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			{{Short description\|Effort to damage someone's reputation}}
			{{for multi\|the Napalm Death album\|Smear Campaign (album)\|the cover of "Elected" under the name "Mr Bean & Smear Campaign"\|Elected (song)#Cover versions}}
	{{Political campaigning}}		{{Political campaigning}}

			A '''smear campaign''', also referred to as a '''smear tactic''' or simply a '''smear''', is an effort to damage or call into question someone's ], by propounding negative ].<ref>{{Cite web\|title=SMEAR CAMPAIGN {{!}} definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary\|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/smear-campaign\|access-date=2020-10-20\|website=dictionary.cambridge.org\|language=en-US}}</ref> It makes use of '''discrediting tactics'''. It can be applied to individuals or groups. Common targets are public officials, ], ], ]s, ], celebrities (especially those who are involved in politics), and ex-spouses. The term also applies in other contexts, such as the workplace.<ref name=Thomas>Jay C. Thomas, Michel Hersen (2002) Handbook of Mental Health in the Workplace</ref> The term ''smear campaign'' became popular around the year 1936.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Smear+campaign&case_insensitive=on&year_start=1900&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t4;,Smear+campaign;,c0;,s0;;smear+campaign;,c0;;Smear+Campaign;,c0\|title=Google Ngram Viewer\|website=books.google.com}}</ref>
	A '''smear campaign''', '''smear tactic''' or simply '''smear''' is a ] for activity that can harm an individual or group's reputation by ] with a ] group. Sometimes '''smear''' is used more generally to include any reputation-damaging activity, including such colloquialisms as '''mud slinging'''.

			==Definition==
	Common targets are public officials, ], and political candidates. Smear campaigns are often based on information gleaned from ] conducted by paid political consultants. To a lesser degree, the term can refer to an attempt to damage a private person's reputation; for example, during a ], the opposing counsel may attempt to cast doubt on the reliability of a ].
			{{unreferenced section\|date=January 2017}}
			A smear campaign is an intentional, premeditated effort to undermine an individual's or group's reputation, credibility, and ]. Like ], most often smear campaigns target government officials, politicians, political candidates, and other public figures. However, private persons or groups may also become targets of smear campaigns perpetrated in companies, institutions, the legal system, and other formal groups. Discrediting tactics are used to discourage people from believing in the figure or supporting their cause, such as the use of ]s.

			Smear tactics differ from normal discourse or debate in that they do not bear upon the issues or arguments in question. A smear is a simple attempt to malign a group or an individual with the aim of undermining their credibility.
	The concept of the smear campaign is related to the concepts of ], ], ], and other ]-related terms such as ] and ]. In extreme cases, smear campaigns may lead to widespread ], such as in the case of the ] before ].

			Smears often consist of '']'' attacks in the form of unverifiable rumors and ], ]s, or even outright ]s; smear campaigns are often propagated by ]s. Even when the facts behind a smear campaign are demonstrated to lack proper foundation, the tactic is often effective because the target's reputation is tarnished before the truth is known.
	==Definition==
	A smear campaign is an intentional, premeditated effort to undermine an individual's or group's ], credibility, and character. "Mud slinging", like ], most often targets government officials, politicians, political candidates, and other public figures. However, private persons or groups may also become targets of smear campaigns perpetrated in schools, companies, institutions, families, and other social groups.

			Smear campaigns can also be used as a ] associated with ], which is a type of journalism that presents little well-researched news and instead uses eye-catching headlines, scandal-mongering and ]. For example, during ]'s 1988 presidential campaign (see below), the ''New York Post'' reported on its front page big, black block letters: "GARY: I'M NO WOMANIZER."<ref name=SafireVamping>William Safire. (May 3, 1987). . ''The New York Times''.</ref><ref name="Matt Bai 2014">Matt Bai. ''All The Truth Is Out: The Week That Politics Went Tabloid''. Knopf (September 30, 2014) {{ISBN\|978-0307273383}}</ref>
	Smear tactics differ from normal discourse or debate in that they do not bear upon the issues or arguments in question. A smear is a simple attempt to malign a group or an individual and to attempt to undermine their credibility.

			Smears are also effective in diverting attention away from the matter in question and onto a specific individual or group. The target of the smear typically must focus on correcting the ] rather than on the original issue.
	Smears often consist of ] attacks in the form of unverifiable rumors and are often distortions, ]s, or even outright ]; smear campaigns are often propagated by ] spreading. Even when the facts behind a smear are shown to lack proper foundation, the tactic is often effective because the target's reputation is tarnished before the truth is known.

			Deflection has been described as a ''wrap-up smear'': "You make up something. Then you have the press write about it. And then you say, everybody is writing about this charge".<ref>{{cite AV media \| people=Pelosi, Nancy \| date=2017-03-05 \| title=State of the Union \| medium=Television production \| publisher=CNN \| url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1703/05/sotu.01.html}}</ref>
	Smears are also effective in diverting attention away from the matter in question and onto the individual or group. The target of the smear is typically forced to defend his reputation rather than focus on the previous issue.
			== In court cases ==
			In the U.S. judicial system, discrediting tactics (called ]) are the approved method for attacking the credibility of any witness in court, including a ] or ]. In cases with significant ] attention or high-stakes outcomes, those tactics often take place in public as well.

			Logically, an argument is held in discredit if the underlying premise is found, "So severely in error that there is cause to remove the argument from the proceedings because of its prejudicial context and application...". ] proceedings in civil and criminal courts do not always require that an argument brought by defense or prosecution be discredited, however appellate courts must consider the context and may discredit testimony as perjurious or prejudicial, even if the statement is technically true.
	Smear tactics are considered by many to be a low, disingenuous form of discourse; they are nevertheless very common.

	==~~Examples~~==		==Targets==
			Smear tactics are commonly used to undermine effective arguments or critiques.
	{{globalize/US}}
	Smear tactics are commonly used to undermine effective arguments or critiques. For example, ] was the victim of a smear campaign during the 1960s, when he was campaigning for car safety. In order to smear Nader and deflect public attention from his campaign, ] engaged private investigators to search for damaging or embarrassing incidents from his past. General Motors eventually was forced to publicly apologize to Nader.

			===John C. Frémont – 1856 US presidential election candidate===
	==Legality==
			{{Main article\|John C. Frémont#Republican presidential candidate}}
	In many countries, the law recognizes the value of reputation and credibility. Both ] (a false and damaging publication) and slander (a false and damaging oral statement) are often punishable by law and may result in imprisonment or compensation or fees for damages done.

			], the first Republican party candidate for president of the United States, for their respective causes. There was a political campaign smear rumor current in 1856 that Fremont was a Catholic.]]
	==References==
			During the 1856 presidential election, ] was the target of a smear campaign alleging that he was a ]. The campaign was designed to undermine support for Fremont from those who were ].{{citation needed\|date = January 2022}}
	{{reflist}}

			===General Motors against Ralph Nader===
	==See also==
			] was the victim of a smear campaign during the 1960s, when he was campaigning for car safety. In order to smear Nader and deflect public attention from his campaign, ] engaged private investigators to search for damaging or embarrassing incidents from his past. In early March 1966, several media outlets, including ''The New Republic'' and ''The New York Times'', reported that GM had tried to discredit Nader, hiring private detectives to ] and investigate his past and hiring prostitutes to trap him in compromising situations.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Longhine \|first=Laura \|url=http://www.legalaffairs.org/issues/November-December-2005/scene_longhine_novdec05.msp \|title=Ralph Nader's museum of tort law will include relics from famous lawsuits—if it ever gets built \|date = December 2005\|work=Legal Affairs}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|date=2005-05-07 \|work=Federal Highway Administration \|url=https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/safetyep.cfm \|title=President Dwight D. Eisenhower and the Federal Role in Highway Safety: Epilogue — The Changing Federal Role}}</ref> Nader sued the company for ] and settled the case for $284,000. Nader's lawsuit against GM was ultimately decided by the ], whose opinion in the case expanded ] to cover "overzealous surveillance."<ref>''Nader v. General Motors Corp.'', 307 N.Y.S.2d 647 (N.Y. 1970)</ref> Nader used the proceeds from the lawsuit to start the pro-consumer Center for Study of Responsive Law.
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]

			===Gary Hart – 1988 US presidential candidate===
	==External links==
			{{Main\|Gary Hart#1988 presidential campaign}}

			] was the target of a smear campaign during the 1988 US presidential campaign. The ''New York Post'' once reported on its front page big, black block letters: "GARY: I'M NO WOMANIZER."<ref name=SafireVamping/><ref name="Matt Bai 2014"/>
	* - A U.S. political website that specializes in highlighting ''smear tactics'' and other unethical forms of political discourse.

			===China against Apple Inc.===
	{{abuse}}
			In 2011, China launched a smear campaign against ], including TV and radio advertisements and articles in state-run papers. The campaign failed to turn the Chinese public against the company and its products.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.theatlanticwire.com/technology/2013/03/chinas-apple-propaganda/63582/\|title=China's Apple Smear Campaign Has Totally Backfired\|first=Rebecca\|last=Greenfield\|date=27 March 2013\|website=theatlanticwire.com\|access-date=8 October 2013\|archive-date=9 November 2013\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109031701/http://www.theatlanticwire.com/technology/2013/03/chinas-apple-propaganda/63582/\|url-status=dead}}</ref>

			===Chris Bryant===
			], a British parliamentarian, accused Russia in 2012 of orchestrating a smear campaign against him because of his criticism of ].<ref name="Bryant - Telegraph - 2012">{{cite news\|title=I'm a victim of Russian smear campaign, says MP photographed in underwear\|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/9697949/Im-a-victim-of-Russian-smear-campaign-says-MP-photographed-in-underwear.html \|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/9697949/Im-a-victim-of-Russian-smear-campaign-says-MP-photographed-in-underwear.html \|archive-date=2022-01-12 \|url-access=subscription \|url-status=live\|access-date=27 January 2017\|work=Telegraph.co.uk\|date=23 November 2012\|language=en}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In 2017 he alleged that other British officials are vulnerable to Russian smear campaigns.<ref name="Express- 2017">{{cite news\|last1=Knowles\|first1=Michael\|title=Russian spies turn attention to British politicians in 'project smear', warns Labour MP\|url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/politics/754556/russian-hacking-british-politicians-smear-campaign-labour-foreign-secretary\|work=Express.co.uk\|date=15 January 2017\|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Guardian - 2017">{{cite news\|last1=Townsend\|first1=Mark\|last2=Smith\|first2=David\|title=Senior British politicians 'targeted by Kremlin' for smear campaigns\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/14/russia-blackmail-chris-bryant-donald-trump-boris-johnson-liam-fox\|access-date=27 January 2017\|work=The Guardian\|date=14 January 2017}}</ref>

			===Blake Lively===
			In 2024, ''The New York Times'' reported on a smear campaign conducted against actress ] after she accused ] of misconduct. The smear campaign, which was led by Melissa Nathan and Jed Wallace, pushed negative stories about Lively and used social media to boost those stories. Nathan previously worked for clients such as Johnny Depp, Drake and Travis Scott.<ref>{{Cite news \|date=2024 \|title=‘We Can Bury Anyone’: Inside a Hollywood Smear Machine \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/21/business/media/blake-lively-justin-baldoni-it-ends-with-us.html \|work=New York Times}}</ref>

			===Overstock critics===
			In January 2007, it was revealed that an anonymous website that attacked critics of ], including media figures and private citizens on message boards, was operated by an official of Overstock.com.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601039&sid=aLDKLcXDf9PU&refer=columnist_antilla\|title=Overstock Blames With Creepy Strategy\|author=Antilla, Susan \|publisher= Bloomberg News Service \|date=February 21, 2007}}</ref><ref>Mitchell, Dan (January 20, 2007). ''The New York Times''.</ref>

			=== UAE smear campaigns ===
			In 2023, ''The New Yorker'' reported that ] was paying millions of euros to a Swiss firm, Alp Services for orchestrating a ] to defame the Emirati targets, including Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood. Under the ‘dark PR’, Alp posted false and defamatory Misplaced Pages entries against them. The Emirates also paid the Swiss firm to publish propaganda articles against the targets. Multiple meetings took place between the Alp Services head ] and an Emirati official, Matar Humaid al-Neyadi. However, Alp’s bills were sent directly to MbZ. The defamation campaign also targeted an American, Hazim Nada, and his firm, Lord Energy, because his father ] had joined the Muslim Brotherhood as a teenager.<ref>{{cite magazine \|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/04/03/the-dirty-secrets-of-a-smear-campaign\|title=The Dirty Secrets of a Smear Campaign \|access-date=27 March 2023\|magazine=The New Yorker \|first1=David D. \|last1=Kirkpatrick \|volume=99 \|issue=7 \|date=27 March 2023}}</ref>

			== See also ==
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			* ] and ]
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			* ]
			* ]
			* ], also known as "discounting"
			* ]
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			{{div col end}}

			==References==
			{{reflist}}

			{{Disinformation}}
			{{Abuse}}
	{{Bullying}}		{{Bullying}}
	{{~~Psychological~~ manipulation}}		{{Media manipulation}}
			{{Manipulation (psychology)}}

			{{DEFAULTSORT:Smear Campaign}}
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Latest revision as of 22:48, 23 December 2024

Effort to damage someone's reputation For the Napalm Death album, see Smear Campaign (album). For the cover of "Elected" under the name "Mr Bean & Smear Campaign", see Elected (song) § Cover versions.

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v t e

A smear campaign, also referred to as a smear tactic or simply a smear, is an effort to damage or call into question someone's reputation, by propounding negative propaganda. It makes use of discrediting tactics. It can be applied to individuals or groups. Common targets are public officials, politicians, heads of state, political candidates, activists, celebrities (especially those who are involved in politics), and ex-spouses. The term also applies in other contexts, such as the workplace. The term smear campaign became popular around the year 1936.

Definition

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

A smear campaign is an intentional, premeditated effort to undermine an individual's or group's reputation, credibility, and character. Like negative campaigning, most often smear campaigns target government officials, politicians, political candidates, and other public figures. However, private persons or groups may also become targets of smear campaigns perpetrated in companies, institutions, the legal system, and other formal groups. Discrediting tactics are used to discourage people from believing in the figure or supporting their cause, such as the use of damaging quotations.

Smear tactics differ from normal discourse or debate in that they do not bear upon the issues or arguments in question. A smear is a simple attempt to malign a group or an individual with the aim of undermining their credibility.

Smears often consist of ad hominem attacks in the form of unverifiable rumors and distortions, half-truths, or even outright lies; smear campaigns are often propagated by gossip magazines. Even when the facts behind a smear campaign are demonstrated to lack proper foundation, the tactic is often effective because the target's reputation is tarnished before the truth is known.

Smear campaigns can also be used as a campaign tactic associated with tabloid journalism, which is a type of journalism that presents little well-researched news and instead uses eye-catching headlines, scandal-mongering and sensationalism. For example, during Gary Hart's 1988 presidential campaign (see below), the New York Post reported on its front page big, black block letters: "GARY: I'M NO WOMANIZER."

Smears are also effective in diverting attention away from the matter in question and onto a specific individual or group. The target of the smear typically must focus on correcting the false information rather than on the original issue.

Deflection has been described as a wrap-up smear: "You make up something. Then you have the press write about it. And then you say, everybody is writing about this charge".

In court cases

In the U.S. judicial system, discrediting tactics (called witness impeachment) are the approved method for attacking the credibility of any witness in court, including a plaintiff or defendant. In cases with significant mass media attention or high-stakes outcomes, those tactics often take place in public as well.

Logically, an argument is held in discredit if the underlying premise is found, "So severely in error that there is cause to remove the argument from the proceedings because of its prejudicial context and application...". Mistrial proceedings in civil and criminal courts do not always require that an argument brought by defense or prosecution be discredited, however appellate courts must consider the context and may discredit testimony as perjurious or prejudicial, even if the statement is technically true.

Targets

Smear tactics are commonly used to undermine effective arguments or critiques.

John C. Frémont – 1856 US presidential election candidate

Main article: John C. Frémont § Republican presidential candidate

"The Great Republican Reform Party Calling on their Candidate", an 1856 political cartoon in which various "extremists", including a Catholic, press John C. Frémont, the first Republican party candidate for president of the United States, for their respective causes. There was a political campaign smear rumor current in 1856 that Fremont was a Catholic.

During the 1856 presidential election, John C. Frémont was the target of a smear campaign alleging that he was a Catholic. The campaign was designed to undermine support for Fremont from those who were suspicious of Catholics.

General Motors against Ralph Nader

Ralph Nader was the victim of a smear campaign during the 1960s, when he was campaigning for car safety. In order to smear Nader and deflect public attention from his campaign, General Motors engaged private investigators to search for damaging or embarrassing incidents from his past. In early March 1966, several media outlets, including The New Republic and The New York Times, reported that GM had tried to discredit Nader, hiring private detectives to tap his phones and investigate his past and hiring prostitutes to trap him in compromising situations. Nader sued the company for invasion of privacy and settled the case for $284,000. Nader's lawsuit against GM was ultimately decided by the New York Court of Appeals, whose opinion in the case expanded tort law to cover "overzealous surveillance." Nader used the proceeds from the lawsuit to start the pro-consumer Center for Study of Responsive Law.

Gary Hart – 1988 US presidential candidate

Main article: Gary Hart § 1988 presidential campaign

Gary Hart was the target of a smear campaign during the 1988 US presidential campaign. The New York Post once reported on its front page big, black block letters: "GARY: I'M NO WOMANIZER."

China against Apple Inc.

In 2011, China launched a smear campaign against Apple, including TV and radio advertisements and articles in state-run papers. The campaign failed to turn the Chinese public against the company and its products.

Chris Bryant

Chris Bryant, a British parliamentarian, accused Russia in 2012 of orchestrating a smear campaign against him because of his criticism of Vladimir Putin. In 2017 he alleged that other British officials are vulnerable to Russian smear campaigns.

Blake Lively

In 2024, The New York Times reported on a smear campaign conducted against actress Blake Lively after she accused Justin Baldoni of misconduct. The smear campaign, which was led by Melissa Nathan and Jed Wallace, pushed negative stories about Lively and used social media to boost those stories. Nathan previously worked for clients such as Johnny Depp, Drake and Travis Scott.

Overstock critics

In January 2007, it was revealed that an anonymous website that attacked critics of Overstock.com, including media figures and private citizens on message boards, was operated by an official of Overstock.com.

UAE smear campaigns

In 2023, The New Yorker reported that Mohamed bin Zayed was paying millions of euros to a Swiss firm, Alp Services for orchestrating a smear campaign to defame the Emirati targets, including Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood. Under the ‘dark PR’, Alp posted false and defamatory Misplaced Pages entries against them. The Emirates also paid the Swiss firm to publish propaganda articles against the targets. Multiple meetings took place between the Alp Services head Mario Brero and an Emirati official, Matar Humaid al-Neyadi. However, Alp’s bills were sent directly to MbZ. The defamation campaign also targeted an American, Hazim Nada, and his firm, Lord Energy, because his father Youssef Nada had joined the Muslim Brotherhood as a teenager.

References

"SMEAR CAMPAIGN | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary". dictionary.cambridge.org. Retrieved 2020-10-20.
Jay C. Thomas, Michel Hersen (2002) Handbook of Mental Health in the Workplace
"Google Ngram Viewer". books.google.com.
^ William Safire. (May 3, 1987). "On Language; Vamping Till Ready". The New York Times.
^ Matt Bai. All The Truth Is Out: The Week That Politics Went Tabloid. Knopf (September 30, 2014) ISBN 978-0307273383
Pelosi, Nancy (2017-03-05). State of the Union (Television production). CNN.
Longhine, Laura (December 2005). "Ralph Nader's museum of tort law will include relics from famous lawsuits—if it ever gets built". Legal Affairs.
"President Dwight D. Eisenhower and the Federal Role in Highway Safety: Epilogue — The Changing Federal Role". Federal Highway Administration. 2005-05-07.
Nader v. General Motors Corp., 307 N.Y.S.2d 647 (N.Y. 1970)
Greenfield, Rebecca (27 March 2013). "China's Apple Smear Campaign Has Totally Backfired". theatlanticwire.com. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
"I'm a victim of Russian smear campaign, says MP photographed in underwear". Telegraph.co.uk. 23 November 2012. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
Knowles, Michael (15 January 2017). "Russian spies turn attention to British politicians in 'project smear', warns Labour MP". Express.co.uk.
Townsend, Mark; Smith, David (14 January 2017). "Senior British politicians 'targeted by Kremlin' for smear campaigns". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
"'We Can Bury Anyone': Inside a Hollywood Smear Machine". New York Times. 2024.
Antilla, Susan (February 21, 2007). "Overstock Blames With Creepy Strategy". Bloomberg News Service.
Mitchell, Dan (January 20, 2007). "Flames Flare Over Naked Shorts," The New York Times.
Kirkpatrick, David D. (27 March 2023). "The Dirty Secrets of a Smear Campaign". The New Yorker. Vol. 99, no. 7. Retrieved 27 March 2023.

Disinformation and misinformation

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