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| {{short description|1710 battle of the Mughal–Sikh Wars}} | |||
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| {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} | |||
| |conflict = Battle of Lohgarh | |||
| ⚫ | {{Infobox military conflict | ||
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| conflict = Battle of Lohgarh | ||
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| partof = ] | ||
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| image = | ||
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| caption = | ||
| | date = December 1710 | |||
| |territory = | |||
| | place = ] | |||
| ⚫ | |result |
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| ⚫ | | territory = | ||
| |combatant1 = ] ] ]s | |||
| ⚫ | | result = ] victory<ref name="village">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=06k5ygAACAAJ|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges|page=595|author= Jacques, Tony|year=2007|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-33536-5}}</ref> | ||
| |combatant2 = ] ] | |||
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| combatant1 = ] First Sikh State | ||
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| combatant2 = ] ] | ||
| * ]s | |||
| |strength1 = unknown | |||
| * ] | |||
| |strength2 = 60,000<ref name="village"/>}} | |||
| | commander1 = ] ] | |||
| | commander2 = ] ]<br> | |||
| * ] ] | |||
| * ] Kanwar Khan | |||
| * ] ] | |||
| * ] Udet Singh Bundela | |||
| * ] Mahabat Khan | |||
| * ] Khan Zaman | |||
| * ] Chatarsal Bundela | |||
| * ] Islam Khan Mir Atish | |||
| * ] Hamid-ud-din | |||
| * Churaman Jat | |||
| * ] Azim-us-Shan | |||
| * ] Jahan Shah | |||
| * ] Mir Mubarak Allah Iradat Khan<ref name="madra" /> | |||
| | strength2 = 60,000 ]<ref name="village"/><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Patwant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vr4VAQAAIAAJ |title=Empire of the Sikhs: The Life and Times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh |last2=Rai |first2=Jyoti M. |date=2008 |publisher=Peter Owen |isbn=978-0-7206-1323-0 |pages=46 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| | strength1 = 2,000–3,000 ] {{citation needed|date=May 2024}} | |||
| }} | |||
| {{Campaignbox Mughal-Sikh Wars}} | {{Campaignbox Mughal-Sikh Wars}} | ||
| The '''Battle of Lohgarh''' was fought between the First Sikh State, and the ] in 1710.<ref name="madra">{{Cite book |last1=Madra |first1=Amandeep Singh |title=Sicques, Tigers or Thieves: Eyewitness Accounts of the Sikhs (1606-1810) |last2=Singh |first2=P. |publisher=Springer |year=2016 |isbn=9781137119988 |pages=302}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Nijhawan |first=P. K. |title=Sri Guru Gobind Geeta: Guru Gobind Singh's Dialogue of Destiny with Banda |publisher=Army Educational Stores |year=1985 |pages=143}}</ref> The ] ]'s army moved towards ]<ref name=":0" /> where they engaged with the Sikhs to capture the fort on 16 December 1710.<ref name="village"/> The battle is noted for its use of guerrilla tactics and being a ].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Sikh Review |publisher=Sikh Cultural Centre |year=2006 |volume=54 |location=Calcutta, India |pages=43–44 |issue=1–6; 625–630}}</ref> | |||
| After ] Emperor ]'s army recaptured ] from the ], the Mughal army moved towards ], where they engaged with the Sikhs and on December 10, 1710.<ref name="village"/> ] was quick to flee the scene before the Mughals took the fortress.<ref name="village"/> | |||
| ==Battle== | |||
| Bahadur Shah had planned to advance upon Banda's stronghold at Lohgarh, however reports of Banda's superstitions about sorcery and supernatural powers had demoralized the imperial soldiers.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} On 5 December, while a Mughal force under Rustamdil Khan and Firoze Khan Mewati arrived towards Lohgarh to examine the position of Banda's defenses, they were unexpectedly attacked by Banda's forces.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} The incursion led to heavy imperial losses including Firoz Khan Mewati's nephew killed and son wounded, whereas the Sikhs lost 1,500 men.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} Unable to stand the surging rush of the Sikh army, Rustamdil Khan's army scattered. Rustamdil subsequently received reinforcements from Prince ] and his troops continued to advance to Banda's fort.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} | |||
| ==Pre-siege maneuvers== | |||
| On 10 December, the ] under the command of Rafi-us-Shan, numbering about 60,000, surrounded the fort of Lohgarh on all sides where the left flank was commanded by Rafi-us-Shan of the advance guard of the imperial army and by Raja Udet Singh Bundela of the Bakshi-ul-Mumalik's army, and the right flank commanded by ] (Jumat-ul-Mulk Khan-i-Khanan), his sons, Mahabat Khan and Khan Zaman along with ] Chatarsal Bundela and Islam Khan Mir Atish.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} The centre was commanded by Rustamdil Khan. Mumin Khan's additional support came from troops of Hamid-ud-din and the cortege of Azim-us-Shan and Jahan Shah.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} The imperial army also included the reinforcement of large number of ], ] and other plunderers.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} | |||
| ==Siege== | |||
| Near the foot of the hill, heavy fighting took place, resulting in a large number of imperial army casualties and the Sikhs being repulsed and retreating up the hill. Later, the imperial troops attacked the fort in great numbers, there was heavy casualties on both sides where among the dead from imperial side was the son of Sucha Nanda.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} The Sikhs with the disadvantages of being outnumbered and having no source of food; many dying of starvation, decided to take a chance by cutting through the enemy lines.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} Gulab Singh, a recent Sikh convert, decided to sacrifice himself by pretending to be Banda Singh Bahadur. The following day, during dawn, in the midst of the confusion resulting from simultaneous firings on both sides, Banda Singh and the surviving Sikhs escaped from the fort.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} | |||
| Following sunrise, the Mughal troops attempted to advance up the hill while the Sikhs were firing at them from their guns within the fort.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} According to ], Gulab Singh and around 10 or 12 wounded Sikhs were made prisoners.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} ] notes that Gulab Singh and 30 of his men were eventually captured and the civilians from the neighboring village taking refuge in the Sikh fort were taken as prisoners.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} A large amount of booty in the fort was retrieved by the Mughals. On 12 December, the Mughals discovered that they had captured Banda's duplicate much to their dismay.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} Muslim survivors of the battle reported on the bravery of the hostile Sikh forces they faced, who were a united force composed of various ] and ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Jagjit |title=Percussions of History |publisher=Nānakshāhī |year=1981 |pages=129}}</ref> | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
| {{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ''2.Responding to the Sikh victories in Punjab, Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah's army captured Sirhind then advanced on the Sikh fortress of Lohgarh near Sadhaura.Both sides lost heavily in assaults and sorties before the Emperor send with 60,000 troops .Banda Bahadur soon fled and General kanwar khan then took the fortress by storm in 1710.'' | |||
| ] | |||
Latest revision as of 17:17, 20 December 2024
1710 battle of the Mughal–Sikh Wars
| Battle of Lohgarh | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Mughal–Sikh wars | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 First Sikh State | |||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Banda Singh Bahadur |
| ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 2,000–3,000 cavalry | 60,000 cavalry | ||||||
The Battle of Lohgarh was fought between the First Sikh State, and the Mughal Empire in 1710. The Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah's army moved towards Lohgarh, Bilaspur where they engaged with the Sikhs to capture the fort on 16 December 1710. The battle is noted for its use of guerrilla tactics and being a pitched battle.
Battle
Bahadur Shah had planned to advance upon Banda's stronghold at Lohgarh, however reports of Banda's superstitions about sorcery and supernatural powers had demoralized the imperial soldiers. On 5 December, while a Mughal force under Rustamdil Khan and Firoze Khan Mewati arrived towards Lohgarh to examine the position of Banda's defenses, they were unexpectedly attacked by Banda's forces. The incursion led to heavy imperial losses including Firoz Khan Mewati's nephew killed and son wounded, whereas the Sikhs lost 1,500 men. Unable to stand the surging rush of the Sikh army, Rustamdil Khan's army scattered. Rustamdil subsequently received reinforcements from Prince Rafi-ush-Shan and his troops continued to advance to Banda's fort.
Pre-siege maneuvers
On 10 December, the imperial army under the command of Rafi-us-Shan, numbering about 60,000, surrounded the fort of Lohgarh on all sides where the left flank was commanded by Rafi-us-Shan of the advance guard of the imperial army and by Raja Udet Singh Bundela of the Bakshi-ul-Mumalik's army, and the right flank commanded by Munim Khan II (Jumat-ul-Mulk Khan-i-Khanan), his sons, Mahabat Khan and Khan Zaman along with Raja Chatarsal Bundela and Islam Khan Mir Atish. The centre was commanded by Rustamdil Khan. Mumin Khan's additional support came from troops of Hamid-ud-din and the cortege of Azim-us-Shan and Jahan Shah. The imperial army also included the reinforcement of large number of Rohilla, Baloch and other plunderers.
Siege
Near the foot of the hill, heavy fighting took place, resulting in a large number of imperial army casualties and the Sikhs being repulsed and retreating up the hill. Later, the imperial troops attacked the fort in great numbers, there was heavy casualties on both sides where among the dead from imperial side was the son of Sucha Nanda. The Sikhs with the disadvantages of being outnumbered and having no source of food; many dying of starvation, decided to take a chance by cutting through the enemy lines. Gulab Singh, a recent Sikh convert, decided to sacrifice himself by pretending to be Banda Singh Bahadur. The following day, during dawn, in the midst of the confusion resulting from simultaneous firings on both sides, Banda Singh and the surviving Sikhs escaped from the fort.
Following sunrise, the Mughal troops attempted to advance up the hill while the Sikhs were firing at them from their guns within the fort. According to Ganda Singh, Gulab Singh and around 10 or 12 wounded Sikhs were made prisoners. Hari Ram Gupta notes that Gulab Singh and 30 of his men were eventually captured and the civilians from the neighboring village taking refuge in the Sikh fort were taken as prisoners. A large amount of booty in the fort was retrieved by the Mughals. On 12 December, the Mughals discovered that they had captured Banda's duplicate much to their dismay. Muslim survivors of the battle reported on the bravery of the hostile Sikh forces they faced, who were a united force composed of various castes and occupations.
References
- ^ Jacques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges. Greenwood Press. p. 595. ISBN 978-0-313-33536-5.
- ^ Madra, Amandeep Singh; Singh, P. (2016). Sicques, Tigers or Thieves: Eyewitness Accounts of the Sikhs (1606-1810). Springer. p. 302. ISBN 9781137119988.
- Singh, Patwant; Rai, Jyoti M. (2008). Empire of the Sikhs: The Life and Times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Peter Owen. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-7206-1323-0.
- ^ Nijhawan, P. K. (1985). Sri Guru Gobind Geeta: Guru Gobind Singh's Dialogue of Destiny with Banda. Army Educational Stores. p. 143.
- The Sikh Review. Vol. 54. Calcutta, India: Sikh Cultural Centre. 2006. pp. 43–44.
- Singh, Jagjit (1981). Percussions of History. Nānakshāhī. p. 129.