Rákóczi's War of Independence: Difference between revisions

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	{{~~Use~~ ~~mdy~~ ~~dates~~\|date=April 2012}}		{{Short description\|Insurrection in Hungary against Habsburg rule}}{{Sources\|date=April 2012}}
	]
	'''Rákóczi's War of Independence''' (1703–1711) was the first significant attempt to topple the
	rule of ] over ]. The war was fought by a group of noblemen, wealthy and high-ranking progressives and was led by ] ({{lang-hu\|II. Rákóczi Ferenc}})

			{{Use mdy dates\|date=April 2012}}
	The insurrection was unsuccessful, closed by ], however the Hungarian nobility managed to defend the Hungarian interest partially.
			{{Infobox military conflict
			\| conflict = Rákóczi's War of Independence
			\| partof = the ]
			\| image = Kurucok labancokat hajtanak.jpg
			\| image_size = 275px
			\| caption = ] horsemen captured an Austrian soldier
			\| date = 15 June 1703 – 1 May 1711
			\| place = ]
			\| result = Victory of Holy Roman Empire
			*]
			\| combatant1 = {{Collapsible list
			\|bullets = yes
			\|title = {{flagcountry\|Holy Roman Empire}}:
			\| {{flagicon image\|Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg}} ]
			\| {{Flag\|Prussia\|1701}}
			\| ] ]
			\| ] ] from the ]
			\| ]
			\| ] ]
			\| ] ]
			\| {{flagicon\|Denmark}} ]
			}}
			{{Collapsible list
			\|bullets = yes
			\|title ='''Foreign mercenaries:'''
			\| ]
			\| ]
			\| ]
			\| ]
			\| ]
			\| ]
			}}
			\| combatant2 = {{ubl\|{{flagdeco\|Transylvania\|1703}} ] (])\|{{flagicon\|Transylvania\|1703}} ]\|{{flag\|Kingdom of France}}}}
			{{Collapsible list
			\|bullets = yes
			\|title ='''Minorities:'''
			\| ]
			\| ]
			\| ]
			\| ]
			\| ]
			\| Croats from Hungary
			\| ] and ]
			\| ]
			\| pro-Hungarian Serbs
			}}
			{{Collapsible list
			\|bullets = yes
			\|title =
			'''Foreign mercenaries and volunteers:'''
			\| ]
			\| ]ns
			\| ]
			\| ]
			\| ]
			\| Germans
			\| ]
			\| ]ns
			\| ]
			\| ]
			\| ]
			}}
			\| commander1 = {{ubl\|
			{{flagicon image\|Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg}} ]\|
			{{flagicon image\|Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg}} ]\|
			{{flagicon image\|Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg}} ]\|
			{{flagicon image\|Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg}} ]\|
			{{flagicon image\|Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg}} Lt Gen ]\|
			{{flagicon image\|Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg}} Gen ]\|
			{{flagicon image\|Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg}} Cav Gen ]\|
			{{flagicon image\|Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg}} Cav Gen ]\|
			{{flagicon image\|Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg}} Gen ]\|
			{{flagicon image\|Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg}} Gen ]\|
			] ]\|
			] Gen ]\|
			{{flagicon\|Denmark-Norway}} Gen ]}}
			\| commander2 = {{ubl\|
			{{flagdeco\|Transylvania\|1703}} Prince ]\|
			{{flagdeco\|Transylvania\|1703}} Chancellor ]\|
			{{flagdeco\|Transylvania\|1703}} Maj Gen ]\|
			{{flagdeco\|Transylvania\|1703}} Gen ]\|
			{{flagdeco\|Transylvania\|1703}} Gen ]\|
			{{flagdeco\|Transylvania\|1703}} Gen ]{{KIA}}\|
			{{flagdeco\|Transylvania\|1703}} Brig ]{{KIA}}\|
			{{flagdeco\|Transylvania\|1703}} Colonel ]\|
			{{flagicon\|Kingdom of France\|bourbon}} Marquis ]\|
			{{flagicon\|Kingdom of France\|bourbon}} Artillery Colonel ]\|
			{{flagicon\|Kingdom of France\|bourbon}} Colonel ]\|
			{{flagicon\|Kingdom of France\|bourbon}} Colonel ]\|
			] ], Palatine of Kiev}}
			\| strength1 = {{ubl\|c. 60,000\|c. 4,500 Danish soldiers}}
			\| strength2 = {{ubl\|c. 70,000\|c. 1,500 French soldiers\|c. 3,000–4,000 Swedish and Polish mercenaries (with Poles, Lithuanians, Ruthenians and Lipkas)}}
			}}
			'''Rákóczi's War of Independence''' (1703–1711) was the first significant attempt to topple the rule of the ] over ]. The war was conducted by a group of noblemen, wealthy and high-ranking progressives and was led by ] and resigned soldiers and peasants fought alongside the noblemen. The insurrection was unsuccessful, ending with the ]; however, the Hungarian nobility managed to partially satisfy Hungarian interests.

	==Prelude==		==Prelude==
			]
	With the ] in 1699, the ] renounced almost all of its claims to some of ], which were conquered from the medieval Kingdom of Hungary after 1526. The nobility was against Habsburg rule because of these, and because the lands formerly taken away from them by the Ottomans were returned only to those who could prove their right to own the property and could pay 10% of its worth to the Habsburgs. If they failed to do so, the property went to creditors of the Empire. The peasant class turned against the Empire because of the hardships the long wars brought upon them. In 1697 an anti-Habsburg uprising in ] was suppressed. However, relations between the court and the nobility were deteriorating, and the new Habsburg rulers treated the peasants so poorly that eventually some people wished for a return to Turkish rule.<ref>Lendvai, Paul: "The Hungarians: A Thousand Years of Victory in Defeat. Princeton University Press, 2004</ref>
			With the ] in 1699, the ] renounced almost all of its claims to some of ], which were conquered from the medieval Kingdom of Hungary after 1526. The nobility was against Habsburg rule because the lands formerly taken away from them by the Ottomans were returned only to those who could prove their right to own the property and could pay 10% of its worth to the Habsburgs. If they failed to do so, the property went to creditors of the Empire. The peasant class turned against the Empire because of the hardships the long wars brought upon them. In 1697 an anti-Habsburg uprising in ] was suppressed. However, relations between the court and the nobility were deteriorating, and the new Habsburg rulers treated the peasants so poorly that eventually some people wished for a return to Turkish rule.<ref>Lendvai, Paul: "The Hungarians: A Thousand Years of Victory in Defeat. Princeton University Press, 2004</ref>

	===Uprising===		===Uprising===
	International relations provided ~~Hungary~~ with an opportunity to liberate themselves from the Habsburgs. With the help of ] anti-Habsburg rebels, led by a young nobleman, ] rose against the Empire in 1678. Thököly occupied most of Northern Hungary ~~and territories of modern-day Slovakia~~. In 1681 the Ottomans joined to help him, and ~~Thököly~~ was recognised as King of Upper Hungary by Sultan ]. However, when the Ottomans lost the battle of Vienna in 1683, Thököly lost Ottoman support and was eventually defeated in 1685. His alliance with the Ottomans changed the positive perception Western Europe had about Hungary, and instead of being thought of as the bastion of Christianity, the country was now being thought of as an enemy,<ref></ref> Partly as a consequence, Hungary was occupied and organised as "newly acquired territory" instead of "territory liberated from the Ottomans".		International relations provided Hungarians with an opportunity to liberate themselves from the Habsburgs. With the help of King ], anti-Habsburg rebels, led by young nobleman ], rose against the Empire in 1678. Thököly occupied most of Northern Hungary. In 1681, the Ottomans joined to help him, and he was recognised as King of Upper Hungary by Sultan ]. However, when the Ottomans lost the battle of Vienna in 1683, Thököly lost Ottoman support and was eventually defeated in 1685. His alliance with the Ottomans changed the positive perception Western Europe had about Hungary, and instead of being thought of as the bastion of Christianity, the country was now being thought of as an enemy,<ref> {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320060337/http://www.enc.hu/1enciklopedia/fogalmi/torttud_magy/thokoly-felkeles.htm \|date=March 20, 2007 }}</ref> Partly as a consequence, Hungary was occupied and organised as "newly acquired territory" instead of "territory liberated from the Ottomans".

	==Leadership==		==Leadership==
			{{Main\|Francis II Rákóczi}}
	{{Unreferenced section\|date=April 2012}}
	{{~~main\|Francis II~~ Rákóczi}}		{{Campaignbox Rákóczi's War of Independence}}
	] ({{~~lang-~~hu\|II. Rákóczi Ferenc}}) was the son of an old noble family and one of the richest landlords in the ]. He was the count ''(comes perpetuus)'' of the ''Comitatus Sarossiensis'' (in Hungarian '']'') from 1694 on. He was born to ], elected ruling prince of Transylvania, and ], in 1676. His father died when Rákóczi was a mere baby, and his mother married ] in 1682. After Thököly was defeated, Zrínyi held the castle of ] (today Mukacheve in Ukraine) for three years but was eventually forced to surrender. After the Treaty of Karlowitz, when his stepfather and mother were sent into exile, Rákóczi had stay in Vienna under Habsburg supervision.		] ({{langx\|hu\|II. Rákóczi Ferenc}}) was the son of an old noble family and one of the richest landlords in the ].<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Rákóczi Revolt {{!}} Encyclopedia.com \|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rakoczi-revolt \|access-date=2023-03-18 \|website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> He was the count ''(comes perpetuus)'' of the ''Comitatus Sarossiensis'' (in Hungarian '']'') from 1694 on. He was born to ], elected ruling prince of Transylvania, and ], in 1676. His father died when Rákóczi was a mere baby, and his mother married ] in 1682. After Thököly was defeated, Zrínyi held the castle of ] (today Mukacheve in Ukraine) for three years but was eventually forced to surrender. After the Treaty of Karlowitz, when his stepfather and mother were sent into exile, Rákóczi had stay in Vienna under Habsburg supervision.

			{{History of Hungary}}
	Remnants of Thököly’s peasant army started a new uprising in the Hegyalja region of Northeastern present-day Hungary, which was part of the property of the Rákóczi family. They captured the castles of ], ] and ], and asked Rákóczi to become their leader, but he was not eager to head what appeared to be a minor peasant rebellion. He quickly returned to Vienna, where he tried his best to clear his name. Rákóczi then befriended Count ], whose property at ] (today Ужгород (Uzhhorod), in Ukraine), lay next to his own. Bercsényi was a highly educated man, the third richest man in the kingdom (after Rákóczi and ]), and was related to most of the Hungarian aristocracy.

			Remnants of Thököly's peasant army started a new uprising in the Hegyalja region of northeastern present-day Hungary, which was part of the property of the Rákóczi family. They captured the castles of ], ] and ], and asked Rákóczi to become their leader, but he was not eager to head what appeared to be a minor peasant rebellion. He quickly returned to Vienna, where he tried his best to clear his name. Rákóczi then befriended Count Miklós Bercsényi, who was married to ], and whose property at ] (today Ужгород (Uzhhorod), in Ukraine), lay next to his own. Bercsényi was a highly educated man, the third richest man in the kingdom (after Rákóczi and Simon Forgách), and was related to most of the Hungarian aristocracy.

	==Fight for independence==		==Fight for independence==
			As the ] was on the verge of dying out, France was looking for allies in its fight against Austrian hegemony. Consequently, they established contact with Rákóczi and promised support if he took up the cause of Hungarian independence. An Austrian spy seized this correspondence and brought it to the attention of the Emperor. As a direct result of this, Rákóczi was arrested on 18 April 1700 and imprisoned in the fortress of ] (south of Vienna). It became obvious during the preliminary hearings that, just as in the case of his grandfather ], the only possible sentence for Francis was death. With the aid of his pregnant wife Amelia and the prison commander, Rákóczi managed to escape and flee to Poland. Here he met with Bercsényi again, and together they resumed contact with the French court.
	{{Unreferenced section\|date=April 2012}}
	As the ] was on the verge of dying out, France was looking for allies in its fight against Austrian hegemony. Consequently, they established contact with Rákóczi and promised support if he took up the cause of Hungarian independence. An Austrian spy seized this correspondence and brought it to the attention of the Emperor. As a direct result of this, Rákóczi was arrested on April 18, 1700, and imprisoned in the fortress of ] (south of Vienna). It became obvious during the preliminary hearings that, just as in the case of his grandfather ], the only possible sentence for Francis was death. With the aid of his pregnant wife Amelia and the prison commander, Rákóczi managed to escape and flee to ]. Here he met with Bercsényi again, and together they resumed contact with the French court.

	Three years later, the ] caused a large part of the Austrian forces in the Kingdom of Hungary to temporarily leave the country. Taking advantage of the situation, ] forces began a new uprising in Munkács, and Rákóczi was asked to head it. He decided to invest his energies in a war of national liberation, and accepted the request. On June ~~15,~~ 1703, another group of about 3000 armed men headed by ] joined him near the Polish city of Lawoczne. Bercsényi also arrived, with French funds and 600 Polish mercenaries.		Three years later, the ] caused a large part of the Austrian forces in the Kingdom of Hungary to temporarily leave the country. Taking advantage of the situation, ] forces began a new uprising in Munkács, and Rákóczi was asked to head it. He decided to invest his energies in a war of national liberation, and accepted the request. On 15 June 1703, another group of about 3000 armed men headed by Tamás Esze joined him near the Polish city of Lawoczne (today ], a village in ]). Bercsényi also arrived, with French funds and 600 Polish mercenaries.

			]
	Most of the Hungarian nobility did not support Rákóczi’s uprising, because they considered it to be no more than a ], a peasant rebellion. Rákóczi’s famous call to the nobility of ] seemed to be in vain. He did manage to convince the ] (emancipated peasant warriors) to join his forces, so his forces controlled most of ] to the east and north of the ] by late September 1703. He continued by conquering ] soon after.
			Most of the Hungarian nobility did not support Rákóczi's uprising, because they considered it to be no more than a ], a peasant rebellion. Rákóczi's famous call to the nobility of ] seemed to be in vain. He did manage to convince the ] (emancipated peasant warriors) to join his forces, so his forces controlled most of ] to the east and north of the ] by late September 1703. He continued by conquering ] soon after.

			Since the Austrians had to fight Rákóczi on several fronts, they felt obliged to enter negotiations with him. However, the victory of Austrian and English forces against a combined French-Bavarian army in the ] on 13 August 1704, provided an advantage not only in the War of the Spanish Succession, but also prevented the union of Rákóczi's forces with their French-Bavarian allies.
	], Hungary]]

			], Hungary]]
	Since the Austrians had to fight Rákóczi on several fronts, they felt obliged to enter negotiations with him. However, the victory of Austrian and British forces against a combined French-Bavarian army in the ] on August 13, 1704, provided an advantage not only in the War of the Spanish Succession, but also prevented the union of Rákóczi’s forces with their French-Bavarian allies.

	This placed Rákóczi into a difficult military and financial situation. French support gradually diminished, and a larger army was needed to occupy the already-won land. Meanwhile, supplying the current army with arms and food was beyond his means. He tried to solve this problem by creating a new copper-based coinage, which was not easily accepted in Hungary as people were used to silver coins. Nevertheless, Rákóczi managed to maintain his military advantage for a while – but after 1706, his army was forced into retreat.		This placed Rákóczi into a difficult military and financial situation. French support gradually diminished, and a larger army was needed to occupy the already-won land. Meanwhile, supplying the current army with arms and food was beyond his means. He tried to solve this problem by creating a new copper-based coinage, which was not easily accepted in Hungary as people were used to silver coins. Nevertheless, Rákóczi managed to maintain his military advantage for a while – but after 1706, his army was forced into retreat.

	A meeting of the Hungarian ] (consisting of 6 bishops, 36 aristocrats and about 1000 representatives of the lower nobility of 25 counties), held near ] (]) in September 1705, elected Rákóczi to be the "fejedelem"- (ruling) prince – of the Confederated Estates of the Kingdom of Hungary, to be assisted by a 24-member ]. Rákóczi and the Senate were assigned joint responsibility for the conduct of foreign affairs, including peace talks.		A meeting of the Hungarian ] (consisting of 6 bishops, 36 aristocrats and about 1000 representatives of the lower nobility of 25 counties), held near ] (]) in September 1705, elected Rákóczi to be the "fejedelem"- (ruling) prince – of the Confederated Estates of the Kingdom of Hungary, to be assisted by a 24-member ]. Rákóczi and the Senate were assigned joint responsibility for the conduct of foreign affairs, including peace talks.

	Encouraged by England and the ], peace talks started again on October ~~27,~~ 1705 between the ] leaders and the Emperor. However military operations continued and both sides varied their strategy according to the military situation. On ~~December~~ 13 Kuruc forces led by ] defeated the Austrians at ]. One stumbling block was ~~the~~ sovereignty over ] – neither side was prepared to give it up. ~~Rákóczi’s~~ proposed treaty with the French was stalled, so he became convinced that only a declaration of independence would make it acceptable for various powers to negotiate with him. In 1706, his wife (whom he had not seen in 5 years, along with their sons József and György) and his sister were both sent as peace ambassadors, but Rákóczi rejected their efforts on behalf of the Emperor.		Encouraged by ] and the ], peace talks started again on 27 October 1705 between the ] leaders and the Emperor. However, military operations continued and both sides varied their strategy according to the military situation. On 13 December Kuruc forces led by ] defeated the Austrians at ]. One stumbling block was sovereignty over ] – neither side was prepared to give it up. Rákóczi's proposed treaty with the French was stalled, so he became convinced that only a declaration of independence would make it acceptable for various powers to negotiate with him. In 1706, his wife (whom he had not seen in 5 years, along with their sons József and György) and his sister were both sent as peace ambassadors, but Rákóczi rejected their efforts on behalf of the Emperor.

	On ~~Rákóczi’s~~ recommendation, and with ~~Bercsényi’s~~ support, another meeting of the Diet held at Ónod (] ~~county~~) declared the deposition of the ] from the Hungarian throne on ~~June~~ 13, 1707. But neither this act, nor the copper currency issued to avoid monetary inflation, were successful. ] refused to enter into treaties with Prince Rákóczi, leaving the Hungarians without allies. There remained the possibility of an alliance with ], but this did not materialize either.		On Rákóczi's recommendation, and with Bercsényi's support, another meeting of the Diet held at Ónod (]) declared the deposition of the ] from the Hungarian throne on 13 June 1707. But neither this act, nor the copper currency issued to avoid ], were successful. ] refused to enter into treaties with Prince Rákóczi, leaving the Hungarians without allies. There remained the possibility of an alliance with the ], but this did not materialize either.

	At the ] (Hungarian ''Trencsén'', German ''Trentschin'', Latin ''Trentsinium'', ], today in ]), on August 3, 1708 ~~Rákóczi’s~~ horse stumbled, and he fell to the ground, which knocked him unconscious. The ] forces thought him dead and fled. This defeat was fatal for the uprising. Numerous Kuruc leaders transferred their allegiance to the Emperor, hoping for clemency. ~~Rákóczi’s~~ forces became restricted to the area around Munkács and ]. Not trusting the word of ], who was the ~~Emperor’s~~ envoy charged with negotiations with the rebels, the Prince left the Kingdom of Hungary for ] on February 21, ~~1711~~.		At the ] (Hungarian ''Trencsén'', German ''Trentschin'', Latin ''Trentsinium'', Comitatus Trentsiniensis, today in ]), on 3 August 1708 Rákóczi's horse stumbled, and he fell to the ground, which knocked him unconscious. The kuruc forces thought him dead and fled. This defeat was fatal for the uprising. Numerous Kuruc leaders transferred their allegiance to the Emperor, hoping for clemency. Rákóczi's forces became restricted to the area around Munkács and ]. Not trusting the word of ], who was the Emperor's envoy charged with negotiations with the rebels, the Prince left the Kingdom of Hungary for ] on 21 February 1711.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Szilagyi Sándor :A Magyar Nemzet Története . Hetedik kötet. Hatodik könyv. Budapest.1898. Atheneum.\|url=http://mek.oszk.hu/00800/00893/html/}}</ref><ref>Simonyi, Erno: Angol diplomatiai iratok II. Rákóczi Ferencz korára. Pest, 1871. <nowiki>https://archive.org/details/angoldiplomatiai03simouoft/page/306/mode/2up</nowiki>

			<nowiki>https://archive.org/details/iirkcziferencz01mrki/page/356/mode/2up</nowiki>
	==Serbian participation and other Royalists==

			II. Rákóczi Ferencz fejedelem emlékiratai a magyar háborúról, 1703-tól végéig (1711) <nowiki>https://archive.org/details/iirkcziferenczfe00rkcz/page/176/mode/2up</nowiki>
	Most ] refused Rakóczi's ultimatum and wanted to stay neutral. This was followed by significant retribution to the Serbs in ] which included severe burning down of Serb villages. Serbs therefore joined the government forces, significantly contributing to quelling Rakóczi's rebellion. However, there were some Serbs who fought on Rakóczi's side, against the Habsburgs – the Frontiersmen of Semlak. The leader of the Kuruc Serb troops was Frontier Captain Obrad Lalić from ].

			<nowiki>https://archive.org/details/iirkcziferencz01mrki/page/356/mode/2up</nowiki>
	] also supported the Habsburg Monarchy, thus the Croatian army and the Habsburg contingents preclude to the Kuruc occupation of Croatia. Croatian and Serbian forces was to fight in the ] and Upper Hungary. The ] also to distance oneself from Rákóczi in 1703. Albeit Austrian general Rabutin to lose in Transylvania, but retreat in the Saxonland, where the Saxon towns and peasants harbor to the Habsburg Army. Between the Kuruc and Habsburg-Saxon army clashes took place throughout.

			Marki, Sandor: Nagy Péter czár és II. Rákóczi Ferencz szövetsége 1707-ben : székfoglaló értekezés . 1913. <nowiki>https://archive.org/details/nagypterczr00mr/page/58/mode/2up</nowiki></ref>
	==Danish assistance==
	{{Unreferenced section\|date=April 2012}}
	] was to yearly advance cavalry and infantry regiments. The Habsburg army station to this Danish regiments in Hungary and the Danish soldiers all along to fight against the Hungarians (Kurucs) and his allies. The Danish forces was to fight in Eastern Hungary and Transylvania (]).

			==Foreign soldiers and participants==
	==Mercenaries and minorities in the Kuruc army==
	{{Unreferenced section\|date=April 2012}}
	The ] minority in 1703 at once hook on to the uprising, but between 1690 and 1702 also Rusyns supported the Hungarians against the Austrian soldiers. Alike the Slovakians all along to stick up for Rákóczi. In the Kuruc army was Slovakian commanders and few Kuruc force was fully Slovakian. After enfranchisement of Transylvania en masse stand in with the Kurucs the Romanian minority, come off to the Romanian Kuruc forces. Moreover few hundred mercenaries fight to in the Rákóczi's army from ] and ].

			=== Denmark-Norway ===
	Scores Polish volunteers and mercenaries (from Poland moreover ] and ]) supported to the Kurucs. Rákóczi was several times ask for help of ] and endeavor to recruit more Polish soldiers. In the Hungarian Germans the ] and some German group (and Renegades from the Habsburg Army) supported Rákóczi's war, together with also German mercenaries. The Kuruc Army was to fill in commandments and oaths in ] and German language, namely scores Germans and Slovakians serve in the Kuruc army.
			The ] annually ] to the Habsburg army, which stationed these Danish regiments in Hungary; this resulted in Danish soldiers fighting alongside the Habsburg army against the Hungarians (Kurucs) and their allies.<ref>Szabad, Emeric (1844). Hungary, past and present. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, p. 172.</ref><ref>Martin, Henri (1865). Martin's History of France: The Age of Louis XIV. Volume 2. Boston; Walker, Wise, and Company, pp. 359, 386.</ref><ref>Vaupell, Otto (1872). Den dansk-norske hærs historie indtil 1814. Første del. Gyldendalske boghandel, p. 317.</ref> The Danish forces fought in Eastern Hungary and Transylvania (]).

			=== Serbs, Croats and Saxons ===
	The ] from countries of ], ] and ] likewise to fight against the Habsburg soldiers, as the Styrian forces several times forage to the Slovene villages.
			The ] (who settled in the ] of Hungary during the ] and protected by the Austrians) fought on the Emperor's side since the beginning of the war. They were used as light cavalry in the Austrian army and as tax collectors. During the eight years of war, Hungarian villages and towns of the ] and ] were burnt and robbed by the Serbs, while in ], Serb villages were burnt. However, there were some Serbs who fought on Rakóczi's side against the Habsburgs – the Frontiersmen of Semlak (Mezősomlyó). The leader of the Kuruc Serb troops was Frontier Captain Obrad Lalić from ].

			] also supported the Habsburg Monarchy, thus the Croatian Army and the Habsburg contingents precluded the Kuruc occupation of Croatia. Croatian and Serbian forces fought in ] and Upper Hungary. The ] also distanced themselves from Rákóczi in 1703. Although Austrian General Rabutin lost in Transylvania, he retreated into the Saxonland, where Saxon towns and peasants gave shelter to the Habsburg Army. Clashes between the Kuruc and Habsburg-Saxon army took place throughout Croatia.
	Few hundred Swedish soldier was break away from the ], ] and Poland in Hungary. Rákóczi in 1710 admit the Swedes in the demoralized Kuruc army. The Hungarian-Polish-Swedish-French army little short of it defeat to the Austrians in the ], last Rákóczi's forces was to crack up in the course of the Austrian counterattack.

			=== Romanians and Slovaks ===
	Lower part were ], ], ] and ].
			]–] battle]]
			During the conflict, the Slovaks fought for Rákóczi. In the Kuruc army there were Slovak commanders and a few Kuruc forces were completely Slovak. After the enfranchisement of Transylvania, the Romanian minority stood en masse with the Kurucs, and supported the Romanian Kuruc forces. Finally, a few hundred mercenaries from ] and ] fought in Rákóczi's army.

			=== Others ===
			Scores of Polish volunteers and mercenaries came from Poland, also many soldiers were ] and ], they supported the Kurucs. Several times Rákóczi asked for help from ] and endeavored to recruit more Polish soldiers. In the Hungarian lands, the Germans Spiš Saxons and some German groups (including renegades from the Habsburg Army) joined Rákóczi's war. They were supplemented by German mercenaries. The Kuruc Army also used commands and oaths in both the Slovak and German languages, since there were so many Germans and Slovaks who served in the Kuruc army.

			The ] minority in 1703 immediately joined the uprising, but before that between 1690 and 1702 the Rusyns supported the Hungarians against the Austrian soldiers. The ] from the regions of ], ] and ] joined the fight against the Habsburg soldiers, since the ] forces several times foraged in the Slovene villages.

			A few hundred Swedish soldiers broke away from the ], Benderi and Poland in Hungary. In 1710 Rákóczi admitted the Swedes into the demoralized Kuruc army. The Hungarian-Polish-Swedish-French army was close to victory against the Austrians in the Battle of Romhány, but the last of Rákóczi's forces was crushed in the course of the Austrian counterattack.

			Rákóczi's army also included ], ], ] and ].

			== See also ==

			* ], used as a stronghold by Kuruc rebels

	=== French assistance in the Rákóczi's War of Independence ===
	==References==		==References==
	{{~~reflist~~\|colwidth=30em}}		{{Reflist\|colwidth=30em}}

			{{Hungarian conflicts}}
			{{Wars and battles involving Serbs}}
			{{Authority control}}

	{{DEFAULTSORT:Rakoczi's War For Independence}}		{{DEFAULTSORT:Rakoczi's War For Independence}}
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Latest revision as of 02:17, 3 November 2024

Insurrection in Hungary against Habsburg rule

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Rákóczi's War of Independence

Part of the War of the Spanish Succession

Kuruc horsemen captured an Austrian soldier

Date

15 June 1703 – 1 May 1711

Location

Hungary

Result

Victory of Holy Roman Empire

Treaty of Szatmár

Belligerents

Holy Roman Empire:

Foreign mercenaries:

Minorities:

Foreign mercenaries and volunteers:

Commanders and leaders

Strength

c. 60,000
c. 4,500 Danish soldiers

c. 70,000
c. 1,500 French soldiers
c. 3,000–4,000 Swedish and Polish mercenaries (with Poles, Lithuanians, Ruthenians and Lipkas)

Rákóczi's War of Independence (1703–1711) was the first significant attempt to topple the rule of the Habsburgs over Hungary. The war was conducted by a group of noblemen, wealthy and high-ranking progressives and was led by Francis II Rákóczi and resigned soldiers and peasants fought alongside the noblemen. The insurrection was unsuccessful, ending with the Treaty of Szatmár; however, the Hungarian nobility managed to partially satisfy Hungarian interests.

Prelude

With the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699, the Ottoman Empire renounced almost all of its claims to some of its territories, which were conquered from the medieval Kingdom of Hungary after 1526. The nobility was against Habsburg rule because the lands formerly taken away from them by the Ottomans were returned only to those who could prove their right to own the property and could pay 10% of its worth to the Habsburgs. If they failed to do so, the property went to creditors of the Empire. The peasant class turned against the Empire because of the hardships the long wars brought upon them. In 1697 an anti-Habsburg uprising in Tokaj was suppressed. However, relations between the court and the nobility were deteriorating, and the new Habsburg rulers treated the peasants so poorly that eventually some people wished for a return to Turkish rule.

Uprising

International relations provided Hungarians with an opportunity to liberate themselves from the Habsburgs. With the help of King Louis XIV of France, anti-Habsburg rebels, led by young nobleman Imre Thököly, rose against the Empire in 1678. Thököly occupied most of Northern Hungary. In 1681, the Ottomans joined to help him, and he was recognised as King of Upper Hungary by Sultan Mehmed IV. However, when the Ottomans lost the battle of Vienna in 1683, Thököly lost Ottoman support and was eventually defeated in 1685. His alliance with the Ottomans changed the positive perception Western Europe had about Hungary, and instead of being thought of as the bastion of Christianity, the country was now being thought of as an enemy, Partly as a consequence, Hungary was occupied and organised as "newly acquired territory" instead of "territory liberated from the Ottomans".

Leadership

Main article: Francis II Rákóczi

v t e Rákóczi's War of Independence
Dolha Mukachevo Tiszabecs Tiszántúl Halas Bonchida Zvolen Belényes Holdvilág Feketehalom Biskupice Szomolány Koroncó 1st Saint Gotthard Titel Nagyszombat Kiliti Pudmeric Székelykocsárd Zsibó 2nd Saint Gotthard Győrvár Trenčín Kölesd Romhány

Francis II Rákóczi (Hungarian: II. Rákóczi Ferenc) was the son of an old noble family and one of the richest landlords in the Kingdom of Hungary. He was the count (comes perpetuus) of the Comitatus Sarossiensis (in Hungarian Sáros) from 1694 on. He was born to Francis I Rákóczi, elected ruling prince of Transylvania, and Ilona Zrínyi, in 1676. His father died when Rákóczi was a mere baby, and his mother married Imre Thököly in 1682. After Thököly was defeated, Zrínyi held the castle of Munkács (today Mukacheve in Ukraine) for three years but was eventually forced to surrender. After the Treaty of Karlowitz, when his stepfather and mother were sent into exile, Rákóczi had stay in Vienna under Habsburg supervision.

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History of Hungary

Early history

Early medieval

Kingdom of the Gepids	454–567
Ostrogothic Kingdom	469–553
Avar Khaganate	567–822
Hungarian invasions of Europe	~800–970
Hungarian conquest	862–895

Medieval

Principality of Hungary	895–1000
Kingdom of Hungary	1000–1301
Personal union with Croatia	1102–1918
Golden Bull	1222
Mongol invasion of Hungary	1241–1242
Kingdom of Hungary	1301–1526
Ottoman Wars	1366–1526

Early modern

Reformation	1520
Ottoman Wars	1526–1699
Eastern Hungarian Kingdom	1526–1570
Royal Hungary	1526–1699
Ottoman Hungary	1541–1699
Principality of Transylvania	1570–1711
Bocskai uprising	1604–1606
Wesselényi conspiracy	1664–1671
Principality of Upper Hungary	1682–1685
Kingdom of Hungary	1699–1867

Late modern

Rákóczi's War of Independence	1703–1711
Principality of Transylvania	1711–1867
Hungarian Reform Era	1825–1848
Revolution of 1848	1848–1849
Hungarian State	1849
Austro-Hungarian Monarchy	1867–1918
Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen	1867–1918
World War I	1914–1918
Interwar period	1918–1941
Hungarian People's Republic	1918–1919
Hungarian Soviet Republic	1919
Hungarian Republic	1919–1920
Treaty of Trianon	1920
Kingdom of Hungary	1920–1946
First Vienna Award	1938
Governorate of Subcarpathia	1939–1945
Second Vienna Award	1940
Revisions of Délvidék	1941
World War II	1941–1945

Contemporary

Second Hungarian Republic	1946–1949
Hungarian People's Republic	1949–1989
Revolution of 1956	1956
Goulash Communism	1956–1989
Third Hungarian Republic	1989–2012
Hungary	since 2012

Topics

Hungary portal

Remnants of Thököly's peasant army started a new uprising in the Hegyalja region of northeastern present-day Hungary, which was part of the property of the Rákóczi family. They captured the castles of Tokaj, Sárospatak and Sátoraljaújhely, and asked Rákóczi to become their leader, but he was not eager to head what appeared to be a minor peasant rebellion. He quickly returned to Vienna, where he tried his best to clear his name. Rákóczi then befriended Count Miklós Bercsényi, who was married to Krisztina Csáky, and whose property at Ungvár (today Ужгород (Uzhhorod), in Ukraine), lay next to his own. Bercsényi was a highly educated man, the third richest man in the kingdom (after Rákóczi and Simon Forgách), and was related to most of the Hungarian aristocracy.

Fight for independence

As the House of Habsburg was on the verge of dying out, France was looking for allies in its fight against Austrian hegemony. Consequently, they established contact with Rákóczi and promised support if he took up the cause of Hungarian independence. An Austrian spy seized this correspondence and brought it to the attention of the Emperor. As a direct result of this, Rákóczi was arrested on 18 April 1700 and imprisoned in the fortress of Wiener Neustadt (south of Vienna). It became obvious during the preliminary hearings that, just as in the case of his grandfather Péter Zrínyi, the only possible sentence for Francis was death. With the aid of his pregnant wife Amelia and the prison commander, Rákóczi managed to escape and flee to Poland. Here he met with Bercsényi again, and together they resumed contact with the French court.

Three years later, the War of the Spanish Succession caused a large part of the Austrian forces in the Kingdom of Hungary to temporarily leave the country. Taking advantage of the situation, kuruc forces began a new uprising in Munkács, and Rákóczi was asked to head it. He decided to invest his energies in a war of national liberation, and accepted the request. On 15 June 1703, another group of about 3000 armed men headed by Tamás Esze joined him near the Polish city of Lawoczne (today Lavochne, a village in Ukraine). Bercsényi also arrived, with French funds and 600 Polish mercenaries.

Most of the Hungarian nobility did not support Rákóczi's uprising, because they considered it to be no more than a jacquerie, a peasant rebellion. Rákóczi's famous call to the nobility of Szabolcs County seemed to be in vain. He did manage to convince the Hajdús (emancipated peasant warriors) to join his forces, so his forces controlled most of Kingdom of Hungary to the east and north of the Danube by late September 1703. He continued by conquering Transdanubia soon after.

Since the Austrians had to fight Rákóczi on several fronts, they felt obliged to enter negotiations with him. However, the victory of Austrian and English forces against a combined French-Bavarian army in the Battle of Blenheim on 13 August 1704, provided an advantage not only in the War of the Spanish Succession, but also prevented the union of Rákóczi's forces with their French-Bavarian allies.

This placed Rákóczi into a difficult military and financial situation. French support gradually diminished, and a larger army was needed to occupy the already-won land. Meanwhile, supplying the current army with arms and food was beyond his means. He tried to solve this problem by creating a new copper-based coinage, which was not easily accepted in Hungary as people were used to silver coins. Nevertheless, Rákóczi managed to maintain his military advantage for a while – but after 1706, his army was forced into retreat.

A meeting of the Hungarian Diet (consisting of 6 bishops, 36 aristocrats and about 1000 representatives of the lower nobility of 25 counties), held near Szécsény (Nógrád County) in September 1705, elected Rákóczi to be the "fejedelem"- (ruling) prince – of the Confederated Estates of the Kingdom of Hungary, to be assisted by a 24-member Senate. Rákóczi and the Senate were assigned joint responsibility for the conduct of foreign affairs, including peace talks.

Encouraged by England and the Netherlands, peace talks started again on 27 October 1705 between the kuruc leaders and the Emperor. However, military operations continued and both sides varied their strategy according to the military situation. On 13 December Kuruc forces led by János Bottyán defeated the Austrians at Szentgotthárd. One stumbling block was sovereignty over Transylvania – neither side was prepared to give it up. Rákóczi's proposed treaty with the French was stalled, so he became convinced that only a declaration of independence would make it acceptable for various powers to negotiate with him. In 1706, his wife (whom he had not seen in 5 years, along with their sons József and György) and his sister were both sent as peace ambassadors, but Rákóczi rejected their efforts on behalf of the Emperor.

On Rákóczi's recommendation, and with Bercsényi's support, another meeting of the Diet held at Ónod (Borsod County) declared the deposition of the House of Habsburg from the Hungarian throne on 13 June 1707. But neither this act, nor the copper currency issued to avoid monetary inflation, were successful. Louis XIV refused to enter into treaties with Prince Rákóczi, leaving the Hungarians without allies. There remained the possibility of an alliance with the Russian Tsardom, but this did not materialize either.

At the Battle of Trenčín (Hungarian Trencsén, German Trentschin, Latin Trentsinium, Comitatus Trentsiniensis, today in Slovakia), on 3 August 1708 Rákóczi's horse stumbled, and he fell to the ground, which knocked him unconscious. The kuruc forces thought him dead and fled. This defeat was fatal for the uprising. Numerous Kuruc leaders transferred their allegiance to the Emperor, hoping for clemency. Rákóczi's forces became restricted to the area around Munkács and Szabolcs County. Not trusting the word of János Pálffy, who was the Emperor's envoy charged with negotiations with the rebels, the Prince left the Kingdom of Hungary for Poland on 21 February 1711.

Foreign soldiers and participants

Denmark-Norway

The Denmark–Norway annually provided cavalry and infantry regiments to the Habsburg army, which stationed these Danish regiments in Hungary; this resulted in Danish soldiers fighting alongside the Habsburg army against the Hungarians (Kurucs) and their allies. The Danish forces fought in Eastern Hungary and Transylvania (Battle of Zsibó).

Serbs, Croats and Saxons

The Serbs (who settled in the southern borders of Hungary during the Great Serb Migrations and protected by the Austrians) fought on the Emperor's side since the beginning of the war. They were used as light cavalry in the Austrian army and as tax collectors. During the eight years of war, Hungarian villages and towns of the Great Hungarian Plain and Transdanubia were burnt and robbed by the Serbs, while in Bácska, Serb villages were burnt. However, there were some Serbs who fought on Rakóczi's side against the Habsburgs – the Frontiersmen of Semlak (Mezősomlyó). The leader of the Kuruc Serb troops was Frontier Captain Obrad Lalić from Zenta.

Croatia also supported the Habsburg Monarchy, thus the Croatian Army and the Habsburg contingents precluded the Kuruc occupation of Croatia. Croatian and Serbian forces fought in Transdanubia and Upper Hungary. The Transylvanian Saxons also distanced themselves from Rákóczi in 1703. Although Austrian General Rabutin lost in Transylvania, he retreated into the Saxonland, where Saxon towns and peasants gave shelter to the Habsburg Army. Clashes between the Kuruc and Habsburg-Saxon army took place throughout Croatia.

Romanians and Slovaks

During the conflict, the Slovaks fought for Rákóczi. In the Kuruc army there were Slovak commanders and a few Kuruc forces were completely Slovak. After the enfranchisement of Transylvania, the Romanian minority stood en masse with the Kurucs, and supported the Romanian Kuruc forces. Finally, a few hundred mercenaries from Wallachia and Moldavia fought in Rákóczi's army.

Others

Scores of Polish volunteers and mercenaries came from Poland, also many soldiers were Ukrainians and Lipka Tatars, they supported the Kurucs. Several times Rákóczi asked for help from Poland and endeavored to recruit more Polish soldiers. In the Hungarian lands, the Germans Spiš Saxons and some German groups (including renegades from the Habsburg Army) joined Rákóczi's war. They were supplemented by German mercenaries. The Kuruc Army also used commands and oaths in both the Slovak and German languages, since there were so many Germans and Slovaks who served in the Kuruc army.

The Rusyn minority in 1703 immediately joined the uprising, but before that between 1690 and 1702 the Rusyns supported the Hungarians against the Austrian soldiers. The Hungarian Slovenes from the regions of Muraszombat, Lendva and Szentgotthárd joined the fight against the Habsburg soldiers, since the Styrian forces several times foraged in the Slovene villages.

A few hundred Swedish soldiers broke away from the Battle of Poltava, Benderi and Poland in Hungary. In 1710 Rákóczi admitted the Swedes into the demoralized Kuruc army. The Hungarian-Polish-Swedish-French army was close to victory against the Austrians in the Battle of Romhány, but the last of Rákóczi's forces was crushed in the course of the Austrian counterattack.

Rákóczi's army also included Bulgarians, Litvins, Crimean Tatars and Ottomans.

References

Lendvai, Paul: "The Hungarians: A Thousand Years of Victory in Defeat. Princeton University Press, 2004
Magyar Virtuális Enciklopédia Archived March 20, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
"Rákóczi Revolt | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved March 18, 2023.
"Szilagyi Sándor [editor] :A Magyar Nemzet Története[History of the Hungarian nation] . Hetedik kötet. Hatodik könyv.[Seventh volume, 6th book] Budapest.1898. Atheneum".
Simonyi, Erno: Angol diplomatiai iratok II. Rákóczi Ferencz korára. Pest, 1871. https://archive.org/details/angoldiplomatiai03simouoft/page/306/mode/2up https://archive.org/details/iirkcziferencz01mrki/page/356/mode/2up II. Rákóczi Ferencz fejedelem emlékiratai a magyar háborúról, 1703-tól végéig (1711) https://archive.org/details/iirkcziferenczfe00rkcz/page/176/mode/2up https://archive.org/details/iirkcziferencz01mrki/page/356/mode/2up Marki, Sandor: Nagy Péter czár és II. Rákóczi Ferencz szövetsége 1707-ben : székfoglaló értekezés . 1913. https://archive.org/details/nagypterczr00mr/page/58/mode/2up
Szabad, Emeric (1844). Hungary, past and present. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, p. 172.
Martin, Henri (1865). Martin's History of France: The Age of Louis XIV. Volume 2. Boston; Walker, Wise, and Company, pp. 359, 386.
Vaupell, Otto (1872). Den dansk-norske hærs historie indtil 1814. Første del. Gyldendalske boghandel, p. 317.

Armed conflicts involving Hungary

Hungary

1918 Revolution (1918–1920)

International

vs Austria	Rákóczi's War of Independence (1703–1711) Peasants' Revolt (1735–36) Uprising in West Hungary (1921)
vs Soviet Union and allies	1956 Revolution (1956)
vs Ottoman Empire/Turkey	Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718) Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)
vs the Czech Republic and Slovakia (or Czechoslovakia)	Slovak Uprising (1848–49) Hungarian–Czechoslovak War (1918–19) Slovak-Hungarian War (1939) Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia (1968)
vs Iraq	Iraq War (2003–2011)
vs Romania	Hungarian–Romanian War (1918–1920)

Wars and battles involving Serbs

Medieval

Serbian–Bulgarian	Bulgar–Serb War (839–842) Bulgar–Serb War (853) Bulgarian–Serbian wars of 917–924 Bulgarian–Serbian border revolt Bulgarian-Serb War (998) Bulgarian-Serbian War (1202) Bulgarian-Serbian War (1203) Bulgarian-Serbian War (1290) Bulgarian-Serbian War (1291) Bulgarian-Serbian War (1330) Battle of Velbazhd
Serbian–Ottoman	Early skirmishes Battle of Gallipoli Battle of Stephaniana Battle of Demotika in 1352 Battle of Sırp Sındığı in 1364 Fall of the Serbian Empire Battle of Maritsa in 1371 Battle of Dubravnica in 1381 Battle of Savra in 1385 Battle of Pločnik in 1386 Battle of Kosovo in 1389 Serbian Despotate Battle of Karanovasa Battle of Tripolje in 1402 Siege of Novo Brdo in 1412 Battle of Vitosha Pass in 1413 Battle of Carmorlu First Scutari War Second Scutari War Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1425 Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1427 Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1437 Battle of Trnava (1430) Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1438 Ottoman invasion of Serbia (1439–1444) Crusade of Varna Battle of Nish (1443) Battle of Zlatitsa in 1443 Battle of Kunovica in 1444 Ottoman invasion of Serbia (1454–1455) Battle of Kruševac in 1454 Battle of Leskovac in 1454 Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1456 Siege of Belgrade Siege of Smederevo Ottoman invasion and conquest of Serbia in 1459 Battle of Breadfield in 1479 Ottoman conquest of Zeta in 1499
Serbian–Byzantine	Serb Uprising of 1038–1042 Battle of Bar Slav Uprising in Pomoravlje Battle of Zvečan (1094) Battle of Haram Siege of Ras (1127) Battle of Tara (1150) Byzantine–Hungarian War (1149–1155) Siege of Braničevo (1154) Battle of Pantina Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129) Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328 Serbian invasion of Macedonia led by Syrgiannes Palaiologos (1334) Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347
Other	Hungarian invasions of Europe Magyar–Serb conflict Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129) Battle of Sirmium Battle of Gacko Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde Mongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia Mačva War Hungarian–Serbian War (1321-1324) War of Hum (1326–1329) Serbian civil war of 1331 Serbian nobility conflict (1369) Battle of Rovine Battle of Nicopolis Battle of Ankara Battle of Kosmidion Battle of Çamurlu Battle of Despotovac Siege of Belgrade (1440) Battle of Kosovo (1448) Fall of Constantinople

Foreign rule

Habsburgs	Jovan Nenad's uprising Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528 ] Battle of Szőlős Battle of Sződfalva Battle of Keresztes Great Turkish War Siege of Belgrade (1688) Battle of Batočina Battle of Niš (1689) Siege of Belgrade (1690) Battle of Lugos Rákóczi's War of Independence Battle of Saint Gotthard (1705) Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718) Siege of Belgrade (1717) Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739) Battle of Zsibó Battle of Trenčín Battle of Petrovaradin Battle of Banja Luka Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791)
Ottomans	Long War (Ottoman wars) (1593–1606) Banat Uprising (1594) Serb Uprising of 1596–1597 Battle of Mohács (1687) Uprising in Vučitrn Serb uprising of 1737–1739 Kočina Krajina Serb rebellion Battle of Martinići (1796) Battle of Krusi Battle of Lopate
Venice	Morean War Cretan War (1645–1669) Great Turkish War Battle on Vrtijeljka Battle of Slankamen Battle of Senta
Russia	Serbian Hussar Regiment Pruth River Campaign War of the Polish Succession Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) Seven Years' War

19th century

Serbian Revolution	First Serbian Uprising Vračar Rudnik Svileuva Batočina and Jagodina Kragujevac Drlupa Čokešina Šabac Požarevac Karanovac Adakale Ivankovac Rudnik Vrbica Mišar Deligrad Belgrade (1806) Liberation of Belgrade Loznica Malajnica and Štubik Čegar Jasika Prahovo Suvodol Drina Varvarin Loznica Mačva Ravnje Hadži Prodan's Revolt Second Serbian Uprising Ljubić Čačak Palež Požarevac Rudnik Družetić Kragujevac Jagodina Karanovac Batočina Užice Valjevo Batočina
Ottoman	Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1852–1853) Battle of Grahovac Battle of Kolašin Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1861–1862) Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878) Battle of Vučji Do Battle of Fundina Battles for Plav and Gusinje Velika attacks Battle of Novšiće Battle of Murino
Other	Kumanovo uprising Adriatic campaign of 1807–1814 Jančić's rebellion Priest Jovica's Rebellion Several battles of Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Battle of Vršac (1849) Serbian-Turkish Wars (1876–1878) Battle of Vranje Siege of Cattaro Herzegovina uprising (1852–1862) Krivošije uprising (1869) Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) AU-BiH War Battle of Jajce (1878) Battle of Vitez (1878) Battle of Sarajevo (1878) Serbo-Bulgarian War Battle of Pirot Battle of Slivnitsa

20th century

Macedonian Struggle	Fight on Šuplji Kamen Fight on Čelopek Fight in Tabanovce Fight in Velika Hoča Fight on Čelopek (1906) Battle of Pirot (1913)
Balkan Wars	First Balkan War Battle of Kumanovo Battle of Prilep Battle of Monastir Siege of Scutari Siege of Adrianople Siege of Odrin (1912–1913) Second Balkan War Battle of Bregalnica Battle of Kalimanci Battle of Knjaževac Siege of Vidin (1913) Ohrid–Debar uprising
World War I	Montenegrin campaign Battle of Mojkovac Battle of Lovćen Serbian campaign Battle of Cer Battle of the Crna Bend (1916) Battle of Bazargic Battle of Dobro Pole Battle of the Drina Battle of Florina Battle of Kaymakchalan Battle of Kolubara Kosovo offensive (1915) Liberation of Serbia, Albania and Montenegro (1918) Battle of Malka Nidzhe Macedonian front Monastir offensive Morava Offensive Ovče Pole Offensive Vardar offensive Srem Offensive Toplica Uprising
Interwar	Carinthia War Uprising in Drenica Christmas Uprising Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Albanian-Yugoslav Border War (1921) Drenica-Junik Uprising
World War II	Invasion of Yugoslavia Uprising in Serbia (1941) Uprising in Montenegro (1941) June 1941 uprising in eastern Herzegovina Battle of Novi Pazar Battle of Pljevlja Battle of Kozara Battle of Loznica (1941) Battle of Livno Battle of Neretva Battle of the Sutjeska Raid on Drvar Battle of Knin Battle of Mostar Battle of Lijevče Field 1942 Montenegro offensive Bihać Operation Battle of Batina Belgrade Offensive Capture of Banja Koviljača Case Black Case White Operation Draufgänger Kozara Offensive Battle of Kupres (1942) Battle of Višegrad Mostar operation Nagykanizsa–Körmend Offensive Niš operation Battle of Odžak Capture of Olovo (1941) Operation Alfa Operation Delphin Operation Kopaonik Operation Kugelblitz Operation Mihailovic Operation Southeast Croatia Operation Trio Operation Uzice Battle of Poljana Operation Prijedor Siege of Rogatica (1941) Operation Rösselsprung (1944) Kosovo Operation (1944) Operation Spring Awakening Srb uprising Stratsin-Kumanovo operation Syrmian Front Battle of Zvornik Battle of Sarajevo (1945) Battle of Zelengora
Croatian War	Pakrac clash Plitvice Lakes incident Battle of Borovo Selo Operation Stinger 1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia Battle of Osijek Battle of Vukovar Battle of Gospić Battle of Šibenik Battle of Zadar Battle of Kusonje Battle of the Barracks Siege of Varaždin Barracks Siege of Bjelovar Barracks Battle of the Dalmatian Channels Siege of Dubrovnik Operation Otkos 10 Operation Orkan 91 Operation Whirlwind Operation Baranja Operation Jackal Battle of the Miljevci Plateau Operation Tiger Operation Maslenica Operation Medak Pocket Operation Winter '94 Operation Flash Operation Summer '95 Operation Storm
Bosnian War	Battle of Bosanski Brod Battle of Kupres Siege of Sarajevo Siege of Srebrenica Siege of Goražde Siege of Doboj Operation Jackal Siege of Bihać (1992–95) Operation Vrbas '92 Operation Corridor 92 Operation Bura Kravica attack Siege of Mostar Operation Irma Operation Bøllebank Operation Tiger Battle of Kupres Operation Amanda Operation Spider Operation Winter '94 Battle of Vlašić Operation Leap 1 Battle of Orašje Operation Leap 2 Operation Summer '95 Battle of Vrbanja Bridge Battle of Vozuća Operation Miracle Operation Mistral 2 Operation Sana Operation Una Operation Southern Move NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1995 Pale air strikes Operation Deny Flight Operation Deliberate Force Operation Maritime Monitor
Kosovo War	Insurgency in Kosovo Albanian–Yugoslav border incident (December 1998) Albania–Yugoslav border incident (April 1999) April 23, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush Attack on Orahovac Attack on Prekaz Battle of Lođa Battle of Oraovica Battle of Belaćevac Mine Battle of Podujevo December 14, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush Battle of Glođane July 18, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border clashes Battle of Junik Battle of Košare Insurgency in the Preševo Valley Prizren incident (1999) NATO bombing of Yugoslavia Dubrava Prison bombings and executions 1999 F-117A shootdown

21st century

Peacekeeping	Central African Republic Cyprus DR Congo Ivory Coast Lebanon Liberia Mali Somalia

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