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{{Short description|Designation under U.S. law}}
⚫ A '''Specially Designated Terrorist''' is any person who is determined by the ] to be a specially designated terrorist (SDT) under notices or regulations issued by the ].<ref name="ter">{{cite book|last=Costigan|first=Sean S.|coauthors=Gold, David|title=Terrornomics|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|url=0754649954|accessdate=March 12, 2010}}</ref>


⚫ A '''Specially Designated Terrorist''' ('''SDT''') is a person who has been designated by the ] to be a specially designated terrorist under notices or regulations issued by the ] (OFAC), under the U.S. Treasury Department.<ref name="ter">{{cite book|last=Costigan|first=Sean S.|author2=Gold, David |title=Terrornomics|year=2007|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CtfSiaj9R5wC&pg=PA187|access-date=March 12, 2010 | isbn=978-0-7546-4995-3}}</ref><ref name="Treasury's War book">{{cite book | title=Treasury's War | publisher=PublicAffairs | author=Zarate, Juan C. | year=2013 | location=New York | isbn=9781610391153}}</ref>
] 12947, issued by President ] on January 23, 1995, prohibits financial transactions with any SDT.<ref name="ter"/> The Order identified 12 organizations and 18 individuals that threatened to disrupt the ], and empowered the ] and the ] to expand the list.<ref name="ter"/><ref></ref> All SDT assets were frozen, transfers of funds, goods, or services to SDTs were prohibited, and any U.S. entity that hold any funds in which any interest is held in an SDT is required by law to report that interest to the appropriate U.S. authorities.<ref name="ter"/><ref></ref> The sanctions apply to any entity owned or controlled by, or acting on behalf of, an SDT.<ref name="ter"/> They also apply to foreign branches of U.S. entities, but not to subsidiaries formed under non-U.S. law.<ref></ref>


] 12947, issued by President ] on January 23, 1995, prohibits financial transactions with SDTs.<ref name="ter"/><ref name="report">{{cite web|url=http://www.ustreas.gov/offices/enforcement/ofac/reports/tar2002.pdf|title=Terrorist Assets Report; Calendar Year 2002|last=U.S. Treasury Department|access-date=March 12, 2010|archive-date=August 26, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826154557/http://ustreas.gov/offices/enforcement/ofac/reports/tar2002.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="eord">{{cite web|url=http://en.wikisource.org/Executive_Order_12947|title=Executive Order 12947|last=Clinton|first=William J.|date=January 23, 1995|work=Wikisource|access-date=April 13, 2011|archive-date=May 12, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512015308/http://en.wikisource.org/Executive_Order_12947|url-status=live}}</ref> Twelve organizations and 18 people were identified in the Order as threatening disruption of the ]. The U.S. ] and the ] were given the power to add other organizations and people to the list.<ref name="ter"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=e90zAAAAIBAJ&pg=2433,1087582&dq=specially-designated-terrorist&hl=en |title=Islamic Jihad Leader's Bank Accounts Frozen |publisher=Gainesville Sun|date=November 3, 1995 |access-date=September 28, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BBY7AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+%22executive+order%22+18&pg=PA671 |title=The Code of Federal regulations of the United States of America |year=1997 |access-date=September 28, 2010 |archive-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320205951/https://books.google.com/books?id=BBY7AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+%22executive+order%22+18&pg=PA671 |url-status=live }}</ref> On August 20, 1998, President Clinton expanded the list by Executive Order 13099.<ref name="report"/>
On January 25, 1995, ] was listed as an SDT, ] was added in 1998, and on December 4, 2001, OFAC designated the ] as an SDT.<ref>], Roland L. Trope, Gregory E. Upchurch, 2005, ISBN 1590314298, accessed March 12, 2010]</ref><ref></ref> The SDT list appears in the Federal Register, which is updated regularly.<ref></ref><ref>], 2008, ISBN 0521844444, accessed March 12, 2010]</ref>


The U.S. government began to impose economic sanctions against international terrorists in 1995.<ref name="report"/> On January 25, 1995, ] and ] were listed as SDTs. ] was added in August 1995, ] was added in 1998, and on December 4, 2001, the ] was also designated.<ref name="eord"/><ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320210005/https://books.google.com/books?id=DcUeAc4YZo0C&pg=PA135&dq=%22specially+designated+terrorist%22&lr=lang_en&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=3&client=firefox-a&cd=18#v=onepage&q=%22specially%20designated%20terrorist%22&f=false |date=2022-03-20 }}, ], Roland L. Trope, Gregory E. Upchurch, 2005, {{ISBN|1-59031-429-8}}, accessed March 12, 2010</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tYHi5qBaM7MC&q=%22specially+designated+terrorist%22&pg=PA265|title=Unfunding terror: the legal response to the financing of global terrorism|author=Jimmy Gurulé|isbn=978-1-84542-962-1|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|year=2008|access-date=September 28, 2010|archive-date=March 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320210021/https://books.google.com/books?id=tYHi5qBaM7MC&q=%22specially+designated+terrorist%22&pg=PA265|url-status=live}}</ref> On February 28, 2006, ] signed a plea agreement in which he agreed to plead guilty to one count of ] to contribute services to or for the benefit of the ], a SDT organization, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371; he was sentenced to 57 months in prison.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sptimes.com/2006/04/24/Hillsborough/Plea_deal_overcame_th.shtml |title=Hillsborough: Plea deal overcame the discord |publisher=Sptimes.com |date=April 24, 2006 |access-date=September 28, 2010 |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173647/http://www.sptimes.com/2006/04/24/Hillsborough/Plea_deal_overcame_th.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="plea">{{cite web|url=http://nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/U.S._v_Al-Arian_pleaagr.pdf|title=Plea Agreement; U.S. v. Al-Arian|date=February 28, 2006|access-date=March 8, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301162657/http://nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/U.S._v_Al-Arian_pleaagr.pdf|archive-date=March 1, 2012}}</ref><ref name="57months">{{cite web|url=http://nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/U.S._v_Al-Arian_dojprsentencing.pdf|title=Sami Al-Arian Sentenced to 57 Months in Prison for Assisting Terrorist Group|last=U.S. Department of Justice|date=May 1, 2006|work=Press Release|access-date=March 8, 2010|archive-date=October 4, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004192730/http://nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/U.S._v_Al-Arian_dojprsentencing.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> ], the leader of the ], was designated a SDT in January 2014.<ref name=ecfr>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ecfr.eu/mapping_palestinian_politics/detail/ziyad_al_nakhalah |title=Mapping Palestinian Politics - Ziyad al-Nakhalah |access-date=2020-09-18 |archive-date=2020-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606203040/https://www.ecfr.eu/mapping_palestinian_politics/detail/ziyad_al_nakhalah/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
⚫ ==References==

The SDT list appears in the '']'', which is updated regularly.<ref name="Treasury's War book">{{cite book | title=Treasury's War | publisher=PublicAffairs | author=Zarate, Juan C. | year=2013 | location=New York | isbn=9781610391153}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0gI970h9_pwC&q=%22specially+designated+terrorist%22&pg=PA37|title=To supply or to deny: comparing nonproliferation export controls in five key countries|author=Michael David Beck|isbn=90-411-2216-8|publisher=Kluwer Law International|year=2003|access-date=September 28, 2010|archive-date=March 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320205946/https://books.google.com/books?id=0gI970h9_pwC&q=%22specially+designated+terrorist%22&pg=PA37|url-status=live}}</ref><ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320205949/https://books.google.com/books?id=QpVVPtzu1LUC&pg=PA348&dq=%22specially+designated+terrorist%22&lr=lang_en&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=3&client=firefox-a&cd=19#v=onepage&q=%22specially%20designated%20terrorist%22&f=false |date=2022-03-20 }}, Laura K. Donohue, ], 2008, {{ISBN|0-521-84444-4}}, accessed March 12, 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,118241,00.html|title=Hamas-Linked US Ventures Under Scrutiny|publisher=Fox News|date=April 27, 2004|access-date=September 28, 2010|archive-date=February 6, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206150246/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,118241,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Consequences==
All of the assets of all SDTs were frozen.<ref name="Treasury's War book">{{cite book | title=Treasury's War | publisher=PublicAffairs | author=Zarate, Juan C. | year=2013 | location=New York | isbn=9781610391153}}</ref> In addition, transfers of "funds, goods, or services" to SDTs were prohibited.<ref name="google1">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BBY7AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+%22funds,+goods,+or+services%22&pg=PA669 |title=The Code of Federal regulations of the United States of America |year=1997 |access-date=September 28, 2010 |archive-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320210036/https://books.google.com/books?id=BBY7AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+%22funds%2C+goods%2C+or+services%22&pg=PA669 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Giu7AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+funds+goods+services |title=International economics and ... |date=September 25, 2008 |isbn=9780072873337 |access-date=September 28, 2010 |last1=King |first1=Philip |last2=King |first2=Sharmila |archive-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320210032/https://books.google.com/books?id=Giu7AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+funds+goods+services |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sj2cwVNqUvYC&q=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+funds+goods+services&pg=SA8-PA112 |title=United States Export Controls |isbn=9780735565197 |access-date=September 28, 2010 |last1=Root |first1=William A. |last2=Liebman |first2=John R. |last3=Thomsen |first3=Roszel Cathcart |date=15 November 2006 |archive-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320210002/https://books.google.com/books?id=Sj2cwVNqUvYC&q=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+funds+goods+services&pg=SA8-PA112 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPNJsqgYtucC&q=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+funds+goods+services|title=9-11 And Beyond|date=September 11, 2001|isbn=9780757504730|access-date=September 28, 2010|last1=Jandrowitz|first1=James|last2=Spaulding|first2=Jay|archive-date=March 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320210032/https://books.google.com/books?id=DPNJsqgYtucC&q=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+funds+goods+services|url-status=live}}</ref> Also, any U.S. entity that holds any funds in which any interest is held in an SDT was required under the law to report its interest to appropriate U.S. authorities.<ref name="ter"/><ref name="eord"/><ref name="google1"/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw1mHo6zjKwC&q=%22specially+designated+terrorist%22&pg=PA323|title=Infiltration: how Muslim spies and subversives have penetrated Washington|author=Paul Sperry|isbn=1-59555-003-8|publisher=Thomas Nelson Inc|year=2005|access-date=September 28, 2010|archive-date=March 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320210003/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw1mHo6zjKwC&q=%22specially+designated+terrorist%22&pg=PA323|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CtfSiaj9R5wC&q=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+assets+frozen&pg=PA188 |title=Terrornomics |date=September 11, 2001 |isbn=9780754649953 |access-date=September 28, 2010 |last1=Costigan |first1=Sean S. |last2=Gold |first2=David |archive-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320205956/https://books.google.com/books?id=CtfSiaj9R5wC&q=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+assets+frozen&pg=PA188 |url-status=live }}</ref> The sanctions apply to any entity "owned or controlled by", or acting on behalf of, an SDT.<ref name="ter"/><ref name="eord"/><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BBY7AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+%22funds,+goods,+or+services%22&pg=PA669 |title=The Code of Federal regulations of the United States of America |year=1997 |access-date=September 28, 2010 |archive-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320210036/https://books.google.com/books?id=BBY7AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+%22funds%2C+goods%2C+or+services%22&pg=PA669 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CtfSiaj9R5wC&q=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+owned+or+controlled+by&pg=PA188 |title=Terrornomics |date=September 11, 2001 |isbn=9780754649953 |access-date=September 28, 2010 |last1=Costigan |first1=Sean S. |last2=Gold |first2=David |archive-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320205957/https://books.google.com/books?id=CtfSiaj9R5wC&q=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+owned+or+controlled+by&pg=PA188 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Giu7AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+owned+or+controlled+by |title=International economics and ... |date=September 25, 2008 |isbn=9780072873337 |access-date=September 28, 2010 |last1=King |first1=Philip |last2=King |first2=Sharmila |archive-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320210038/https://books.google.com/books?id=Giu7AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+owned+or+controlled+by |url-status=live }}</ref> They also apply to foreign branches of U.S. entities, but not to subsidiaries formed under non-U.S. law.<ref name="eord"/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R52qp4xa_DYC&q=%22specially+designated+terrorist%22&pg=PA623 |title=The law and business of international project finance|author= Scott L. Hoffman |isbn=1-57105-176-7 |publisher=Kluwer Law International|year=2001 |access-date=September 28, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BBY7AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+%22funds,+goods,+or+services%22&pg=PA669 |title=The Code of Federal regulations of the United States of America |year=1997 |access-date=September 28, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CtfSiaj9R5wC&q=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+%22executive+order%22+12947+entities+%22peace+process%22&pg=PA179 |title=Terrornomics |date=September 11, 2001 |isbn=9780754649953 |access-date=September 28, 2010|last1=Costigan |first1=Sean S. |last2=Gold |first2=David }}</ref>

== See also ==
* ]
* ]
* ]

⚫ == References ==
{{Reflist|2}} {{Reflist|2}}


==External links== ==External links==
* *


] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
]

Latest revision as of 06:29, 11 November 2024

Designation under U.S. law

A Specially Designated Terrorist (SDT) is a person who has been designated by the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury to be a specially designated terrorist under notices or regulations issued by the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC), under the U.S. Treasury Department.

Executive Order 12947, issued by President Bill Clinton on January 23, 1995, prohibits financial transactions with SDTs. Twelve organizations and 18 people were identified in the Order as threatening disruption of the Middle East peace process. The U.S. Secretary of the Treasury and the U.S. Attorney General were given the power to add other organizations and people to the list. On August 20, 1998, President Clinton expanded the list by Executive Order 13099.

The U.S. government began to impose economic sanctions against international terrorists in 1995. On January 25, 1995, Hamas and Hezbollah were listed as SDTs. Mousa Abu Marzook was added in August 1995, Osama bin Laden was added in 1998, and on December 4, 2001, the Holy Land Foundation was also designated. On February 28, 2006, Sami Al-Arian signed a plea agreement in which he agreed to plead guilty to one count of conspiracy to contribute services to or for the benefit of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad, a SDT organization, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371; he was sentenced to 57 months in prison. Ziyad al-Nakhalah, the leader of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad, was designated a SDT in January 2014.

The SDT list appears in the Federal Register, which is updated regularly.

Consequences

All of the assets of all SDTs were frozen. In addition, transfers of "funds, goods, or services" to SDTs were prohibited. Also, any U.S. entity that holds any funds in which any interest is held in an SDT was required under the law to report its interest to appropriate U.S. authorities. The sanctions apply to any entity "owned or controlled by", or acting on behalf of, an SDT. They also apply to foreign branches of U.S. entities, but not to subsidiaries formed under non-U.S. law.

See also

References

  1. ^ Costigan, Sean S.; Gold, David (2007). Terrornomics. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7546-4995-3. Retrieved March 12, 2010.
  2. ^ Zarate, Juan C. (2013). Treasury's War. New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 9781610391153.
  3. ^ U.S. Treasury Department. "Terrorist Assets Report; Calendar Year 2002" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on August 26, 2009. Retrieved March 12, 2010.
  4. ^ Clinton, William J. (January 23, 1995). "Executive Order 12947". Wikisource. Archived from the original on May 12, 2011. Retrieved April 13, 2011.
  5. "Islamic Jihad Leader's Bank Accounts Frozen". Gainesville Sun. November 3, 1995. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  6. The Code of Federal regulations of the United States of America. 1997. Archived from the original on March 20, 2022. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  7. Checkpoints in cyberspace: best practices to avert liability in cross-border transactions Archived 2022-03-20 at the Wayback Machine, American Bar Association, Roland L. Trope, Gregory E. Upchurch, 2005, ISBN 1-59031-429-8, accessed March 12, 2010
  8. Jimmy Gurulé (2008). Unfunding terror: the legal response to the financing of global terrorism. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84542-962-1. Archived from the original on March 20, 2022. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  9. "Hillsborough: Plea deal overcame the discord". Sptimes.com. April 24, 2006. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  10. "Plea Agreement; U.S. v. Al-Arian" (PDF). February 28, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 1, 2012. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
  11. U.S. Department of Justice (May 1, 2006). "Sami Al-Arian Sentenced to 57 Months in Prison for Assisting Terrorist Group" (PDF). Press Release. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 4, 2012. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
  12. "Mapping Palestinian Politics - Ziyad al-Nakhalah". Archived from the original on 2020-06-06. Retrieved 2020-09-18.
  13. Michael David Beck (2003). To supply or to deny: comparing nonproliferation export controls in five key countries. Kluwer Law International. ISBN 90-411-2216-8. Archived from the original on March 20, 2022. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  14. The cost of counterterrorism: power, politics, and liberty Archived 2022-03-20 at the Wayback Machine, Laura K. Donohue, Cambridge University Press, 2008, ISBN 0-521-84444-4, accessed March 12, 2010
  15. "Hamas-Linked US Ventures Under Scrutiny". Fox News. April 27, 2004. Archived from the original on February 6, 2011. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  16. ^ The Code of Federal regulations of the United States of America. 1997. Archived from the original on March 20, 2022. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  17. King, Philip; King, Sharmila (September 25, 2008). International economics and ... ISBN 9780072873337. Archived from the original on March 20, 2022. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  18. Root, William A.; Liebman, John R.; Thomsen, Roszel Cathcart (15 November 2006). United States Export Controls. ISBN 9780735565197. Archived from the original on 20 March 2022. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  19. Jandrowitz, James; Spaulding, Jay (September 11, 2001). 9-11 And Beyond. ISBN 9780757504730. Archived from the original on March 20, 2022. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  20. Paul Sperry (2005). Infiltration: how Muslim spies and subversives have penetrated Washington. Thomas Nelson Inc. ISBN 1-59555-003-8. Archived from the original on March 20, 2022. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  21. Costigan, Sean S.; Gold, David (September 11, 2001). Terrornomics. ISBN 9780754649953. Archived from the original on March 20, 2022. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  22. The Code of Federal regulations of the United States of America. 1997. Archived from the original on March 20, 2022. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  23. Costigan, Sean S.; Gold, David (September 11, 2001). Terrornomics. ISBN 9780754649953. Archived from the original on March 20, 2022. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  24. King, Philip; King, Sharmila (September 25, 2008). International economics and ... ISBN 9780072873337. Archived from the original on March 20, 2022. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  25. Scott L. Hoffman (2001). The law and business of international project finance. Kluwer Law International. ISBN 1-57105-176-7. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  26. The Code of Federal regulations of the United States of America. 1997. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  27. Costigan, Sean S.; Gold, David (September 11, 2001). Terrornomics. ISBN 9780754649953. Retrieved September 28, 2010.

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