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{{Short description|Quebec politician and mayor of Montreal (1916-1999)}}
{{for|other people with the surname Drapeau|Drapeau (surname)}} {{for|other people with the surname Drapeau|Drapeau (surname)}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=December 2013}} {{Use Canadian English|date=December 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2012}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox Mayor {{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix= Mayor | honorific-prefix=
| name = Jean Drapeau | name = Jean Drapeau
| honorific-suffix = ] ] | honorific-suffix =
{{post-nominals|country=CAN|CC|GOQ|size=100%}}
| image =
| caption = | image = Jean Drapeau, 1954.jpg
| order = 37th ] | caption = Jean Drapeau in 1954
| term_start = 1954 | order = 37th
| term_end = 1957 | office = Mayor of Montreal
| predecessor = ] | term_start = October 1960
| successor = ] | term_end = November 1986
| term_start2 = 1960 | predecessor = ]
| term_end2 = 1986 | successor = ]
| predecessor2 = ] | term_start1 = October 25, 1954
| successor2 = ] | term_end1 = October 28, 1957
| birth_date = 18 February 1916. | predecessor1 = ]
| birth_place = ], ], ] | successor1 = ]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1999|8|12|1916|2|18}} | birth_date = {{Birth date|1916|2|18|df=yes}}
| death_place = ], ], ] | birth_place = ], ], Canada
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1999|8|12|1916|2|18|df=yes}}
⚫ | death_place = Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| constituency = | constituency =
| party = ] | party = ]
| alma_mater = ] | alma_mater = ]
| spouse = ] | spouse = {{marriage|Marie-Claire Boucher|1945}}
| profession = ] | profession = {{hlist|Lawyer}}
| religion = ]
| signature = Jean Drapeau Signature.svg | signature = Jean Drapeau Signature.svg
| footnotes = | footnotes =
}} }}
]]] ] at ]]]
'''Jean Drapeau''', {{Post-nominals|country=CAN|CC|GOQ}} (18 February 1916 – 12 August 1999) was a ] ] and ] who served as ] for 29 years, from 1954 to 1957 and 1960 to 1986. During his tenure as mayor he was responsible for the construction of the ] system and the ] concert hall, for conceiving ], for securing the ], and for helping to bring ] to ] with the creation of the ]. He is remembered as a visionary for the Metro and Expo 67, however the Olympic Games facilities resulted in huge ]s and left the city with a debt of over $1 billion that has taken its citizens over thirty years to fully pay off. '''Jean Drapeau''' {{Post-nominals|country=CAN|CC|GOQ}} ({{IPA|fr|ʒɑ̃ dʁapo}}; 18 February 1916 – 12 August 1999) was a Canadian politician who served as ] for 2 non-consecutive terms from 1954 to 1957 and from 1960 to 1986.
Major accomplishments of the Drapeau Administration include the development of the ] entirely underground mass transit subway system running on 'whisper quiet' rubber wheels, a successful international exposition ] as well as the construction of a major performing arts centre, the ]. Drapeau also secured the hosting of the ] and was instrumental in building the ] and then world's tallest inclined tower. Drapeau was responsible for securing a ] franchise, with the creation of the ] in 1969. Drapeau's main legacy is Montreal's attainment of global status under his administration. He was the longest serving mayor of Montreal.


== Early life and career == == Early life and career ==
⚫ The son of Joseph-Napoléon Drapeau and Alberta (Berthe) Martineau, Jean Drapeau was born in Montreal in 1916. His father, an insurance broker, city councilor and election worker for the ], introduced him to politics. Jean Drapeau studied law at the ].


⚫ The son of Joseph-Napoléon Drapeau and Alberta (Berthe) Martineau, Jean Drapeau was born in Montreal in 1916. His father, an insurance broker, city councillor and election worker for the {{Lang|fr|]|italic=no}}, introduced him to politics. Jean Drapeau studied law at the {{Lang|fr|]|italic=no}}.
⚫ Drapeau was a protégé of nationalist priest ] in the 1930s and 1940s,<ref name="CE">"" in the ] online</ref> and was a member of ]'s anti-] ''Ligue pour la défense du Canada''. In 1942, he ran as a candidate of the nationalist '']'', which opposed Canadian conscription during ], in a federal by-election (see ]). Drapeau lost the election. He was also a '']'' candidate in the ] but was badly defeated in his Montreal constituency.<ref name="CE" />


⚫ Drapeau was a protégé of nationalist priest ] in the 1930s and 1940s,<ref name="CE">{{Cite web |last=McKenna |first=Brian |date=June 12, 2011 |title=Jean Drapeau |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/jean-drapeau |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205053620/https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/jean-drapeau |archive-date=Dec 5, 2022 |access-date= |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia}}</ref> and was a member of ]'s anti-] ''{{Lang|fr|Ligue pour la défense du Canada}}''. In 1942, he ran as a candidate of the nationalist {{Lang|fr|]|italic=no}}, which opposed ], in a federal by-election. Drapeau lost the election. He was also a ''{{Lang|fr|Bloc populaire|italic=no}}'' candidate in the ] but was badly defeated in his Montreal constituency.<ref name="CE" />
⚫ He began his practice as a criminal lawyer in Montreal in 1944. During the ] of 1949, he took on the legal defence of some of the strikers.<ref name="CE"/>


⚫ He began his practice as a criminal lawyer in Montreal in 1944. During the ] of 1949, he took on the legal defence of some of the strikers.<ref name="CE"/>
In 1945, he married Marie-Claire Boucher. They had three sons. During his whole time as mayor, he resided in modest brick bungalow in the working-class Rosemont district at the east-end of Montreal, and lived a frugal lifestyle. He was know for his 100-hour workweeks as mayor, and personally answering all letters sent to him. On Sundays he always drove (accompanied by the music of Wagner arias) through the city to inspect problems first-hand.<ref name="CE"/>

In 1945, he married Marie-Claire Boucher. They had three sons.


== Mayor of Montreal == == Mayor of Montreal ==
] (left) in June 1964, at the ceremony to hand over the site of Expo 67]]
Jean Drapeau's profile grew as the result of his role in a public inquiry led by ] into police corruption in the early 1950s. When ] retired as ], Drapeau was well poised to succeed him.<ref name="CE" /> Drapeau's profile grew as the result of his role in a public inquiry led by ] into police corruption in the early 1950s. When ] retired as ], Drapeau was well poised to succeed him.<ref name="CE" />


Drapeau was elected mayor of Montreal in 1954 at the age of 37, as the candidate of the Civic Action League, on a platform of cleaning up the administration. In 1957, he lost to ] who was backed by the powerful ] ],<ref name="CE" /> but Drapeau was elected again in the election of 1960, and from then he was re-elected without interruption until he retired from political life in 1986. His long tenure would eventually turn the ] into his personal fief, with no clear heir. Drapeau was elected mayor of Montreal in 1954 at the age of 37, as the candidate of the ], on a platform of cleaning up the administration. He ran an exceptionally wide-flung campaign, uniting a large coalition of voters from English-speaking and French-speaking parts of Montreal. Drapeau's charismatic demeanor, accessible style, and his fluency in both English and French (unprecedented for a mayoral candidate) propelled him to such popularity. In 1957, he lost to ] who was backed by the ] ],<ref name="CE" /> but Drapeau was elected again in the election of 1960 at the helm of his newly formed ]''.'' He was re-elected without interruption until he retired from political life in 1986. By the end of the decade, Montreal was a virtual one-party state, with Drapeau and his party only facing nominal opposition in City Hall.


During Drapeau's second tenure as mayor, he initiated the initial construction of the ] subway system, ], and ], the Universal Exposition of 1967.<ref name="CE"/> His fame from Expo 67 led to him maked two appearances on the The ] Show. To support the expenditures, Drapeau created the first public ] in Canada in 1968, which he called simply a "voluntary tax", an idea that would later gain favour and become enlarged by the provincial government by creating Loto-Québec society in 1970. During Drapeau's tenure as mayor, he initiated the construction of the ] mass transit subway system with trains running on whisper quiet rubber wheels, ], and ], the ] of 1967.<ref name="CE"/> To support the expenditures, Drapeau created the first public ] in Canada in 1968, which he called simply a "voluntary tax", an idea that would later gain favour and become enlarged by the provincial government by creating ] corporation in 1970.
The 1970s were busy times for the preparation of the 1976 Summer Olympics. Cost overruns and scandals forced the Quebec government to take over the project eight months before the Games opened.<ref name="news.google.com">{{Cite web |date=Jun 3, 1980 |title=Jean Drapeau: Hardly your average mayor |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19800603&id=HYkxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=caQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1246,367915&hl=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204060806/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19800603&id=HYkxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=caQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1246,367915&hl=en |archive-date=Feb 4, 2023 |website=Google News Archive |publisher=The Montreal Gazette}}</ref> Almost a year after the Games had ended, Quebec Premier ] appointed a commission to investigate the high cost overruns of the games, led by Quebec supreme court judge Albert Malouf. The inquiry found that Drapeau had made some serious and costly mistakes. The debt taken on by the city under Drapeau, coupled with a crime wave as young upstarts challenged the mafia that controlled the city's underworld, helped lead to the ], unrest caused by a ] by the ] over pay on 7 October 1969.

Drapeau retired ahead of the 1986 elections.
When French President ] used the separatist slogan "Vive le Québec libre" during a 1967 visit, Drapeau passionately rebuked de Gaulle saying that Quebecers' identities were forged in the Canadian cauldron, not in that of Mother France.
⚫ ] ] appointed Drapeau to the position of Canadian ambassador to ] in ].<ref name="CE"/>

In the municipal elections of October 1970, Drapeau used the proclamation of the ] and the ] to discredit and neutralize the candidates of the opposition party by accusing them of being ] sympathisers and supporters of the ]. Some opposition candidates, including his main opponent, were imprisoned only to be released after the end of the election in which Drapeau's party won all 52 seats.<ref name="CE"/>

Thanks to his municipal party's overwhelming win, this allowed him unchecked power during the preparation of the facilities for the 1976 Summer Olympics. Cost overruns and scandals forced the Quebec government to take over the project. The Summer Games were also marked by Drapeau's controversial decision to dismantle the ] public art display just before the Games.<ref>http://archives3.concordia.ca/privatefonds/P119.html{{dead link|date=December 2013|bot=WildBot}}</ref>


Despite the nationalism of his youth, Drapeau remained neutral during the ].<ref name="CE"/> Despite the nationalism of his youth, Drapeau remained neutral during the ].<ref name="CE"/>


⚫ In 1967, Drapeau was made a Companion of the ] and received the ]'s gold medal.<ref name="Gold Medal">{{cite web|url=http://www.raic.org/honours_and_awards/honours_gold_medal/tor_e.htm|title=RAIC Gold Medal|work=Royal Architectural Institute of Canada|access-date=11 December 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616034941/http://www.raic.org/honours_and_awards/honours_gold_medal/tor_e.htm|archive-date=16 June 2009}}</ref> He was named a Grand Officer of the ] in 1987.
As a result of the Olympics, Public criticism of Drapeau's municipal administration grew and lead to the creation of a new opposition party in 1974, which gradually grew in popularity over the next decade.


⚫ One of the biggest parks in Montreal, ], composed of ] and ] in the middle of the ], site of the universal exposition of 1967, was renamed in his honour, as was the ] serving the park.
After suffering a stroke, Drapeau announced on 20 June 1986 that he would not re-election. In the municipal election of November 1986, due to his absence his Civic Party was reduced to a single council seat, while the Montréal Citizen's Movement took power and ] succeeded Drapeau as mayor.


Drapeau was also instrumental in the demolition of the historic ] on Sherbrooke street; a classic greystone house built in 1869 for ], president of the Merchant's Bank of Montreal. The building was controversially bulldozed in the middle of the night by developer ] in 1973 under the mayoralty of Drapeau, who declared that it was impossible to preserve it for cultural reasons because it was not part of Quebec's culture - Hamilton and Van Horne being ] (Hamilton was from Ontario and Van Horne was American).{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}} It was replaced by a sixteen-storey concrete tower. The mansion's destruction sparked the creation of the heritage preservation group ]. Journalist ] includes the house and its demolition in his 1993 documentary, '']'', identifying the significance of the building to the local Anglo community's heritage.
⚫ After he stepped down as mayor of Montreal, ] ] appointed Drapeau to the position of Canadian ambassador to ] in ].<ref name="CE"/>


After several health concerns, Drapeau announced his retirement from politics in 1986.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Freed |first=Kenneth |date=1986-06-29 |title=Era Ends in Montreal--Mayor Drapeau to Retire |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-06-29-mn-401-story.html |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref>
A staunch federalist, he made his last public appearance during the ] via video at a pro-Canada rally.


==Health concerns and death==
==Honours==
In July 1982, Drapeau suffered a stroke that caused paralysis to the left side of his body.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayor Jean Drapeau, who suffered a stroke two months... - UPI Archives |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/09/14/Mayor-Jean-Drapeau-who-suffered-a-stroke-two-months/4718400824000/ |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref> In December 1985, his ] was fractured. After retiring in 1986, Drapeau lived a quiet life. He died in 1999 and is buried at the ] in Montreal.
⚫ In 1967, Drapeau was made a Companion of the Order of Canada and received the ]’s Gold Medal.<ref name="Gold Medal">{{cite web|url=http://www.raic.org/honours_and_awards/honours_gold_medal/tor_e.htm|title=RAIC Gold Medal|work=Royal Architectural Institute of Canada|accessdate=11 December 2009}}</ref> He was named a Grand Officer of the ] in 1987.
⚫ ].]]


== See also ==
After his death in 1999 (at age 83), Drapeau was interred in the ] in Montreal.


* ]
⚫ One of the biggest parks in Montreal, ], composed of ] and ] in the middle of the ], site of the ], was renamed in his honour, as was the ] serving the park.

==Quotations==
⚫ ] of Jean Drapeau in ].]]
Drapeau said "The Olympics can no more lose money than a man can have a baby."<ref>{{cite web|title=The Montreal Olympics: The Summer Games of '76|url=http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/sports/olympics/the-montreal-olympics-the-summer-games-of-76/queen-opens-montreal-olympics.html|work=CBC Digital Archives|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Company|accessdate=26 January 2011}}</ref> after announcing the budget for the Montreal Olympic games. Following the Olympics, the city was left with a debt of $1&nbsp;billion. ] published a famous ] depicting a pregnant Drapeau on the phone, saying "'Ello, ]?", referring to a prominent Montreal physician who performed abortions.

As rival ] grew in size and prestige, Drapeau declared: "Let Toronto become ]. Montreal will always be ]."His critics described most of his projects as circuses. Drapeau replied: "What the masses want are monuments."

Internationally, he won the respect of leaders ranging from ] to the ]. Then-British Prime Minister ] was quoted as saying "I was privileged to hear privately mayor Drapeau's revelations on how to gain and keep power through the manipulation of friend and foe alike. It was one of the most hilarious and entertaining talks I have ever had with a politician." One opponent called him "a combination of ] and ]."<ref name="CE"/>


==References== ==References==
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== External links == == External links ==
{{commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* *
* Drapeau's vision of bringing the Eiffel Tower to Montreal for Expo 67. * Drapeau's vision of bringing the Eiffel Tower to Montreal for Expo 67.
* McGill University Library & Archives.


{{Mayors of Montreal}} {{Mayors of Montreal}}


{{Authority control|VIAF=59208040}} {{Authority control}}


{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see ]. -->
| NAME =Drapeau, Jean
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Canadian politician
| DATE OF BIRTH =18 February 1916
⚫ | PLACE OF BIRTH =], ], ]
| DATE OF DEATH =12 August 1999
| PLACE OF DEATH =], ], ]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Drapeau, Jean}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Drapeau, Jean}}
] ]
] ]
]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 05:44, 4 December 2024

Quebec politician and mayor of Montreal (1916-1999) For other people with the surname Drapeau, see Drapeau (surname).

Jean DrapeauCC GOQ
Jean Drapeau in 1954
37th Mayor of Montreal
In office
October 1960 – November 1986
Preceded bySarto Fournier
Succeeded byJean Doré
In office
October 25, 1954 – October 28, 1957
Preceded byCamillien Houde
Succeeded bySarto Fournier
Personal details
Born(1916-02-18)18 February 1916
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Died12 August 1999(1999-08-12) (aged 83)
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Political partyCivic Party of Montreal
Spouse Marie-Claire Boucher ​ ​(m. 1945)​
Alma materUniversité de Montréal
Profession
  • Lawyer
Signature
Statue of Jean Drapeau at Place Jacques-Cartier

Jean Drapeau CC GOQ (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ dʁapo]; 18 February 1916 – 12 August 1999) was a Canadian politician who served as mayor of Montreal for 2 non-consecutive terms from 1954 to 1957 and from 1960 to 1986. Major accomplishments of the Drapeau Administration include the development of the Montreal Metro entirely underground mass transit subway system running on 'whisper quiet' rubber wheels, a successful international exposition Expo 67 as well as the construction of a major performing arts centre, the Place des Arts. Drapeau also secured the hosting of the 1976 Summer Olympics and was instrumental in building the Olympic Stadium and then world's tallest inclined tower. Drapeau was responsible for securing a Major League Baseball franchise, with the creation of the Montreal Expos in 1969. Drapeau's main legacy is Montreal's attainment of global status under his administration. He was the longest serving mayor of Montreal.

Early life and career

The son of Joseph-Napoléon Drapeau and Alberta (Berthe) Martineau, Jean Drapeau was born in Montreal in 1916. His father, an insurance broker, city councillor and election worker for the Union nationale, introduced him to politics. Jean Drapeau studied law at the Université de Montréal.

Drapeau was a protégé of nationalist priest Lionel Groulx in the 1930s and 1940s, and was a member of André Laurendeau's anti-conscription Ligue pour la défense du Canada. In 1942, he ran as a candidate of the nationalist Bloc populaire, which opposed Canadian conscription during World War II, in a federal by-election. Drapeau lost the election. He was also a Bloc populaire candidate in the 1944 provincial election but was badly defeated in his Montreal constituency.

He began his practice as a criminal lawyer in Montreal in 1944. During the Asbestos strike of 1949, he took on the legal defence of some of the strikers.

In 1945, he married Marie-Claire Boucher. They had three sons.

Mayor of Montreal

Drapeau (right) with Premier of Quebec Jean Lesage (left) in June 1964, at the ceremony to hand over the site of Expo 67

Drapeau's profile grew as the result of his role in a public inquiry led by Pacifique Plante into police corruption in the early 1950s. When Camillien Houde retired as mayor of Montreal, Drapeau was well poised to succeed him.

Drapeau was elected mayor of Montreal in 1954 at the age of 37, as the candidate of the Civic Action League, on a platform of cleaning up the administration. He ran an exceptionally wide-flung campaign, uniting a large coalition of voters from English-speaking and French-speaking parts of Montreal. Drapeau's charismatic demeanor, accessible style, and his fluency in both English and French (unprecedented for a mayoral candidate) propelled him to such popularity. In 1957, he lost to Sarto Fournier who was backed by the Premier of Quebec Maurice Duplessis, but Drapeau was elected again in the election of 1960 at the helm of his newly formed Civic Party. He was re-elected without interruption until he retired from political life in 1986. By the end of the decade, Montreal was a virtual one-party state, with Drapeau and his party only facing nominal opposition in City Hall.

During Drapeau's tenure as mayor, he initiated the construction of the Montreal Metro mass transit subway system with trains running on whisper quiet rubber wheels, Place des Arts, and Expo 67, the universal exposition of 1967. To support the expenditures, Drapeau created the first public lottery in Canada in 1968, which he called simply a "voluntary tax", an idea that would later gain favour and become enlarged by the provincial government by creating Loto-Québec corporation in 1970. The 1970s were busy times for the preparation of the 1976 Summer Olympics. Cost overruns and scandals forced the Quebec government to take over the project eight months before the Games opened. Almost a year after the Games had ended, Quebec Premier René Lévesque appointed a commission to investigate the high cost overruns of the games, led by Quebec supreme court judge Albert Malouf. The inquiry found that Drapeau had made some serious and costly mistakes. The debt taken on by the city under Drapeau, coupled with a crime wave as young upstarts challenged the mafia that controlled the city's underworld, helped lead to the Murray-Hill riot, unrest caused by a wildcat strike by the Montreal police over pay on 7 October 1969. Drapeau retired ahead of the 1986 elections. Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney appointed Drapeau to the position of Canadian ambassador to UNESCO in Paris.

Despite the nationalism of his youth, Drapeau remained neutral during the 1980 Quebec referendum.

In 1967, Drapeau was made a Companion of the Order of Canada and received the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada's gold medal. He was named a Grand Officer of the National Order of Quebec in 1987.

One of the biggest parks in Montreal, Parc Jean-Drapeau, composed of Notre Dame Island and Saint Helen's Island in the middle of the Saint Lawrence River, site of the universal exposition of 1967, was renamed in his honour, as was the Metro station serving the park.

Drapeau was also instrumental in the demolition of the historic Van Horne Mansion on Sherbrooke street; a classic greystone house built in 1869 for John Hamilton, president of the Merchant's Bank of Montreal. The building was controversially bulldozed in the middle of the night by developer David Azrieli in 1973 under the mayoralty of Drapeau, who declared that it was impossible to preserve it for cultural reasons because it was not part of Quebec's culture - Hamilton and Van Horne being Anglophone Quebecers (Hamilton was from Ontario and Van Horne was American). It was replaced by a sixteen-storey concrete tower. The mansion's destruction sparked the creation of the heritage preservation group Save Montreal. Journalist William Weintraub includes the house and its demolition in his 1993 documentary, The Rise and Fall of English Montreal, identifying the significance of the building to the local Anglo community's heritage.

After several health concerns, Drapeau announced his retirement from politics in 1986.

Health concerns and death

In July 1982, Drapeau suffered a stroke that caused paralysis to the left side of his body. In December 1985, his vertebra was fractured. After retiring in 1986, Drapeau lived a quiet life. He died in 1999 and is buried at the Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery in Montreal.

Plaque honouring Drapeau in Montreal.

See also

References

  1. ^ McKenna, Brian (12 June 2011). "Jean Drapeau". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 5 December 2022.
  2. "Jean Drapeau: Hardly your average mayor". Google News Archive. The Montreal Gazette. 3 June 1980. Archived from the original on 4 February 2023.
  3. "RAIC Gold Medal". Royal Architectural Institute of Canada. Archived from the original on 16 June 2009. Retrieved 11 December 2009.
  4. Freed, Kenneth (29 June 1986). "Era Ends in Montreal--Mayor Drapeau to Retire". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 7 August 2024.
  5. "Mayor Jean Drapeau, who suffered a stroke two months... - UPI Archives". UPI. Retrieved 7 August 2024.

External links

Mayors of Montreal
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