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			{{Short description\|Ukrainian revolutionary and Soviet politician (1881–1939)}}
	{{update\|date=February 2010}}
			{{for\|the town in Iran\|Chubar}}
	]
			{{family name hatnote\|Yakovlevich\|Chubar\|lang=Eastern Slavic}}
	'''Vlas Yakovlevich Chubar''' ({{lang-uk\|Влас Якович Чубар}}; {{lang-ru\|Влас Яковлевич Чубарь}}; February 22, 1891, Fedorovka, ], ], now in ] Rayon, ], ] - February 26, 1939) was a Ukrainian ] revolutionary and a ] politician.
			{{Infobox officeholder
			\| name = Vlas Chubar
			\| image = Chubar VYa.jpg
			\| imagesize =
			\| smallimage =
			\| caption = Chubar in 1938
			\| order = ]
			\| term_start = 16 August 1937
			\| term_end = 19 January 1938
			\| premier = ]
			\| predecessor = ]
			\| successor = ]
			\| order1 = 2nd ] of the ] of the ]
			\| term_start1 = 15 July 1923
			\| term_end1 = 28 April 1934
			\| premier1 = ]
			\| predecessor1 = ]
			\| successor1 = ]
			\| office2 = Candidate member of the ], ], ], ] ]
			\| term_start2 = 3 November 1926
			\| term_end2 = 1 February 1935
			\| birth_name = Vlas Yakovlevich Chubar
			\| birth_date = {{birth date\|1881\|2\|10\|df=y}}
			\| birth_place = ], ], ]
			\| death_date = {{death date and age\|1939\|2\|26\|1881\|2\|10\|df=y}}
			\| death_place = ], ]
			\| constituency =
			\| party = ] (]) {{nowrap\|(1907–1918)}} <br />] (1918–1938)
			\| spouse =
			\| children =
			\| profession = ]
			\| education = Alexander Mechanics and Technical College
			\| religion =
			\| signature =
			\| footnotes =
			\| native_name_lang = ru
			\| native_name = {{nobold\|Влас Чубарь}}
			}}
			'''Vlas Yakovlevich Chubar''' ({{langx\|ru\|Вла́с Я́ковлевич Чуба́рь}}, {{langx\|uk\|Влас Якович Чубар}}; {{OldStyleDate\|22 February\|1881\|10 February}} – 26 February 1939) was a Ukrainian ] revolutionary and a ] politician. Chubar was arrested during the ] of 1937–38 and executed early in 1939.

			The top Communist Party official in Ukraine during the ], Chubar was posthumously held culpable for those events by a Ukrainian court in 2010.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://apcourtkiev.gov.ua/control/uk/publish/article?art_id=41962&cat_id=35857 \|title=Web-портал Апеляційного суду м.Києва \|website=apcourtkiev.gov.ua \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507013043/http://apcourtkiev.gov.ua/control/uk/publish/article?art_id=41962&cat_id=35857 \|archive-date=2010-05-07}}</ref>
	==Biography==
	Chubar became a ] revolutionary early in life and joined the ] faction of the ] in 1907. He rose through the ranks during the ] and becаme a member of the ] in 1921. On July 13, 1923 Chubar replaced ] as Chairman of the Ukrainian ]. He became a candidate (non-voting) member of the ] in November 1926.

			==Early career==
	In 1934 Chubar was transferred to Moscow, where he became Deputy Chairman of the Sovnarkom of the ] and Deputy Chairman of the USSR ]. In February 1935 Chubar was made a full member of the Politburo. He briefly served as the Soviet ] of Finance between August 16, 1937 and January 19, 1938. He was arrested during the ] in June 1938 and executed in February 1939. The Soviet government cleared Chubar of all charges during the first wave of ] in 1955.
			Chubar was from an ethnic ] peasant family.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Magocsi \|first1=Paul R. \|title=A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples \|date=2010 \|publisher=University of Toronto Press \|isbn=978-1442610217 \|page=574 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TA1zVKTTsXUC&pg=PA574}}</ref> He was born in ], ], ] (now in ], ], ]). His parents were illiterate peasants who owned a small plot of land.

			He was arrested and beaten by gendarmes for belonging to a revolutionary group when he was 13 years old.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Georges Haupt \|first1=and Jean-Jacques Marie \|title=Makers of the Russian Revolution, Biographies of Bolshevik Leaders \|date=1974 \|publisher=George Allen & Unwin \|location=London \|isbn=0-04-947021-3 \|page=115}}</ref> After leaving school, he worked as a roofer. Chubar became a ] revolutionary during the ] and joined the ] faction of the ] in 1907.<ref name="Movchan">{{cite web \|last1=Movchan \|first1=Olga Mykolayivna \|title=ЧУБАР ВЛАС ЯКОВИЧ \|url=http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Chubar_V \|website=ЕНЦИКЛОПЕДІЯ ІСТОРІЇ УКРАЇНИ (Encyclopaedia of Ukrainian History) \|publisher=Інститут історії України (Institute of History of Ukraine, Ukraine National Academy if Science) \|access-date=3 March 2021}}</ref> He was a senior figure in ] in Moscow, and the Urals, in 1918–20.
	{{s-start}}
	{{s-off}}
	{{s-bef\|before=]}}
	{{s-ttl\|title=]\|years= ] – ]}}
	{{s-aft\|after=]}}
	{{end}}

			Chubar returned to Ukraine in 1920, where he held a succession of economic posts, including running the Don basin coal combine in 1922–23. He was a member of the Central Committee of the ] in 1920–36, and of its Politburo. In 1922, Chubar was elected a member of the ]. On July 13, 1923, Chubar replaced ] as Chairman of the Ukrainian ]. The government headed by Vlas Chubar was approved by the ] (1924) and the ] (1927) ].
	==2010 criminal case==

	In 2010, Ukrainian criminal court established that Chubar, along with other leaders of Soviet Ukraine, is presonally responsible for ] artifical famine.
			In the early 1920s, Chubar tried to resist allowing Ukraine to be controlled from Moscow. In 1920, he objected to the appointment of a Russian, ], as secretary of the Ukrainian communist party, claiming that he knew very little about conditions in Ukraine.<ref name="Movchan" /> Molotov was recalled after a year. In 1925, he objected to the appointment of ] who, like Molotov, was a trusted ally of ], as First Secretary of the Ukrainian party.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=R.W.Davies \|editor-first1=Oleg V.\|editor-last1=Khlevniuk\|editor-first2= E. A \|editor-last2=Rees\|title=The Stalin-Kaganovich Correspondence 1931–36 \|date=2003 \|publisher=Yale U.P. \|location=New Haven \|isbn=0-300-09367-5 \|pages=26, 27}}</ref> When their relations reached the breaking point in 1928 Stalin recalled Kaganovich, whose replacement, ], was much more acceptable to Chubar and other Ukrainian leaders.

			Chubar became a candidate (non-voting) member of the ] in November 1926 – the first, and for many years the only ethnic Ukrainian to reach this level. He supported Stalin in the struggle against ] in the 1920s and made an "ugly speech" attacking Trotsky and others at the Central Committee session in October 1927 which resolved to expel them from the communist party.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Medvedev \|first1=Roy \|title=Let History Judge \|date=1976 \|publisher=Spokesman \|location=Nottingham \|page=59}}</ref>

			==Holodomor==
			Chubar originally backed Stalin's decision to force peasant farmers to join collective farms. He was one of the speakers at a crucial session of the Central Committee in November 1929 who attacked ] and others who opposed forced collectivisation.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=R.W.Davies \|title=The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia, volume 1: The Socialist Offensive, The Collectivisation of Soviet Agriculture, 1929–1930 \|date=1980 \|publisher=Harvard U.P. \|location=Cambridge, Mass. \|isbn=0-674-81480-0 \|page=158}}</ref> In March 1930, he reported that 63 per cent of peasant households in Ukraine had been collectivised.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=R.W.Davies \|title=The Socialist Offensive \|page=274}}</ref> On 1 February 1932, despite evidence that the policy was creating a catastrophic fall in agricultural output and mass starvation, Chubar and Kosior co-signed an order, “On Seed”, ordering regional, city and district party committees to deny any seed aid to Ukraine's collective farms. This was the first of three documents bearing this signature from which the Kyiv Court of Appeal reached its verdict that Chubar was complicit in genocide.<ref name="ruling">{{cite web \|title=Kyiv Court of Appeal 2-A Solomyanska Street, Kyiv Ruling in the name of Ukraine 13 January 2010 \|date=16 October 2019 \|url=https://holodomormuseum.org.ua/en/resolution-of-the-court/ \|publisher=Holodomor Museum \|access-date=3 March 2021}}</ref>

			Chubar saw the impact of collectivisation for himself when he visited the countryside. On 10 June, he wrote to Stalin and Molotov on 10 June warning that "in March and April there were tens of thousands of malnourished, starving and swollen people dying from famine in every village."<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Applebaum \|first1=Anne \|title=Red Famine, Stalin's War on Ukraine \|date=2018 \|publisher=Penguin \|location=London \|isbn=978-0-141-97828-4 \|page=180}}</ref> A few days later, with the backing of the Ukrainian Politburo, he sent a telegram to Moscow pleading for thousands of tons of grain to be sent to Ukraine. Stalin's response was that "Chubar is mistaken ... Ukraine has been given more than it should get. There is no reason to give more grain, and nowhere to take it from."<ref>{{cite book \|title=The Stalin–Kaganovich Correspondence \|pages=136, 137}}</ref>

			His pleas for more grain angered Stalin, who gave Kaganovich and Molotov a written instruction on 2 July to go to Ukraine to deal with "Chubar's corruptness and opportunism" and hinted that both Chubar and Kosior would be removed from Ukraine. The Ukrainian Politburo met on 6 July. Kaganovich reported to Stalin that every member of the Politburo pleaded for a reduction in the quota of grain Ukraine was supposed to hand over, but he and Molotov "categorically refused".<ref>{{cite book \|title=The Stalin–Kaganovich Correspondence \|pages=152, 155–56}}</ref> In ], the following day, Chubar was quoted as having criticised heads of collective farms and other officials who accepted targets they knew could not be fulfilled, saying "it is wrong to accept an order regardless of its practicability" and then to justify the resulting chaos by saying it came from "orders from above".<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Conquest \|first1=Robert \|title=The Harvest of Sorrow, Soviet Collectivization and the Terror Famine \|date=1988 \|publisher=Arrow \|location=London \|isbn=0-09-956960-4 \|page=223}}</ref> Yet, after the Politburo session, Chubar and Kosior signed a decree “On grain procurements quota”, and arranged for the collective farms to be set a wildly unrealistic target of delivering 356 million ] of grain. This was the second piece of evidence cited by the 2010 court judgement against Chubar.<ref name="ruling" />

			In December, Chubar had another clash with Kaganovich, who complained that fines imposed on peasants who failed to deliver their quota of grain were not being collected. Chubar argued "weakly" that the peasants were so poor they had nothing that could be confiscated and sold.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Applebaum \|title=Red Famine \|page=230}}</ref> Overruled, he signed an order that penalised three entire regions – ], ] and ] – that were accused of "maliciously" failing to fulfill their quotas by prohibiting the sale of potatoes, which inevitably caused starvation, which the 2010 court verdict described as "murder by famine" of Ukrainian peasants.<ref name="ruling" /> Assessing his role in Holodomor, the historian Robert Conquest wrote: "Chubar, who had expressed doubt, or rather certainty that Moscow's policies would lead to disaster, nevertheless enforced them."<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Conquest \|title=The Harvest of Sorrow \|page=328}}</ref>

			==The Great Purge==
			] (second from left) 1936]]
			In 1934 Chubar was transferred to Moscow. Though this was because Stalin no longer trusted him, he was appointed to a senior post as ] of the USSR ] and Deputy Chairman of the USSR ]. In February 1935 Chubar was made a full member of the Politburo. He briefly served as the Soviet ] of Finance between August 16, 1937, and January 19, 1938.

			He supported Stalin loyally in the early stages of the ]. During the Central Committee plenum in February 1937 which sanctioned the arrest of Bukharin and other former opponents of collectivisation, Chubar made an inflammatory speech accusing them of "open counter-revolution", and calling Bukharin a "snake", and alleging that Trotsky and his supporters were "agents of fascism".<ref>{{cite book \|last1=J.Arch Getty \|first1=and Oleg V. Naumov \|title=Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932–1939 \|date=1999 \|publisher=Yale U.P. \|location=New Haven \|isbn=0-300-07772-6 \|pages=384–86}}</ref>

			This did not save him. In 1938 Chubar was appointed the chief of the ] construction for the ] of ] and there he was arrested in June 1938. In 1956, the head of the communist party, ], told delegates to the 20th Party Congress that Chubar's case had been handed to the notorious torturer ], who had orders to force a confession out of him.<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Khrushchev \|first1=Nikita \|title=Special Report to the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ("The Secret Speech" \|url=https://novaonline.nvcc.edu/eli/evans/HIS242/Documents/Speech.pdf \|website=Khrushchev's Secret Speech – Full Anotated Text \|access-date=3 March 2021}}</ref> The head of the ], ], also arranged a confrontation in his office with Chubar's former colleague and neighbour, ], who had broken under interrogation and had testified against Chubar, who exclaimed: "I cherished this snake next to my heart. Provocateur!" Molotov justified Chubar's arrest, years afterwards, by claiming "He was with the rightists; we all knew it, we sensed it".<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Getty \|first1=and Naumov \|title=Stalin \|page=490}}</ref>

			Chubar was executed in February 1939. The Soviet government cleared Chubar of all charges during the first wave of ] in 1955.

			==See also==
			* ], the former name of several Ukrainian settlements named after Chubar

	==References==		==References==
			{{reflist\|colwidth=30em}}

			==External links==
	*		*

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			{{Finance ministers of the Soviet Union}}
	{{Prime Ministers of Ukraine}}		{{Prime Ministers of Ukraine}}
			{{17th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)}}
			{{16th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)}}
			{{15th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)}}
			{{14th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)}}
			{{5th Politburo of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine}}
			{{4th Politburo of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine}}
			{{Soviet Ukraine Government (before 1938)}}

			{{Authority control}}

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Latest revision as of 22:08, 26 November 2024

Ukrainian revolutionary and Soviet politician (1881–1939) For the town in Iran, see Chubar. In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Yakovlevich and the family name is Chubar.

Vlas Chubar
Влас Чубарь
Chubar in 1938

People's Commissar for Finance
In office 16 August 1937 – 19 January 1938
Premier	Vyacheslav Molotov
Preceded by	Hryhoriy Hrynko
Succeeded by	Arseny Zverev
2nd Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Ukrainian SSR
In office 15 July 1923 – 28 April 1934
Premier	Alexey Rykov
Preceded by	Christian Rakovsky
Succeeded by	Panas Lyubchenko
Candidate member of the 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th Politburo
In office 3 November 1926 – 1 February 1935

Personal details
Born	Vlas Yakovlevich Chubar (1881-02-10)10 February 1881 Fedorivka, Yekaterinoslav Governorate, Russian Empire
Died	26 February 1939(1939-02-26) (aged 58) Moscow, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Political party	RSDLP (Bolsheviks) (1907–1918) Russian Communist Party (1918–1938)
Education	Alexander Mechanics and Technical College
Profession	Economist

Vlas Yakovlevich Chubar (Russian: Вла́с Я́ковлевич Чуба́рь, Ukrainian: Влас Якович Чубар; 22 February [O.S. 10 February] 1881 – 26 February 1939) was a Ukrainian Bolshevik revolutionary and a Soviet politician. Chubar was arrested during the Great Terror of 1937–38 and executed early in 1939.

The top Communist Party official in Ukraine during the 1932–33 famine, Chubar was posthumously held culpable for those events by a Ukrainian court in 2010.

Early career

Chubar was from an ethnic Ukrainian peasant family. He was born in Fedorіvka, Yekaterinoslav Governorate, Russian Empire (now in Polohy Raion, Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Ukraine). His parents were illiterate peasants who owned a small plot of land.

He was arrested and beaten by gendarmes for belonging to a revolutionary group when he was 13 years old. After leaving school, he worked as a roofer. Chubar became a Marxist revolutionary during the 1905 revolution and joined the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party in 1907. He was a senior figure in Vesenkha in Moscow, and the Urals, in 1918–20.

Chubar returned to Ukraine in 1920, where he held a succession of economic posts, including running the Don basin coal combine in 1922–23. He was a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine in 1920–36, and of its Politburo. In 1922, Chubar was elected a member of the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party. On July 13, 1923, Chubar replaced Christian Rakovsky as Chairman of the Ukrainian Sovnarkom. The government headed by Vlas Chubar was approved by the Eighth (1924) and the Tenth (1927) All-Ukrainian congresses of Soviets.

In the early 1920s, Chubar tried to resist allowing Ukraine to be controlled from Moscow. In 1920, he objected to the appointment of a Russian, Vyacheslav Molotov, as secretary of the Ukrainian communist party, claiming that he knew very little about conditions in Ukraine. Molotov was recalled after a year. In 1925, he objected to the appointment of Lazar Kaganovich who, like Molotov, was a trusted ally of Joseph Stalin, as First Secretary of the Ukrainian party. When their relations reached the breaking point in 1928 Stalin recalled Kaganovich, whose replacement, Stanisław Kosior, was much more acceptable to Chubar and other Ukrainian leaders.

Chubar became a candidate (non-voting) member of the Central Committee's Politburo in November 1926 – the first, and for many years the only ethnic Ukrainian to reach this level. He supported Stalin in the struggle against Leon Trotsky in the 1920s and made an "ugly speech" attacking Trotsky and others at the Central Committee session in October 1927 which resolved to expel them from the communist party.

Holodomor

Chubar originally backed Stalin's decision to force peasant farmers to join collective farms. He was one of the speakers at a crucial session of the Central Committee in November 1929 who attacked Nikolai Bukharin and others who opposed forced collectivisation. In March 1930, he reported that 63 per cent of peasant households in Ukraine had been collectivised. On 1 February 1932, despite evidence that the policy was creating a catastrophic fall in agricultural output and mass starvation, Chubar and Kosior co-signed an order, “On Seed”, ordering regional, city and district party committees to deny any seed aid to Ukraine's collective farms. This was the first of three documents bearing this signature from which the Kyiv Court of Appeal reached its verdict that Chubar was complicit in genocide.

Chubar saw the impact of collectivisation for himself when he visited the countryside. On 10 June, he wrote to Stalin and Molotov on 10 June warning that "in March and April there were tens of thousands of malnourished, starving and swollen people dying from famine in every village." A few days later, with the backing of the Ukrainian Politburo, he sent a telegram to Moscow pleading for thousands of tons of grain to be sent to Ukraine. Stalin's response was that "Chubar is mistaken ... Ukraine has been given more than it should get. There is no reason to give more grain, and nowhere to take it from."

His pleas for more grain angered Stalin, who gave Kaganovich and Molotov a written instruction on 2 July to go to Ukraine to deal with "Chubar's corruptness and opportunism" and hinted that both Chubar and Kosior would be removed from Ukraine. The Ukrainian Politburo met on 6 July. Kaganovich reported to Stalin that every member of the Politburo pleaded for a reduction in the quota of grain Ukraine was supposed to hand over, but he and Molotov "categorically refused". In Pravda, the following day, Chubar was quoted as having criticised heads of collective farms and other officials who accepted targets they knew could not be fulfilled, saying "it is wrong to accept an order regardless of its practicability" and then to justify the resulting chaos by saying it came from "orders from above". Yet, after the Politburo session, Chubar and Kosior signed a decree “On grain procurements quota”, and arranged for the collective farms to be set a wildly unrealistic target of delivering 356 million pood of grain. This was the second piece of evidence cited by the 2010 court judgement against Chubar.

In December, Chubar had another clash with Kaganovich, who complained that fines imposed on peasants who failed to deliver their quota of grain were not being collected. Chubar argued "weakly" that the peasants were so poor they had nothing that could be confiscated and sold. Overruled, he signed an order that penalised three entire regions – Chernihiv, Kyiv and Vinnytsia – that were accused of "maliciously" failing to fulfill their quotas by prohibiting the sale of potatoes, which inevitably caused starvation, which the 2010 court verdict described as "murder by famine" of Ukrainian peasants. Assessing his role in Holodomor, the historian Robert Conquest wrote: "Chubar, who had expressed doubt, or rather certainty that Moscow's policies would lead to disaster, nevertheless enforced them."

The Great Purge

In 1934 Chubar was transferred to Moscow. Though this was because Stalin no longer trusted him, he was appointed to a senior post as Deputy Chairman of the USSR Council of People's Commissars and Deputy Chairman of the USSR Council of Labor and Defense. In February 1935 Chubar was made a full member of the Politburo. He briefly served as the Soviet People's Commissar of Finance between August 16, 1937, and January 19, 1938.

He supported Stalin loyally in the early stages of the Great Purge. During the Central Committee plenum in February 1937 which sanctioned the arrest of Bukharin and other former opponents of collectivisation, Chubar made an inflammatory speech accusing them of "open counter-revolution", and calling Bukharin a "snake", and alleging that Trotsky and his supporters were "agents of fascism".

This did not save him. In 1938 Chubar was appointed the chief of the Solikamsk construction for the GULAG of Soviet Commissariat of Interior and there he was arrested in June 1938. In 1956, the head of the communist party, Nikita Khrushchev, told delegates to the 20th Party Congress that Chubar's case had been handed to the notorious torturer Boris Rodos, who had orders to force a confession out of him. The head of the NKVD, Lavrenty Beria, also arranged a confrontation in his office with Chubar's former colleague and neighbour, Nikolai Antipov, who had broken under interrogation and had testified against Chubar, who exclaimed: "I cherished this snake next to my heart. Provocateur!" Molotov justified Chubar's arrest, years afterwards, by claiming "He was with the rightists; we all knew it, we sensed it".

Chubar was executed in February 1939. The Soviet government cleared Chubar of all charges during the first wave of destalinization in 1955.

References

"Web-портал Апеляційного суду м.Києва". apcourtkiev.gov.ua. Archived from the original on 2010-05-07.
Magocsi, Paul R. (2010). A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples. University of Toronto Press. p. 574. ISBN 978-1442610217.
Georges Haupt, and Jean-Jacques Marie (1974). Makers of the Russian Revolution, Biographies of Bolshevik Leaders. London: George Allen & Unwin. p. 115. ISBN 0-04-947021-3.
^ Movchan, Olga Mykolayivna. "ЧУБАР ВЛАС ЯКОВИЧ". ЕНЦИКЛОПЕДІЯ ІСТОРІЇ УКРАЇНИ (Encyclopaedia of Ukrainian History). Інститут історії України (Institute of History of Ukraine, Ukraine National Academy if Science). Retrieved 3 March 2021.
R.W.Davies (2003). Khlevniuk, Oleg V.; Rees, E. A (eds.). The Stalin-Kaganovich Correspondence 1931–36. New Haven: Yale U.P. pp. 26, 27. ISBN 0-300-09367-5.
Medvedev, Roy (1976). Let History Judge. Nottingham: Spokesman. p. 59.
R.W.Davies (1980). The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia, volume 1: The Socialist Offensive, The Collectivisation of Soviet Agriculture, 1929–1930. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard U.P. p. 158. ISBN 0-674-81480-0.
R.W.Davies. The Socialist Offensive. p. 274.
^ "Kyiv Court of Appeal 2-A Solomyanska Street, Kyiv Ruling in the name of Ukraine 13 January 2010". Holodomor Museum. 16 October 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
Applebaum, Anne (2018). Red Famine, Stalin's War on Ukraine. London: Penguin. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-141-97828-4.
The Stalin–Kaganovich Correspondence. pp. 136, 137.
The Stalin–Kaganovich Correspondence. pp. 152, 155–56.
Conquest, Robert (1988). The Harvest of Sorrow, Soviet Collectivization and the Terror Famine. London: Arrow. p. 223. ISBN 0-09-956960-4.
Applebaum. Red Famine. p. 230.
Conquest. The Harvest of Sorrow. p. 328.
J.Arch Getty, and Oleg V. Naumov (1999). Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932–1939. New Haven: Yale U.P. pp. 384–86. ISBN 0-300-07772-6.
Khrushchev, Nikita. "Special Report to the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ("The Secret Speech"" (PDF). Khrushchev's Secret Speech – Full Anotated Text. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
Getty, and Naumov. Stalin. p. 490.

External links

Online biography at Encyclopedia of Ukraine

Political offices
Preceded byHryhoriy Hrynko	People's Commissar of Finance of the USSR 1937 – 1938	Succeeded byArseny Zverev

v t e Ministers of Finance of the Soviet Union
Head of Finance	Grigori Sokolnikov Nikolai Bryukhanov Hryhoriy Hrynko Vlas Chubar Arseny Zverev Alexei Kosygin Arseny Zverev Vasily Garbuzov Boris Gostev Valentin Pavlov Vladimir Orlov Vladimir Rayevsky
Deputy heads of Finance (1946–1992)	Alexei Poskonov Arseny Zverev Vasily Garbuzov Alexei Poskonov Vladimir Sitnin Victor Dementsev Valentin Pavlov Nikolai Garetovsky Vladimir Panskov Vladimir Orlov Andrei Zverev
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Russian Federation

v t e Prime Ministers of Ukraine
List of prime ministers of Ukraine
Ukrainian People's Republic (1917–1920)	Volodymyr Vynnychenko Vsevolod Holubovych Mykola Sakhno-Ustymovych Mykola Vasylenko Fedir Lyzohub Serhii Gerbel Volodymyr Chekhivskyi Serhii Ostapenko Borys Martos Isaak Mazepa Vyacheslav Prokopovych
Council of Ministers	Yevgenia Bosch Mykola Skrypnyk Georgy Pyatakov Christian Rakovsky Vlas Chubar Panas Lyubchenko Mykhailo Bondarenko Mykola Marchak Demyan Korotchenko Leonid Korniyets Nikita Khrushchev Demyan Korotchenko Nikifor Kalchenko Volodymyr Shcherbytsky Ivan Kazanets Volodymyr Shcherbytsky Oleksandr Liashko Vitaliy Masol Kostyantyn Masyk Vitold Fokin
Government (in exile)	Andriy Livytskyi Pylyp Pylypchuk Andriy Livytskyi Vyacheslav Prokopovych Oleksander Shulhyn Vyacheslav Prokopovych Andriy Yakovliv Kostiantyn Pankivskyi Isaak Mazepa Stepan Baran Spyrydon Dovhal Symon Sozontiv Mykola Livytskyi Spyrydon Dovhal Atanas Figol Spyrydon Dovhal Vasyl Fedoronchuk Teofil Leontiy Ivan Kedryn-Rudnytskyi Teofil Leontiy Yaroslav-Bohdan Rudnytsky Ivan Samiylenko
Cabinet of Ministers	Vitold Fokin Valentyn Symonenko Leonid Kuchma Yukhym Zvyahilsky Vitaliy Masol Yevhen Marchuk Pavlo Lazarenko Vasyl Durdynets Valeriy Pustovoitenko Viktor Yushchenko Anatoliy Kinakh Viktor Yanukovych Mykola Azarov Viktor Yanukovych Mykola Azarov Yulia Tymoshenko Yuriy Yekhanurov Viktor Yanukovych Yulia Tymoshenko Oleksandr Turchynov Mykola Azarov Serhiy Arbuzov Oleksandr Turchynov Arseniy Yatsenyuk Volodymyr Groysman Oleksiy Honcharuk Denys Shmyhal
denotes acting

v t e 17th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (1934–1939)
Full members	Andrey Andreyev Kliment Voroshilov Lazar Kaganovich Mikhail Kalinin Sergei Kirov Stanislav Kosior Valerian Kuybyshev Vyacheslav Molotov Grigory Ordzhonikidze Joseph Stalin Anastas Mikoyan Vlas Chubar
Candidate members	Anastas Mikoyan Grigory Petrovsky Pavel Postyshev Jānis Rudzutaks Vlas Chubar Andrei Zhdanov Robert Eikhe Nikolai Yezhov Nikita Khrushchev

v t e 16th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (1930–1934)
Full members	Kliment Voroshilov Lazar Kaganovich Mikhail Kalinin Sergei Kirov Stanislav Kosior Valerian Kuybyshev Vyacheslav Molotov Jānis Rudzutaks Alexei Rykov Joseph Stalin Sergo Ordzhonikidze Andrey Andreyev
Candidate members	Andrey Andreyev Anastas Mikoyan Grigory Petrovsky Sergei Syrtsov Vlas Chubar

v t e 15th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (1927–1930)
Full members	Nikolai Bukharin Kliment Voroshilov Mikhail Kalinin Valerian Kuybyshev Vyacheslav Molotov Alexei Rykov Jānis Rudzutaks Joseph Stalin Mikhail Tomsky
Candidate members	Andrey Andreyev Lazar Kaganovich Sergei Kirov Stanislav Kosior Anastas Mikoyan Grigory Petrovsky Nikolai Uglanov Vlas Chubar Karl Bauman Sergei Syrtsov

v t e 14th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (1926–1927)
Full members	Nikolai Bukharin Kliment Voroshilov Grigory Zinoviev Mikhail Kalinin Vyacheslav Molotov Alexei Rykov Joseph Stalin Mikhail Tomsky Leon Trotsky Jānis Rudzutaks
Candidate members	Felix Dzerzhinsky Lev Kamenev Grigory Petrovsky Jānis Rudzutaks Nikolai Uglanov Andrey Andreyev Lazar Kaganovich Sergei Kirov Anastas Mikoyan Sergo Ordzhonikidze Vlas Chubar

v t e 5th Politburo and 5th Orgburo of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine (1920–1921)
Full members	Dmitry Manuilsky Grigory Petrovsky Christian Rakovsky Vlas Chubar Vyacheslav Molotov secretary, relieved in July 1921
Candidate members	Nikolay Ivanov relieved in July 1921 Feliks Kon full member in March 1921, secretary
Orgburo	Dmitry Manuilsky Nikolay Ivanov Feliks Kon Vyacheslav Molotov Dmitry Lebed 2nd secretary

4th Politburo and 4th Orgburo of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine (1920)

Provisional
(March)

Approved	Stanisław Kosior secretary Aleksei Ivanov Nikolay Bestchetvertnoi Christian Rakovsky Alexander Shumsky
Elected	~~Vasyl Ellan-Blakytny~~ ~~Aleksei Ivanov~~ ~~Nikolay Bestchetvertnoi~~ secretary ~~Vlas Chubar~~ ~~Alexander Shumsky~~

Politburo
(April)

Full members	Stanisław Kosior secretary Grigory Petrovsky Yakov Yakovlev Christian Rakovsky Alexander Shumsky
Orgburo	Stanisław Kosior Yakov Yakovlev Alexander Shumsky

v t e Government of Ukrainian SSR before 1938
Chairman of VUTsVK	Yefim Medvedev Vladimir Zatonskiy Grigory Petrovsky
First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Ukrainian SSR (1918–1938)	Georgy Pyatakov Serafima Hopner Emmanuil Kviring Stanislav Kosior Rafail Farbman Nikolai Nikolayev Vyacheslav Molotov Feliks Kon Dmitry Manuilsky Lazar Kaganovich Nikita Khrushchev
People's Secretariat / Sovnarkom	Evgenia Bosh Nikolai Skripnik Georgy Pyatakov Fyodor Sergeyev Christian Rakovsky Vlas Chubar Panas Lyubchenko Mikhail Bondarenko Demian Korotchenko
International Representatives (until 1923)	Yuriy Kotsiubynsky (Austria) Waldemar Aussem (Germany) Mikhail Levitskiy (Czechoslovakia) Mikhail Frunze (Turkey) Mieczislaw Loganowski/Oleksandr Shumsky (Poland) Yevgeniy Terletskiy (Baltics)

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