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{{Short description|1994 agreement between the State of Israel and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan}}
]
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
] and ], accompanied by ], during the Israel-Jordan peace negotiations, July 25th, 1994]]
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{{History of Jordan}}
{{Infobox treaty
The '''Israel–Jordan peace treaty''' ('''Treaty of Peace Between the State of Israel and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan''') ({{lang-he|הסכם השלום בין ישראל לירדן}}; ]: ''Heskem Ha-Shalom beyn Yisra'el Le-Yarden'') ({{lang-ar|معاهدة السلام الأردنية الإسرائيلية}}; ]: ''Mu'ahadat as-Salaam al-'Urdunniyah al-Isra'yliyah'', sometimes referred to as ''Wadi Araba Treaty'') was signed in 1994. The treaty normalized relations between the two countries and resolved territorial disputes. The conflict had cost roughly US$18.3 billion. The treaty was closely linked with the ] between Israel and the ]. The signing ceremony occurred at the southern border crossing of ] on October 26, and made Jordan only the second ] country, after ], to normalize relations with Israel.
| name = Israel–Jordan Peace Treaty
| long_name = Treaty of Peace Between the State of Israel and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
| image = File:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - PM YITZHAK RABIN AND JORDAN'S KING HUSSEIN SIGN THE PEACE TREATY.jpg
| image_width = <!-- 200px -->
| image_alt = Bill Clinton watches Hussein of Jordan and Yitzhak Rabin signing papers
| caption = U.S. President ] (center) watches Jordan's King ] (left) and Israeli Prime Minister ] (right) sign the Washington Declaration on the White House lawn
| type = ]
| context =
| date_drafted =
| date_signed = {{Start date and age|1994|10|26|df=yes}}
| location_signed = ], ]
| date_sealed =
| date_effective =
| condition_effective =
| date_expiration = <!-- {{End date|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD}} OR: -->
| date_expiry = <!-- {{End date|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
| mediators = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| negotiators = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| original_signatories = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| signatories =
* {{flagd|Israel}} ] <br/>(Prime Minister of Israel)
* {{flagd|Jordan}} ] <br/>(Prime Minister of Jordan)
| parties = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| ratifiers = <!-- format this as a bullet list -->
| depositor = ]
| citations = ] 35325
| language = ]
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| wikisource1 = <!-- Up to 5 wikisourceN variables may be specified -->
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Israel–Jordan peace treaty''' (formally the "'''Treaty of Peace Between the State of Israel and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan'''"),<ref group="Note">{{langx|he|הסכם השלום בין ישראל לירדן}}; ]: ''Heskem Ha-Shalom beyn Yisra'el Le-Yarden''; {{langx|ar|معاهدة السلام الأردنية الإسرائيلية}}; ]: ''Mu'ahadat as-Salaam al-'Urdunniyah al-Isra'yliyah''</ref> sometimes referred to as the '''Wadi Araba Treaty''',<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ahren|first1=Raphael|last2=Rasgon|first2=Adam|title=Colder than ever: 25 years on, Israel and Jordan ignore peace treaty anniversary|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/colder-than-ever-25-years-on-israel-and-jordan-ignore-peace-treaty-anniversary/|access-date=2020-10-26|website=www.timesofisrael.com|language=en-US}}</ref> is ] that ended the ] that had existed between the two countries since the ] and established ]. In addition to establishing peace between the two countries, the treaty also settled land and water disputes, provided for broad cooperation in tourism and trade, and obligated both countries to prevent their territory being used as a staging ground for military strikes by a third country.

The signing ceremony took place at the southern border crossing of ] on 26 October 1994. ] was the second ] country, after ], to sign a peace accord with ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1026.html|title=Israel and Jordan Sign a Peace Accord|newspaper=]|author=Clyde Haberman|author-link=Clyde Haberman|date=27 October 1994|access-date=22 September 2022}}</ref>


==History== ==History==
{{History of Jordan}}
{{Arab-Israeli conflict (topics)}}


In 1987 Israeli Foreign Affairs Minister ] and King Hussein tried secretly to arrange a peace agreement in which Israel would concede the West Bank to Jordan. The two signed an ] defining a framework for a Middle Eastern peace conference. The proposal was not consummated due to Israeli Prime Minister ]'s objection. The following year ] abandoned its claim to the West Bank in favor of a peaceful resolution between Israel and the ].<ref>. www.kinghussein.gov.jo. Retrieved December 2013</ref><ref>. John Kifner, New York Times, 1 August 1988</ref>
The relationships between ] at the west bank and the ] dynasty in the area was characterized by ambivalence as both parties' prominence grew in the area. Jordan consistently subscribed to an anti-Zionist policy, but made decisions pragmatically. Several factors are cited for this relative pragmatism. Among these are the two countries' geographic proximity, ]'s Western orientation, and Jordan's modest territorial aspirations. Nevertheless, a state of war existed between the two countries from 1948 until the treaty was signed.


Discussions began in 1994. ] ] and Foreign Minister ] informed King Hussein that after the ] with the PLO, Jordan might be "left out of the big game". Hussein consulted with ] ] and ] ]. Mubarak encouraged him, but Assad told him only to "talk" and not sign any accord. ] President ] pressured Hussein to start peace negotiations and to sign a peace treaty with Israel and promised him that Jordan's debts would be forgiven. The efforts succeeded and Jordan signed a nonbelligerency agreement with Israel. Rabin, Hussein and Clinton signed the Washington Declaration in ], on 25 July 1994.<ref>. On the Avalon project</ref> The Declaration says that Israel and Jordan ended the official state of enmity and would start negotiations in order to achieve an "end to bloodshed and sorrow" and a just and lasting peace.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace+Process/Guide+to+the+Peace+Process/The+Washington+Declaration.htm|title=The Washington Declaration|date=July 25, 1994|access-date=2012-05-07|publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}</ref>
Memoirists and political analysts have identified a number of "back-channel" and at times clandestine communications between the two countries, often resulting in limited accommodations even during times of war.


==Signing==
After the ] attacks from Jordan decreased after Israel's victory in the 1956 ], the tense relations between Israel and Jordan following the ] eased. In the 1967 ], Jordan aligned itself with ]'s ] despite an Israeli warning. This resulted in the loss of ] and the ] to Israel. Besides territorial, it was also an economic loss to the kingdom since much of its economy was based in the ].
{{refimprove section|date=October 2022}}
On 26 October 1994, Jordan and Israel signed the ]<ref name=Israel-Jordan_peace>. 26 October 1994. On the Knesset website</ref> in a ceremony held in the Arava valley of Israel, north of ] and near the Jordanian border. Prime Minister Rabin and Prime Minister ] signed the treaty and the ] ] shook hands with ]. Clinton observed, accompanied by US Secretary of State ]. Thousands of colorful ] released into the sky ended the event.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}


] welcomed the agreement while ] ignored it. The Lebanese militia group ] resisted the treaty and 20 minutes prior to the ceremony launched ] and rocket attacks against northern ] towns.<ref>, New York Times, 26 October 1994</ref> Israeli residents, who were forced to evacuate the towns for the safety of shelters, took with them transistor ]s and mobile TVs in order not to miss the historical moment of signing a second peace treaty with an ] state.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}
In 1970 ] waged the war of ] against the ] (PLO), eventually ejecting the organization and thousands of Palestinians, who threatened Hussein's rule. During Black September, Syrian troops invaded the kingdom, threatening to further destabilize the regime. In response, the ] made a series of overflights over the Syrian forces, prompting them to return to Syria.


==Content==
The war against the PLO factions may have strengthened the connections between Israel and Jordan. Some claim that ] warned Hussein about a Palestinian ] attempt and that Hussein warned Israeli Prime Minister ] in a clandestine face-to-face meeting about Egyptian and Syrian threats prior to the 1973 ], though his warnings were unheeded by the Israeli leadership. Hussein's intention was to stay out of the war.
The peace treaty consists of a preamble, 30 articles, 5 annexes, and agreed minutes. It settles issues about territory, security, water, and co-operation on a range of subjects.<ref name=Israel-Jordan_peace/>
In 1987 Israeli Foreign Affairs Minister ] and King Hussein tried to secretly arrange a peace agreement in which Israel would concede the West Bank to Jordan. The two signed an ] defining a framework for a Middle Eastern peace conference. The proposal was not consummated due to Israeli Prime Minister ]'s objection. The following year ] abandoned its claim to the West Bank in favor of a peaceful resolution between Israel and the PLO.<ref>. www.kinghussein.gov.jo. Retrieved December 2013</ref><ref>. John Kifner, New York Times, 1 August 1988</ref>


'''Annex I''' concerns borders and sovereignty. Section ''Annex I (a)'' establishes an "administrative boundary" between Jordan and the West Bank, occupied by Israel in 1967, without prejudice to the status of that territory. Israel recognises Jordan's sovereignty over the ] (including ]) and the ]/] area.<ref name=peacetreaty_annex_1>.jewishvirtuallibrary</ref><br />
Discussions began in 1994. ] ] and Foreign Minister ] informed King Hussein that after the ] with the PLO, Jordan might be "left out of the big game". Hussein consulted with ] ] and ] ]. Mubarak encouraged him, but Assad told him only to "talk" and not sign any accord. ] President ] pressured Hussein to start peace negotiations and to sign a peace treaty with Israel and promised him that Jordan's debts would be forgiven. The efforts succeeded and Jordan signed a nonbelligerency agreement with Israel. Rabin, Hussein and Clinton signed the ] in ], on 25 July 1994. The Declaration says that Israel and Jordan ended the official state of enmity and would start negotiations in order to achieve an "end to bloodshed and sorrow" and a just and lasting peace.<ref>
'''Annex II''' concerns water and related matters. Pursuant to Article 6 of the Treaty, Jordan and Israel agreed to establish a ''"Joint Water Committee"'' (Article VII).<ref name=peacetreaty_annex_2>. IMFA, 25 August 1999</ref><br />
</ref>
'''Annex III''' concerns crime and illicit drugs.<ref name=peacetreaty_annex_3>.jewishvirtuallibrary</ref><br />
'''Annex IV''' concerns environment.<ref name=peacetreaty_annex_4>.jewishvirtuallibrary</ref><br />
'''Annex V''' concerns border crossings, passports and visas. Article 6 stipulates that ''″Each Party has the right to refuse entry to a person, in accordance with its regulations″''.<ref name=peacetreaty_annex_5>.jewishvirtuallibrary</ref><br />
The '''''Agreed Minutes''''' of the treaty give some details about the implementation of the peace treaty.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Peace/agmins.html|title=Israel-Jordan Peace Treaty—Agreed Minutes|website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org|access-date=12 November 2017}}</ref>


===Main principles===
]
#'''Borders''': The international boundary between Israel and Jordan follows the Jordan and Yarmouk Rivers, the Dead Sea, the Emek Ha'Arava/Wadi Araba, and the Gulf of Aqaba.<ref name=peacetreaty_annex_1 /> The section of the line that separated Jordan from the West Bank was stipulated as "without prejudice to the status of territory."<ref name=peacetreaty_annex_1 />
]
#'''Diplomatic relations and co-operation''': The Parties agreed to establish full ] and consular relations and to exchange resident ], grant tourists ], open air travel and seaports, establish a ] zone and an ] in the Arava. The agreement prohibits hostile ].
#'''Security and defense''': Each country promised respect for the sovereignty and territory of each side, to not enter the other's territory without permission, and to cooperate against ]. This included thwarting border attacks, smuggling, preventing any hostile attack against the other and not cooperating with any terrorist organization against the other.
# '''Jerusalem''': Article 9 links the Peace Treaty to the ]. Israel recognized the ] and committed itself to give high priority to the Jordanian historic role in these shrines in negotiations on the permanent status.
# '''Water''': Israel agreed to give Jordan {{convert|50,000,000|m3}} of water each year and for Jordan to own 75% of the water from the ]. Both countries could develop other water resources and ] and agreed to help each other survive droughts. Israel also agreed to help Jordan use desalination technology in order to find additional water.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Susskind|first=Lawrence|author2=Shafiqul Islam|title=Water Diplomacy: Creating Value and Building Trust in Transboundary Water Negotiations|journal=Science & Diplomacy|year=2012|volume=1|issue=3|url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2012/water-diplomacy}}</ref>
#'''Palestinian refugees''': Israel and Jordan agreed to cooperate to help the refugees, including a four-way committee (Israel, Jordan, Egypt and the Palestinians) to try to work towards solutions.


== Signing == ==Follow-up==
In July 1994 the ] ] declared an "end to the age of wars" and Shimon Peres declared that "the moment of peace has arrived". Rabin and King Hussein held a public meeting with Clinton at the ].<ref></ref>


Wolfsfeld et al. (2002) said that Prime Minister Rabin and King Hussein collaborated in selling the agreement to their people. The Knesset approved the agreement 92 to 3, but "The level of elite support in Jordan was considerably lower. ... number of political parties and institutions were opposed to making peace with Israel."
On October 26, 1994 Jordan and Israel signed the ] in a ceremony held in the Arava valley of Israel, north of ] and near the Jordanian border. Prime Minister Rabin and Prime Minister Abdelsalam al-Majali signed the treaty and the ] ] shook hands with ]. Clinton observed, accompanied by US Secretary of State ]. Thousands of colorful ] released into the sky ended the event.


] with King Hussein of Jordan, Israeli Prime Minister ] and Palestinian leader ] in October 1996]]
] welcomed the agreement while ] ignored it. However, the Lebanese militia group ] resisted the treaty and 20 minutes prior to the ceremony launched ] and rocket attacks against northern ] towns. Israeli residents, who were forced to evacuate the towns for the safety of shelters, took with them transistor ]s and mobile TVs in order not to miss the historical moment of signing a second peace treaty with an ] state.
Following the agreements, Israel and Jordan opened their borders. Several border-crossings were erected, allowing tourists, businessmen and workers to travel between the two countries.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mv8R-o_b0acC&q=israel+jordan+peace+treaty&pg=PA196|title=Israel, Jordan, and the Peace Process|first=Yehuda|last=Lukacs|date=12 November 1999|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=9780815627203|access-date=12 November 2017|via=Google Books}}</ref> Israeli tourists started to visit Jordan, many to see the ''sela ha'adom'' ("Red Rock") of ] – a stone-carved city of the ] which had fascinated Israelis during the 1950s and 1960s, often luring adventurers to visit it secretly.


On 4 November 1995 the Israeli Prime Minister ] by a Jewish extremist, who aimed to undermine Rabin's peace efforts with the Palestinians.{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=532–546}} Due to the close relationship forged with Rabin during the negotiations of the treaty, Hussein was invited to give a speech during Rabin's funeral in Jerusalem.{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=532–546}} This was the first time Hussein had been in Jerusalem since the 1967 war.{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=532–546}} Hussein drew parallels between Rabin's assassination and his grandfather's assassination in 1951: "We are not ashamed, nor are we afraid, nor are we anything but determined to continue the legacy for which my friend fell, as did my grandfather in this city when I was with him and but a boy."{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=532–546}}
Following the agreements, Israel and Jordan opened their borders. Several border-crossings were erected, allowing tourists, merchants and workers to travel between the two states. Israeli tourists started to visit Jordan, many to see the ''sela ha'adom'' ("Red Rock") of ] - a stone-carved ] city which had fascinated Israelis during the 50's and the 60's, often luring adventurers to visit it secretly.


Jordan received $698.4 million of debt relief from the US government from 1995 onwards.<ref name=deptreduction>{{cite web |url=https://home.treasury.gov/system/files/136/archive-documents/debtreduct.pdf |title=U.S. DEBT REDUCTION ACTIVITIES FY 1990 THROUGH FY 1999  |date=February 2000 |website= treasury.gov |publisher=United States Department of the Treasury |access-date=6 September 2024}}</ref> Jordan's signing of a peace treaty with Israel, and other issues, were met with disdain by Syria's president ].{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=547–560}} The CIA handed the King a detailed report in December 1995 warning him of a Syrian plot to assassinate him and his brother Hassan.{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=547–560}} A month later, the CIA sent Hussein another report warning Jordan of Iraqi plots to attack Western targets in Jordan to undermine Jordan's security due to its support for the Iraqi opposition.{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=547–560}} In Israel, Shimon Peres of the leftist Labor Party and ] of the right-wing ] party, were competing for the post of prime minister.{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=547–560}} Hussein's popularity in Israel had peaked after the peace treaty was signed, and he was expected to express support for a candidate.{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=547–560}} Hussein initially remained neutral, but later expressed support for Netanyahu.{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=547–560}} ], then head of the Israeli intelligence agency (]), claims that Hussein had preferred Netanyahu over Peres as he had deeply mistrusted the latter.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DHnwcb9pr3UC|title=Man in the Shadows: Inside the Middle East Crisis with a Man Who Led the Mossad|first=Efraim|last=Halevy|publisher=St. Martin's Publishing Group|year=2007|page=89|isbn=9781429904988}}</ref> The Israeli general election held on ] witnessed Netanyahu's ascension to the prime ministry.{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=547–560}}
== 1996 Trade treaty ==
In 1996 the two nations signed a trade treaty. As part of the agreement, Israel assisted in establishing a modern medical center in ].


{{quote box|quote=My distress is genuine and deep over the accumulating tragic actions which you have initiated at the head of the Government of Israel, making peace – the worthiest objective of my life – appear more and more like a distant elusive mirage. I could remain aloof if the very lives of all Arabs and Israelis and their future were not fast sliding towards an abyss of bloodshed and disaster, brought about by fear and despair. I frankly cannot accept your repeated excuse of having to act the way you do under great duress and pressure. I cannot believe that the people of Israel seek bloodshed and disaster and oppose peace. Nor can I believe that the most constitutionally powerful Prime Minister in Israeli history would act on other than his total convictions. The saddest reality that has been dawning on me is that I do not find you by my side in working to fulfill God's will for the final reconciliation of all the descendants of the children of Abraham. Your course of actions seems bent on destroying all I believe in or have striven to achieve . . .| quoted = 1 | width = 35% | align = right |source=From ]'s letter to Prime Minister ] on 9 March 1997}}
== Main principles ==
* ''']s''': The ] became the border. If its flow changed, the border would move accordingly. In addition, Israel gave Jordan {{convert|300|km2}},{{citation needed|date=February 2013}} including ], and leased 2850 ]s (2.85&nbsp;km²) in the ] (]). The border segment from ] to ] was not marked, because Jordan insisted that the ] should be a partner for setting this border.
* '''Normalization''': The countries fully normalized relations, established ] relations and opened ], granted tourists ]s, opened air travel and seaports, established a ] zone and an ] in the Arava. The agreement prohibits hostile ].
* '''] and ]''': Each country promised respect for the sovereignty and territory of each side, to not enter the other's territory without permission, and to cooperate against ]. This included thwarting border attacks, smuggling, preventing any hostile attack against the other and not cooperating with any terrorist organization against the other.
* ''']''': Jordan has preference concerning the status of Muslim holy places in the city (as a guardian or keeper of the holy places) in any future peace agreement with the Palestinians.
* ''']''': Israel agreed to give Jordan {{convert|50,000,000|m3}} of water each year and for Jordan to own 75% of the water from the ]. Both countries could develop other water resources and ] and agreed to help each other survive droughts. Israel also agreed to help Jordan use desalination technology in order to find additional water.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Susskind|first=Lawrence|coauthors=Shafiqul Islam|title=Water Diplomacy: Creating Value and Building Trust in Transboundary Water Negotiations|journal=Science & Diplomacy|year=2012|volume=1|issue=3|url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2012/water-diplomacy}}</ref>
* ''']''': Israel and Jordan agreed to cooperate to help the refugees, including a four-way committee (Israel, Jordan, Egypt and the Palestinians) to try to work towards solutions.


Hussein's support for Netanyahu soon backfired.{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=560–581}} Israel's actions during the 1996 ] in Southern Lebanon, the Likud government's decision to build settlements in ], and the events at the ] where clashes between Palestinian and Israeli police ensued after Israeli tunnel diggings around the Mount, generated an uproar of criticism for Netanyahu in the Arab World.{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=560–581}} On 9 March 1997 Hussein sent Netanyahu a three-page letter expressing his disappointment.{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=560–581}} The King lambasted Netanyahu, with the letter's opening sentence stating: "My distress is genuine and deep over the accumulating tragic actions which you have initiated at the head of the Government of Israel, making peace – the worthiest objective of my life – appear more and more like a distant elusive mirage."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/12/world/in-their-own-words-the-views-of-hussein-and-netanyahu.html|title=In Their Own Words: The Views of Hussein and Netanyahu|date=12 March 1997|work=The New York Times|access-date=20 December 2019}}</ref>
== Treaty elements ==
The treaty consists of a preamble, thirty articles, five annexes, and agreed minutes.


Four days later, on 13 March, a Jordanian soldier patrolling the borders between Jordan and Israel in the north near the ], ] and wounded six others.{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=560–581}} The King, who was on an official visit to Spain, returned home immediately.{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=560–581}} He travelled to the Israeli town of ] to offer his condolences to the grieving families of the Israeli children killed.{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=560–581}} He went on his knees in front of the families, telling them that the incident was "a crime that is a shame for all of us. I feel as if I have lost a child of my own. If there is any purpose in life it will be to make sure that all the children no longer suffer the way our generation did."<ref>{{cite news|title=With condolence visit to Israel, King Hussein spurs talks|author=Jerrold Kessel|url=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9703/16/israel.hussein/index.html|newspaper=CNN|date=16 March 1997|access-date=22 February 2011}}</ref> His gesture was received very warmly in Israel, and Hussein sent the families $1{{nbsp}}million in total as compensation for the loss of life.{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=560–581}} The soldier was determined to be mentally unstable by a Jordanian military tribunal and was sentenced to 20{{nbsp}}years in prison, which he served entirely.{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=560–581}}
===Preamble of the treaty: Desire for peace===
Israel and Jordan note and agree to honor the ], signed July 25, 1994, and based on ] Resolution in all respects, they declared the termination of the state of belligerency between them and established peace between them in accordance with the treaty.


Clashes between Israeli forces and Palestinian militant groups in Gaza and the West Bank surfaced.{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=560–581}} Hussein's wife, ], later claimed her husband was having trouble sleeping: "Everything he had worked for all his life, every relationship he had painstakingly built on trust and respect, every dream of peace and prosperity he had had for Jordan's children, was turning into a nightmare. I really did not know how much more Hussein could take."{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=560–581}}
== Articles of the treaty ==
The following is a synopsis of the treaty's thirty articles:


On 27 September 1997 eight ] agents entered Jordan using fake Canadian passports and attempted to assassinate Jordanian citizen ], head of the militant Islamist Palestinian group ].{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=560–581}} Hussein was preparing for a 30-year Hamas-Israel truce three days prior to the attempt, after Hamas had launched two attacks in Jerusalem.{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=560–581}} Two Mossad agents followed Mashal to his office and injected poison into his ears, but they were caught by Mashal's bodyguard.{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=560–581}} The two agents were then held by the Jordanian police, while the six other agents hid in the Israeli embassy.{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=560–581}} Furious, Hussein met with an Israeli delegate who attempted to explain the situation; the King said in a speech about the incident that he felt that somebody "had spat in his face."{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=560–581}} Jordanian authorities requested Netanyahu to provide an antidote to save Mashal's life, but Netanyahu refused to do so.{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=560–581}} Jordan then threatened to storm the Israeli embassy and capture the rest of the Mossad team, but Israel argued that it would be against the ].{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=560–581}} Jordan replied that the Geneva Conventions "do not apply to terrorists," and a ] team headed by Hussein's son ] was put in charge of the operation.{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=560–581}} Hussein called American President Clinton and requested his intervention, threatening to annul the treaty if Israel did not provide the antidote.{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=560–581}} Clinton later managed to get Israel's approval to reveal the name of the antidote, and complained about Netanyahu: "This man is impossible!"{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=560–581}} Khaled Mashal recovered, but Jordan's relations with Israel deteriorated and Israeli requests to contact Hussein were rebuffed.{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=560–581}} The Mossad operatives were released by Jordan after Israel agreed to release 23 Jordanian and 50 Palestinian prisoners including Sheikh ].{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=560–581}}
=== Article 1: Peace established ===
Peace is established between the State of Israel and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.


Mounting opposition in Jordan to the peace treaty with Israel led Hussein to put greater restrictions on ].{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=560–581}} Several dissidents were imprisoned including ], a prominent Islamist. A few months into his imprisonment, the King personally gave Shubeilat, his fiercest critic, a ride home from the ].<ref name="ltnyt">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/10/world/king-hussein-gives-his-foe-ride-from-jail.html|title=King Hussein Gives His Foe Ride From Jail|agency=Reuters|work=The New York Times|date=10 November 1996|access-date=4 December 2018}}</ref> However, the crackdown led the opposition groups in Jordan to boycott the ].{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=560–581}} In 1998 Jordan refused a secret request from Netanyahu to attack Iraq using Jordanian airspace after claiming Saddam held weapons of mass destruction.{{sfn|Shlaim|2009|p=560–581}}
=== Article 2: Mutual recognition ===
Recognise and respect each other's sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence.
The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan is in harmony with the State of Israel.


In December 2013, Israel and Jordan signed an agreement to build a desalination plant on the Red Sea, near the Jordanian port of Aqaba, as part of the ].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://world.time.com/2013/12/09/can-an-unlikely-middle-east-pact-give-life-to-the-dead-sea/#ixzz2ob2SfF6U|title=Can an Unlikely Middle East Pact Give Life to the Dead Sea?|first=Karl|last=Vick|magazine=Time |date=9 December 2013 |access-date=12 November 2017|via=world.time.com}}</ref>
=== Article 3: Borders ===
Delineate and recognize the international boundary between Israel and Jordan with reference to the boundary definition under the ], without prejudice to the status of any territories that came under Israeli military government control in 1967 (paragraph 2). ] came under Jordanian military control, but Israel maintains administration and civilian presence.


In October 2018, Jordan notified Israel of its intention not to renew lands leased under Annex I of the agreement. The annex granted Jordan the right not to renew the lease of ] (Baqoura) and ]/] after 25 years, given that a notice is given a year prior.<ref>, YNET, 21 October 2018</ref>
=== Article 4: Security cooperation ===
Mutual understanding and co-operation in security-related matters form a significant part of relations. Recognize the achievements of the ] in developing the ] (CSCE) and commit to the creation, in the ], of a CSCME (Conference on Security and Co-operation in the Middle East). Refrain from the threat or use of force or weapons, conventional, non-conventional or of any other kind, and combat terrorism of all kinds.


==Gallery==
=== Article 5: Diplomatic relations ===
<gallery>
Establish full diplomatic and consular relations and to exchange resident ambassadors, including normalization of economic and cultural relations.
File:Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_(GPO)_-_Foreign_Min._Peres_and_King_Hussein.jpg|Shimon Peres (left) with Yitzhak Rabin (center) and King Hussein of Jordan (right), prior to signing the Israel–Jordan peace treaty.
File:Hussein Clinton Rabin.jpg|A handshake between King Hussein and PM Rabin, accompanied by President Clinton, during the Israel-Jordan peace negotiations, 25 July 1994
File:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Balloons released into the air during the Israel-Jordan Peace Treaty.jpg|Balloons released into the air during the Israel-Jordan Peace Treaty signing ceremony at the Arava Terminal
File:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - King Hussein of Jordan lights P.M.Yitzhak Rabin's cigarette at royal residence in Akaba.jpg|King Hussein lights Yitzhak Rabin's cigarette at the royal residence in ], shortly after the signing of the peace treaty, 26 October 1994
File:Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_(GPO)_-_PM_YITZHAK_RABIN_AND_KING_HUSSEIN_SHAKING_HANDS.jpg|U.S. President Bill Clinton watches Jordan's King Hussein and Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin shaking hands, October 1994
File:Channel 2 - Israel–Jordan peace treaty.webm|Excerpts from the signing of the peace agreement with Jordan in a video clip of the ], 1994
</gallery>


==See also==
=== Article 6: Water resources ===
* ]
Recognizing the rightful ] allocations of both of them in the ] and ] waters and ] (Arava) ground water and development of new water resources.
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]


==Notes==
====Annex II Water Related Matters====
{{Reflist|group=Note}}


==References==
Pursuant to Article 6 of the Treaty, Jordan and Israel agreed on the following Articles on water related matters:
{{Reflist|30em}}


==Bibliography==
Article I: Allocation
* {{cite book|last=Shlaim|first=Avi|author-link=Avi Shlaim |title=Lion of Jordan: The Life of King Hussein in War and Peace|date=2009|publisher=Vintage Books|isbn=9781400078288|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JtrCoUf7wCsC}}


* <!-- Gadi Wolfsfeld, Rami Khouri, Yoram Peri (2002) "News About the Other in Jordan and Israel: Does Peace Make a Difference?", Political Communication, 19:189–210,-->{{cite Q|Q125474891}}
Water from the ]

A. Summer period - 15 May to 15 October of each year. Israel got 12 million cubic metres and Jordan got the rest of the flow.

B. Winter period - 16 October to 14 May of each year. Israel got 13 million cubic metres and Jordan got the rest of the flow except that Jordan allowed Israel to pump an additional 20 million cubic metres from the Yarmouk. In return during the summer Israel transferred the quantity specified in paragraph 2.a below from the ].

C. To minimize water waste, Jordan and Israel could use excess flood water that would evidently go unused that is downstream of Adassiya Diversion/point 121.

Water from the Jordan River

A. Summer period - 15 May to 15 October of each year. Israel agreed to transfer 20 million cubic metres from the Jordan River directly upstream from Deganya gates. Jordan agreed to pay operation and maintenance cost of transfers through existing systems (not including capital costs) and to bear the total cost of any new transmission system. A separate protocol regulated this transfer.

B. Winter period - 16 October to 14 May of each year. Jordan was entitled to a minimum average of 20 million cubic metres of the floods in the Jordan River south of the Yarmouk. Unusable excess floods that would otherwise be unused, including pumped storage could be taken.

C. Israel could maintain its uses of Jordan River waters between the Yarmouk and Wadi Yabis/Tirat Zvi. Jordan was entitled to an annual quantity equivalent to that of Israel, provided that Jordan's use did not harm the quantity or quality of Israeli uses. The Joint Water Committee was to document existing uses and prevent such harm.

D. Jordan became entitled to 10 million cubic metres annually of desalinated water from saline springs previously diverted to the Jordan River. Israel agreed to explore the possibility of financing the operation and maintenance cost supplying this desalinated water to Jordan (not including capital cost). Israel agreed to supply Jordan 10 million cubic metres water from the same location as in 2.a above, outside the summer period and during dates Jordan selected, subject to transmission capacity from the treaty's effective date (TED) until the desalination facilities became operational.

Additional Water

Jordan and Israel agreed to jointly develop an additional 50 million cubic metres/year of drinkable water for Jordan. The Joint Water Committee agreed to develop, within one year of the TED, a plan to supply the additional water.

Operation and Maintenance

A. Israel accepted responsibility for operating, supplying and maintaining systems on Israeli territory that supply Jordan with water, allowing Jordan to choose (and compensate) companies/authorities that operate and maintain new systems that serve only Jordan.

B. Israel guaranteed easy access for personnel and equipment to such new systems as further detailed in the agreements to be signed between Israel and the authorities or companies selected by Jordan.

Article II: Storage - The parties agreed to

1. Cooperate to build a diversion/storage dam on the Yarmouk River directly downstream of Adassiya Diversion/point 121.

2. Improve diversion efficiency of Jordanian water into the King Abdullah Canal, and possibly Israel's allocation.

3. Cooperate to build water storage on the Jordan River, along their common boundary, between the Yarmouk River and Wadi Yabis/Tirat Zvi, to implement paragraph 2.b of Article I.

4. Accommodate more floods; Israel could use up to (3) million cubic metres/year of added storage.

5. Optionally agree to create other storage reservoirs.

Article III: Water Quality and Protection - the parties agreed to

1. Protect the Jordan and Yarmouk Rivers, and Araba/Arava groundwater, against pollution, contamination, harm and unauthorized withdrawals of each other's allocations.

2. Jointly monitor the quality of water along their border, via jointly established monitoring stations under the Joint Water Committee.

3. Treat municipal and industrial wastewater to agricultural standards before discharging into the Yarmouk and the Jordan Rivers...

4. ...within three years from the TED.

5. Match the quality of water supplied to the other at any given location to the quality of water from that location consumed by the supplying country.

6. Desalinate saline springs currently diverted to the Jordan River and not dispose of the resulting brine in the Jordan River or its tributaries. Protect water systems that supply water to the other against any pollution, contamination, harm or unauthorized withdrawal.

Article IV: Groundwater in Wadi Araba/Emek Ha'arava - The parties agree that

1. Israel retained the use of wells along with their associated systems newly under Jordanian sovereignty as detailed by 31 December 1994 with Jordan to protect their yields and quality.

2. Jordan would enable the replacement of any failing well, connect it to the Israeli electricity and water systems and treat it as though it was drilled under license from the competent Jordanian authority at the time of its drilling. Israel agreed to supply Jordan with well logs and technical information.

3. Israel could increase the extraction rate from Jordanian wells and systems by up to (10) million cubic metres/year above existing yields, subject to determination by the Joint Water Committee that this undertaking is ] feasible and does not harm existing Jordanian uses. Such an increase had to be carried out within five years from the TED.

4. Operation and Maintenance

:1. Jordan accepted responsibility for operation and maintenance of newly Jordanian wells and systems, and their electricity supply. Israel could select the wells' operators at its own expense.

:2. Jordan guaranteed easy access of personnel and equipment to the wells and systems for operation and maintenance subject to detailed agreements to be signed between Jordan and the authorities or companies selected by Israel.

Article V: Notification and Agreement

1. Deliberate changes in the Jordan and Yarmouk Rivers require mutual agreement.

2. Each country agreed to six months advance notice of projects likely to change the quality or flow of either river along their common boundary via the Joint Water Committee.

Article VI: Co-operation - The parties agreed to

1. Exchange relevant data on water resources through the Joint Water Committee.

2. Cooperative planning for increasing water supplies and improving efficiency, within the context of bilateral, regional or international cooperation.

Article VII: Joint Water Committee - The parties agree that the committee would

1. Host three members from each country.

2. Follow government-agreed work procedures, meeting frequency and scope, consulting experts and/or advisors as necessary.

3. Could form, as necessary, sub-committees and assign them technical tasks, including a northern sub-committee and a southern sub-committee, for detailed management.

=== Article 7: Economic cooperation ===
To promote economic cooperation by removing discriminatory barriers and terminate economic boycotts.

=== Article 8: Refugees ===
Discuss the problem together with ] and the Palestinians, and the issue of refugees would be discussed multilaterally in conjunction with and contemporaneously with permanent status negotiations pertaining to the territories. Notably, this terminology did not distinguish among ethnic or religious categories suggesting that a solution must address Jewish and Arab displaced persons.

=== Article 9: Holy places ===
Guaranteed free access to historically significant places. Israel agreed to respect Jordan's special role in protecting Muslim Holy shrines in Jerusalem. Israel agreed to give high priority to Jordan's historic role in these shrines during permanent status negotiations. The states also pledged to promote interfaith relations among Judaism, Islam and Christianity, with the aim of working towards religious understanding, moral commitment, freedom of religious worship, tolerance and peace.

=== Article 10: Culture and science ===
Establish cultural and scientific exchanges in all fields, and to establish normal cultural relations.

=== Article 11: Mutual understanding and tolerance ===
Abstain from propaganda against each other, prevent the dissemination of such propaganda in their own countries, and ensure mutual enjoyment by each other's citizens of due process of law.

=== Article 12: Drugs and crime ===
Combat crime, smuggling, trafficking in illicit drugs, and try perpetrators.

=== Article 13: Roads ===
Permit free movement of people and vehicles and not impose discriminatory taxes or restrictions. Open and maintain roads and border-crossings, and continue negotiations for a highway to be constructed between ], Israel and Jordan near ].

=== Article 14: Freedom of the sea ===
Provide right of passage through territorial waters in accordance with international law including normal access to ports. The ] and the ] became international waterways open to all nations.

=== Article 15: Air travel ===
Recognize the rights, privileges and obligations provided for by multilateral aviation agreements, particularly the 1944 ] (The Chicago Convention) and the 1944 ].

=== Article 16: Communications ===
Open direct telephone and facsimile lines and postal links.

=== Article 17: Tourism ===
Promote cooperation in tourism.

=== Article 18: Environment ===
Cooperate on the environment, conservation and prevention of ].

=== Article 19: Energy ===
Develop energy resources and projects such as solar electricity generation. Interconnect electric grids in the ]-] area.

=== Article 20: Rift Valley ===
Develop the ] area, including joint economic, environmental, energy-related and tourism projects.

=== Article 21: Health ===
Cooperation.

=== Article 22: Agriculture ===
Cooperation in ], including veterinary services, plant protection, biotechnology and marketing.

=== Article 23: Aqaba-Eilat ===
Jointly develop Aqaba and Eilat, including tourism, customs, a free trade zone, aviation, pollution control, maritime matters, police, customs and health.

=== Article 24: Claims commission ===
Establish a claims commission for the mutual settlement of all financial claims.

=== Article 25: Obligations ===
No effect on rights and obligations under the ]. Agree to fulfil in good faith all obligations and to abolish pejorative references to each other.

=== Article 26: Legislation ===
Enact implementing legislation, and terminate any international commitments and to repeal any conflicting legislation.

=== Article 27: Ratification ===
Ratify the treaty in conformity with respective national procedures.

=== Article 28: Interim measures ===
Implement temporary measures.

=== Article 29: Dispute resolution ===
Agree to mutually negotiate resolution to any disputes arising out of the treaty. Resolve unsuccessful negotiations by conciliation or arbitration.

=== Article 30: Registration with UN ===
Transmit the treaty to the Secretary General of the United Nations for registration in accordance with the provisions of Article 102 of the United Nations Charter.

== Annexes of the treaty ==

=== Annex 1: Borders ===
See: ''Israel-Jordan Peace Treaty, Annex I, Israel-Jordan International Boundary Delimitation and Demarcation''

=== Annex 3: Crime and drugs ===
See: ''Israel-Jordan Peace Treaty, Annex III, Combatting Crime and Drugs''

=== Annex 4: Environment ===
See: ''Israel-Jordan Peace Treaty, Annex IV, Environment''

== Agreed minutes of the treaty ==
See: ''Israel-Jordan Peace Treaty, Agreed Minutes''

==Status quo==
In 2010, High Court Justice ] described the peace agreement with Jordan as being "not as warm as we would have liked.”<ref name=a7>
Tzvi Ben Gedalyahu: ''Israel National News,'' January 5, 2010.</ref>

Despite ], Jordan has imposed certain restrictions on trade with Israel, reducing imports of products from the occupied Palestinian territories.<ref name=a7 />

In violation of ] some Jewish visitors have been stopped at the Jordanian border for carrying religious items such as ].<ref name=a7 />

== See also ==
*]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}


==External links== ==External links==
{{Commons}} * {{Commons category-inline}}
*, at the site of King Hussein of Jordan *, at the site of King Hussein of Jordan
*, at the site of the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs *, from the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs at archive.org
*, at the site of the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs *, at the site of the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs
* from the * from the
*International Conference: 20th Anniversary of Israel-Jordan Peace Treaty | | | |


{{Arab–Israeli conflict}}
{{Arab–Israeli diplomacy}} {{Arab–Israeli diplomacy}}
{{Foreign relations of Israel}}
{{Foreign relations of Jordan}}
{{Presidency of Bill Clinton}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace}}
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Latest revision as of 06:38, 17 November 2024

1994 agreement between the State of Israel and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan

Israel–Jordan Peace Treaty
Treaty of Peace Between the State of Israel and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
Bill Clinton watches Hussein of Jordan and Yitzhak Rabin signing papersU.S. President Bill Clinton (center) watches Jordan's King Hussein (left) and Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin (right) sign the Washington Declaration on the White House lawn
TypePeace treaty
Signed26 October 1994; 30 years ago (1994-10-26)
LocationArabah, Israel
Signatories
DepositarySecretary-General of the United Nations
CitationsUNTS 35325
LanguageEnglish

The Israel–Jordan peace treaty (formally the "Treaty of Peace Between the State of Israel and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan"), sometimes referred to as the Wadi Araba Treaty, is an agreement that ended the state of war that had existed between the two countries since the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and established mutual diplomatic relations. In addition to establishing peace between the two countries, the treaty also settled land and water disputes, provided for broad cooperation in tourism and trade, and obligated both countries to prevent their territory being used as a staging ground for military strikes by a third country.

The signing ceremony took place at the southern border crossing of Arabah on 26 October 1994. Jordan was the second Arab country, after Egypt, to sign a peace accord with Israel.

History

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In 1987 Israeli Foreign Affairs Minister Shimon Peres and King Hussein tried secretly to arrange a peace agreement in which Israel would concede the West Bank to Jordan. The two signed an agreement defining a framework for a Middle Eastern peace conference. The proposal was not consummated due to Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir's objection. The following year Jordan abandoned its claim to the West Bank in favor of a peaceful resolution between Israel and the PLO.

Discussions began in 1994. Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and Foreign Minister Shimon Peres informed King Hussein that after the Oslo Accords with the PLO, Jordan might be "left out of the big game". Hussein consulted with Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak and Syrian President Hafez al-Assad. Mubarak encouraged him, but Assad told him only to "talk" and not sign any accord. U.S. President Bill Clinton pressured Hussein to start peace negotiations and to sign a peace treaty with Israel and promised him that Jordan's debts would be forgiven. The efforts succeeded and Jordan signed a nonbelligerency agreement with Israel. Rabin, Hussein and Clinton signed the Washington Declaration in Washington, DC, on 25 July 1994. The Declaration says that Israel and Jordan ended the official state of enmity and would start negotiations in order to achieve an "end to bloodshed and sorrow" and a just and lasting peace.

Signing

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On 26 October 1994, Jordan and Israel signed the peace treaty in a ceremony held in the Arava valley of Israel, north of Eilat and near the Jordanian border. Prime Minister Rabin and Prime Minister Abdelsalam al-Majali signed the treaty and the President of Israel Ezer Weizman shook hands with King Hussein. Clinton observed, accompanied by US Secretary of State Warren Christopher. Thousands of colorful balloons released into the sky ended the event.

Egypt welcomed the agreement while Syria ignored it. The Lebanese militia group Hezbollah resisted the treaty and 20 minutes prior to the ceremony launched mortar and rocket attacks against northern Galilee towns. Israeli residents, who were forced to evacuate the towns for the safety of shelters, took with them transistor radios and mobile TVs in order not to miss the historical moment of signing a second peace treaty with an Arab state.

Content

The peace treaty consists of a preamble, 30 articles, 5 annexes, and agreed minutes. It settles issues about territory, security, water, and co-operation on a range of subjects.

Annex I concerns borders and sovereignty. Section Annex I (a) establishes an "administrative boundary" between Jordan and the West Bank, occupied by Israel in 1967, without prejudice to the status of that territory. Israel recognises Jordan's sovereignty over the Naharayim/Baqura area (including Peace Island) and the Tzofar/Al Ghamr area.
Annex II concerns water and related matters. Pursuant to Article 6 of the Treaty, Jordan and Israel agreed to establish a "Joint Water Committee" (Article VII).
Annex III concerns crime and illicit drugs.
Annex IV concerns environment.
Annex V concerns border crossings, passports and visas. Article 6 stipulates that ″Each Party has the right to refuse entry to a person, in accordance with its regulations″.
The Agreed Minutes of the treaty give some details about the implementation of the peace treaty.

Main principles

  1. Borders: The international boundary between Israel and Jordan follows the Jordan and Yarmouk Rivers, the Dead Sea, the Emek Ha'Arava/Wadi Araba, and the Gulf of Aqaba. The section of the line that separated Jordan from the West Bank was stipulated as "without prejudice to the status of territory."
  2. Diplomatic relations and co-operation: The Parties agreed to establish full diplomatic and consular relations and to exchange resident embassies, grant tourists visas, open air travel and seaports, establish a free trade zone and an industrial park in the Arava. The agreement prohibits hostile propaganda.
  3. Security and defense: Each country promised respect for the sovereignty and territory of each side, to not enter the other's territory without permission, and to cooperate against terrorism. This included thwarting border attacks, smuggling, preventing any hostile attack against the other and not cooperating with any terrorist organization against the other.
  4. Jerusalem: Article 9 links the Peace Treaty to the Israeli–Palestinian peace process. Israel recognized the special role of Jordan in Muslim Holy shrines in Jerusalem and committed itself to give high priority to the Jordanian historic role in these shrines in negotiations on the permanent status.
  5. Water: Israel agreed to give Jordan 50,000,000 cubic metres (1.8×10 cu ft) of water each year and for Jordan to own 75% of the water from the Yarmouk River. Both countries could develop other water resources and reservoirs and agreed to help each other survive droughts. Israel also agreed to help Jordan use desalination technology in order to find additional water.
  6. Palestinian refugees: Israel and Jordan agreed to cooperate to help the refugees, including a four-way committee (Israel, Jordan, Egypt and the Palestinians) to try to work towards solutions.

Follow-up

Wolfsfeld et al. (2002) said that Prime Minister Rabin and King Hussein collaborated in selling the agreement to their people. The Knesset approved the agreement 92 to 3, but "The level of elite support in Jordan was considerably lower. ... number of political parties and institutions were opposed to making peace with Israel."

President Bill Clinton with King Hussein of Jordan, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat in October 1996

Following the agreements, Israel and Jordan opened their borders. Several border-crossings were erected, allowing tourists, businessmen and workers to travel between the two countries. Israeli tourists started to visit Jordan, many to see the sela ha'adom ("Red Rock") of Petra – a stone-carved city of the Nabataeans which had fascinated Israelis during the 1950s and 1960s, often luring adventurers to visit it secretly.

On 4 November 1995 the Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin was assassinated by a Jewish extremist, who aimed to undermine Rabin's peace efforts with the Palestinians. Due to the close relationship forged with Rabin during the negotiations of the treaty, Hussein was invited to give a speech during Rabin's funeral in Jerusalem. This was the first time Hussein had been in Jerusalem since the 1967 war. Hussein drew parallels between Rabin's assassination and his grandfather's assassination in 1951: "We are not ashamed, nor are we afraid, nor are we anything but determined to continue the legacy for which my friend fell, as did my grandfather in this city when I was with him and but a boy."

Jordan received $698.4 million of debt relief from the US government from 1995 onwards. Jordan's signing of a peace treaty with Israel, and other issues, were met with disdain by Syria's president Hafez Al-Assad. The CIA handed the King a detailed report in December 1995 warning him of a Syrian plot to assassinate him and his brother Hassan. A month later, the CIA sent Hussein another report warning Jordan of Iraqi plots to attack Western targets in Jordan to undermine Jordan's security due to its support for the Iraqi opposition. In Israel, Shimon Peres of the leftist Labor Party and Benjamin Netanyahu of the right-wing Likud party, were competing for the post of prime minister. Hussein's popularity in Israel had peaked after the peace treaty was signed, and he was expected to express support for a candidate. Hussein initially remained neutral, but later expressed support for Netanyahu. Efraim Halevy, then head of the Israeli intelligence agency (Mossad), claims that Hussein had preferred Netanyahu over Peres as he had deeply mistrusted the latter. The Israeli general election held on 29 May 1996 witnessed Netanyahu's ascension to the prime ministry.

My distress is genuine and deep over the accumulating tragic actions which you have initiated at the head of the Government of Israel, making peace – the worthiest objective of my life – appear more and more like a distant elusive mirage. I could remain aloof if the very lives of all Arabs and Israelis and their future were not fast sliding towards an abyss of bloodshed and disaster, brought about by fear and despair. I frankly cannot accept your repeated excuse of having to act the way you do under great duress and pressure. I cannot believe that the people of Israel seek bloodshed and disaster and oppose peace. Nor can I believe that the most constitutionally powerful Prime Minister in Israeli history would act on other than his total convictions. The saddest reality that has been dawning on me is that I do not find you by my side in working to fulfill God's will for the final reconciliation of all the descendants of the children of Abraham. Your course of actions seems bent on destroying all I believe in or have striven to achieve . . .

From King Hussein's letter to Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu on 9 March 1997

Hussein's support for Netanyahu soon backfired. Israel's actions during the 1996 Qana massacre in Southern Lebanon, the Likud government's decision to build settlements in East Jerusalem, and the events at the Temple Mount where clashes between Palestinian and Israeli police ensued after Israeli tunnel diggings around the Mount, generated an uproar of criticism for Netanyahu in the Arab World. On 9 March 1997 Hussein sent Netanyahu a three-page letter expressing his disappointment. The King lambasted Netanyahu, with the letter's opening sentence stating: "My distress is genuine and deep over the accumulating tragic actions which you have initiated at the head of the Government of Israel, making peace – the worthiest objective of my life – appear more and more like a distant elusive mirage."

Four days later, on 13 March, a Jordanian soldier patrolling the borders between Jordan and Israel in the north near the Island of Peace, killed seven Israeli schoolgirls and wounded six others. The King, who was on an official visit to Spain, returned home immediately. He travelled to the Israeli town of Beit Shemesh to offer his condolences to the grieving families of the Israeli children killed. He went on his knees in front of the families, telling them that the incident was "a crime that is a shame for all of us. I feel as if I have lost a child of my own. If there is any purpose in life it will be to make sure that all the children no longer suffer the way our generation did." His gesture was received very warmly in Israel, and Hussein sent the families $1 million in total as compensation for the loss of life. The soldier was determined to be mentally unstable by a Jordanian military tribunal and was sentenced to 20 years in prison, which he served entirely.

Clashes between Israeli forces and Palestinian militant groups in Gaza and the West Bank surfaced. Hussein's wife, Queen Noor, later claimed her husband was having trouble sleeping: "Everything he had worked for all his life, every relationship he had painstakingly built on trust and respect, every dream of peace and prosperity he had had for Jordan's children, was turning into a nightmare. I really did not know how much more Hussein could take."

On 27 September 1997 eight Mossad agents entered Jordan using fake Canadian passports and attempted to assassinate Jordanian citizen Khaled Mashal, head of the militant Islamist Palestinian group Hamas. Hussein was preparing for a 30-year Hamas-Israel truce three days prior to the attempt, after Hamas had launched two attacks in Jerusalem. Two Mossad agents followed Mashal to his office and injected poison into his ears, but they were caught by Mashal's bodyguard. The two agents were then held by the Jordanian police, while the six other agents hid in the Israeli embassy. Furious, Hussein met with an Israeli delegate who attempted to explain the situation; the King said in a speech about the incident that he felt that somebody "had spat in his face." Jordanian authorities requested Netanyahu to provide an antidote to save Mashal's life, but Netanyahu refused to do so. Jordan then threatened to storm the Israeli embassy and capture the rest of the Mossad team, but Israel argued that it would be against the Geneva Conventions. Jordan replied that the Geneva Conventions "do not apply to terrorists," and a special operations team headed by Hussein's son Abdullah was put in charge of the operation. Hussein called American President Clinton and requested his intervention, threatening to annul the treaty if Israel did not provide the antidote. Clinton later managed to get Israel's approval to reveal the name of the antidote, and complained about Netanyahu: "This man is impossible!" Khaled Mashal recovered, but Jordan's relations with Israel deteriorated and Israeli requests to contact Hussein were rebuffed. The Mossad operatives were released by Jordan after Israel agreed to release 23 Jordanian and 50 Palestinian prisoners including Sheikh Ahmed Yassin.

Mounting opposition in Jordan to the peace treaty with Israel led Hussein to put greater restrictions on freedom of speech. Several dissidents were imprisoned including Laith Shubeilat, a prominent Islamist. A few months into his imprisonment, the King personally gave Shubeilat, his fiercest critic, a ride home from the Swaqa prison. However, the crackdown led the opposition groups in Jordan to boycott the 1997 parliamentary elections. In 1998 Jordan refused a secret request from Netanyahu to attack Iraq using Jordanian airspace after claiming Saddam held weapons of mass destruction.

In December 2013, Israel and Jordan signed an agreement to build a desalination plant on the Red Sea, near the Jordanian port of Aqaba, as part of the Red Sea–Dead Sea Canal.

In October 2018, Jordan notified Israel of its intention not to renew lands leased under Annex I of the agreement. The annex granted Jordan the right not to renew the lease of Naharayim (Baqoura) and Tzofar/Al Ghamr after 25 years, given that a notice is given a year prior.

Gallery

  • Shimon Peres (left) with Yitzhak Rabin (center) and King Hussein of Jordan (right), prior to signing the Israel–Jordan peace treaty. Shimon Peres (left) with Yitzhak Rabin (center) and King Hussein of Jordan (right), prior to signing the Israel–Jordan peace treaty.
  • A handshake between King Hussein and PM Rabin, accompanied by President Clinton, during the Israel-Jordan peace negotiations, 25 July 1994 A handshake between King Hussein and PM Rabin, accompanied by President Clinton, during the Israel-Jordan peace negotiations, 25 July 1994
  • Balloons released into the air during the Israel-Jordan Peace Treaty signing ceremony at the Arava Terminal Balloons released into the air during the Israel-Jordan Peace Treaty signing ceremony at the Arava Terminal
  • King Hussein lights Yitzhak Rabin's cigarette at the royal residence in Aqaba, shortly after the signing of the peace treaty, 26 October 1994 King Hussein lights Yitzhak Rabin's cigarette at the royal residence in Aqaba, shortly after the signing of the peace treaty, 26 October 1994
  • U.S. President Bill Clinton watches Jordan's King Hussein and Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin shaking hands, October 1994 U.S. President Bill Clinton watches Jordan's King Hussein and Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin shaking hands, October 1994
  • Excerpts from the signing of the peace agreement with Jordan in a video clip of the Channel 2 news company, 1994

See also

Notes

  1. Hebrew: הסכם השלום בין ישראל לירדן; transliterated: Heskem Ha-Shalom beyn Yisra'el Le-Yarden; Arabic: معاهدة السلام الأردنية الإسرائيلية; Arabic transliteration: Mu'ahadat as-Salaam al-'Urdunniyah al-Isra'yliyah

References

  1. Ahren, Raphael; Rasgon, Adam. "Colder than ever: 25 years on, Israel and Jordan ignore peace treaty anniversary". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  2. Clyde Haberman (27 October 1994). "Israel and Jordan Sign a Peace Accord". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  3. Disengagement from the West Bank. www.kinghussein.gov.jo. Retrieved December 2013
  4. Hussein surrenders claims on West Bank to the P.L.O.; U.S. peace plan in jeopardy; Internal Tensions. John Kifner, New York Times, 1 August 1988
  5. The Washington Declaration :Israel – Jordan – The United States; July 25th, 1994. On the Avalon project
  6. "The Washington Declaration". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 25 July 1994. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
  7. ^ Treaty of Peace Between the State of Israel and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. 26 October 1994. On the Knesset website
  8. THE JORDAN-ISRAEL ACCORD: THE OVERVIEW; ISRAEL AND JORDAN SIGN A PEACE ACCORD, New York Times, 26 October 1994
  9. ^ Annex I.jewishvirtuallibrary
  10. Annex II—Water and Related Matters. IMFA, 25 August 1999
  11. Annex III—Combatting Crime and Drugs.jewishvirtuallibrary
  12. Annex IV—Environment.jewishvirtuallibrary
  13. Annex V—Border Crossing Points Procedures Between Israel and Jordan.jewishvirtuallibrary
  14. "Israel-Jordan Peace Treaty—Agreed Minutes". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
  15. Susskind, Lawrence; Shafiqul Islam (2012). "Water Diplomacy: Creating Value and Building Trust in Transboundary Water Negotiations". Science & Diplomacy. 1 (3).
  16. Lukacs, Yehuda (12 November 1999). Israel, Jordan, and the Peace Process. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 9780815627203. Retrieved 12 November 2017 – via Google Books.
  17. ^ Shlaim 2009, p. 532–546.
  18. "U.S. DEBT REDUCTION ACTIVITIES FY 1990 THROUGH FY 1999" (PDF). treasury.gov. United States Department of the Treasury. February 2000. Retrieved 6 September 2024.
  19. ^ Shlaim 2009, p. 547–560.
  20. Halevy, Efraim (2007). Man in the Shadows: Inside the Middle East Crisis with a Man Who Led the Mossad. St. Martin's Publishing Group. p. 89. ISBN 9781429904988.
  21. ^ Shlaim 2009, p. 560–581.
  22. "In Their Own Words: The Views of Hussein and Netanyahu". The New York Times. 12 March 1997. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  23. Jerrold Kessel (16 March 1997). "With condolence visit to Israel, King Hussein spurs talks". CNN. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
  24. "King Hussein Gives His Foe Ride From Jail". The New York Times. Reuters. 10 November 1996. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
  25. Vick, Karl (9 December 2013). "Can an Unlikely Middle East Pact Give Life to the Dead Sea?". Time. Retrieved 12 November 2017 – via world.time.com.
  26. Jordan to nix parts of peace treaty with Israel, reclaim territories, YNET, 21 October 2018

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