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2000 Ramallah lynching
Aziz Salha, one of the lynchers, waving his blood-stained hands from the police station window.
Location	Ramallah, Israeli-occupied West Bank
Date	October 12, 2000; 24 years ago (2000-10-12)
Attack type	Lynching
Deaths	2 Israeli military reservists
Injured	13 Palestinian police officers
Victims	Vadim Norzhich and Yosef Avrahami
Perpetrators	Aziz Salha, Muhammad Howara, Ziad Hamdada, Mohamed Abu Ida, Wisam Radi, Haiman Zabam, Marwan Maadi, and Yasser Khatab

The 2000 Ramallah lynching was an attack that took place early during the Second Intifada on 12 October 2000 in the Israeli-occupied West Bank, when a Palestinian crowd of passing funeral marchers broke in and killed two Israeli military reservists and then mutilated their bodies.

The incident occurred during a funeral for a Palestinian child, Khalil Zahran, who had been killed by Israeli forces two days earlier. The two Israeli military reservists, Vadim Nurzhitz and Yosef "Yossi" Avrahami had accidentally entered the Palestinian Authority-controlled city of Ramallah in the West Bank, and were taken into custody by Palestinian Authority policemen, 13 of whom were injured while trying to stop the lynching.

Tensions had been escalating prior to the incident; over 100 Palestinians, nearly half of them children, had been killed by Israeli forces in the preceding two weeks; the escalating violence had been condemned just five days beforehand by United Nations Security Council Resolution 1322.

Incident

Two drivers in the IDF reserve, chief sergeant ("rav samal", OR-7) Yossi Avrahami (38) of Petah Tikva, a toy salesman, and corporal ("rav turai", OR-4) Vadim Nurzhitz (33) of Or Akiva, a truckdriver who had made aliyah from Irkutsk 10 years earlier, returned to duty that day. Nurzhitz set out at 7 a.m. in his Ford Escort, picked up Avrahami and phoned his father at 9 a.m., stating that he had been ordered to turn up at an army base near the Israeli settlement of Beit El.

The two reservist drivers made their way in a civilian vehicle towards their unit's assembly point near the settlement of Beit El. They had little army experience, were unfamiliar with the West Bank road system and drove through the military checkpoint outside Beitunia and headed straight into the Palestinian town of Ramallah 2 miles east of the checkpoint.

Reaching a Palestinian Authority roadblock, where previously Israeli soldiers had been turned back, the reservists were detained by PA policemen and taken to the local police station at Ramallah's twin city el-Bireh, not far from Arafat's headquarters. The arrest and detention coincided with the conclusion of a funeral service, attended by thousands of mourners, for Halil Zahran (17), a Palestinian youth who had been killed in clashes with Israeli forces two days earlier. Tensions were running high: over 100 Palestinians, nearly two dozen of them minors, had been killed by Israeli forces in the preceding two weeks during violent protests in Ramallah, and four days earlier, the badly beaten body of Issam Hamad, 36, had been dumped outside of the city after being run over by a car, an autopsy revealed. His death, according to Marwan Bishara of Al Jazeera, was attributed by locals to settlers in Halamish.

Rumors quickly spread that Israeli undercover agents were in the building, and an angry crowd of more than 1,000 Palestinians gathered in front of the station calling for the death of the Israelis. Word that two soldiers were held in a Ramallah police station reached Israel within 15 minutes. According to Roni Shaked, the IDF itself thought initially that the two must have been "undercover agents". According to the Ramallah station chief, there were 21 policemen in the building, some of whom were cooks and administrative personnel, since many policemen had been dispersed throughout the city to control the crowd during the funeral. The IDF decided against a rescue operation. Soon after, Palestinian rioters stormed the building, overcame the Palestinian police and murdered and mutilated both soldiers. Both Haaretz and Maariv reported that approximately 13 Palestinian policemen were injured while attempting to stop the lynching. Jamal Tirawi, the Palestinian Intelligence chief at the Mukata'a nearby, only intervened hours after the second soldier lay dying.

The Israeli reservists were beaten and stabbed. At this point, a Palestinian (later identified as Aziz Salha), appeared at the window, displaying his blood-soaked hands to the crowd, which erupted into cheers. The crowd clapped and cheered as one of the soldier's bodies was then thrown out the window and stamped and beaten by the frenzied crowd. One of the two was shot and set on fire, and his head was beaten to a pulp. Soon after, the crowd dragged the two mutilated bodies to Al-Manara Square in the city center and began an impromptu victory celebration. Police officers tried to confiscate footage from reporters.

Reactions and military response

The brutality of the murders shocked the Israeli public, intensifying Israeli distrust of Palestinian Authority Chairman Yasser Arafat. The event also deeply damaged the Israeli left-wing's faith in the Israeli–Palestinian peace process. Israeli author and peace campaigner Amos Oz said "Without any doubt, I blame the Palestinian leadership. They clearly did not want to sign an agreement at Camp David. Maybe Arafat prefers to be Che Guevara than Fidel Castro. If he becomes the president of Palestine, he'll be the leader of a rough, Third World country and have to deal with sewage in Hebron, drugs in Gaza, and the corruption in his own government."

In response, the Israeli military launched a series of strikes against Palestinian Authority targets in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Israeli forces sealed off several Palestinian cities and deployed troops, tanks, and armored vehicles. IDF helicopters fired rockets at two PA police stations in Ramallah (the police station where the lynching took place was destroyed); the Beit Lahia headquarters of Tanzim, the Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades; and buildings near Arafat's headquarters in Gaza City. Israeli Navy gunboats were reportedly seen offshore. Six Palestinian Authority naval boats were destroyed. Later in the day, Israeli helicopters destroyed the Voice of Palestine radio station in Ramallah. According to Palestinian sources, a total of 27 people were injured in the attacks. Israeli authorities state that the PA was warned before the attacks, and that a warning shot was fired before every attack, in order to empty the buildings about to be attacked.

Media coverage

An Italian film crew from Mediaset, Italy's largest private television station, captured footage of the lynching.

British photographer Mark Seager attempted to photograph the event but the mob physically assaulted him and destroyed his camera. After the event, he said, "It was the most horrible thing that I have ever seen and I have reported from Congo, Kosovo, many bad places.... I know they are not all like this and I'm a very forgiving person but I'll never forget this. It was murder of the most barbaric kind. When I think about it, I see that man's head, all smashed. I know that I'll have nightmares for the rest of my life."

An ABC News team also attempted to record the incident but the mob also prevented them from doing so. ABC News producer Nasser Atta said that when the crew began filming the lynching, "youths came to us and they stopped us with some knives, with some beating."

RAI scandal

Following the lynching on 16 October 2000, Riccardo Cristiano, the deputy head of the Jerusalem bureau of Italy's state television channel RAI, published a letter (see text) in Al-Hayat al-Jadida, the official daily newspaper of the Palestinian Authority (PA). In the letter (entitled "Special Clarification by the Italian Representative of RAI, the Official Italian Television Station"), Cristiano denies that RAI had any involvement with the filming of the incident and that one of the station's Italian competitors was responsible for the footage. He wrote, "We emphasize to all of you that the events did not happen this way, because we always respect (will continue to respect) the journalistic procedures with the Palestinian Authority for (journalistic) work in Palestine and we are credible in our precise work." The Italian correspondent also praised the PA, declaring, "We congratulate you and think that it is our duty to put you in the picture (of the events) of what happened on October 12 in Ramallah.... We thank you for your trust, and you can be sure that this is not our way of acting. We do not (will not) do such a thing."

As a result of the letter, the Israeli Government Press Office suspended Cristiano's press card. The Israeli Foreign Ministry stated, "His letter implies that he will never again film events which are liable to cast a negative light on the PA, such as the recent lynching of IDF reservists in Ramallah.... The State of Israel, as a democratic society, welcomes the foreign journalists working here and invests considerable effort in both assuring freedom of the press and assisting journalists in their work. All that we ask from foreign journalists is that they abide by the rules of press ethics as is accepted in democratic societies".

Cristiano's letter, which effectively identified Mediaset as being responsible for the footage, necessitated Mediaset to withdraw its staff out of fear of Palestinian revenge attacks. In response, Italian politician Silvio Berlusconi, whose family holding company controls Mediaset, said, "The letter is indicative of an anti-semitic attitude in elements of the Italian left." The Italian newspaper Corriere della Sera declared it a shameful day for Italian journalism.

For its part, RAI disowned the letter and recalled Cristiano, stating, "He will no longer work from Jerusalem. RAI had no knowledge of the letter and its content." Regarding Cristiano's motives for the letter, RAI asserted that the journalist had recently been injured while covering other Palestinian riots and he wished to dispel rumors that RAI was responsible for the footage.

Claims of Palestinian censorship

In relation to media coverage of the event, the Israeli Foreign Ministry accused Palestinian broadcasting stations of making "every effort to hide the horrible pictures which were shown around the world." The ministry further asserted that "according to reporters' evidence on the scene," the Palestinian police attempted to prevent foreign journalists from entering the area in order to obstruct reporting of the incident.

Arrests of lynching suspects

After he assumed office, Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon ordered the Israeli security services to find and arrest the lynchers. Israel subsequently tracked down those responsible:

• Aziz Salha was arrested in 2001. He admitted to being one of those who broke into the police station and to choking one of the soldiers while others beat him bloody. When he saw that his hands were covered with the soldier's blood, he went to the window and proudly displayed his blood-stained hands to the mob below, and was photographed while doing so. In 2004, an Israeli court convicted him for the murder of Nurzhitz and sentenced him to life imprisonment. In October 2011 he was controversially released as part of the Gilad Shalit prisoner exchange. Salha was deported to the Gaza Strip. On 3 October 2024, during the Hamas-Israel war, he was killed in an Israeli airstrike in Gaza. According to the IDF, Salha was active in Hamas and had been involved in advancing attacks in the West Bank from Gaza in recent years.
• Muhammad Howara, a Tanzim militant, was arrested in 2001. He admitted breaking into the police station and stabbing one of the soldiers.
• Ziad Hamdada, a Fatah Tanzim operative who set fire to the body of one of the Israeli reservists, was arrested in 2002. He had also participated in and planned other attacks on Israeli forces.
• Mohamed Abu Ida, a former member of the Palestinian police force in Ramallah, was arrested by Shin Bet in 2005. During the investigation, he admitted he had led the two Israeli soldiers to the Ramallah police station after which he joined the other rioters.
• Wisam Radi, a Palestinian policeman, was arrested by Israeli security forces and indicted before a military court in 2005 for killing Yosef Avrahami and abusing the body of Vadim Nurzhitz. In 2010, he was acquitted of Avrahami's murder on grounds that a critical piece of evidence was inadmissible in court. He was, however, convicted of mutilating Nurzhitz's body and sentenced to seven years in prison. An appellate court later overturned the decision not to convict him of murder following an appeal by the military prosecution.
• Haiman Zabam, a Tanzim operative, was arrested by Israeli paratroopers on 26 September 2007. He had been planning additional attacks on Israel.
• Marwan Ibrahim Tawfik Maadi and Yasser Ibrahim Mohammed Khatab, two Hamas members, were arrested by Shin Bet and Israeli Police during the breakup of a Hamas network in Ramallah and the Binyamin region. During the interrogation, they confessed to participating in the lynching, and in August 2012, they were indicted before a military court.

See also

• Palestinian political violence

Notes

1. Vadim Nurzhitz, Russian: Вадим Нуржиц, Hebrew: ואדים נורז'יץ, Yossi Avrahami, Hebrew: יוסי אברהמי

References

1. Sources describing the event as a "lynching":
   • Karon, Tony (12 October 2000). "Ramallah lynching leaves peace in pieces". CNN. Retrieved 6 October 2023. A lynching in a dusty West Bank town may have not only dashed the fragile hopes for ending the current violence in the Palestinian territories
   • Levine, Cody (16 October 2020). "Remembering the Ramallah Lynching, 20 years later". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 6 October 2023. The lynching was perhaps a watershed moment in Israeli-Palestinian relations, and set the course of the next five years of great suffering.
   • Shezaf, Hagar (21 June 2021). "Two Decades After Ramallah Lynching, Two Palestinians Involved Receive Harsher Sentences". Haaretz. Retrieved 6 October 2023. Two Decades After Ramallah Lynching, Two Palestinians Involved Receive Harsher Sentences
   • Sterman, Adam (25 December 2013). "'We were in a craze to see blood'". Times of Israel. Retrieved 6 October 2023. Court releases testimonies of Palestinians who were involved in the brutal Ramallah lynching of two IDF soldiers in 2000
2. ^ Jerusalem Quarterly, Issue 10 - Autumn 2000; Jerusalem Chronology: 1 August 2000 - 31 October 2000: "12 October Two Israeli reserve soldiers spotted in a car in Ramallah are taken by Palestinian security men to a police station. A crowd of passing funeral marchers hearing of their presence surrounds the headquarters. The two soldiers are killed and mutilated by the enraged crowd. The scene is captured by an Italian television crew and broadcast around the world. In retaliation, Israeli helicopter gunships fire rockets at Palestinian targets including the police station where the lynching occurred, a radio tower, and Yasser Arafat's compound in Gaza. The twelve-year-old boy shot October 10th dies of his wounds."
3. ^ Daniel Dor, Intifada Hits the Headlines: How the Israeli Press Misreported the Outbreak of the Second Palestinian Uprising, Indiana University Press, 2004 pp.123–128.
4. Zitun, Yoav; Levy, Elior (30 March 2017). "2000 Ramallah lynch terrorist released from prison". Ynetnews.
5. ^ Eve Spangler, Understanding Israel/Palestine: Race, Nation, and Human Rights in the Conflict, Springer 2015 p.183.
6. ^ David Pratt Intifada, Casemate Publishers 2009 p.102: "For two weeks there had been intense clashes, with over 100 funerals of Palestinians killed, nearly two dozen of them children. Earlier that same week the pressure gauge had risen even further after the badly beaten body of another Palestinian, Issam Hamad, had been found dumped on the outskirts of Ramallah. Locals were in no doubt that Israeli settlers were to blame for his killing., To the horror of Sergeant Novesche and Corporal Avrahami, it was bang in the middle of this Ramallah tinderbox that they found themselves stuck that day. To make matters even worse, their fateful entrance to the town also coincided with the funeral of another 17-year-old Palestinian boy shot dead the day before by other Israeli troops."
7. Yonah Jeremy Bob, 'Prisoner convicted of 2nd Intifada murder suddenly released following new evidence,' The Jerusalem Post 2009 March 2017.
8. 'Families mourn lynch mob victims,' The Guardian 13 October 2000.
9. "15 שנים ללינץ' ברמאללה" [15 years for a lynching in Ramallah]. Ynet (in Hebrew). 12 October 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
10. David Pratt, Intifada, Casemate Publishers 2009 p.102 reverses these designations, making Avrahami the corporal and Nurzhitz the sergeant, as does the official Israel government site.: First Sgt. Vadim Norzhich,  ;Corporal Yossi Avrahami.
11. Judy Lash Balint, Jerusalem Diaries: In Tense Times, Gefen Publishing House, 2001 pp.80-82.
12. ^ Sharon Waxman, 'On Both Sides, Toll Is Personal,' The Washington Post 14 October 2000
13. ^ Ami Pedahzur,The Triumph of Israel's Radical Right, OUP USA, 2012 p.153
14. ^ Hillel Frisch, The Palestinian Military: Between Militias and Armies, pp.96–97.
15. ^ "'I'll have nightmares for the rest of my life,' photographer says". Chicago Sun-Tribune. 22 October 2000. Archived from the original on 26 May 2015. Retrieved 7 June 2018. I got out of the car to see what was happening and saw that they were dragging something behind them. Within moments they were in front of me and, to my horror, I saw that it was a body, a man they were dragging by the feet. The lower part of his body was on fire and the upper part had been shot at, and the head beaten so badly that it was a pulp, like red jelly.
16. ^ Philps, Alan (13 October 2000). "A day of rage, revenge and bloodshed". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2009.
17. ^ "Coverage of Oct 12 Lynch in Ramallah by Italian TV Station RAI". Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 17 October 2000. Archived from the original on 18 April 2010. Retrieved 2 July 2009.
18. "Lynch mob's brutal attack". BBC News. 13 October 2000. Archived from the original on 15 October 2002. Retrieved 3 September 2006.
19. Whitaker, Raymond (14 October 2000). "A strange voice said: I just killed your husband". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2009.
20. Feldman, Shai (November 2000). "The October Violence: An Interim Assessment". Strategic Assessment. 3 (3). Archived from the original on 22 June 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2009. The public was shocked by lynching in Ramallah, it was enraged at the enticements to violence continuously aired on Palestinian television and it was astonished at the reaction of the Israeli Arabs (see below) to the Palestinian-Israeli clashes
21. Greenberg, Joel (13 October 2000). "Whose Holy Land?: The Israelis; As Dreams of Peace Take Flight, Many Angry Fingers Point Toward Arafat". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 October 2009.
22. Silver, Eric (13 October 2000). "Left-wing have their faith in peace blown away". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 13 September 2011. Retrieved 16 October 2009.
23. "Israeli copters retaliate for soldiers' deaths". USA Today. 8 November 2000. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2009.
24. "הטילים שוגרו לעבר החלונות שמהם נזרקו גופות החיילים" [The missiles were fired at the windows of which were thrown the bodies of soldiers]. The Israeli Air Force Journal (in Hebrew). 1 November 2000. Archived from the original on 8 October 2013. Retrieved 24 November 2009.
25. ^ Carroll, Rory (20 October 2000). "TV row over mob footage 'betrayal'". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 5 July 2009.
26. "Barak Calls for Emergency Government". ABC News. 12 October 2000. Retrieved 3 July 2009.
27. ^ "Arrest of Fatah Tanzim Terrorists from Ramallah". Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 22 April 2002. Archived from the original on 11 August 2004. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
28. Philps, Alan (26 June 2001). "Lynch mob suspects held by Israelis". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
29. "Man jailed over Ramallah lynching". BBC News. 22 November 2004. Archived from the original on 27 April 2006. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
30. "Palestinian man gets life sentence for killing Israeli soldier". ABC News. 23 November 2004. Archived from the original on 3 December 2007. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
31. Chaim Levinson (16 October 2011). "Shalit deal to set free perpetrators of 2000 lynching of IDF reservists". Haaretz. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
32. "Aziz Salha, photographed preparator [sic] of Ramallah lynching, killed in IAF strike in Gaza - report". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 3 October 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
33. Man infamous for 2000 Ramallah lynch killed in Gaza strike — Palestinian media, Times of Israel, posted and retrieved 3 October 2024.
34. Weiss, By Efrat (8 March 2005). "Ramallah lynch suspect arrested". Ynetnews. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
35. ^ "IDF court convicts Palestinian of lynching Israeli soldier in 2000" - Haaretz - 10 August 2012
36. Katz, Yaakov (26 September 2007). "Last member of Ramallah lynch caught". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
37. Yaakov Lappin (9 August 2012). "Shin Bet arrests two suspects for Ramallah lynch". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
38. Yoav Zitun (9 August 2012). "2 Ramallah lynch perpetrators arrested". Yedioth Ahronot. Retrieved 13 August 2012.

v t e Prominent terrorist attacks against Israelis in the history of the Arab–Israeli conflict – the 2000s
2001	Murder of Ofir Rahum (January 17) Azor attack (February 14) Netanya bombing (March 4) Murder of Shalhevet Pass (March 26) Murders of Koby Mandell and Yosef Ishran (May 8) 1st HaSharon Mall bombing (May 18) Dolphinarium discotheque massacre (June 1) Killing of Yehuda Shoham (June 5) Binyamina train station bombing (July 16) Sbarro restaurant bombing (August 9) Nahariya train station bombing (September 9) Assassination of Rehavam Ze'evi (October 17) Camp 80 junction bus attack (November 29) Ben Yehuda Street Bombings (December 1) Haifa bus bombing (December 2) Immanuel bus attack (December 12)
2002	Hadera attack (January 18) Tel Aviv outdoor mall bombing (January 25) Jaffa Street bombing (January 27) Karnei Shomron Mall bombing (February 16) Ein 'Arik checkpoint attack (February 19) Yeshivat Beit Yisrael bombing (March 2) Wadi al-Haramiya sniper attack (March 3) Seafood Market attack (March 5) Café Moment bombing (March 9) Matzuva attack (March 12) Egged bus 823 bombing (March 20) King George Street bombing (March 21) Passover massacre (March 27) ‡ Kiryat HaYovel supermarket bombing (March 29) Matza restaurant bombing (March 31) Yagur Junction bombing (April 10) Mahane Yehuda bombing (April 12) Adora attack (April 27) Rishon LeZion bombing (May 7) Netanya Market bombing (May 19) Pi Glilot bombing attempt (May 23) Megiddo Junction bus bombing (June 5) Herzliya bombing (June 11) Patt Junction bus bombing (June 18) French Hill bombing (June 19) Itamar attack (June 20) Los Angeles Airport shooting (July 4) Immanuel bus attack (July 16) Neve Shaanan Street bombing (July 17) Hebrew University bombing (July 31) Meron Junction bus attack (August 4) Allenby Street bus bombing (September 19) Karkur junction bombing (October 21) Sonol gas station bombing (October 27) Metzer attack (November 10) Kiryat Menachem bus bombing (November 21) Mombasa attacks (November 28) Beit She'an attack (November 28) Yeshivat Otniel shooting (December 27)
2003	Tel Aviv central bus station massacre (January 5) Haifa bus bombing (March 5) Mike's Place bombing (April 30) French Hill bombings (May 18) Afula mall bombing (May 19) Davidka Square bus bombing (June 11) Route 60 Hamas attack (June 20) Murder of Oleg Shaichat (July 28) Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing (August 19) Tzrifin bus stop attack (September 9) Café Hillel bombing (September 9) Maxim restaurant bombing (October 4) Geha Interchange bus stop bombing (December 25)
2004	2004 Erez Crossing bombing (January 14) Gaza Street bus bombing (January 29) Liberty Bell Park bus bombing (February 22) Ashdod Port bombings (March 14) Murder of the Hatuel family (May 2) Tashkent embassy bombing (July 30) Beersheba bus bombings (August 31) Sinai bombings (October 7) Carmel Market bombing (November 1)
2005	Karni border crossing attack (January 13) Stage Club bombing (February 25) 2nd HaSharon Mall bombing (July 12) Shfar'am attack (August 4) Kidnapping and murder of Sasson Nuriel (September 21) Hadera Market bombing (October 26) 3rd HaSharon Mall bombing (December 5)
2006	1st Rosh Ha'ir restaurant bombing (January 19) Kedumim bombing (March 30) 2nd Rosh Ha'ir restaurant bombing (April 17) Murder of Eliyahu Asheri (June 25)
2007	Eilat bombing (January 29) Nahal Telem shooting (December 28)
2008	Dimona bombing (February 4) Jerusalem yeshiva attack (March 6) Jerusalem bulldozer attack (July 2) Jerusalem BMW attack (September 22)
2009	Bat Ayin axe attack (April 2) Killing of Rabbi Meir Hai (December 24)
Attacks launched from the West Bank   Attacks launched from the Gaza Strip   Attacks launched from Lebanon ‡ indicates the terrorist attack which caused the greatest amount of Israeli casualties during the 2000s Full list of Palestinian suicide attacks List of Israeli civilian casualties in the Second Intifada List of projectile attacks from Lebanon on Israel and the Golan Heights List of attacks from Lebanon Rocket attack on Eilat 1990s 2010s

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• 2000 riots
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• Lynching deaths
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