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{{Short description|1949–1950 transfer of Yemeni Jews to Israel}} | |||
{{Use American English|date = February 2019}} | |||
{{Use mdy dates|date = February 2019}} | |||
{{Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries}} | |||
{{Aliyah}} | {{Aliyah}} | ||
{{expand Hebrew|topic=hist|date=May 2019}} | |||
], ]]] | ], ]]] | ||
] | |||
'''Operation Magic Carpet''' is a widely known nickname for '''Operation On Wings of Eagles''' ({{ |
'''Operation Magic Carpet''' is a widely known nickname for '''Operation On Wings of Eagles''' ({{langx|he|כנפי נשרים}} ''Knafei Nesharim'', {{lit|Wings of Eagles/Vultures}}), an operation between June 1949 and September 1950 that brought 49,000 ] to the new state of ].<ref> Retrieved 23 June 2012.</ref> During its course, the overwhelming majority of Yemenite Jews – some 47,000 from Yemen, 1,500 from ], as well as 500 from ] and ] and some 2,000 Jews from ] – were airlifted to Israel. ] and ] transport planes made some 380 flights from Aden.'' | ||
== |
== Background == | ||
Since 1881, an influx of Yemenite Jews have been immigrating to ] in a series of groups.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lib.cet.ac.il/Pages/item.asp?item=15640&kwd=753|title=העלייה מתימן – על כנפי נשרים|access-date=2022-05-17|language=he}}</ref> In 1924 the ruler of ], ], officially forbade Jewish immigration to Palestine, but Yemenite Jews were able to immigrate to Palestine by traveling to the ] and then to Palestine.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Halamish |first1=Aviva |title=A New Look at Immigration of Jews from Yemen to Israel |journal=Israel Studies |date=2006 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=59–78 |doi=10.2979/ISR.2006.11.1.59 |jstor=30245779 |s2cid=144740066 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30245779}}</ref> By the start of ], there were some 28,000 Jews of Yemenite descent in Palestine. A group of roughly 5,000 were stuck in Aden since 1945 and only allowed into Palestine in 1948.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lib.cet.ac.il/Pages/item.asp?item=15640&kwd=753|title="על כנפי נשרים" העלייה מתימן ומעדן : עליית יהודי תימן בתקופת מלחמת העולם השנייה|access-date=2022-05-17}}</ref> | |||
⚫ | The operation's official name originated from two ] passages: | ||
⚫ | * ] 19:4 |
||
⚫ | * ] 40:31 |
||
Following the ], Muslim rioters attacked the Jewish community in Aden and killed at least 82 Jews (]) and destroyed a number of Jewish homes.<ref>Ahroni, R. ''The Jews of the British Crown Colony of Aden: History, Culture, and Ethnic Relations''. Brill, 1994: P210-11.</ref> Early in 1948, accusations of the murder of two Muslim Yemeni girls led to looting of Jewish property.<ref>{{citation |last=Parfitt |first=Tudor |title=The Road to Redemption: The Jews of the Yemen 1900-1950 |pages=85–124 |year=1996 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S-nu8Z6yNIMC |publisher=Brill's Series in Jewish Studies vol. XVII |isbn=9789004105447 |author-link=Tudor Parfitt}}</ref><ref>Reuben Ahroni, ''Jewish Emigration from the Yemen, 1951-98: Carpet Without Magic,'' pp.xi-xii, p. 1.</ref> | |||
⚫ | Operation Magic Carpet was the first in a ]. Israel sees the rescue operation as a successful rescue of Yemen's community from oppression |
||
== Operation == | |||
⚫ | A ] in ], one in ], and another in ], ] were named "Kanfei Nesharim" (Wings of Eagles) in honor of this operation. | ||
{{Expand section|date=August 2024}} | |||
⚫ | The operation's official name originated from two ] passages: | ||
⚫ | * ] 19:4 – ''Ye have seen what I did unto the Egyptians, and how I bore you on eagles' wings, and brought you unto myself''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/k/kjv/kjv-idx?type=DIV1&byte=220736 |title=MLibrary Digital Collections: King James Bible: Exodus 19:4 |publisher=quod.lib.umich.edu |access-date=2013-08-31}}</ref> | ||
⚫ | * ] 40:31 – ''But they that wait upon the LORD shall renew their strength; they shall mount up with wings as eagles; they shall run, and not be weary; and they shall walk, and not faint''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/k/kjv/kjv-idx?type=DIV1&byte=2594466 |title=MLibrary Digital Collections: King James Bible: Isaiah 40:31 |publisher=quod.lib.umich.edu |access-date=2013-08-31}}</ref> | ||
⚫ | The Operation Magic Carpet was the first in a ]. Israel sees the rescue operation as a successful rescue of Yemen's community from oppression toward redemption. 49,000 Jews were brought to Israel under the program.<ref>Tom Segev, 1949: ''The First Israelis''. 1998, pp. 182–185.</ref> | ||
⚫ | In 1948 there were 55,000 Jews living in Yemen, and another 8,000 in the British ]. |
||
⚫ | A ] in ], one in ], one in ], and another in ], ], were named "Kanfei Nesharim" ("Wings of Eagles") in honor of this operation. | ||
==Anti Jewish violence== | |||
Following the ], Muslim rioters engaged in clashes in Aden that killed at least 82 people, both Arab and Jew (]) and destroyed a number of Jewish homes. Early in 1948, accusations of the murder of two Muslim Yemeni girls led to looting of Jewish property.{{cn|date=May 2014}} | |||
⚫ | In 1948, there were 55,000 Jews living in Yemen,{{clarify|reason=What "Yemen" ? How can the 8000 in the Colony of Aden be "another" ?|date=January 2015}} and another 8,000 in the British ]. | ||
== Reasons for the exodus == | == Reasons for the exodus == | ||
] | |||
⚫ | |||
]'s emissary, Rabbi ] was sent in 1949 to Yemen and discovered that there were around 50,000 Jews living in Yemen, which was unknown at the time to Israel. He sent multiple letters<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kedem-auctions.com/he/product/%d7%90%d7%95%d7%a1%d7%a3-%d7%9e%d7%a1%d7%9e%d7%9b%d7%99%d7%9d-%d7%9e%d7%a2%d7%96%d7%91%d7%95%d7%9f-%d7%99%d7%a2%d7%a7%d7%91-%d7%a9%d7%a8%d7%99%d7%91%d7%95%d7%9d-%d7%94%d7%a2%d7%9c%d7%90%d7%aa-%d7%99/|title=אוסף מסמכים מעזבון יעקב שריבום - העלאת יהודי תימן לישראל, 1949|website=kedem|language=he-IL|access-date=2020-02-09}}{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> to convey the community's strong religious and messianic desire to come to Israel. ] was reluctant at first, but he came around eventually.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4778918,00.html|title=Meir-Glitzenstein on Yaakov Shraibom efforts in Yemen, and the failure of Operation Magic Carpet|date=3 March 2016|website=Ynet |last1=פרקש |first1=טלי }}</ref> | |||
]<ref>Esther Meir-Glitzenstein, ''The Exodus of the Yemenite Jews − A Failed Operation and a Formative Myth'', Resling, Tel Aviv 2012.</ref> showed evidence how the community's sentiment for ] played a part in the exodus, the extent of which surprised even the Jewish state and the agency in charge of the operation, who were not prepared for the mass of Jews who were fleeing Yemen. Once he realized that, Shraibom tried to prevent the coming crisis and urged the community to stay in Yemen, but the sentiment of the community for Aliyah was stronger and they came nonetheless. | |||
⚫ | Tudor Parfitt described the reasons for the exodus as |
||
{{cquote| | |||
⚫ | economic straits as their traditional role was whittled away, famine, disease, growing political persecution, and increased public hostility, the state of anarchy after ], often a desire to be reunited with family members, incitement and encouragement to leave from |
||
⚫ | Meir-Glitzenstein also claims that collusion between Israel and the ] who "profited hugely from confiscatory taxes levied on the Jewish community" led to a botched operation in which the Jewish community suffered terribly.<ref> in ''Israel Studies'', vol.16, No.3 (Fall) 2011 pp. 149-173.</ref> ]<ref>Reuben Ahroni, ''Jewish Emigration from the Yemen, 1951-98: Carpet Without Magic,'' pp.xi-xii, p.20.</ref> and ]<ref>Parfitt, Tudor. The Road to Redemption: The Jews of the Yemen, 1900-1950. (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1996).</ref> argue that economic motivations also had a role in the massive emigration of Yemeni Jews, which began prior to 1948. | ||
== Critiques == | |||
⚫ | Esther Meir-Glitzenstein |
||
⚫ | Tudor Parfitt described the reasons for the exodus as multi-faceted, some aspects due to Zionism and others more historically based: | ||
⚫ | == |
||
In 1959, another 3,000 Jews from Aden fled to Israel while many more left as refugees to the ] and the ]. The emigration of Yemeni Jews continued as a trickle but resumed in 1962, when a ] broke out in North Yemen, which put an abrupt halt on further emigration. At present time,{{When|date=June 2013}} a total of some 250 Jews still live in Yemen.<ref name="JVL1"> by Mitchell Bard], ]</ref><ref name="JVL2">, ], September 2012</ref> | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | {{blockquote|economic straits as their traditional role was whittled away, famine, disease, growing political persecution, and increased public hostility, the state of anarchy after ], often a desire to be reunited with family members, incitement and encouragement to leave from those who played on their religious sensibilities, promises that their passage would be paid to Israel and that their material difficulties would be cared for by the Jewish state, a sense that the Land of Israel was a veritable Eldorado, a sense of history being fulfilled, a fear of missing the boat, a sense that living wretchedly as dhimmis in an Islamic state was no longer God-ordained, a sense that as a people, they had been flayed by history long enough: All these played a role. ... Purely religious, messianic sentiment, too, had its part, but by and large, this has been over-emphasised.<ref>{{cite book | author = Tudor Parfitt | title = The Road to Redemption – The Jews of the Yemen 1900-1950 | publisher = Brill | year = 1996 | page = 285}}</ref>}} | ||
⚫ | It was forbidden for native-born Yemeni Jews who had left the country to |
||
== Criticism == | |||
⚫ | Esther Meir-Glitzenstein criticized the execution of the operation. She especially criticized the ] and Israel, which, according to her, abandoned thousands of Jews in the deserts on the border between ] and ]. Mismanagement or corruption by the British authorities and the Jewish Agency also played a role. Some 850 Yemenite Jews died en route to their departure points, and in the community which reached Israel, infant mortality rates were high, albeit lower than in Yemen.<ref>Vered Lee , at '']'', 28 May 2012</ref><ref>], ''The Road to Redemption: The Jews of the Yemen, 1900-1950'', BRILL, 1996, p. 239ff.</ref> According to Ben-Gurion's diary, the Yemeni children in the Israeli ''ma'abarot'' or tent transit camps were dying like flies. Children were often separated from their parents for hygienic reasons, or taken away to hospitals for treatment, but often, parents only received notification, often by loudspeaker, they had died. According to some testimony, there was a suspicion that the state kidnapped healthy Yemeni children, for adoption, and then informed the parents they had died. As a result, some decades later, the ] exploded, in which it was rumoured that something of the order of 1,000 children had gone missing.<ref>Meira Weiss, 'The Immigrating Body and the Body Politic: The 'Yemenite Children Affair' and Body Commodification in Israel', in Nancy Scheper-Hughes, Loïc Wacquant (eds.), , Sage Publications, 2002 pp. 93-110, pp. 93ff.</ref> In 2019, Yaacov Lozowick, the former Israel State Archivist, explained the cases of the missing Yemenite babies in an article in Tablet magazine. There was a very high death rate, and disturbed medical professionals, he said, autopsied some of the bodies to try to find out why. Traditionally, autopsies were forbidden under Jewish law, and so this was hidden from the parents. Lozowick wrote that the files contained no evidence of any kidnappings.<ref>Yaacov Lozowick, "The Myth of the Kidnapped Yemenite Children, and the Sin it Conceals," Tablet Magazine, March 14, 2019 https://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-arts-and-culture/278261/myth-of-kidnapped-yemenite-children</ref> However in February 2019 New York Times published article, in which some of the missing children were found by DNA test by their living relatives. They were given for adoption to Ashkenazi Jewish families.<ref>Malin Fezehai, "The Disappeared Children of Israel" New York Times, 20. February 2019 https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/20/world/middleeast/israel-yemenite-children-affair.html</ref> | ||
⚫ | == Jewish community in Yemen after the operation == | ||
⚫ | In 1959, another 3,000 Jews from Aden fled to Israel, while many more left as refugees to the ] and the ]. The emigration of Yemeni Jews continued as a trickle but stopped in 1962 when a ] broke out in North Yemen, which put an abrupt halt to further emigration. In 2013, a total sum of 250 Jews still lived in Yemen.<ref name="JVL1"> by Mitchell Bard], ]</ref><ref name="JVL2">, ], September 2012</ref> The Jewish communities in ] were shocked by the killing of ] in 2008. His wife and nine children emigrated to Israel.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4267604,00.html |title=Wife, children of gunned down Yemenite teacher make aliyah - Israel News, Ynetnews |newspaper=Ynetnews |publisher=Ynetnews.com |date=1995-06-20 |access-date=2013-08-31 |last1=Efraim |first1=Omri }}</ref> Other members of the Jewish community received hate letters and threats by phone. ] wrote to the Yemeni government, urging the country to protect its Jewish citizens. The human rights organization stated that it is "deeply concerned for the safety of members of the Jewish community in northwestern Yemen following the killing of one member of the community and anonymous serious threats to others to leave Yemen or face death".<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212021333/http://www.jta.org/news/article/2008/12/24/1001798/group-urges-yemen-to-protect-its-jews |date=February 12, 2013 }}, JTA, 24-12-2008.</ref> | ||
⚫ | It was forbidden for native-born Yemeni Jews who had left the country to re-enter, rendering communication with these communities difficult. Muslims were therefore hired as ''shelihim'' (emissaries) to locate the remaining Jews, pay their debts, and transport them to Aden. Little came of this.<ref>Reuven Ahloni, ''Jewish Emigration from the Yemen, 1951-98,'' pp. 11ff.</ref> | ||
In August 2020, of an estimated 100 or so remaining Yemen Jews, 42 have migrated to the ] (UAE) and the rest would also leave.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hamodia.com/2020/08/16/report-yemens-remaining-jews-move-uae-following-israel-treaty/|title=Report: Yemen's Remaining Jews to Move to UAE Following Israel Treaty|date=August 16, 2020|access-date=August 17, 2020}}</ref><ref name=chabad>{{cite web|url=https://www.chabad.org/news/article_cdo/aid/4851429/jewish/Emirate-Prince-and-Russias-Chief-Rabbi-Bring-a-Yemenite-Couple-to-Safety.html|title=Emirate Prince and Russia's Chief Rabbi Bring a Yemenite Couple to Safety|date=August 24, 2020|website=chabad.org|accessdate=March 30, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aish.com/jw/s/The-Last-Jews-of-Yemen.html|title=The Last Jews of Yemen|date=September 5, 2020}}</ref> | |||
On November 10, 2020, the U.S. State Department called for the immediate and unconditional release of ], who had been imprisoned for helping smuggle a Torah scroll out of Yemen. A press statement said Marhabi has been wrongfully detained by the Houthi militia for four years, despite a court ordering his release in September 2019.<ref>"Wrongful Detention by the Houthis of Levi Salem Musa Marhabi," Press Statement, U.S. State Department, (November 10, 2020).</ref> | |||
On 28 March 2021, 13 Jews were forced by the Houthis to leave Yemen, leaving the last four elderly Jews in Yemen.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2021/03/houthis-deport-some-yemens-last-remaining-jews|title=Houthis deport some of Yemen's last remaining Jews - Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East|website=www.al-monitor.com|date=March 29, 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/almost-all-remaining-jews-in-yemen-deported-saudi-media-663486 |first=Tzvi |last=Joffre |date=2021-03-29 |website=Jerusalem Post |title=Almost all remaining Jews in Yemen deported - Saudi media |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024175404/https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/almost-all-remaining-jews-in-yemen-deported-saudi-media-663486 |archive-date=2021-10-24 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/some-of-yemens-last-remaining-jews-said-expelled-by-iran-backed-houthis/|title=Some of Yemen's last remaining Jews said expelled by Iran-backed Houthis|first=T. O. I.|last=staff|website=www.timesofisrael.com}}</ref> At the time, it was reported that there were six Jews left in Yemen: one woman; her brother; three others, and Levi Salem Marhabi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/as-13-yemeni-jews-leave-pro-iran-region-for-cairo-nations-community-down-to-6/|title=As 13 Yemeni Jews leave the pro-Iran region for Cairo, community of 50,000 down to 6|first=Aaron|last=Boxerman|website=www.timesofisrael.com}}</ref> In March 2022, the ] reported that only one Jew remained in Yemen.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jewishinsider.com/2022/03/only-one-jew-remains-in-yemen-u-n-says/|title=Only one Jew remains in Yemen, U.N. says|first=Gabby|last=Deutch|date=March 14, 2022|website=Jewish Insider}}</ref> | |||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
{{Portal|Israel|Judaism}} | |||
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== References == | == References == | ||
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== External links == | == External links == | ||
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Latest revision as of 01:27, 4 November 2024
1949–1950 transfer of Yemeni Jews to Israel
Part of a series on |
Jewish exodus from the Muslim world |
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Background |
Antisemitism in the Arab world |
Exodus by country |
Remembrance |
Related topics |
Part of a series on |
Aliyah |
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Concepts |
Pre-Modern Aliyah |
Aliyah in modern times |
Absorption |
Organizations |
Related topics |
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Hebrew. (May 2019) Click for important translation instructions.
|
Operation Magic Carpet is a widely known nickname for Operation On Wings of Eagles (Hebrew: כנפי נשרים Knafei Nesharim, lit. 'Wings of Eagles/Vultures'), an operation between June 1949 and September 1950 that brought 49,000 Yemenite Jews to the new state of Israel. During its course, the overwhelming majority of Yemenite Jews – some 47,000 from Yemen, 1,500 from Aden, as well as 500 from Djibouti and Eritrea and some 2,000 Jews from Saudi Arabia – were airlifted to Israel. British and American transport planes made some 380 flights from Aden.
Background
Since 1881, an influx of Yemenite Jews have been immigrating to Mandatory Palestine in a series of groups. In 1924 the ruler of (northern) Yemen, Imam Yahya, officially forbade Jewish immigration to Palestine, but Yemenite Jews were able to immigrate to Palestine by traveling to the British colony of Aden and then to Palestine. By the start of World War II, there were some 28,000 Jews of Yemenite descent in Palestine. A group of roughly 5,000 were stuck in Aden since 1945 and only allowed into Palestine in 1948.
Following the 1947 UN Partition Plan, Muslim rioters attacked the Jewish community in Aden and killed at least 82 Jews (1947 Aden riots) and destroyed a number of Jewish homes. Early in 1948, accusations of the murder of two Muslim Yemeni girls led to looting of Jewish property.
Operation
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2024) |
The operation's official name originated from two biblical passages:
- Book of Exodus 19:4 – Ye have seen what I did unto the Egyptians, and how I bore you on eagles' wings, and brought you unto myself.
- Book of Isaiah 40:31 – But they that wait upon the LORD shall renew their strength; they shall mount up with wings as eagles; they shall run, and not be weary; and they shall walk, and not faint.
The Operation Magic Carpet was the first in a series of operations. Israel sees the rescue operation as a successful rescue of Yemen's community from oppression toward redemption. 49,000 Jews were brought to Israel under the program.
A street in Jerusalem, one in Herzliya, one in Ramat Gan, and another in Kerem HaTeimanim, Tel Aviv, were named "Kanfei Nesharim" ("Wings of Eagles") in honor of this operation.
In 1948, there were 55,000 Jews living in Yemen, and another 8,000 in the British Colony of Aden.
Reasons for the exodus
Jewish Agency's emissary, Rabbi Yaakov Shraibom was sent in 1949 to Yemen and discovered that there were around 50,000 Jews living in Yemen, which was unknown at the time to Israel. He sent multiple letters to convey the community's strong religious and messianic desire to come to Israel. David Ben-Gurion was reluctant at first, but he came around eventually.
Esther Meir-Glitzenstein showed evidence how the community's sentiment for aliyah played a part in the exodus, the extent of which surprised even the Jewish state and the agency in charge of the operation, who were not prepared for the mass of Jews who were fleeing Yemen. Once he realized that, Shraibom tried to prevent the coming crisis and urged the community to stay in Yemen, but the sentiment of the community for Aliyah was stronger and they came nonetheless.
Meir-Glitzenstein also claims that collusion between Israel and the Imam of Yemen who "profited hugely from confiscatory taxes levied on the Jewish community" led to a botched operation in which the Jewish community suffered terribly. Reuven Ahroni and Tudor Parfitt argue that economic motivations also had a role in the massive emigration of Yemeni Jews, which began prior to 1948.
Tudor Parfitt described the reasons for the exodus as multi-faceted, some aspects due to Zionism and others more historically based:
economic straits as their traditional role was whittled away, famine, disease, growing political persecution, and increased public hostility, the state of anarchy after the murder of Yahya, often a desire to be reunited with family members, incitement and encouragement to leave from those who played on their religious sensibilities, promises that their passage would be paid to Israel and that their material difficulties would be cared for by the Jewish state, a sense that the Land of Israel was a veritable Eldorado, a sense of history being fulfilled, a fear of missing the boat, a sense that living wretchedly as dhimmis in an Islamic state was no longer God-ordained, a sense that as a people, they had been flayed by history long enough: All these played a role. ... Purely religious, messianic sentiment, too, had its part, but by and large, this has been over-emphasised.
Criticism
Esther Meir-Glitzenstein criticized the execution of the operation. She especially criticized the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee and Israel, which, according to her, abandoned thousands of Jews in the deserts on the border between North Yemen and Aden. Mismanagement or corruption by the British authorities and the Jewish Agency also played a role. Some 850 Yemenite Jews died en route to their departure points, and in the community which reached Israel, infant mortality rates were high, albeit lower than in Yemen. According to Ben-Gurion's diary, the Yemeni children in the Israeli ma'abarot or tent transit camps were dying like flies. Children were often separated from their parents for hygienic reasons, or taken away to hospitals for treatment, but often, parents only received notification, often by loudspeaker, they had died. According to some testimony, there was a suspicion that the state kidnapped healthy Yemeni children, for adoption, and then informed the parents they had died. As a result, some decades later, the Yemenite Children Affair exploded, in which it was rumoured that something of the order of 1,000 children had gone missing. In 2019, Yaacov Lozowick, the former Israel State Archivist, explained the cases of the missing Yemenite babies in an article in Tablet magazine. There was a very high death rate, and disturbed medical professionals, he said, autopsied some of the bodies to try to find out why. Traditionally, autopsies were forbidden under Jewish law, and so this was hidden from the parents. Lozowick wrote that the files contained no evidence of any kidnappings. However in February 2019 New York Times published article, in which some of the missing children were found by DNA test by their living relatives. They were given for adoption to Ashkenazi Jewish families.
Jewish community in Yemen after the operation
In 1959, another 3,000 Jews from Aden fled to Israel, while many more left as refugees to the United States and the United Kingdom. The emigration of Yemeni Jews continued as a trickle but stopped in 1962 when a civil war broke out in North Yemen, which put an abrupt halt to further emigration. In 2013, a total sum of 250 Jews still lived in Yemen. The Jewish communities in Raydah were shocked by the killing of Moshe Ya'ish al-Nahari in 2008. His wife and nine children emigrated to Israel. Other members of the Jewish community received hate letters and threats by phone. Amnesty International wrote to the Yemeni government, urging the country to protect its Jewish citizens. The human rights organization stated that it is "deeply concerned for the safety of members of the Jewish community in northwestern Yemen following the killing of one member of the community and anonymous serious threats to others to leave Yemen or face death".
It was forbidden for native-born Yemeni Jews who had left the country to re-enter, rendering communication with these communities difficult. Muslims were therefore hired as shelihim (emissaries) to locate the remaining Jews, pay their debts, and transport them to Aden. Little came of this. In August 2020, of an estimated 100 or so remaining Yemen Jews, 42 have migrated to the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and the rest would also leave.
On November 10, 2020, the U.S. State Department called for the immediate and unconditional release of Levi Salem Musa Marhabi, who had been imprisoned for helping smuggle a Torah scroll out of Yemen. A press statement said Marhabi has been wrongfully detained by the Houthi militia for four years, despite a court ordering his release in September 2019.
On 28 March 2021, 13 Jews were forced by the Houthis to leave Yemen, leaving the last four elderly Jews in Yemen. At the time, it was reported that there were six Jews left in Yemen: one woman; her brother; three others, and Levi Salem Marhabi. In March 2022, the United Nations reported that only one Jew remained in Yemen.
See also
- Amka
- Operation Yakhin
- Yemenite Jews in Israel
- Jewish Agency for Israel
- Austerity in Israel
- Ma'abarot
- Yemenite Children Affair
- Ringworm affair
References
- Ministry of immigrant absorption, Israel: "On Eagles' Wings" – Aliyah from Yemen (1949). Retrieved 23 June 2012.
- "העלייה מתימן – על כנפי נשרים" (in Hebrew). Retrieved May 17, 2022.
- Halamish, Aviva (2006). "A New Look at Immigration of Jews from Yemen to Israel". Israel Studies. 11 (1): 59–78. doi:10.2979/ISR.2006.11.1.59. JSTOR 30245779. S2CID 144740066.
- ""על כנפי נשרים" העלייה מתימן ומעדן : עליית יהודי תימן בתקופת מלחמת העולם השנייה". Retrieved May 17, 2022.
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External links
- Photographs of Operation Magic Carpet from the JDC Archives