中国人史纲（下）》), vol. 2, The Time Literature & Art Press (时代文艺出版社), {{ISBN|7-5387-0042-0}}, Dec. 1987
⚫ * Marc Samuel Abramson, , 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-8122-4052-8}}
⚫ * '']'', "http://www.njmuseum.com/rbbook/gb/25/xingtanshu/xts.htm"
⚫ * Zizhi Tongjian, "http://www.guoxue.com/shibu/zztj/zztjml.htm"
⚫ * {{Country study |url = http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/mntoc.html |article = Mongolia }}
{{refend}}


⚫ ==References==
⚫ * ], John King, Herbert Franke and Denis Twitchett. (1994). Cambridge: ].
* ], Kenneth Scott. (1934). New York: ].
*René Grousset, ''The Empire of the Steppes'', New Brunswick 1970
*Denis Sinor, "The establishment and dissolution of the Türk empire", in Denis Sinor (editor), ''The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia'', Cambridge 1990, p. 285-316
⚫ *{{zh}} Li Bo (李波), Zheng Yin (郑颖), "5000 years of Chinese history" (中华五千年), Inner Mongolian People's publishing corp (内蒙古人民出版社), ISBN 7-204-04420-7, 2001. http://book.jqcq.com/product/30157.html
⚫ *{{zh}} ] (柏扬), Outlines of the History of the Chinese (中国人史纲. 下), vol. 2, Shi dai wen yi chu ban she (时代文艺出版社) ISBN 7538700420, Dec. 1987
⚫ *http://books.google.com/books?id=J7fFhc2VM5sC&pg=PA145&dq=Tang+Xueyantuo&lr=&ei=LWbZSdDnA6G2zQSbvozACA#PPA144,M1, Marc Samuel Abramson, Ethnic identity in Tang China, ISBN 9780812240528,
⚫ *Book of Tang, "http://www.njmuseum.com/rbbook/gb/25/xingtanshu/xts.htm"
⚫ *Zizhi Tongjian, "http://www.guoxue.com/shibu/zztj/zztjml.htm"
⚫ {{loc}} -


{{Inner Asia}}
{{Tang dynasty topics}}
{{Duhu}}


] ]
] ]
]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 09:25, 26 August 2024

Map of the six major protectorates during Tang dynasty. The Protectorates are marked as Anxi, Anbei, Andong.

The Tang dynasty in Inner Asia was the expansion of the Tang dynasty's realm in Inner Asia in the 7th and, to a lesser degree, the 8th century AD, in the Tarim Basin (Southern Xinjiang), the Mongolian Plateau, and portions of Central Asia. Wars were fought against the Gokturk Empires and Xueyantuo, but also against many states of Central Asia. This expansion was not steady; for example, the Tang did lose control of the Tarim Basin temporarily to the Tibetan Empire in the 680s, and their expansion north of the Gobi Desert was thwarted in 682. Emperor Taizong's military success was, in part, a consequence of changes he initiated in the Chinese army, including improved weaponry. The emperor placed a new emphasis on cavalry, which was very important because his non-Han opponents used the horse effectively in warfare.

History

Emperor Taizong's campaigns in the Tarim Basin
Mural commemorating victory of General Zhang Yichao over the Tibetan Empire in 848. Mogao cave 156, late Tang dynasty
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Tang expansion

The Tang dynasty was one of the Golden Ages of Chinese history. Coming out of the devastation of the late Sui dynasty, Tang emperors were eager to expand their territories by conquering the Gokturks. As a result, Tang forces mounted several campaigns against the Gokturks in order to subjugate them and consolidated Tang rule in the process. Controlling the Tarim Basin, which contained key trade routes, was also a secondary objective.

Tang conquest of the Eastern Gokturks

Main article: Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks

The Eastern Gokturks were the primary threat to the Tang dynasty. Following Liang Shidu's defeat and death, the Tang dynasty prepared to march against the Eastern Gokturks. In 630, the Tang army marched against the Gokturks and defeated them in Southern Mongolia, sending them to flight. However, the real victory came when Li Jing, regarded as one of the best generals in Chinese history, surprised the Eastern Gokturk Khan with a fast force of 3,000 Cavalry at the battle of Ying shan, which also involved a rear guard of over 100,000 Tang troops. This battle destroyed the Gokturk army, resulting in the capture of the Khan and over 120,000 Gokturks. Thus ended the Eastern Gokturk Empire. Emperor Taizong of Tang took up the title of Tian Kehan, or "Heavenly Khan" of the Gokturks.

Tang conquest of Xueyantuo

Main article: Emperor Taizong's campaign against Xueyantuo

Xueyantuo had helped Tang armies defeat the Eastern Gokturks, but after the demise of the Eastern Gokturks, Xueyantuo-Tang relations turned hostile because Xueyantuo kept on making attacks on Gokturks who were now Tang subjects.

In 642, Taizong sent an army to attack Xueyantuo and destroyed it.

Tang Conquest of the Western Gokturks

Main article: Conquest of the Western Turks

The Western Gokturks were not an initial threat to the Tang, so initially relations were peaceful. However, Civil war and dispute in the Western Gokturks gave the Tang the opportunity to expand into Central Asia. From 642 to 645, the Tang army defeated the Western Gokturks and drove them out of Dzungaria.

In 657, the Tang defeated the last Western Gokturk Khan and took over all Western Gokturk territory.

Second Göktürk Khaganate

In what has been described as "a response to a surge of something like national sentiment", the Eastern Türkish Kaghanate was restored in 682 by Elterish (a.k.a. Qutlugh). In the Orkhon inscriptions, Elterish's son describes the modest beginnings of Elterish's struggle against the Tang thus:

My father the kaghan set out with seventeen men, and as the word spread that he had set out and was advancing, those who were in the towns went up into the mountains and those who were in the mountains came down, they gathered, and there were seventy-seven men. Because heaven gave them strength, the army of my father was like wolves and his enemies were like sheep. When they were seven hundred, in accordance with the institutions of my ancestors my father organized those who had been deprived of their state, those who had been deprived of their kaghan, who had become slaves and servants, who had lost their Türk institutions"

The new Khanate was centered on the upper Orkhon river and in the Ötükän, presumably the Khangai mountains. After decades of war and border raids with the Tang, peace was made in 721–22. The second Gokturk Khanate remained a tributary and vassal of the Tang dynasty. It then survived until the 740s, when it fell due to internal conflicts and was succeeded by the Uighur Kaghanate.

Battle of Talas

Main article: Battle of Talas

The Battle of Talas was a military engagement between the Abbasid Caliphate and their ally, the Tibetan Empire, against the Tang dynasty under Emperor Xuanzong. In July 751 AD, Tang and Abbasid forces met in the valley of the Talas River to vie for control of the Syr Darya region of central Asia. After a stalemate in several days of combat, the Tang lost the battle because the Karluks defected from the Tang side to the Abbasid side. The defeat marked the end of Tang westward territorial expansion, resulting in Muslim control of Transoxiana for the next four hundred years.

Retrenchment of Tang influence post-763

In 755, the Tang dynasty was subject to the devastating Anshi Rebellion and lost much influence in Inner Asia, which came to be dominated by the Uyghurs. Tang influence and rule over the northwestern regions, however, continued until the dynasty's fall in 907, at which time these areas were taken over by the Tanguts, who later established the Western Xia dynasty in 1038.

Tang-Uyghur relations

Although they now controlled most of the Mongolian Plateau, the Uyghur Khans still maintained relatively cordial relations with the Tang dynasty, accepting many titles from the Tang emperors. in 788, the Uyghur Khan pleaded the Tang emperor to change the title of the Uyghurs from Huihe (回紇) to Huihu (回鶻).

Fall of the Uyghur Khanate

Armoured Turkic horseman with shield and lance

By the mid-800's, the power of the Uyghur Khanate was on the wane. Attacked on all sides, the Uyghurs retreated to the Xinjiang area and their Khanate collapsed, being replaced by the Yenisei Kyrgyz.

See also

References

Citations

  1. Latourette, Kenneth Scott. (1965). The Chinese: Their History and Culture, p. 144.
  2. Li Bo; Zheng Yin. 5000 Years of Chinese History. pp. 764–765.
  3. ^ Li Bo; Zheng Yin. 5000 Years of Chinese History. p. 766.
  4. ^ Li Bo; Zheng Yin. 5000 Years of Chinese History. p. 765.
  5. ^ Bo Yang. Outlines of the History of the Chinese. Vol. 2. p. 512.
  6. ^ Li Bo; Zheng Yin. 5000 Years of Chinese History. p. 767.
  7. Grousset, René. (1970). The Empire of the Steppes, p. 103.
  8. Sinor, Denis. (1990). Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, p. 310.
  9. Sinor, p. 311.
  10. Grousset, p. 112.
  11. Sinor, p. 313.
  12. ^ Li; Zheng. 5000 Years of Chinese History. p. 768.

Sources


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