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{{Short description|Unicameral legislature of South Korea}} | |||
{{koreanname noimage| | |||
{{Other uses|National Assembly (disambiguation)}} | |||
hangul=국회| | |||
{{About-distinguish-text|the South Korean Parliament|the North Korean ]}}{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}} | |||
hanja=國會| | |||
{{Infobox legislature | |||
rr=Gukhoe| | |||
| background_color = {{party color|National Assembly (South Korea)}} | |||
mr=Kukhoe| | |||
| name = National Assembly of the<br />Republic of Korea | |||
}} | |||
| native_name = {{noitalic|{{nobold|대한민국 국회<br />大韓民國國會}}}} | |||
| transcription_name = ''Daehanminguk Gukhoe'' | |||
| legislature = ] | |||
| coa_pic = Emblem of the National Assembly of Korea.svg | |||
| logo_pic = Communication logo of the National Assembly of Korea.svg | |||
| house_type = ] | |||
| leader1_type = ] | |||
| leader1 = ] | |||
| party1 = Independent | |||
| election1 = | |||
| leader2_type = Deputy Speaker | |||
| leader2 = ] | |||
| party2 = ] | |||
| election2 = | |||
| leader3_type = Deputy Speaker | |||
| leader3 = ] | |||
| party3 = ] | |||
| election3 = | |||
| leader4_type = Secretary General | |||
| leader4 = ] | |||
| party4 = Independent | |||
| members = 300 | |||
| structure1 = 22nd South Korea National Assembly.svg | |||
| structure1_res = 250px | |||
| political_groups1 = | |||
'''Government (108)''' | |||
*{{Color box|{{party color|People Power Party (South Korea)}}}} ] (108) | |||
'''Opposition (192)''' | |||
*{{Color box|{{party color|Democratic Party of Korea}}}} ] (170) | |||
*{{Color box|{{party color|Rebuilding Korea Party}}}} ] (12) | |||
*{{Color box|{{Party color|New Reform Party (South Korea)}}}} ] (3) | |||
*{{Color box|{{party color|Progressive Party (South Korea, 2017)}}}} ] (3) | |||
*{{Color box|{{party color|Basic Income Party}}}} ] (1) | |||
*{{Color box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party (South Korea)}}}} ] (1) | |||
*{{color box|{{party color|Independent}}|border=black}} ] (1) | |||
| committees1 = | |||
| voting_system1 = ] | |||
*254 seats by ] | |||
*46 seats by ] using largest remainder method | |||
| last_election1 = ] | |||
| next_election1 = ] | |||
| session_room = Main conference room of South korean national assembly building.JPG | |||
| session_res = 270px | |||
| term_length = 4 years | |||
| salary = US$128,610 | |||
| meeting_place = Main Conference Room<br>], ]<br /><small>{{coord|37|31|55.21|N|126|54|50.66|E|source:kowiki_region:KR|display=inline}}</small> | |||
| website = {{Official URL}} | |||
|coa_alt=Emblem of the National Assembly of Korea (1948-2014).svg}} | |||
The '''National Assembly of the Republic of Korea''' ({{Korean|hangul=대한민국 국회}}) is the ] national ] of ].{{efn|Article 21, Clause 1 of the Election Law}} ] are held every four years. The latest ] were held on 10 April 2024. The current National Assembly held its first meeting, and also began its current four year term, on 30 May 2024.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.yna.co.kr/view/PYH20240530131600315|title=1st meeting of 22nd parliament's DP lawmakers|publisher=]|date=30 May 2024|accessdate=2 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2024/05/113_375630.html|title=National Assembly begins new 4-year term|first=Yi|last=Wonju|publisher=]|date=30 May 2024|accessdate=4 June 2024}}</ref> The current Speaker was elected 5 June 2024.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://world.kbs.co.kr/service/news_view.htm?lang=e&Seq_Code=185877|publisher=5 June 2024|accessdate=5 June 2024 |title=DP's Woo Won-shik Elected as Speaker of 22nd National Assembly amid PPP Boycott }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20240530050592|title=22nd Assembly begins new 4-year term|first=Lee|last=Jung-joo|publisher=]|date=30 May 2024|accessdate=2 June 2024}}</ref> The National Assembly has 300 seats, with 253 constituency seats and 47 proportional representation seats; 30 of the PR seats are assigned an additional member system, while 17 PR seats use the parallel voting method. | |||
The '''National Assembly''' of ] is a 299-member ] ]. The latest ] were held on ] ]. Single-member constituencies comprise 243 of the National Assembly's seats, while the remaining 46 are allocated by ]. Members serve four-year terms. | |||
The unicameral assembly consists of at least 200 members according to the ]. In 1990 the assembly had 299 seats, 224 of which were directly elected from single-member districts in the ]. Under applicable laws, the remaining seventy-five representatives were elected from party lists. By law, candidates for election to the assembly must be at least thirty years of age. As part of a political compromise in 1987, an earlier requirement that candidates have at least five years' continuous residency in the country was dropped to allow ], who had spent several years in exile in Japan and the United States during the 1980s, to return to political life. The National Assembly's term is four years. In a change from the more authoritarian ] and ] (1972–81 and 1981–87, respectively), under the ], the assembly cannot be dissolved by the president. | |||
{{Politics of South Korea}} | {{Politics of South Korea}} | ||
The unicameral National Assembly consists, according to the Constitution, of at least 200 members. In 1990 the National Assembly had 299 seats, 224 of which were directly elected from single-member districts in the general elections of April 1988. Under applicable laws, the remaining seventy-five representatives were appointed by the political parties in accordance with a proportional formula based on the number of seats won in the election. By law, candidates for election to the National Assembly must be at least thirty years of age. As part of a political compromise in 1987, an earlier requirement that candidates have at least five years' continuous residency in the country was dropped to allow Kim Dae Jung, who had spent several years in exile in Japan and the United States during the 1980s, to return to political life. The National Assembly's term is four years. In a change from the more authoritarian Fourth Republic and Fifth Republic (1972-80 and 1980-87, respectively), under the Sixth Republic, the National Assembly cannot be dissolved by the president. | |||
==Building== | |||
Legislators are immune from arrest or detention, except in cases of flagrante delicto, while the National Assembly is in session. If an arrest occurs before the National Assembly session begins, the legislator concerned must be released for the duration of the session. National Assembly members also enjoy legal immunity for statements made in that forum. Greater freedom of the media and independence of the courts, combined with the power of the opposition parties in the legislature, gave greater substance to this immunity during the first two years of the Sixth Republic than under the preceding government, when prosecutors and the courts did not honor such immunity. | |||
{{Main|National Assembly Proceeding Hall}} | |||
] in ]]] | |||
The main building in ], Seoul, is a stone structure with seven stories above ground and one story below ground. The building has 24 columns, which means the legislature's promise to listen to people 24/7 throughout the year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HISTORY & HERITAGE |url=https://korea.assembly.go.kr:447/portalEn/main/contents.do?menuNo=1500102 |website=The National Assembly of the Republic of Korea}}</ref> | |||
==Structure and appointment== | |||
The position of the National Assembly in the Constitution is much stronger than it had been under the Fifth Republic. The annual session of the National Assembly was extended to 100 days. Extraordinary sessions of thirty days each might be called by as little as one-quarter of the membership (versus one-third in the 1980 constitution); and there was no limit on the number of such sessions that could be called each year. The power to investigate state affairs also was strengthened. The National Assembly now held the power to remove the prime minister or a cabinet minister at any time, rather than having to wait a year following appointment, as had been the case before. The consent of the National Assembly was required for the appointment of all Supreme Court justices, not just the chief justice. The National Assembly performed a tie-breaking function in presidential elections and was required to approve or to disapprove presidential emergency measures before they took effect, time permitting. Failure to obtain National Assembly approval would void the emergency measures. | |||
===Speaker=== | |||
{{Main|Speaker of the National Assembly of South Korea}} | |||
The constitution stipulates that the assembly is presided over by a ''']''' and '''two Deputy Speakers''',<ref>Article 48 of the Constitution of the Republic of Korea.</ref> who are responsible for expediting the legislative process. The Speaker and Deputy Speakers are elected in a secret ballot by the members of the Assembly, and their term in office is restricted to two years.<ref name="Park Recht">{{cite book |last=Park |first=Young-Do |title=Einführung in das koreanische Recht |language=German |trans-title=Introduction to Korean Law |publisher=Springer |year=2010 |page=25 |chapter=Kapitel 2: Verfassungsrecht |isbn=9783642116032}}</ref> The Speaker is independent of party affiliation (to compared to the two vice-speakers who are affiliated with the two leading political parties), and the Speaker and Deputy Speakers may not simultaneously be government ministers.<ref name="Park Recht" /> | |||
The '''Secretary General of the National Assembly''' is the head of the Secretariat of the National Assembly, which is the department that oversees the affairs of the National Assembly. They are government officials and are treated as ministers. (Ministerial level). As with the President of the National Assembly, party membership is limited and he must be affiliated to no political party during his term in the Assembly. | |||
==Latest election== | |||
{{South Korean parliamentary election, 2004}} | |||
{{main|South Korean parliamentary election, 2004}} | |||
===Negotiation groups=== | |||
==References== | |||
Parties that hold at least 20 seats in the assembly form floor negotiation groups ({{langx|ko|교섭단체}}, ]: 交涉團體, ]: {{transliteration|ko|gyoseop danche}}), which are entitled to a variety of rights that are denied to smaller parties. These include a greater amount of state funding and participation in the leaders' summits that determine the assembly's legislative agenda.<ref>Youngmi Kim (2011). ''The Politics of Coalition in South Korea''. Taylor & Francis, p. 65.</ref> | |||
* | |||
In order to meet the quorum, the ], who then held 17 seats, arranged to "rent" three legislators from the ]. The legislators returned to the MDP after the collapse of the ] in September 2001.<ref>Y. Kim, pp. 68–9.</ref> | |||
==See also== | |||
*]: ] | |||
*]: ] | |||
*] | |||
===Legislative process=== | |||
] | |||
{{See also|Legislative elections in South Korea}} | |||
] | |||
For a legislator to introduce a bill, they must submit the proposal to the Speaker, accompanied by the signatures of at least ten other assembly members. A committee must then review the bill to verify that it employs precise and orderly language. Following this, the Assembly may either approve or reject the bill.<ref>Park 2010, p. 27.</ref> | |||
=== Committees === | |||
There are 17 standing committees which examine bills and petitions falling under their respective jurisdictions, and perform other duties as prescribed by relevant laws.<ref>{{cite web |title=Standing Committees and Special Committees of the National Assembly |url=https://committee.na.go.kr:444/portal/state01.do |website=National Assembly|language=Korean}}</ref> | |||
* House Steering Committee | |||
* ] | |||
* Legislation and Judiciary Committee | |||
*] | |||
* National Policy Committee | |||
* Strategy and Finance Committee | |||
* Education Committee | |||
* Science, ICT, Broadcasting and Communications Committee | |||
* Foreign Affairs and Unification Committee | |||
* National Defense Committee | |||
* Public Administration and Security Committee | |||
* Culture, Sports and Tourism Committee | |||
* Agriculture, Food, Rural Affairs, Oceans and Fisheries Committee | |||
* Trade, Industry, Energy, SMEs and Startups Committee | |||
* Health and Welfare Committee | |||
* Environment and Labor Committee | |||
* Land Infrastructure and Transport Committee | |||
* Intelligence Committee | |||
* Gender Equality and Family Committee | |||
===Election=== | |||
] | |||
] for 30 seats]] | |||
{{See also|Legislative elections in South Korea}} | |||
The National Assembly has 300 seats, with 254 constituency seats under ] and 46 proportional representation seats. With electoral reform taken in 2019, the PR seats apportionment method was replaced by a variation of ] from the previous ] system. However, 17 seats were temporarily assigned under parallel voting in the ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=김 |first=광태 |date=23 December 2019 |title=(2nd LD) Opposition party launches filibuster against electoral reform bill |url=https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20191223004552315 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103055524/https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20191223004552315 |archive-date=3 January 2020 |access-date=3 January 2020 |work=]}}</ref> | |||
Per Article 189 of Public Official Election Act,<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ko:국가법령정보센터 |url=https://www.law.go.kr/lsSc.do?menuId=1&subMenuId=15&tabMenuId=81&query=%EA%B3%B5%EC%A7%81%EC%84%A0%EA%B1%B0%EB%B2%95#undefined |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=www.law.go.kr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ko:국가법령정보센터 |url=https://www.law.go.kr/engLsSc.do?menuId=1&subMenuId=21&tabMenuId=117&query=%EA%B3%B5%EC%A7%81%EC%84%A0%EA%B1%B0%EB%B2%95 |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=www.law.go.kr}}</ref> the PR seats are awarded to parties that have either obtained at least 3% of the total valid votes in the legislative election or at least five constituency seats. The number of seats allocated to each eligible party is decided by the formula: | |||
<math display="block">n_\text{initial} = \left\lfloor \frac{(n_{\text{Assembly}} - n_{\text{ineligibles}}) \times \text{PR votes ratio} - n_{\text{obtained constituencies}} + 1}{2}\right\rfloor</math> | |||
where | |||
* {{Math|''n''{{sub|Assembly}}}} = total number of seats in the National Assembly. | |||
* {{Math|''n''{{sub|ineligibles}}}} = number of seats obtained by ineligible parties and independents. | |||
* {{Math|''n''{{sub|obtained constituencies}}}} = number of constituency seats obtained by the party. | |||
* {{Math|''n''{{sub|ams}}}} = total number of seats allocated for additional member system. | |||
If the integer is less than 1, then {{Math|''n''{{sub|initial}}}} is set to 0 and the party does not get any seats. Then the sum of initially allocated seats is compared to the total seats for the additional member system and recalculated. | |||
<math display="block">n_\text{remainder} = \left(n_\text{ams}-\sum n_\text{initial}\right) \times \text{PR votes ratio}</math> | |||
<math display="block">n_\text{final} = | |||
\begin{cases} | |||
n_\text{initial}+n_\text{remainder}, & \text{if }\sum n_\text{initial} < n_\text{ams} \\ | |||
n_\text{ams} \times \dfrac{n_\text{initial}}{\sum n_\text{initial}}, & \text{if }\sum n_\text{initial} > n_\text{ams} | |||
\end{cases}</math> | |||
Final seats are assigned through the ], and if the remainder is equal, the winner is determined by lottery among the relevant political parties. | |||
The ] was also lowered from 19 to 18 years old, expanding the electorate by over half a million voters.<ref>{{cite news |title=18-year-olds Hit the Polls for First Time in S. Korea |url=http://koreabizwire.com/18-year-olds-hit-the-polls-for-first-time-in-s-korea/157765 |access-date=19 April 2020 |work=Korea Bizwire |date=15 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419050202/http://koreabizwire.com/18-year-olds-hit-the-polls-for-first-time-in-s-korea/157765 |archive-date=19 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
==Legislative violence== | |||
From 2004 to 2009, the assembly gained notoriety as a frequent site for ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/09/16/the-worlds-most-unruly-parliaments/|title=The World's Most Unruly Parliaments|date=16 September 2009 }}</ref> The Assembly first came to the world's attention during a violent dispute on impeachment proceedings for then President ],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3504026.stm|title=South Korean president impeached|date=12 March 2004|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/3504136.stm|title=In pictures: Impeachment battle|date=12 March 2004|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> when open physical combat took place in the assembly. Since then, it has been interrupted by periodic conflagrations, piquing the world's curiosity once again in 2009 when members battled each other with sledgehammers and fire extinguishers. The National Assembly since then has taken preventive measures to prevent any more legislative violence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-korea-fight28-2009jan28-story.html|title=South Korea lawmakers: Reaching across the aisle with a sledgehammer|first=By John M.|last=Glionna|website=Los Angeles Times|date=28 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/southkorea/3832972/South-Korean-politicians-use-fire-extinguishers-against-opposition.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/southkorea/3832972/South-Korean-politicians-use-fire-extinguishers-against-opposition.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=South Korean politicians use fire extinguishers against opposition|date=18 December 2008|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2009/06/202_40545.html|title=Hall of Violence|date=2 March 2009}}</ref> | |||
== Historical composition == | |||
{| class="wikitable" width="100%" style="text-align:center;border:solid #000000 1px;font-size:90%;" | |||
|- | |||
| colspan=3 | | |||
{{legend2|{{party color|Justice Party (South Korea)}}|Progressive|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} – | |||
{{legend2|{{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}}|Liberal|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} – | |||
{{legend2|{{party color|Independent politician}}|Independent politician|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} – | |||
{{legend2|{{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}}|Conservative|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} | |||
|- | |||
!Election!!Total<br>seats!!Composition | |||
|- | |||
| width="40" | ] | |||
| width="30" | 200 | |||
| | |||
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;" | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}}; width: 14.50%"| 29 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}; width: 42.50%"| 85 | |||
| style="background-color: #4c516d; width: 0.50%"| 1 | |||
| style="background-color: #00a495; width: 0.50%"| 1 | |||
| style="background-color: #F00000; width: 0.50%"| 1 | |||
| style="background-color: #7fffd4; width: 0.50%"| 1 | |||
| style="background-color: #050099; width: 0.50%"| 1 | |||
| style="background-color: #dda0dd; width: 0.50%"| 1 | |||
| style="background-color: #DA251D; width: 0.50%"| 1 | |||
| style="background-color: #6a5acd; width: 0.50%"| 1 | |||
| style="background-color: #FFB400; width: 0.50%"| 1 | |||
| style="background-color: #ffdead; width: 0.50%"| 1 | |||
| style="background-color: #4682b4; width: 0.50%"| 1 | |||
| style="background-color: #545aa7; width: 1.00%"| 2 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}}; width: 3.00%"| 6 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}}; width: 6.00%"| 12 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}}; width: 27.50%"| 55 | |||
|} | |||
|- | |||
| width="40" | ] | |||
| width="30" | 210 | |||
| | |||
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;" | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Justice Party (South Korea)}}; width: 0.95%"| 2 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}}; width: 11.42%"| 24 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}; width: 60.00%"| 126 | |||
| style="background-color: #cf8854; width: 0.47%"| 1 | |||
| style="background-color: #800000; width: 0.47%"| 1 | |||
| style="background-color: #0761ba; width: 0.47%"| 1 | |||
| style="background-color: #ff00ff; width: 0.47%"| 1 | |||
| style="background-color: #c0c0ff; width: 1.42%"| 3 | |||
| style="background-color: #00a495; width: 1.42%"| 3 | |||
| style="background-color: #DA251D; width: 4.76%"| 10 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}}; width: 6.67%"| 14 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}}; width: 11.43%"| 24 | |||
|} | |||
|- | |||
| width="40" | ] | |||
| width="30" | 203 | |||
| | |||
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;" | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}}; width: 7.38%"| 15 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}; width: 33.00%"| 67 | |||
| style="background-color: #FFF; width: 0.49%"| 1 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}}; width: 1.47%"| 3 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}}; width: 1.47%"| 3 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}}; width: 56.15%"| 114 | |||
|} | |||
|- | |||
| width="40" | ] | |||
| width="30" | 233 | |||
| | |||
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;" | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}}; width: 33.90%"| 79 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}; width: 11.15%"| 26 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Unification Party (South Korea)}}; width: 0.42%"| 1 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}}; width: 54.50%"| 127 | |||
|} | |||
|- | |||
| width="40" | ] | |||
| width="30" | 233 | |||
| | |||
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;" | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Justice Party (South Korea)}}; width: 1.71%"| 4 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Justice Party (South Korea)}}; width: 0.42%"| 1 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}}; width: 75.10%"| 175 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}; width: 21.03%"| 49 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Unification Party (South Korea)}}; width: 0.42%"| 1 | |||
| style="background-color: #FFF; width: 0.42%"| 1 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}}; width: 0.85%"| 2 | |||
|} | |||
|- | |||
| width="40" | ] | |||
| width="30" | 175 | |||
| | |||
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;" | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}}; width: 22.85%"| 40 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}}; width: 8.00%"| 14 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}}; width: 1.14%"| 2 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}}; width: 5.14%"| 9 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}}; width: 62.85%"| 110 | |||
|} | |||
|- | |||
| width="40" | ] | |||
| width="30" | 175 | |||
| | |||
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;" | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Justice Party (South Korea)}}; width: 0.57%"| 1 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}}; width: 25.71%"| 45 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}}; width: 73.71%"| 129 | |||
|} | |||
|- | |||
| width="40" | ] | |||
| width="30" | 204 | |||
| | |||
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;" | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}}; width: 0.49%"| 1 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}}; width: 43.62%"| 89 | |||
| style="background-color: #08508A; width: 0.49%"| 1 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}}; width: 55.39%"| 113 | |||
|} | |||
|- | |||
| width="40" | ] | |||
| width="30" | 219 | |||
| | |||
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;" | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}}; width: 0.91%"| 2 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}}; width: 23.74%"| 52 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}; width: 8.67%"| 19 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}}; width: 66.66%"| 146 | |||
|} | |||
|- | |||
| width="40" | ] | |||
| width="30" | 231 | |||
| | |||
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;" | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}}; width: 1.29%"| 3 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}}; width: 26.40%"| 61 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}; width: 9.52%"| 22 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}}; width: 62.77%"| 145 | |||
|} | |||
|- | |||
| width="40" | ] | |||
| width="30" | 276 | |||
| | |||
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;" | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Justice Party (South Korea)}}; width : 0.72%"| 2 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}}; width: 29.34%"| 81 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}}; width : 0.72%"| 2 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}; width: 3.98%"| 11 | |||
| style="background-color: #CC9933; width : 0.36%"| 1 | |||
| style="background-color: #999999; width : 0.36%"| 1 | |||
| style="background-color: #4697B2; width : 0.72%"| 2 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}}; width: 9.05%"| 25 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}}; width: 54.71%"| 151 | |||
|} | |||
|- | |||
| width="40" | ] | |||
| width="30" | 276 | |||
| | |||
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;" | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Justice Party (South Korea)}}; width : 0.36%"| 1 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}}; width: 24.27%"| 67 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}}; width: 12.68%"| 35 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}}; width : 0.36%"| 1 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}; width: 1.44%"| 4 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}}; width: 7.24%"| 20 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}}; width: 53.62%"| 148 | |||
|} | |||
|- | |||
| width="40" | ] | |||
| width="30" | 299 | |||
| | |||
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;" | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Justice Party (South Korea)}}; width: 0.33%"| 1 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}}; width: 23.41%"| 70 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}}; width: 19.73%"| 59 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}; width: 3.01%"| 9 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}}; width: 11.70%"| 35 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}}; width: 41.80%"| 125 | |||
|} | |||
|- | |||
| width="40" | ] | |||
| width="30" | 299 | |||
| | |||
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;" | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}}; width: 32.44%"| 97 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}; width: 7.02%"| 21 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}}; width: 0.33%"| 1 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}}; width: 10.36%"| 31 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}}; width: 49.83%"| 149 | |||
|} | |||
|- | |||
| width="40" | ] | |||
| width="30" | 299 | |||
| | |||
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;" | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}}; width: 26.42%"| 79 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}}; width : 5.01%"| 15 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}; width: 5.35%"| 16 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}}; width: 16.72%"| 50 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}}; width: 46.48%"| 139 | |||
|} | |||
|- | |||
| width="40" | ] | |||
| width="30" | 273 | |||
| | |||
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;" | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}}; width: 42.12%"| 115 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}}; width: 6.23%"| 17 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}; width: 1.83%"| 5 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}}; width: 0.36%"| 1 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}}; width: 0.73%"| 2 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}}; width: 48.71%"| 133 | |||
|} | |||
|- | |||
| width="40" | ] | |||
| width="30" | 299 | |||
| | |||
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;" | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Justice Party (South Korea)}}; width: 3.34%"| 10 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}}; width: 50.83%"| 152 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}}; width: 3.01%"| 9 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}; width: 0.66%"| 2 | |||
| style="background-color: #21317F; width: 0.33%"| 1 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}}; width: 1.33%"| 4 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}}; width: 40.46%"| 121 | |||
|} | |||
|- | |||
| width="40" | ] | |||
| width="30" | 299 | |||
| | |||
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;" | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Justice Party (South Korea)}}; width: 1.67%"| 5 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}}; width: 27.09%"| 81 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}}; width: 1.00%"| 3 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}; width: 8.36%"| 25 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}}; width: 6.02%"| 18 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}}; width: 51.17%"| 153 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}}; width: 4.68%"| 14 | |||
|} | |||
|- | |||
| width="40" | ] | |||
| width="30" | 300 | |||
| | |||
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;" | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Justice Party (South Korea)}}; width: 4.33%"| 13 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}}; width: 42.33%"| 127 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}; width: 1.00%"| 3 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}}; width: 1.66%"| 5 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}}; width: 50.66%"| 152 | |||
|} | |||
|- | |||
| width="40" | ] | |||
| width="30" | 300 | |||
| | |||
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;" | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Justice Party (South Korea)}}; width: 2.00%"| 6 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}}; width: 41.00%"| 123 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}; width: 3.67%"| 11 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}}; width: 12.67%"| 38 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}}; width: 40.67%"| 122 | |||
|} | |||
|- | |||
| width="40" | ] | |||
| width="30" | 300 | |||
| | |||
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;" | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Justice Party (South Korea)}}; width: 2.00%"| 6 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}}; width: 1.00%"| 3 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}}; width: 60.00%"| 180 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}; width: 1.67%"| 5 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}}; width: 1.00%"| 3 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}}; width: 34.33%"| 103 | |||
|} | |||
|- | |||
| width="40" | ] | |||
| width="30" | 300 | |||
| | |||
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;" | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Justice Party (South Korea)}}; width: 0.33%"| 1 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}}; width: 4.00%"| 12 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}}; width: 58.33%"| 175 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}}; width: 0.33%"| 1 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}}; width: 1.00%"| 3 | |||
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}}; width: 36.00%"| 108 | |||
|} | |||
|} | |||
==History== | |||
===First Republic=== | |||
{{See also|First Republic of Korea}} | |||
Elections for the assembly were held under UN supervision<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716130844/http://korea50.army.mil/history/factsheets/overview.shtml |date=16 July 2007 }}</ref> on 10 May 1948. The ] was established on 17 July 1948<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061213041106/http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/ks__indx.html |date=13 December 2006 }}</ref> when the constitution of the First Republic was established by the Assembly. The Assembly also had the job of electing the ] and elected anti-communist ] as president on 10 May 1948. | |||
Under the first constitution, the National Assembly was unicameral. Under the second and third constitutions, the National Assembly was to be bicameral and consist of the ] and the ], but in practice, the legislature was unicameral because the House of Representatives was prevented from passing the law necessary to establish the House of Councillors. | |||
{{legend2|{{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}}|Conservative|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} | |||
{{legend2|{{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}}|Liberal|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} | |||
{{legend2|{{party color|Justice Party (South Korea)}}|Progressive|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} | |||
{{legend2|lightgreen|majority|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} | |||
{{legend2|lightyellow|plurality only|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} | |||
{{legend2|lightpink|largest minority|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} | |||
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:96%; text-align:center;" | |||
! National<br />Assembly | |||
! colspan="2"| Majority<br />Party | |||
! Majority<br />Leader | |||
! Seats | |||
! Speaker | |||
! Seats | |||
! Minority<br />Leaders | |||
! colspan="2"| Minority<br />Parties | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2"| 1st<br />{{small|(])}} | |||
| rowspan="2" style="background: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}};"| | |||
| rowspan="2"| ]→] | |||
| rowspan="2"| | |||
| rowspan="2" style="background:lightyellow;"| 55 | |||
| rowspan="2"| {{small|1948}} ] {{small|(supported by NARRKI)}}<br />{{small|1948–1950}} ] {{small|(supported by NARRKI until 1949)}} | |||
| style="background:lightpink;"| 29 | |||
| | |||
| ]→] | |||
| style="background: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}};"| | |||
|- | |||
| 116 | |||
| | |||
| ''others'' | |||
| style="background: {{party color|Independent politician}};"| | |||
|- | |||
| bgcolor="grey" colspan = "10" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="3"| 2nd<br />{{small|(])}} | |||
| rowspan="3" style="background: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}};"| | |||
| rowspan="3"| ] | |||
| rowspan="3"| | |||
| rowspan="3" style="background:lightyellow;"| 24 | |||
| rowspan="3"| ] {{small|(supported by DNP)}} | |||
| style="background:lightyellow;"| 24 | |||
| | |||
| ] | |||
| style="background: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}};"| | |||
|- | |||
| 14 | |||
| | |||
| ] | |||
| style="background: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}};"| | |||
|- | |||
| 148 | |||
| | |||
| ''others'' | |||
| style="background: {{party color|Independent politician}};"| | |||
|- | |||
| bgcolor="grey" colspan = "10" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="4"| 3rd<br />{{small|(])}} | |||
| rowspan="4" style="background: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}};"| | |||
| rowspan="4"| ] | |||
| rowspan="4"| | |||
| rowspan="4" style="background:lightgreen;"| 114 | |||
| rowspan="4"| ] {{small|(supported by LP)}} | |||
| style="background:lightpink;"| 15 | |||
| | |||
| ]→] | |||
| style="background: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}};"| | |||
|- | |||
| 3 | |||
| | |||
| ] | |||
| style="background: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}};"| | |||
|- | |||
| 3 | |||
| | |||
| ] | |||
| style="background: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}};"| | |||
|- | |||
| 68 | |||
| | |||
| ''others'' | |||
| style="background: {{party color|Independent politician}};"| | |||
|- | |||
| bgcolor="grey" colspan = "10" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2"| 4th<br />{{small|(])}} | |||
| rowspan="2" style="background: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}};"| | |||
| rowspan="2"| ] | |||
| rowspan="2"| | |||
| rowspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;"| 126 | |||
| rowspan="2"| ] {{small|(supported by LP)}} | |||
| style="background:lightpink;"| 79 | |||
| | |||
| ] | |||
| style="background: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}};"| | |||
|- | |||
| 28 | |||
| | |||
| ''others'' | |||
| style="background: {{party color|Independent politician}};"| | |||
|} | |||
===Second Republic=== | |||
{{See also|Second Republic of Korea}} | |||
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:96%; text-align:center;" | |||
! House of Representatives | |||
! colspan="2"| Majority<br />Party | |||
! Majority<br />Leader | |||
! Seats | |||
! Speaker | |||
! Seats | |||
! Minority<br />Leaders | |||
! colspan="2"| Minority<br />Parties | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="1"| 5th<br />{{small|(])}} | |||
| rowspan="1" style="background: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}};"| | |||
| rowspan="1"| ] | |||
| rowspan="1"| | |||
| rowspan="1" style="background:lightgreen;"| 175 | |||
| rowspan="1"| ] {{small|(supported by DP (55))}} | |||
| style="background:lightpink;"| 58 | |||
| | |||
| ''Others'' | |||
| style="background: {{party color|Independent politician}};"| | |||
|} | |||
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:96%; text-align:center;" | |||
! House of Councillors | |||
! colspan="2"| Majority<br />Party | |||
! Majority<br />Leader | |||
! Seats | |||
! President | |||
! Seats | |||
! Minority<br />Leaders | |||
! colspan="2"| Minority<br />Parties | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="1"| 5th<br />{{small|(])}} | |||
| rowspan="1" style="background: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}};"| | |||
| rowspan="1"| ] | |||
| rowspan="1"| | |||
| rowspan="1" style="background:lightgreen;"| 31 | |||
| rowspan="1"| ] {{small|(supported by DP (55))}} | |||
| style="background:lightpink;"| 27 | |||
| | |||
| ''Others'' | |||
| style="background: {{party color|Independent politician}};"| | |||
|} | |||
===Third Republic=== | |||
{{See also|Third Republic of Korea}} | |||
Since the reopening of the National Assembly in 1963 until today, it has been unicameral. | |||
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:96%; text-align:center;" | |||
! National<br />Assembly | |||
! colspan="2"| Majority<br />Party | |||
! Majority<br />Leader | |||
! Seats | |||
! Speaker | |||
! Seats | |||
! Minority<br />Leaders | |||
! colspan="2"| Minority<br />Parties | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2"| 6th<br />{{small|(])}} | |||
| rowspan="2" style="background: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}};"| | |||
| rowspan="2"| ] | |||
| rowspan="2"| | |||
| rowspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;"| 110 | |||
| rowspan="2"| ] {{small|(supported by DRP)}} | |||
| style="background:lightpink;"| 41 | |||
| | |||
| ]→]→] | |||
| style="background: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}};"| | |||
|- | |||
| 13 | |||
| | |||
| ]→]→] | |||
| style="background: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}};"| | |||
|- | |||
| bgcolor="grey" colspan = "10" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="1"| 7th<br />{{small|(])}} | |||
| rowspan="1" style="background: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}};"| | |||
| rowspan="1"| ] | |||
| rowspan="1"| | |||
| rowspan="1" style="background:lightgreen;"| 129 | |||
| rowspan="1"| ] {{small|(supported by DRP)}} | |||
| style="background:lightpink;"| 45 | |||
| | |||
| ] | |||
| style="background: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}};"| | |||
|- | |||
| bgcolor="grey" colspan = "10" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="1"| 8th<br />{{small|(])}} | |||
| rowspan="1" style="background: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}};"| | |||
| rowspan="1"| ] | |||
| rowspan="1"| | |||
| rowspan="1" style="background:lightgreen;"| 113 | |||
| rowspan="1"| ] {{small|(supported by DRP)}} | |||
| style="background:lightpink;"| 89 | |||
| | |||
| ] | |||
| style="background: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}};"| | |||
|} | |||
===Fourth Republic=== | |||
{{See also|Fourth Republic of Korea}} | |||
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:96%; text-align:center;" | |||
! National<br />Assembly | |||
! colspan="2"| Majority<br />Party | |||
! Majority<br />Leader | |||
! Seats | |||
! Speaker | |||
! Seats | |||
! Minority<br />Leaders | |||
! colspan="2"| Minority<br />Parties | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="1"| 9th<br />{{small|(])}} | |||
| rowspan="1" style="background: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}};"| | |||
| rowspan="1"| ]+Presidential appointees | |||
| rowspan="1"| | |||
| rowspan="1" style="background:lightgreen;"| 146 | |||
| rowspan="1"| ] {{small|(supported by DRP)}} | |||
| style="background:lightpink;"| 52 | |||
| | |||
| ] | |||
| style="background: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}};"| | |||
|- | |||
| bgcolor="grey" colspan = "10" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="1"| 10th<br />{{small|(])}} | |||
| rowspan="1" style="background: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}};"| | |||
| rowspan="1"| ]+Presidential appointees<br />↓<br />] | |||
| rowspan="1"| | |||
| rowspan="1" style="background:lightgreen;"| 145 | |||
| rowspan="1"| {{small|1978–1979}} ] {{small|(supported by DRP)}}<br />{{small|1979}} ] {{small|(supported by DRP)}} | |||
| style="background:lightpink;"| 61 | |||
| | |||
| ] | |||
| style="background: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}};"| | |||
|} | |||
===Fifth Republic=== | |||
{{See also|Fifth Republic of Korea}} | |||
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:96%; text-align:center;" | |||
! National<br />Assembly | |||
! colspan="2"| Majority<br />Party | |||
! Majority<br />Leader | |||
! Seats | |||
! Speaker | |||
! Seats | |||
! Minority<br />Leaders | |||
! colspan="2"| Minority<br />Parties | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2"| 11th<br />{{small|(])}} | |||
| rowspan="2" style="background: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}};"| | |||
| rowspan="2"| ] | |||
| rowspan="2"| | |||
| rowspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;"| 151 | |||
| rowspan="2"| {{small|1981–1983}} ] {{small|(supported by DJP)}}<br />{{small|1983–1985}} ] {{small|(supported by DJP)}} | |||
| style="background:lightpink;"| 81 | |||
| | |||
| ] | |||
| style="background: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}};"| | |||
|- | |||
| 25 | |||
| | |||
| ] | |||
| style="background: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}};"| | |||
|- | |||
| bgcolor="grey" colspan = "10" | | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="3"| 12th<br />{{small|(])}} | |||
| rowspan="3" style="background: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}};"| | |||
| rowspan="3"| ] | |||
| rowspan="3"| | |||
| rowspan="3" style="background:lightgreen;"| 148 | |||
| rowspan="3"| ] {{small|(supported by DJP)}} | |||
| style="background:lightpink;"| 67 | |||
| | |||
| ] | |||
| style="background: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}};"| | |||
|- | |||
| 35 | |||
| | |||
| ] | |||
| style="background: {{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}};"| | |||
|- | |||
| 20 | |||
| | |||
| ] | |||
| style="background: {{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}};"| | |||
|} | |||
===Sixth Republic=== | |||
{{See also|Sixth Republic of South Korea}} | |||
{{legend2|lightgreen|majority|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} | |||
{{legend2|lightyellow|plurality|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} | |||
{{legend2|lightpink|largest minority|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%; text-align:center" | |||
|- align=center | |||
!Term<br />(Election) | |||
!Speaker | |||
! style="background:{{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}};"| {{small|'']''}}<br /> ] | |||
!! style="background:{{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}};"| {{small|'']''}}<br /> ] | |||
!! style="background:{{party color|Justice Party (South Korea)}};"| {{small|'']''}}<br /> ] | |||
!! style="background:{{party color|Conservative (South Korea)}};"| {{small|''Miscellaneous<br />right''}} | |||
!! style="background:{{party color|Liberal (South Korea)}};"| {{small|''Miscellaneous<br />left''}} | |||
!! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};"| {{small|''Independent''}} | |||
|- | |||
| align=center| 13th (]) | |||
| align=left| ] {{small|(1988–90)}}<br />] {{small|(1990–92)}} | |||
| style="background:lightyellow;"| '''125''' | |||
| style="background:lightpink;"| 70 | |||
| — | |||
| 36 | |||
| 59 | |||
| 9 | |||
|- | |||
| align=center| 14th (]) | |||
| align=left| ] {{small|(1992–93)}}<br />] {{small|(1993)}}<br />] {{small|(1993–94)}}<br />] {{small|(1994–96)}} | |||
| style="background:lightyellow;"| '''149''' | |||
| style="background:lightpink;"| 97 | |||
| — | |||
| — | |||
| 31 | |||
| 21 | |||
|- | |||
| align=center| 15th (]) | |||
| align=left| ] {{small|(1996–98)}}<br />] {{small|(1998–00)}} | |||
| style="background:lightyellow;"| '''139''' | |||
| style="background:lightpink;"| 79 | |||
| — | |||
| 65 | |||
| — | |||
| 16 | |||
|- | |||
| align=center| 16th (]) | |||
| align=left| ] {{small|(2000–02)}}<br />] {{small|(2002–04)}} | |||
| style="background:lightyellow;"| '''133''' | |||
| style="background:lightpink;"| 115 | |||
| — | |||
| 20 | |||
| — | |||
| 5 | |||
|- | |||
| align=center| 17th (]) | |||
| align=left| ] {{small|(2004–06)}}<br />] {{small|(2006–08)}} | |||
| style="background:lightpink;"| 121 | |||
| style="background:lightgreen;"| '''152''' | |||
| 10 | |||
| 4 | |||
| 9 | |||
| 3 | |||
|- | |||
| align=center| 18th (]) | |||
| align=left| ] {{small|(2008–10)}}<br />] {{small|(2010–12)}}<br />] {{small|(2012)}} | |||
| style="background:lightgreen;"| '''153''' | |||
| style="background:lightpink;"| 81 | |||
| 5 | |||
| 32 | |||
| 3 | |||
| 25 | |||
|- | |||
| align=center| 19th (]) | |||
| align=left| ] {{small|(2012–14)}}<br />] {{small|(2014–16)}}<br /> | |||
| style="background:lightgreen;"| '''152''' | |||
| style="background:lightpink;"| 127 | |||
| 13 | |||
| 5 | |||
| — | |||
| 3 | |||
|- | |||
| align=center| 20th (]) | |||
| align=left| ] {{small|(2016–18)}}<br />] {{small|(2018–20)}}<br /> | |||
| style="background:lightpink;"| 122 | |||
| style="background:lightyellow;"| '''123''' | |||
| 6 | |||
| — | |||
| 38 | |||
| 11 | |||
|- | |||
| align=center| 21st (]) | |||
| align=left| ] {{small|(2020–22)}}<br/>] {{small|(2022–24)}} | |||
| style="background:lightpink;"| 103 | |||
| style="background:lightgreen;"| '''180''' | |||
| 6 | |||
| 3 | |||
| 3 | |||
| 5 | |||
|- | |||
| align=center| 22nd (]) | |||
| align=left| ] {{small|(2024–26)}} | |||
| style="background:lightpink;"| 108 | |||
| style="background:lightgreen;"| '''171''' | |||
| 3 | |||
| 3 | |||
| 15 | |||
| 0 | |||
|} | |||
==Members== | |||
{{Main|List of members of the National Assembly (South Korea)}} | |||
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==Television broadcast== | |||
{{Main|National Assembly TV}} | |||
==Symbols== | |||
<gallery> | |||
Emblem of the National Assembly of Korea (1948-2014).svg|Emblem of the National Assembly (1947–2014) | |||
Flag of the National Assembly of Korea (1948–2014).svg|Flag of the National Assembly (1947–2014) | |||
Flag of the National Assembly of Korea.svg|Flag of the National Assembly (from 2014) | |||
</gallery> | |||
== See also == | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ], the North Korean legislature | |||
* ] | |||
== Notes == | |||
{{Notelist}} | |||
== References == | |||
{{Reflist}} | |||
* | |||
{{portal bar|Politics|South Korea}} | |||
{{Asia topic|Parliament of}} | |||
{{National unicameral legislatures}} | |||
{{South Korean political parties|state=collapsed}} | |||
{{National Assembly (South Korea)|state=expanded}} | |||
{{Authority control}} | |||
{{DEFAULTSORT:National Assembly (South Korea)}} | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | ] | ||
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{{Korea-stub}} | |||
{{Gov-stub}} |
Latest revision as of 02:20, 16 December 2024
Unicameral legislature of South Korea For other uses, see National Assembly (disambiguation). This article is about the South Korean Parliament. Not to be confused with the North Korean Supreme People's Assembly.National Assembly of the Republic of Korea 대한민국 국회 大韓民國國會 Daehanminguk Gukhoe | |
---|---|
22nd National Assembly | |
Type | |
Type | Unicameral |
Leadership | |
Speaker | Woo Won-shik, Independent |
Deputy Speaker | Lee Hak-young, Democratic |
Deputy Speaker | Joo Ho-young, People Power |
Secretary General | Kim Min-ki, Independent |
Structure | |
Seats | 300 |
Political groups | Government (108)
Opposition (192)
|
Length of term | 4 years |
Salary | US$128,610 |
Elections | |
Voting system | Parallel voting
|
Last election | 10 April 2024 |
Next election | April 2028 |
Meeting place | |
Main Conference Room National Assembly Building, Seoul 37°31′55.21″N 126°54′50.66″E / 37.5320028°N 126.9140722°E / 37.5320028; 126.9140722 | |
Website | |
assembly |
The National Assembly of the Republic of Korea (Korean: 대한민국 국회) is the unicameral national legislature of South Korea. Elections to the National Assembly are held every four years. The latest legislative elections were held on 10 April 2024. The current National Assembly held its first meeting, and also began its current four year term, on 30 May 2024. The current Speaker was elected 5 June 2024. The National Assembly has 300 seats, with 253 constituency seats and 47 proportional representation seats; 30 of the PR seats are assigned an additional member system, while 17 PR seats use the parallel voting method.
The unicameral assembly consists of at least 200 members according to the South Korean constitution. In 1990 the assembly had 299 seats, 224 of which were directly elected from single-member districts in the general elections of April 1988. Under applicable laws, the remaining seventy-five representatives were elected from party lists. By law, candidates for election to the assembly must be at least thirty years of age. As part of a political compromise in 1987, an earlier requirement that candidates have at least five years' continuous residency in the country was dropped to allow Kim Dae-jung, who had spent several years in exile in Japan and the United States during the 1980s, to return to political life. The National Assembly's term is four years. In a change from the more authoritarian Fourth Republic and Fifth Republic (1972–81 and 1981–87, respectively), under the Sixth Republic, the assembly cannot be dissolved by the president.
This article is part of a series on |
Politics of South Korea |
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Government
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Legislature
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Executive
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Judiciary
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Elections
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Political parties
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Korean conflict |
Building
Main article: National Assembly Proceeding HallThe main building in Yeouido, Seoul, is a stone structure with seven stories above ground and one story below ground. The building has 24 columns, which means the legislature's promise to listen to people 24/7 throughout the year.
Structure and appointment
Speaker
Main article: Speaker of the National Assembly of South KoreaThe constitution stipulates that the assembly is presided over by a Speaker and two Deputy Speakers, who are responsible for expediting the legislative process. The Speaker and Deputy Speakers are elected in a secret ballot by the members of the Assembly, and their term in office is restricted to two years. The Speaker is independent of party affiliation (to compared to the two vice-speakers who are affiliated with the two leading political parties), and the Speaker and Deputy Speakers may not simultaneously be government ministers.
The Secretary General of the National Assembly is the head of the Secretariat of the National Assembly, which is the department that oversees the affairs of the National Assembly. They are government officials and are treated as ministers. (Ministerial level). As with the President of the National Assembly, party membership is limited and he must be affiliated to no political party during his term in the Assembly.
Negotiation groups
Parties that hold at least 20 seats in the assembly form floor negotiation groups (Korean: 교섭단체, Hanja: 交涉團體, RR: gyoseop danche), which are entitled to a variety of rights that are denied to smaller parties. These include a greater amount of state funding and participation in the leaders' summits that determine the assembly's legislative agenda.
In order to meet the quorum, the United Liberal Democrats, who then held 17 seats, arranged to "rent" three legislators from the Millennium Democratic Party. The legislators returned to the MDP after the collapse of the ULD-MDP coalition in September 2001.
Legislative process
See also: Legislative elections in South KoreaFor a legislator to introduce a bill, they must submit the proposal to the Speaker, accompanied by the signatures of at least ten other assembly members. A committee must then review the bill to verify that it employs precise and orderly language. Following this, the Assembly may either approve or reject the bill.
Committees
There are 17 standing committees which examine bills and petitions falling under their respective jurisdictions, and perform other duties as prescribed by relevant laws.
- House Steering Committee
- Legislation and Judiciary Committee
- National Policy Committee
- Strategy and Finance Committee
- Education Committee
- Science, ICT, Broadcasting and Communications Committee
- Foreign Affairs and Unification Committee
- National Defense Committee
- Public Administration and Security Committee
- Culture, Sports and Tourism Committee
- Agriculture, Food, Rural Affairs, Oceans and Fisheries Committee
- Trade, Industry, Energy, SMEs and Startups Committee
- Health and Welfare Committee
- Environment and Labor Committee
- Land Infrastructure and Transport Committee
- Intelligence Committee
- Gender Equality and Family Committee
Election
See also: Legislative elections in South KoreaThe National Assembly has 300 seats, with 254 constituency seats under FPTP and 46 proportional representation seats. With electoral reform taken in 2019, the PR seats apportionment method was replaced by a variation of additional member system from the previous parallel voting system. However, 17 seats were temporarily assigned under parallel voting in the 2020 South Korean legislative election.
Per Article 189 of Public Official Election Act, the PR seats are awarded to parties that have either obtained at least 3% of the total valid votes in the legislative election or at least five constituency seats. The number of seats allocated to each eligible party is decided by the formula:
where
- nAssembly = total number of seats in the National Assembly.
- nineligibles = number of seats obtained by ineligible parties and independents.
- nobtained constituencies = number of constituency seats obtained by the party.
- nams = total number of seats allocated for additional member system.
If the integer is less than 1, then ninitial is set to 0 and the party does not get any seats. Then the sum of initially allocated seats is compared to the total seats for the additional member system and recalculated.
Final seats are assigned through the largest remainder method, and if the remainder is equal, the winner is determined by lottery among the relevant political parties.
The voting age was also lowered from 19 to 18 years old, expanding the electorate by over half a million voters.
Legislative violence
From 2004 to 2009, the assembly gained notoriety as a frequent site for legislative violence. The Assembly first came to the world's attention during a violent dispute on impeachment proceedings for then President Roh Moo-hyun, when open physical combat took place in the assembly. Since then, it has been interrupted by periodic conflagrations, piquing the world's curiosity once again in 2009 when members battled each other with sledgehammers and fire extinguishers. The National Assembly since then has taken preventive measures to prevent any more legislative violence.
Historical composition
Progressive – Liberal – Independent politician – Conservative | |||||||||||||||||||
Election | Total seats |
Composition | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st (1948) |
200 |
| |||||||||||||||||
2nd (1950) |
210 |
| |||||||||||||||||
3rd (1954) |
203 |
| |||||||||||||||||
4th (1958) |
233 |
| |||||||||||||||||
5th (1960) |
233 |
| |||||||||||||||||
6th (1963) |
175 |
| |||||||||||||||||
7th (1967) |
175 |
| |||||||||||||||||
8th (1971) |
204 |
| |||||||||||||||||
9th (1973) |
219 |
| |||||||||||||||||
10th (1978) |
231 |
| |||||||||||||||||
11th (1981) |
276 |
| |||||||||||||||||
12th (1985) |
276 |
| |||||||||||||||||
13th (1988) |
299 |
| |||||||||||||||||
14th (1992) |
299 |
| |||||||||||||||||
15th (1996) |
299 |
| |||||||||||||||||
16th (2000) |
273 |
| |||||||||||||||||
17th (2004) |
299 |
| |||||||||||||||||
18th (2008) |
299 |
| |||||||||||||||||
19th (2012) |
300 |
| |||||||||||||||||
20th (2016) |
300 |
| |||||||||||||||||
21st (2020) |
300 |
| |||||||||||||||||
22nd (2024) |
300 |
|
History
First Republic
See also: First Republic of KoreaElections for the assembly were held under UN supervision on 10 May 1948. The First Republic of Korea was established on 17 July 1948 when the constitution of the First Republic was established by the Assembly. The Assembly also had the job of electing the president and elected anti-communist Syngman Rhee as president on 10 May 1948.
Under the first constitution, the National Assembly was unicameral. Under the second and third constitutions, the National Assembly was to be bicameral and consist of the House of Representatives and the House of Councillors, but in practice, the legislature was unicameral because the House of Representatives was prevented from passing the law necessary to establish the House of Councillors.
Conservative Liberal Progressive
majority plurality only largest minority
National Assembly |
Majority Party |
Majority Leader |
Seats | Speaker | Seats | Minority Leaders |
Minority Parties | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st (1948) |
NARRKI→NA | 55 | 1948 Rhee Syng-man (supported by NARRKI) 1948–1950 Shin Ik-hee (supported by NARRKI until 1949) |
29 | KDP→DNP | ||||
116 | others | ||||||||
2nd (1950) |
DNP | 24 | Shin Ik-hee (supported by DNP) | 24 | KNP | ||||
14 | NA | ||||||||
148 | others | ||||||||
3rd (1954) |
LP | 114 | Yi Ki-bung (supported by LP) | 15 | DNP→DP (55) | ||||
3 | NA | ||||||||
3 | KNP | ||||||||
68 | others | ||||||||
4th (1958) |
LP | 126 | Yi Ki-bung (supported by LP) | 79 | DP (55) | ||||
28 | others |
Second Republic
See also: Second Republic of KoreaHouse of Representatives | Majority Party |
Majority Leader |
Seats | Speaker | Seats | Minority Leaders |
Minority Parties | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5th (1960) |
DP (55) | 175 | Kwak Sang-hoon (supported by DP (55)) | 58 | Others |
House of Councillors | Majority Party |
Majority Leader |
Seats | President | Seats | Minority Leaders |
Minority Parties | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5th (1960) |
DP (55) | 31 | Paek Nak-chun (supported by DP (55)) | 27 | Others |
Third Republic
See also: Third Republic of KoreaSince the reopening of the National Assembly in 1963 until today, it has been unicameral.
National Assembly |
Majority Party |
Majority Leader |
Seats | Speaker | Seats | Minority Leaders |
Minority Parties | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6th (1963) |
DRP | 110 | Lee Hyu-sang (supported by DRP) | 41 | CRP→DRP→NDP | ||||
13 | DP (55)→DRP→NDP | ||||||||
7th (1967) |
DRP | 129 | Lee Hyu-sang (supported by DRP) | 45 | NDP | ||||
8th (1971) |
DRP | 113 | Baek Du-jin (supported by DRP) | 89 | NDP |
Fourth Republic
See also: Fourth Republic of KoreaNational Assembly |
Majority Party |
Majority Leader |
Seats | Speaker | Seats | Minority Leaders |
Minority Parties | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
9th (1973) |
DRP+Presidential appointees | 146 | Chung Il-kwon (supported by DRP) | 52 | NDP | ||||
10th (1978) |
DRP+Presidential appointees ↓ KNP |
145 | 1978–1979 Chung Il-kwon (supported by DRP) 1979 Baek Du-jin (supported by DRP) |
61 | NDP |
Fifth Republic
See also: Fifth Republic of KoreaNational Assembly |
Majority Party |
Majority Leader |
Seats | Speaker | Seats | Minority Leaders |
Minority Parties | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
11th (1981) |
DJP | 151 | 1981–1983 Chung Rae-hyung (supported by DJP) 1983–1985 Chae Mun-shik (supported by DJP) |
81 | DKP | ||||
25 | KNP | ||||||||
12th (1985) |
DJP | 148 | Lee Jae-hyung (supported by DJP) | 67 | NKDP | ||||
35 | DKP | ||||||||
20 | KNP |
Sixth Republic
See also: Sixth Republic of South Koreamajority plurality largest minority
Term (Election) |
Speaker | Conservative current: PPP |
Liberal current: DP |
Progressive current: PP |
Miscellaneous right |
Miscellaneous left |
Independent |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
13th (1988) | Kim Jae-sun (1988–90) Park Jyun-kyu (1990–92) |
125 | 70 | — | 36 | 59 | 9 |
14th (1992) | Park Jyun-kyu (1992–93) Hwang Nak-joo (1993) Lee Man-sup (1993–94) Park Jyun-kyu (1994–96) |
149 | 97 | — | — | 31 | 21 |
15th (1996) | Kim Soo-han (1996–98) Park Jyun-kyu (1998–00) |
139 | 79 | — | 65 | — | 16 |
16th (2000) | Lee Man-sup (2000–02) Park Kwan-yong (2002–04) |
133 | 115 | — | 20 | — | 5 |
17th (2004) | Kim Won-ki (2004–06) Lim Chae-jung (2006–08) |
121 | 152 | 10 | 4 | 9 | 3 |
18th (2008) | Kim Hyong-o (2008–10) Park Hee-tae (2010–12) Chung Eui-hwa (2012) |
153 | 81 | 5 | 32 | 3 | 25 |
19th (2012) | Kang Chang-hee (2012–14) Chung Ui-hwa (2014–16) |
152 | 127 | 13 | 5 | — | 3 |
20th (2016) | Chung Sye-kyun (2016–18) Moon Hee-sang (2018–20) |
122 | 123 | 6 | — | 38 | 11 |
21st (2020) | Park Byeong-seug (2020–22) Kim Jin-pyo (2022–24) |
103 | 180 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 5 |
22nd (2024) | Woo Won-shik (2024–26) | 108 | 171 | 3 | 3 | 15 | 0 |
Members
Main article: List of members of the National Assembly (South Korea)- List of members of the South Korean Constituent Assembly
- List of members of the National Assembly (South Korea), 1950–1954
- List of members of the National Assembly (South Korea), 1954–1958
- List of members of the National Assembly (South Korea), 1981–1985
- List of members of the National Assembly (South Korea), 1985–1988
- List of members of the National Assembly (South Korea), 1988–1992
- List of members of the National Assembly (South Korea), 1992–1996
- List of members of the National Assembly (South Korea), 1996–2000
- List of members of the National Assembly (South Korea), 2000–2004
- List of members of the National Assembly (South Korea), 2004–2008
- List of members of the National Assembly (South Korea), 2008–2012
- List of members of the National Assembly (South Korea), 2012–2016
- List of members of the National Assembly (South Korea), 2016–2020
- List of members of the National Assembly (South Korea), 2020–2024
- List of members of the National Assembly (South Korea), 2024–2028
Television broadcast
Main article: National Assembly TVSymbols
- Emblem of the National Assembly (1947–2014)
- Flag of the National Assembly (1947–2014)
- Flag of the National Assembly (from 2014)
See also
- List of political parties in South Korea
- Politics of South Korea
- National Assembly TV
- Supreme People's Assembly, the North Korean legislature
- 2019 South Korean National Assembly attack
Notes
- Article 21, Clause 1 of the Election Law
References
- "1st meeting of 22nd parliament's DP lawmakers". Yonhap News Agency. 30 May 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
- Wonju, Yi (30 May 2024). "National Assembly begins new 4-year term". Yonhap News Agency. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
- "DP's Woo Won-shik Elected as Speaker of 22nd National Assembly amid PPP Boycott". 5 June 2024. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
- Jung-joo, Lee (30 May 2024). "22nd Assembly begins new 4-year term". The Korea Herald. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
- "HISTORY & HERITAGE". The National Assembly of the Republic of Korea.
- Article 48 of the Constitution of the Republic of Korea.
- ^ Park, Young-Do (2010). "Kapitel 2: Verfassungsrecht". Einführung in das koreanische Recht [Introduction to Korean Law] (in German). Springer. p. 25. ISBN 9783642116032.
- Youngmi Kim (2011). The Politics of Coalition in South Korea. Taylor & Francis, p. 65.
- Y. Kim, pp. 68–9.
- Park 2010, p. 27.
- "Standing Committees and Special Committees of the National Assembly". National Assembly (in Korean).
- 김, 광태 (23 December 2019). "(2nd LD) Opposition party launches filibuster against electoral reform bill". Yonhap News Agency. Archived from the original on 3 January 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
- 국가법령정보센터. www.law.go.kr. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
- 국가법령정보센터. www.law.go.kr. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
- "18-year-olds Hit the Polls for First Time in S. Korea". Korea Bizwire. 15 April 2020. Archived from the original on 19 April 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
- "The World's Most Unruly Parliaments". 16 September 2009.
- "South Korean president impeached". 12 March 2004 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
- "In pictures: Impeachment battle". 12 March 2004 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
- Glionna, By John M. (28 January 2009). "South Korea lawmakers: Reaching across the aisle with a sledgehammer". Los Angeles Times.
- "South Korean politicians use fire extinguishers against opposition". 18 December 2008. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
- "Hall of Violence". 2 March 2009.
- Setting the Stage Archived 16 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ICL – South Korea Index Archived 13 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine
Members of the National Assembly of South Korea | ||
---|---|---|
Members |