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{{EngvarB|date=May 2014}} {{EngvarB|date=May 2014}}
{{About|the administration of the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu|the history|Kashmir#History}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox Former Subdivision {{Short description|Former princely state}}
{{Infobox country
|native_name =
| capital = {{hlist|]|]}}
|conventional_long_name = Jammu and Kashmir
|common_name = Kashmir | conventional_long_name = Jammu and Kashmir
| common_name = Jammu and Kashmir
|nation = ]
| image_flag = Flag of Jammu and Kashmir (1936-1953).svg
|subdivision=]
| flag_type =
|image_flag = Jammu-Kashmir-flag-1936-1953.gif
| image_coat = Kashmir Princely State CoA.png
|flag_type = Flag of Jammu and Kashmir from 1936
| status = ]
|status_text =
| religion = ] (]), ] (majority), ], ], ]
|era = New Imperialism
| government_type = ]
|year_start = 1846
| empire = ] <small>(till 1947)</small> ] <small>(after 1947)</small>
|date_start =
| common_languages = ], ], ], ], ], ]
|event_start=
| title_leader = ]
|year_end = 1952
| leader1 = ] (first)
|date_end =
| year_leader1 = 1846–1857
|event_end= Disestablished
| leader2 = ] (last)
|event1 =
| year_leader2 = 1925–1952
|date_event1 =
| title_deputy = ]
|p1 = Sikh Empire
| deputy1 = ] (first)
|s1 = Jammu & Kashmir
| year_deputy1 = 1917–1921
|s2 = Azad Kashmir
| deputy2 = ] (last)
|s3 = Gilgit–Baltistan
| year_deputy2 = 1948–1952
|s4 = Aksai Chin
| status_text =
|flag_p1 = Nishan Sahib.svg
| year_start = 1846
|border_p1 = no
| date_start =
|flag_s1 = Jammu-Kashmir-flag.svg
| event_start = End of the ] and formation of the state
|flag_s2 = Flag of Azad Kashmir.svg
| event1 = End of British Crown Suzerainty
|flag_s3 = Flag of Gilgit Baltistan.svg
| date_event1 = 15 Aug 1947
|flag_s4 = Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg
| event2 = Beginning of the ]
|image_coat =Kashmir Princely State CoA.png
| date_event2 = 22 Oct 1947
|flag =
| event3 = Accession to the ]
|symbol =
| date_event3 = 26–27 Oct 1947
|symbol_type =
| event4 = End of ] (cession of ] and ])
|image_map = NWFP-Kashmir1909-a.jpg
| date_event4 = 1 January 1949
|image_map_caption = Map of Kashmir
| event5 = Constitutional state of India
|stat_area1 =
| date_event5 = 17 November 1952
|stat_year1 =
| year_end = 1952
|stat_pop1 =
| p1 =
|today = ], ] and ]
| s1 =
|footnotes =
| s2 =
| s3 =
| flag_p1 =
| border_p1 = no
| flag_s1 =
| flag_s2 =
| flag_s3 =
| symbol =
| symbol_type =
| image_map = Jammu and Kashmir in 1946 map of India by National Geographic.jpg
| image_map_caption = Jammu and Kashmir in 1946
| stat_area1 =
| stat_year1 =
| stat_pop1 =
| today = Disputed; see ]
| footnotes =
}} }}
'''Jammu and Kashmir''' was, from 1846 until 1952, a ] in the ], and was ruled by Jamwal Rajput ].<ref name="rai">Jerath, Ashok (1998). ''Dogra Legends of Art and Culture'', </ref> The state was created in 1846 after the ]. The ] annexed the ],<ref name="panikkar">{{cite book|title=Gulab Singh|first=K. M. |last=Panikkar |authorlink=K. M. Panikkar |publisher=Martin Hopkinson Ltd |year=1930 |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/gulabsingh179218031570mbp |pages=111–125}}</ref> ], and ] from the Sikhs, and then transferred it to ] in return for an indemnity payment of 7,500,000 Nanakshahee Rupees.


'''Jammu and Kashmir''', also known as '''Kashmir and Jammu''',<ref name=igi-kashmir-jammu>{{citation|title=Kashmir and Jammu|journal=Imperial Gazetteer of India|volume=15|page=71–|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?volume=15&objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_077.gif|publisher=Secretary of State for India in Council: Oxford at the Clarendon Press|year=1908|access-date=27 August 2019|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221030313/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?volume=15&objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_077.gif|url-status=live}}</ref> was a ] in a ] with the ] from 1846 to 1858 and under the '']'' (or tutelage<ref name=sneddon-paramountcy-tutelage>{{citation|last=Sneddon|first=Christopher|title=Independent Kashmir: An incomplete aspiration|year=2021|publisher=Manchester University Press|pages=12&ndash;13|quote=Paramountcy was the ‘vague and undefined’ feudatory system whereby the British, as the suzerain power, dominated and controlled India’s princely rulers. ... These ‘loyal collaborators of the Raj’ were ‘afforded protection in exchange for helpful behavior in a relationship of tutelage, called paramountcy’.}}</ref><ref name=ganguly-hagerty-2005-paramountcy>{{citation|last1=Ganguly|first1=Sumit|last2=Hagerty|first2=Devin T.| title=Fearful Symmetry: India-Pakistan Crises in the Shadow of Nuclear Weapons|isbn=0-295-98525-9|year=2005|location=Seattle and New Delhi|publisher=University of Washington Press, and Oxford University Press|page=22|quote=... the problem of the 'princely states'. These states had accepted the tutelage of the British Crown under the terms of the doctrine of 'paramountcy' under which they acknowledged the Crown as the 'paramount' authority in the subcontinent.}}</ref>) of the ], from 1858 until the ] in 1947, when it became a ], now administered by three countries: ], ], and ].<ref name="britannica-intro">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Kashmir: region, Indian subcontinent|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=16 July 2016|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent|archive-date=13 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813203817/https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent|url-status=live}} Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent. It is bounded by the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang to the northeast and the Tibet Autonomous Region to the east (both parts of China), by the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to the south, by Pakistan to the west, and by Afghanistan to the northwest. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, ... The southern and southeastern portions constitute the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. The Indian- and Pakistani-administered portions are divided by a "line of control" agreed to in 1972, although neither country recognizes it as an international boundary. In addition, China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and since 1962 has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region)."</ref><ref name=americana>{{citation|chapter=Kashmir|title=Encyclopedia Americana|publisher=Scholastic Library Publishing|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_cWAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA328|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7172-0139-6|page=328|access-date=18 December 2021|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117135716/https://books.google.com/books?id=l_cWAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA328|url-status=live}} C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered mostly by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947";</ref><ref name="Osmanczyk2003">{{citation|last1=Osmańczyk|first1=Edmund Jan|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93922-5|pages=1191–|access-date=18 December 2021|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117140437/https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191|url-status=live}} Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."</ref> The princely state was created after the ], when the East India Company, which had annexed the ],{{sfn|Panikkar, Gulab Singh|1930||p=111–125}} from the Sikhs as war indemnity, then sold it to the Raja of Jammu, ], for rupees 75 ]s.
At the time of the ], Maharaja Hari Singh, the ruler of the state, preferred to become independent and remain neutral between the successor dominions of ] or the ].<ref>{{cite book | author=] | year=1963 | title=Looking Back | page=162| publisher=Asia Publishing House (Digitalized by Google at the University of Michigan)| location=Bombay | isbn=978-81-241-0194-0 | id=ISBN 81-241-0194-9 }}</ref> However, an uprising in the western districts of the State followed by an attack by raiders from the neighbouring ], allegedly supported by Pakistan, put an end to his plans for independence. On 26 October 1947, the Maharaja signed the ] joining the Dominion of India in return for military aid.<ref>http://www.bbc.com/news/10537286</ref> The western and northern districts presently known as ] and ] passed to the control of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book |first=Sumantra |last=Bose |authorlink=Sumantra Bose |title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2003 |ISBN=0-674-01173-2 |pp=32–37}}</ref>


At the time of the ] and the ], ], the ruler of the state, delayed making a decision about the future of his state. However, an ] of the state followed by an attack by raiders from the neighbouring ], supported by Pakistan, forced his hand. On 26 October 1947, Hari Singh acceded<ref>
==Creation==
1st Edition
]
Cold War in the High Himalayas
]
The USA, China and South Asia in the 1950s

By S. Mahmud Ali
Kashmir was ruled by the ] ] of Afghanistan, until in 1819 it was annexed by the ] under ].<ref> ''Imperial Gazetteer of India'', v. 15, p. 93.</ref>
Copyright 1999( When tribal Pathan militias from Pakistan's North-West Frontiers joined Sudhan Pathan rebels fighting for freedom, Hari Singh fled to Jammu and reportedly signed a letter of accession to India.) Page 19
Jammu was a tributary of the Sikh Empire at this time. The Raja of Jammu, Kishore Singh, died in 1822; his son ] was recognized by the Sikh Empire as his heir.<ref> ''Imperial Gazetteer of India'', v. 15, p. 94.</ref>
</ref> to India in return for the Indian military being airlifted to Kashmir, to engage the Pakistan-supported forces.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10537286|title=Q&A: Kashmir dispute - BBC News|work=BBC News|date=7 July 2010|publisher=|access-date=21 June 2018|archive-date=24 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224045738/https://www.bbc.com/news/10537286|url-status=live}}</ref> The western and northern districts now known as ] and ] passed to the control of Pakistan after it occupied it,<ref name="VictoriaSchofield">{{cite book | last=Schofield | first=Victoria |date=May 6, 2003 | title=Kashmir in Conflict |publication-place=London |publisher=I. B.Tauris & Co Ltd. |isbn=1-86064-898-3 | page=xii |url=https://archive.org/details/kashmir-in-conflict-india-pakistan-and-the-unending-war-by-victoria-schofield |via=archive.org}}</ref> while the remaining territory stayed under Indian control, later becoming the Indian administered state of ].<ref>{{cite book |first=Sumantra |last=Bose |author-link=Sumantra Bose |title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-674-01173-2 |pages=32–37}}</ref> India and Pakistan defined a cease-fire line—the line of control—dividing the administration of the territory with the intercession of the United Nations which was supposed to be temporary but still persists.<ref>{{cite web | title=History, People, Conflict, Map, & Facts | website=Encyclopedia Britannica | date=1998-07-20 | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent#ref673547 | access-date=2024-03-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Ceasefire violations in Jammu and Kashmir - A line on fire| url=https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/PW131-Ceasefire-Violations-in-Jammu-and-Kashmir-A-Line-on-Fire.pdf | access-date=2024-03-29}}</ref>

As a vassal of the Sikh Empire, Gulab Singh began expanding his kingdom. He conquered ] after a slight resistance. He then annexed ] after the minister, Wazir Lakhpat, quarrelled with the ruler and sought the assistance of Gulab Singh. The Raja of Kishtwar surrendered without fighting when Gulab Singh's forces arrived. The conquest of Kishtwar meant that Singh had gained control of two of the roads which led into ], which then led to the conquest of that territory. Although there were huge difficulties due to the mountains and glaciers, Gulab Singh's Dogra troop under his general ] conquered the whole of Ladakh in two campaigns.<ref name="IGI95"> ''Imperial Gazetteer of India'', v. 15, p. 95.</ref>

A few years later, in 1840, Zorawar Singh invaded ], captured the Raja of ], who had sided with the Ladakhis, and annexed his country to Gulab Singh's kingdom. In 1841 Zorawar Singh invaded ], but perished with nearly his entire army in the harsh winter. Whether it was policy or whether it was accident, by 1840 Gulab Singh had encircled Kashmir.<ref name="IGI95"/>

In the winter of 1845, the ] broke out. Gulab Singh remained neutral until the ] in 1846, when he appeared as a useful mediator and the trusted adviser of ]. The war was ended by two treaties. In the ], the Sikh Empire ceded territory to the East India Company in lieu of part of a large indemnity; this territory included the hill country between the rivers Beas and ].

The EIC had incurred large expenses in the Anglo-Sikh War. Sir Henry Lawrence counselled the Viceroy, ], to recover these outlays by selling Kashmir to Gulab Singh. Thus, in the ], for 7.5&nbsp;million Nanakshahee Rupees the EIC made over to Gulab Singh all the hilly or mountainous country "situated to the westward of the river Indus and eastward of the river ]", and recognized him as Maharaja of Kashmir and Jammu.<ref name="IGI95"/> The new state covered an area of {{convert|80900|mi2|km2}}.<ref name="IGI72"> ''Imperial Gazetteer of India'', v. 15, p. 72.</ref> Later, the regions of ], ], and ] were added to the state.

Sikh chief minister Lal Singh asked the governor of Kashmir, Imam-Uddin, to resist occupation by Gulab Singh's Dogras. British forces were sent to support Gulab Singh, and Immad-Uddin submitted. He also produced the letters from Lal Singh directing him to oppose Gulab Singh. For this treachery, Lal Singh faced the wrath of the British Empire. Lal Singh was removed from his post and also banished from the Punjab.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kxtEFA5qqR8C&pg=PA280 |title=Punjab Through the Ages | editors=S.R. Kakshi, Rashmi Pathak | volume=2 | page=280 | publisher=Sarup and Sons | year = 2007 }}</ref>


==Administration== ==Administration==
]
According to the census reports of 1911, 1921 and 1931, the administration was organised as follows:<ref name=Karim>{{citation |last=Karim |first=Maj Gen Afsir |title=Kashmir The Troubled Frontiers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lf2jAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT30 |date=2013 |publisher=Lancer Publishers LLC |isbn=978-1-935501-76-3 |pages=29–32 |ref={{sfnref|Karim, Kashmir The Troubled Frontiers|2013}}}}</ref>{{sfn|Behera, Demystifying Kashmir|2007|p=15}}
* '''Jammu province:''' Districts of ], ] (]), ], ] and ].
* '''Kashmir province:''' Districts of Kashmir South (]), Kashmir North (]) and ].
* '''Frontier districts:''' ''Wazarats'' of ] and ].
* '''Internal jagirs:''' ], ] and ].
In the 1941 census, further details of the frontier districts were given:<ref name=Karim/>
* '''Ladakh ''wazarat'':''' Tehsils of ], ] and ].
* '''Gilgit ''wazarat'':''' Tehsils of ] and ]
* '''Frontier ''illaqas''''': (under the ]) ], ], ], ], ], ], ].


=== Prime ministers (Jammu & Kashmir) ===
===Maharaja===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! S.no !! Name !! Reign
|-
| 1. || ] || 1846–1857
|-
| 2. || ] || 1857–1885
|-
| 3. || ] || 1885–1925
|-
| 4. || ] || 1925–1948
|-
| 5. || ] (Prince Regent) || 1948-1952
|}

===Prime ministers===
{| class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable"
! # ! #
! Name ! Name
! Took Office ! Took office
! Left Office ! Left office
|- |-
| 1 | 1
| ]
| 1917
| 1921
|-
|-
| 2
| Raja ] | Raja ]
| 1925 | 1925
| 1927 | 1927
|- |-
| 2 | 3
| ] | ]
| January, 1927 | January 1927
| March, 1929 | March 1929
|- |-
| 3 | 4
| ] | ]
| 1929 | 1929
| 1931 | 1931
|-
|4
|
| 1933
|- |-
| 5 | 5
| ]<ref name=Copland>{{citation |last=Copland |first=Ian |title=Islam and Political Mobilization in Kashmir, 1931–34 |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=54 |number=2 |date=1981 |pages=228–259 |doi=10.2307/2757363 |jstor=2757363}}</ref>
| ]
| 1933 | 1931
| 1936 | 1932
|- |-
| 6 | 6
| ]<ref name=Copland/>
| ]
| 1936 | 1932
| 1936 | 1936
|- |-
| 7 | 7
| ]
| ]
| 1936
| 1936 | 1936
| July, 1943
|- |-
| 8 | 8
| ] | Sir ]
| 1937
| July, 1943
| July 1943
| February, 1944
|- |-
| 9 | 9
| ] | ]
| July 1943
| February, 1944
| February 1944
| 28 June 1945
|- |-
| 10 | 10
| Sir ]
| February 1944
| 28 June 1945
|-
| 11
| ] | ]
| 28 June 1945 | 28 June 1945
| 11 August 1947 | 11 August 1947
|- |-
| 11 | 12
| ] | ]
| 11 August 1947 | 11 August 1947
| 15 October 1947 | 15 October 1947
|-
| 13
| ]
| 15 October 1947
| 5 March 1948
|-
| 14
| ]
| 5 March 1948
| 9 August 1953
|} |}


==Expansion== == Demographics ==
=== Population ===
Not long afterwards the ] attacked ]. Nathu Shah on behalf of Gulab Singh responded by leading a force of Dogras into the Hunza valley. He and his force were destroyed, and Gilgit fort fell into the hands of the Rajah of Hunza, along with Punial, Yasin, and Darel. Gulab then sent two columns, one from ] and one from ], and after some fighting recovered Gilgit. In 1852, the Dogras at Gilgit were annihilated by Gaur Rahman of Yasin, and for eight years the Indus formed the northern boundary of the Maharaja's territories.<ref name="IGI96">. ''Imperial Gazetteer of India'', v. 15, p. 96.</ref>
{{Historical populations
|align=right
|1901|2905578
|1911|3158126
|1921|3320518
|1931|3646243
|1941|4021616
|footnote= Sources: ]
}}


{| class="wikitable sortable"
Gulab Singh died in 1857. His successor, ], loyally sided with the British in the ]. When Kashmir had recovered from the strain of the Rebellion. Ranbir determined to recover Gilgit and to expand the frontier. In 1860 a force under Devi Singh crossed the Indus, and advanced on Gaur Rahman's fortress at Gilgit. Gaur Rahman had died just before the arrival of the Dogras, and Gilgit was taken.<ref name="IGI96"/> Gilgit was not the last frontier, however. Ranbir attempted to conquer Yasin and Punial, but failed for lack of funds. To make a secure frontier, he withdrew his forces to Gilgit. Kashmir and Jammu held Gilgit until the partition of India in 1947.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EqZFsNIuVWEC&pg=PA13 |title=Gilgit Agency 1877-1935 |author=Amar Singh Chohan |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |year=1997 }}</ref>
|+ Population of Jammu & Kashmir Princely State by Province (1901–1941)
! rowspan="2" |]
! colspan="2" |Jammu Province
! colspan="2" |Kashmir Province
! colspan="2" |Frontier Regions
! colspan="2" |Jammu & Kashmir Princely State
|-
!]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
! 1901<ref name="Census1901"/>
| 1,521,307
| {{Percentage | 1521307 | 2905578 | 2 }}
| 1,157,394
| {{Percentage | 1157394 | 2905578 | 2 }}
| 226,877
| {{Percentage | 226877 | 2905578 | 2 }}
! 2,905,578
! {{Percentage | 2905578 | 2905578 | 2 }}
|-
! 1911<ref name="Census1911"/>
| 1,597,865
| {{Percentage | 1597865 | 3158126 | 2 }}
| 1,295,201
| {{Percentage | 1295201 | 3158126 | 2 }}
| 265,060
| {{Percentage | 265060 | 3158126 | 2 }}
! 3,158,126
! {{Percentage | 3158126 | 3158126 | 2 }}
|-
! 1921<ref name="Census1921"/>
| 1,640,259
| {{Percentage | 1640259 | 3320518 | 2 }}
| 1,407,086
| {{Percentage | 1407086 | 3320518 | 2 }}
| 273,173
| {{Percentage | 273173 | 3320518 | 2 }}
! 3,320,518
! {{Percentage | 3320518 | 3320518 | 2 }}
|-
! 1931<ref name="Census1931"/>
| 1,788,441
| {{Percentage | 1788441 | 3646243 | 2 }}
| 1,569,218
| {{Percentage | 1569218 | 3646243 | 2 }}
| 288,584
| {{Percentage | 288584 | 3646243 | 2 }}
! 3,646,243
! {{Percentage | 3646243 | 3646243 | 2 }}
|-
! 1941<ref name="Census1941"/>
| 1,981,433
| {{Percentage | 1981433 | 4021616 | 2 }}
| 1,728,705
| {{Percentage | 1728705 | 4021616 | 2 }}
| 311,478
| {{Percentage | 311478 | 4021616 | 2 }}
! 4,021,616
! {{Percentage | 4021616 | 4021616 | 2 }}
|}


=== Religion ===
Ranbir Singh, although tolerant of other creeds, lacked his father's strong will and determination, and his control over the State officials was weak. The latter part of his life was darkened by the dreadful famine in Kashmir, 1877-9. In September 1885, he was succeeded by his eldest son, ].<ref name="IGI96"/>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religious groups in Jammu & Kashmir Princely State (] era)
! rowspan="2" |]<br>group
! colspan="2" |1901<ref name="Census1901">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25366883 |jstor=saoa.crl.25366883 |access-date=3 November 2024 |title=Census of India 1901. Vol. 23A, Kashmir. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1901 |pages=20}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1911<ref name="Census1911">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25394111 |jstor=saoa.crl.25394111 |access-date=3 November 2024 |title=Census of India 1911. Vol. 20, Kashmir. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1911 |pages=17}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1921<ref name="Census1921">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25430177 |jstor=saoa.crl.25430177 |access-date=3 November 2024 |title=Census of India 1921. Vol. 22, Kashmir. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1921 |pages=15}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1931<ref name="Census1931">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25797120 |jstor=saoa.crl.25797120 |access-date=3 November 2024 |title=Census of India 1931. Vol. 24, Jammu & Kashmir State. Pt. 2, Imperial & state tables. |year=1931 |pages=267}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1941<ref name="Census1941">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215644 |jstor=saoa.crl.28215644 |access-date=3 November 2024 |title=Census of India, 1941. Vol. 22, Jammu & Kashmir |year=1941 |pages=337–352}}</ref>
|-
!]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
! ] ]
| 2,154,695
| {{Percentage | 2154695 | 2905578 | 2 }}
| 2,398,320
| {{Percentage | 2398320 | 3158126 | 2 }}
| 2,548,514
| {{Percentage | 2548514 | 3320518 | 2 }}
| 2,817,636
| {{Percentage | 2817636 | 3646243 | 2 }}
| 3,101,247
| {{Percentage | 3101247 | 4021616 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 689,073
| {{Percentage | 689073 | 2905578 | 2 }}
| 690,390
| {{Percentage | 690390 | 3158126 | 2 }}
| 692,641
| {{Percentage | 692641 | 3320518 | 2 }}
| 736,222
| {{Percentage | 736222 | 3646243 | 2 }}
| 809,165
| {{Percentage | 809165 | 4021616 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 35,047
| {{Percentage | 35047 | 2905578 | 2 }}
| 36,512
| {{Percentage | 36512 | 3158126 | 2 }}
| 37,685
| {{Percentage | 37685 | 3320518 | 2 }}
| 38,724
| {{Percentage | 38724 | 3646243 | 2 }}
| 40,696
| {{Percentage | 40696 | 4021616 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 25,828
| {{Percentage | 25828 | 2905578 | 2 }}
| 31,553
| {{Percentage | 31553 | 3158126 | 2 }}
| 39,507
| {{Percentage | 39507 | 3320518 | 2 }}
| 50,662
| {{Percentage | 50662 | 3646243 | 2 }}
| 65,903
| {{Percentage | 65903 | 4021616 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 442
| {{Percentage | 442 | 2905578 | 2 }}
| 345
| {{Percentage | 345 | 3158126 | 2 }}
| 529
| {{Percentage | 529 | 3320518 | 2 }}
| 597
| {{Percentage | 597 | 3646243 | 2 }}
| 910
| {{Percentage | 910 | 4021616 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 422
| {{Percentage | 422 | 2905578 | 2 }}
| 975
| {{Percentage | 975 | 3158126 | 2 }}
| 1,634
| {{Percentage | 1634 | 3320518 | 2 }}
| 2,263
| {{Percentage | 2263 | 3646243 | 2 }}
| 3,509
| {{Percentage | 3509 | 4021616 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 11
| {{Percentage | 11 | 2905578 | 2 }}
| 31
| {{Percentage | 31 | 3158126 | 2 }}
| 7
| {{Percentage | 7 | 3320518 | 2 }}
| 5
| {{Percentage | 5 | 3646243 | 2 }}
| 29
| {{Percentage | 29 | 4021616 | 2 }}
|-
! ]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 134
| {{Percentage | 134 | 3646243 | 2 }}
| 51
| {{Percentage | 51 | 4021616 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 10
| {{Percentage | 10 | 4021616 | 2 }}
|-
! Others
| 60
| {{Percentage | 60 | 2905578 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 3158126 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 3320518 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 3646243 | 2 }}
| 95
| {{Percentage | 95 | 4021616 | 2 }}
|-
! Total population
! 2,905,578
! {{Percentage | 2905578 | 2905578 | 2 }}
! 3,158,126
! {{Percentage | 3158126 | 3158126 | 2 }}
! 3,320,518
! {{Percentage | 3320518 | 3320518 | 2 }}
! 3,646,243
! {{Percentage | 3646243 | 3646243 | 2 }}
! 4,021,616
! {{Percentage | 4021616 | 4021616 | 2 }}
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="11" | {{small|Note: The Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir includes the contemporary administrative divisions of ], ], ], ], and ].}}
|}


==== Jammu Province ====
Pratap Singh defeated the ruler of Chitral in 1891, and forced Hunza and Nagar to accept the suzerainty of Kashmir and Jammu state.<ref name="KiC">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ek00fuXVz1wC&pg=PA11 |title=Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan, and the Unending War | author=Victoria Schofield |publisher=I. B. Tauris |year=2000 }}</ref>
Including ], ], ], ], ], ] Jagir, and ].


{| class="wikitable sortable"
==Geography==
|+ Religious groups in the Jammu Province of the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir (1901–1941)
]
! rowspan="2" |]<br>group
! colspan="2" |1901<ref name="Census1901"/>
! colspan="2" |1911<ref name="Census1911"/>
! colspan="2" |1921<ref name="Census1921"/>
! colspan="2" |1931<ref name="Census1931"/>
! colspan="2" |1941<ref name="Census1941"/>
|-
!]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
! ] ]
| 876,599
| {{Percentage | 876599 | 1521307 | 2 }}
| 953,293
| {{Percentage | 953293 | 1597865 | 2 }}
| 989,644
| {{Percentage | 989644 | 1640259 | 2 }}
| 1,091,021
| {{Percentage | 1091021 | 1788441 | 2 }}
| 1,215,676
| {{Percentage | 1215676 | 1981433 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 626,177
| {{Percentage | 626177 | 1521307 | 2 }}
| 626,439
| {{Percentage | 626439 | 1597865 | 2 }}
| 626,806
| {{Percentage | 626806 | 1640259 | 2 }}
| 665,246
| {{Percentage | 665246 | 1788441 | 2 }}
| 722,835
| {{Percentage | 722835 | 1981433 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 13,113
| {{Percentage | 13113 | 1521307 | 2 }}
| 16,659
| {{Percentage | 16659 | 1597865 | 2 }}
| 21,627
| {{Percentage | 21627 | 1640259 | 2 }}
| 29,282
| {{Percentage | 29282 | 1788441 | 2 }}
| 38,566
| {{Percentage | 38566 | 1981433 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 4,831
| {{Percentage | 4831 | 1521307 | 2 }}
| 452
| {{Percentage | 452 | 1597865 | 2 }}
| 442
| {{Percentage | 442 | 1640259 | 2 }}
| 507
| {{Percentage | 507 | 1788441 | 2 }}
| 522
| {{Percentage | 522 | 1981433 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 439
| {{Percentage | 439 | 1521307 | 2 }}
| 345
| {{Percentage | 345 | 1597865 | 2 }}
| 528
| {{Percentage | 528 | 1640259 | 2 }}
| 591
| {{Percentage | 591 | 1788441 | 2 }}
| 901
| {{Percentage | 901 | 1981433 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 145
| {{Percentage | 145 | 1521307 | 2 }}
| 672
| {{Percentage | 672 | 1597865 | 2 }}
| 1,207
| {{Percentage | 1207 | 1640259 | 2 }}
| 1,753
| {{Percentage | 1753 | 1788441 | 2 }}
| 2,788
| {{Percentage | 2788 | 1981433 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 1521307 | 2 }}
| 5
| {{Percentage | 5 | 1597865 | 2 }}
| 5
| {{Percentage | 5 | 1640259 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 1788441 | 2 }}
| 23
| {{Percentage | 23 | 1981433 | 2 }}
|-
! ]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 41
| {{Percentage | 41 | 1788441 | 2 }}
| 29
| {{Percentage | 29 | 1981433 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 1981433 | 2 }}
|-
! Others
| 3
| {{Percentage | 3 | 1521307 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 1597865 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 1640259 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 1788441 | 2 }}
| 93
| {{Percentage | 93 | 1981433 | 2 }}
|-
! Total population
! 1,521,307
! {{Percentage | 1521307 | 1521307 | 2 }}
! 1,597,865
! {{Percentage | 1597865 | 1597865 | 2 }}
! 1,640,259
! {{Percentage | 1640259 | 1640259 | 2 }}
! 1,788,441
! {{Percentage | 1788441 | 1788441 | 2 }}
! 1,981,433
! {{Percentage | 1981433 | 1981433 | 2 }}
|}


==== Kashmir Province ====
The area of the state extended from 32° 17' to 36° 58' N. and from 73° 26' to 80° 30' E.<ref name="IGI72"/> ] was the southernmost part of the state and was adjacent to the ] districts of ], ], ], and ]. There is just a fringe of level land along the Punjab frontier, bordered by a plinth of low hilly country sparsely wooded, broken, and irregular. This is known as the Kandi, the home of the ]s and the ]s. To travel north, a range of mountains {{convert|8000|ft|m}} high must be climbed. This is a temperate country with forests of oak, rhododendron, chestnut, and higher up, of deodar and pine, a country of uplands, such as Badarwah and Kishtwar, drained by the deep gorge of the Chenab river. The steps of the Himalayan range, known as the ], lead to the second story, on which rests the valley of Kashmir, drained by the Jhelum river.<ref name="IGI72"/>
Including ] (''Kashmir North District''), ] (''Kashmir South District''), and ].


{| class="wikitable sortable"
Steeper parts of the Himalayas lead to ] and ] on the north and to Ladakh on the east, a tract drained by the river Indus. To the north-wes, lies ], west and north of the Indus, the whole area shadowed by a wall of giant mountains which run east from the Kilik or Mintaka passes of the ], leading to the ] and the ] past ] (25,561&nbsp;ft), along the ] range past ] (Godwin Austen, 28,265 feet), ] and ] (28,100 and {{convert|28561|ft|m}} respectively) to the Karakoram range which merges in the ]. Westward of the northern angle above ] and ], the maze of mountains and glaciers trends a little south of east along the Hindu Kush range bordering Chitral, and so on into the limits of Kafiristan and Afghan territory.<ref name="IGI72"/>
|+ Religious groups in the Kashmir Province of the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir (1901–1941)
! rowspan="2" |]<br>group
! colspan="2" |1901<ref name="Census1901"/>
! colspan="2" |1911<ref name="Census1911"/>
! colspan="2" |1921<ref name="Census1921"/>
! colspan="2" |1931<ref name="Census1931"/>
! colspan="2" |1941<ref name="Census1941"/>
|-
!]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
! ] ]
| 1,083,766
| {{Percentage | 1083766 | 1157394 | 2 }}
| 1,217,768
| {{Percentage | 1217768 | 1295201 | 2 }}
| 1,324,403
| {{Percentage | 1324403 | 1407086 | 2 }}
| 1,478,287
| {{Percentage | 1478287 | 1569218 | 2 }}
| 1,615,478
| {{Percentage | 1615478 | 1728705 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 60,682
| {{Percentage | 60682 | 1157394 | 2 }}
| 62,414
| {{Percentage | 62414 | 1295201 | 2 }}
| 64,594
| {{Percentage | 64594 | 1407086 | 2 }}
| 69,296
| {{Percentage | 69296 | 1569218 | 2 }}
| 85,580
| {{Percentage | 85580 | 1728705 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 12,637
| {{Percentage | 12637 | 1157394 | 2 }}
| 14,772
| {{Percentage | 14772 | 1295201 | 2 }}
| 17,742
| {{Percentage | 17742 | 1407086 | 2 }}
| 21,190
| {{Percentage | 21190 | 1569218 | 2 }}
| 27,034
| {{Percentage | 27034 | 1728705 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 244
| {{Percentage | 244 | 1157394 | 2 }}
| 218
| {{Percentage | 218 | 1295201 | 2 }}
| 341
| {{Percentage | 341 | 1407086 | 2 }}
| 339
| {{Percentage | 339 | 1569218 | 2 }}
| 555
| {{Percentage | 555 | 1728705 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 11
| {{Percentage | 11 | 1157394 | 2 }}
| 26
| {{Percentage | 26 | 1295201 | 2 }}
| 2
| {{Percentage | 2 | 1407086 | 2 }}
| 5
| {{Percentage | 5 | 1569218 | 2 }}
| 6
| {{Percentage | 6 | 1728705 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 2
| {{Percentage | 2 | 1157394 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 1295201 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 1407086 | 2 }}
| 3
| {{Percentage | 3 | 1569218 | 2 }}
| 9
| {{Percentage | 9 | 1728705 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 1157394 | 2 }}
| 3
| {{Percentage | 3 | 1295201 | 2 }}
| 2
| {{Percentage | 2 | 1407086 | 2 }}
| 5
| {{Percentage | 5 | 1569218 | 2 }}
| 10
| {{Percentage | 10 | 1728705 | 2 }}
|-
! ]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 93
| {{Percentage | 93 | 1569218 | 2 }}
| 20
| {{Percentage | 20 | 1728705 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 10
| {{Percentage | 10 | 1728705 | 2 }}
|-
! Others
| 52
| {{Percentage | 52 | 1157394 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 1295201 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 1407086 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 1569218 | 2 }}
| 2
| {{Percentage | 2 | 1728705 | 2 }}
|-
! Total population
! 1,157,394
! {{Percentage | 1157394 | 1157394 | 2 }}
! 1,295,201
! {{Percentage | 1295201 | 1295201 | 2 }}
! 1,407,086
! {{Percentage | 1407086 | 1407086 | 2 }}
! 1,569,218
! {{Percentage | 1569218 | 1569218 | 2 }}
! 1,728,705
! {{Percentage | 1728705 | 1728705 | 2 }}
|}


==== Frontier Regions ====
==Transport==
Including ], ], ] Leased Area, and ].
There used to be a route from ] to ]; it was possible to travel from ] via Kohala and over the ] into Kashmir. The route from Kohala to Srinagar was a cart-road {{convert|132|mi|km}} in length. From Kohala to ] the road was close to the ]. At ] the ] joins the Jhelum and at this point the road from ] and ] meet the Kashmir route. The road carried heavy traffic and required expensive maintenance by the authorities to repair.<ref> ''Imperial Gazetteer of India'', v. 15, p. 79.</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"

|+ Religious groups in the Frontier Regions of the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir (1901–1941)
==Flooding==
! rowspan="2" |]<br>group
In 1893, after 52 hours of continuous rain, very serious flooding took place in the Jhelum valley and much damage was done to Srinagar. The floods of 1903 were much more severe, a great disaster.<ref> ''Imperial Gazetteer of India'', v. 15, p. 89</ref>
! colspan="2" |1901<ref name="Census1901"/>

! colspan="2" |1911<ref name="Census1911"/>
==End of the princely state==
! colspan="2" |1921<ref name="Census1921"/>
In 1947, Britain gave up its rule of India. The ] divided ] into two independent states, the ] and ]. According to the Act, "the ] of His Majesty over the Indian States lapses, and with it, all treaties and agreements in force at the date of the passing of this Act between His Majesty and the rulers of Indian States."<ref> Revised Statute from the UK Statute Law Database</ref> So each of the princely states was now free to join India or Pakistan or to remain independent. Most of the princes acceded to one or the other of the two nations.
! colspan="2" |1931<ref name="Census1931"/>

! colspan="2" |1941<ref name="Census1941"/>
] had a Muslim majority but was ruled by a Hindu Rajput Raja. On 2 October 1947, the Working Committee of the National Conference met under Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah's presidency and took the decision to support the accession of the State to India. The decision of the Working Committee was conveyed to Indian leader ] by another Kashmiri, Dwarka Nath Kachroo, the Secretary General of the All India States Peoples' Conference, who was attended the Working Committee meeting as an observer.{{citation needed|date=February 2012}}
|-

!]
Maharaja Hari Singh wanted his state to remain independent, joining neither Pakistan nor India. For this reason, he offered a standstill agreement (to maintain the status quo) to both India and Pakistan. India refused the offer but Pakistan accepted it. The Maharaja was advised by Mehr Chand Mahajan, who later became his Prime Minister, that a landlocked country such as Kashmir would be soon engulfed by foreign powers such as the ] or China.<ref name="KiC"/>
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}

!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
The Gilgit Scouts staged a rebellion in the Northern Areas under British command. As a result, this region became effectively a part of Pakistan (and has since been administered by Pakistan). Subsequently Kabaili tribesmen (]s and ]s) from the ] invaded Kashmir proper. The ]'s British chiefs, Sir ] and ], refused to involve the armed forces.
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}

!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
With independence no longer an option, the Maharaja turned to India, requesting troops to safeguard Kashmir. Although Nehru was ready to send troops, ] advised the Maharaja to accede to India before India would send its troops. The Kabaili tribesmen spread into Kashmir. So the Maharaja signed the ] to the Dominion of India on 26 October 1947.
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}

!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah had already reached Delhi on 25 October to persuade Nehru to lose no time in accepting the accession and dispatching Indian troops to the State.<ref>
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah, ''Aatish e Chinaar'', pages 416 and 417. He also wrote that V. P. Menon returned to Delhi on 26 October with the signed Instrument of Accession.</ref>
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}

!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
The Instrument was accepted by the Governor-General the next day, 27 October. With the signature of the Maharaja and the acceptance by the Governor-General, the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir became a part of the Dominion of India. Indian troops landed at Srinagar airport in Kashmir on 27 October and secured the airport before proceeding to evict the invaders from the ].
|-

! ] ]
The princely state of Kashmir and Jammu, thus came under Indian suzerainty on 27 October 1947, with a portion of it having passed to Pakistan's control. The Maharaja appointed Sheikh Abdullah as the Prime Minister and, in 1948, appointed his son ] as the Prince Regent to act on his behalf. Jammu and Kashmir operated as a princely state under Indian control till 1952, when the ] came into effect, abolishing monarchies. Karan Singh then accepted the post of ''Sadar-i-Riyasat'' (constitutional Head of State).
| 194,330
| {{Percentage | 194330 | 226877 | 2 }}
| 227,259
| {{Percentage | 227259 | 265060 | 2 }}
| 234,467
| {{Percentage | 234467 | 273173 | 2 }}
| 248,328
| {{Percentage | 248328 | 288584 | 2 }}
| 270,093
| {{Percentage | 270093 | 311478 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 30,216
| {{Percentage | 30216 | 226877 | 2 }}
| 36,057
| {{Percentage | 36057 | 265060 | 2 }}
| 37,241
| {{Percentage | 37241 | 273173 | 2 }}
| 38,212
| {{Percentage | 38212 | 288584 | 2 }}
| 40,164
| {{Percentage | 40164 | 311478 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 2,214
| {{Percentage | 2214 | 226877 | 2 }}
| 1,537
| {{Percentage | 1537 | 265060 | 2 }}
| 1,241
| {{Percentage | 1241 | 273173 | 2 }}
| 1,680
| {{Percentage | 1680 | 288584 | 2 }}
| 750
| {{Percentage | 750 | 311478 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 78
| {{Percentage | 78 | 226877 | 2 }}
| 122
| {{Percentage | 122 | 265060 | 2 }}
| 138
| {{Percentage | 138 | 273173 | 2 }}
| 190
| {{Percentage | 190 | 288584 | 2 }}
| 303
| {{Percentage | 303 | 311478 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 33
| {{Percentage | 33 | 226877 | 2 }}
| 85
| {{Percentage | 85 | 265060 | 2 }}
| 86
| {{Percentage | 86 | 273173 | 2 }}
| 171
| {{Percentage | 171 | 288584 | 2 }}
| 166
| {{Percentage | 166 | 311478 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 226877 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 265060 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 273173 | 2 }}
| 3
| {{Percentage | 3 | 288584 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 311478 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 226877 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 265060 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 273173 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 288584 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 311478 | 2 }}
|-
! ]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 288584 | 2 }}
| 2
| {{Percentage | 2 | 311478 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 311478 | 2 }}
|-
! Others
| 5
| {{Percentage | 1901pop | 226877 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 1911pop | 265060 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 1921pop | 273173 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 1931pop | 288584 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 1941pop | 311478 | 2 }}
|-
! Total population
! 226,877
! {{Percentage | 226877 | 226877 | 2 }}
! 265,060
! {{Percentage | 265060 | 265060 | 2 }}
! 273,173
! {{Percentage | 273173 | 273173 | 2 }}
! 288,584
! {{Percentage | 288584 | 288584 | 2 }}
! 311,478
! {{Percentage | 311478 | 311478 | 2 }}
|}


==See also== ==See also==
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
*]
* ]
* ]


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist}} {{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin|40em}}
* {{citation |first=Navnita Chadha |last=Behera |title=Demystifying Kashmir |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2007 |isbn=978-8131708460 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qM6kW9ZRMRkC |ref={{sfnref|Behera, Demystifying Kashmir|2007}} |access-date=14 September 2016 |archive-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117135717/https://books.google.com/books?id=qM6kW9ZRMRkC |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last=Das Gupta |first=Jyoti Bhusan |title=Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpTpCAAAQBAJ |date=2012 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-94-011-9231-6 |ref={{sfnref|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012}} }}
* {{citation |last=Birdwood |first=Lord |author-link=Christopher Birdwood, 2nd Baron Birdwood |title=Two Nations and Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nzs-AAAAMAAJ |year=1956 |publisher=R. Hale |ref={{sfnref|Birdwood, Two Nations and Kashmir|1956}} }}
* {{citation |last=Huttenback |first=Robert A. |title=Gulab Singh and the Creation of the Dogra State of Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=20 |number=4 |year=1961 |pages=477–488 |doi=10.2307/2049956 |jstor=2049956 |s2cid=162144034 |url=http://pahar.in/mountains/Books%20and%20Articles/Indian%20Subcontinent/1961%20Gulab%20Singh%20and%20Creation%20of%20Dogra%20State%20of%20Jammu%20Kashmir%20and%20Ladakh%20by%20Huttenback%20from%20J%20Asian%20Studies%20v20%20s.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Huttenback, Gulab Singh and the Creation of the Dogra State|1961}} |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815210807/http://pahar.in/mountains/Books%20and%20Articles/Indian%20Subcontinent/1961%20Gulab%20Singh%20and%20Creation%20of%20Dogra%20State%20of%20Jammu%20Kashmir%20and%20Ladakh%20by%20Huttenback%20from%20J%20Asian%20Studies%20v20%20s.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2016 }}
* {{citation |last=Mahajan |first=Mehr Chand |author-link=Mehr Chand Mahajan |title=Looking Back: The Autobiography of Mehr Chand Mahajan, Former Chief Justice of India |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.119631/2015.119631.Looking-Back#page/n1/mode/2up |year=1963 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |ref={{sfnref|Mahajan, Looking Back|1963}} }}
* {{citation |last=Major |first=Andrew J. |title=Return to Empire: Punjab under the Sikhs and British in the Mid-nineteenth Century Limited |publisher=Sterling Publishers |location=New Delhi |year=1996 |isbn=81-207-1806-2}}
** {{citation |last=Major |first=Andrew J. |title=Return to Empire: Punjab under the Sikhs and British in the Mid-nineteenth Century |publisher=Australian National University |year=1981 |doi=10.25911/5d74e5bedfa9d |url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/11191 |ref={{sfnref|Major, Return to Empire|1981}} |access-date=9 October 2017 |archive-date=19 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219195316/https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/11191 |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last=Noorani |first=A. G. |author-link=A. G. Noorani |title=Article 370: A Constitutional History of Jammu and Kashmir |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-807408-3 |url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198074083.001.0001/acprof-9780198074083 |url-access=subscription |access-date=13 April 2018 |archive-date=19 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419171730/https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198074083.001.0001/acprof-9780198074083 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |first=K. M. |last=Panikkar |author-link=K. M. Panikkar |title=Gulab Singh |publisher=Martin Hopkinson Ltd |year=1930 |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/gulabsingh179218031570mbp |ref={{sfnref|Panikkar, Gulab Singh|1930}} }}
* {{citation |last=Raghavan |first=Srinath |title=War and Peace in Modern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EbtBJb1bsHUC&pg=PA101 |date=2010 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-00737-7 |pages=101– |ref={{sfnref|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010}} }}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{citation |title=Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir |first=Mridu |last=Rai | publisher=C. Hurst & Co |year=2004 |isbn=1850656614 |ref={{sfnref|Mridu Rai, Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects|2004}}}}
* {{citation |first=Victoria |last=Schofield |author-link=Victoria Schofield |title=Kashmir in Conflict |publisher=I. B. Taurus & Co |location=London and New York |year=2003 |orig-year=First published in 2000 |isbn=1860648983 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkTetMfI6QkC |ref={{sfnref|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003}} }}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Bawa Satinder |title=Raja Gulab Singh's Role in the First Anglo-Sikh War |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=5 |number=1 |year=1971 |pages=35–59 |jstor=311654 |ref={{sfnref|Satinder Singh, Raja Gulab Singh's Role|1971}} |doi=10.1017/s0026749x00002845|s2cid=145500298 }}
{{Refend}}
{{IGI}}


{{Princely states of India}} {{Princely states of India}}
{{Regions and administrative territories of Kashmir}}
{{IGI}}
{{Kashmir conflict}}
{{Authority control}}


{{coord missing|Jammu and Kashmir}} {{coord missing|Jammu and Kashmir}}


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Latest revision as of 22:36, 14 December 2024

This article is about the administration of the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu. For the history, see Kashmir § History.

Former princely state
Jammu and Kashmir
1846–1952
Flag of Jammu and Kashmir Flag of Jammu and Kashmir Coat of arms
Jammu and Kashmir in 1946Jammu and Kashmir in 1946
StatusPrincely state
Capital
Common languagesKashmiri, Dogri, Ladakhi, Balti, Shina, Pahari-Pothwari
Religion Hinduism (state), Islam (majority), Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism
GovernmentMonarchy
Maharaja 
• 1846–1857 Gulab Singh (first)
• 1925–1952 Hari Singh (last)
Dewan 
• 1917–1921 Daljit Singh (first)
• 1948–1952 Sheikh Abdullah (last)
History 
• End of the First Anglo-Sikh War and formation of the state 1846
• End of British Crown Suzerainty 15 Aug 1947
• Beginning of the First Kashmir War 22 Oct 1947
• Accession to the Indian Union 26–27 Oct 1947
• End of First Kashmir War (cession of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan) 1 January 1949
• Constitutional state of India 17 November 1952
• Disestablished 1952
Today part ofDisputed; see Kashmir conflict

Jammu and Kashmir, also known as Kashmir and Jammu, was a princely state in a subsidiary alliance with the British East India Company from 1846 to 1858 and under the paramountcy (or tutelage) of the British Crown, from 1858 until the Partition of India in 1947, when it became a disputed territory, now administered by three countries: China, India, and Pakistan. The princely state was created after the First Anglo-Sikh War, when the East India Company, which had annexed the Kashmir Valley, from the Sikhs as war indemnity, then sold it to the Raja of Jammu, Gulab Singh, for rupees 75 lakhs.

At the time of the partition of India and the political integration of India, Hari Singh, the ruler of the state, delayed making a decision about the future of his state. However, an uprising in the western districts of the state followed by an attack by raiders from the neighbouring Northwest Frontier Province, supported by Pakistan, forced his hand. On 26 October 1947, Hari Singh acceded to India in return for the Indian military being airlifted to Kashmir, to engage the Pakistan-supported forces. The western and northern districts now known as Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan passed to the control of Pakistan after it occupied it, while the remaining territory stayed under Indian control, later becoming the Indian administered state of Jammu and Kashmir. India and Pakistan defined a cease-fire line—the line of control—dividing the administration of the territory with the intercession of the United Nations which was supposed to be temporary but still persists.

Administration

Map of Kashmir showing the borders of the princely state in dark red.

According to the census reports of 1911, 1921 and 1931, the administration was organised as follows:

In the 1941 census, further details of the frontier districts were given:

Prime ministers (Jammu & Kashmir)

# Name Took office Left office
1 Raja Sir Daljit Singh 1917 1921
2 Raja Hari Singh 1925 1927
3 Sir Albion Banerjee January 1927 March 1929
4 G. E. C. Wakefield 1929 1931
5 Hari Krishan Kaul 1931 1932
6 Elliot James Dowell Colvin 1932 1936
7 Sir Barjor J. Dalal 1936 1936
8 Sir N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar 1937 July 1943
9 Kailash Narain Haksar July 1943 February 1944
10 Sir B. N. Rau February 1944 28 June 1945
11 Ram Chandra Kak 28 June 1945 11 August 1947
12 Janak Singh 11 August 1947 15 October 1947
13 Mehr Chand Mahajan 15 October 1947 5 March 1948
14 Sheikh Abdullah 5 March 1948 9 August 1953

Demographics

Population

Historical population
YearPop.±%
19012,905,578—    
19113,158,126+8.7%
19213,320,518+5.1%
19313,646,243+9.8%
19414,021,616+10.3%
Sources: Census in British India
Population of Jammu & Kashmir Princely State by Province (1901–1941)
Census Year Jammu Province Kashmir Province Frontier Regions Jammu & Kashmir Princely State
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
1901 1,521,307 52.36% 1,157,394 39.83% 226,877 7.81% 2,905,578 100%
1911 1,597,865 50.6% 1,295,201 41.01% 265,060 8.39% 3,158,126 100%
1921 1,640,259 49.4% 1,407,086 42.38% 273,173 8.23% 3,320,518 100%
1931 1,788,441 49.05% 1,569,218 43.04% 288,584 7.91% 3,646,243 100%
1941 1,981,433 49.27% 1,728,705 42.99% 311,478 7.75% 4,021,616 100%

Religion

Religious groups in Jammu & Kashmir Princely State (British India era)
Religious
group 		1901 1911 1921 1931 1941
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Islam 2,154,695 74.16% 2,398,320 75.94% 2,548,514 76.75% 2,817,636 77.28% 3,101,247 77.11%
Hinduism 689,073 23.72% 690,390 21.86% 692,641 20.86% 736,222 20.19% 809,165 20.12%
Buddhism 35,047 1.21% 36,512 1.16% 37,685 1.13% 38,724 1.06% 40,696 1.01%
Sikhism 25,828 0.89% 31,553 1% 39,507 1.19% 50,662 1.39% 65,903 1.64%
Jainism 442 0.02% 345 0.01% 529 0.02% 597 0.02% 910 0.02%
Christianity 422 0.01% 975 0.03% 1,634 0.05% 2,263 0.06% 3,509 0.09%
Zoroastrianism 11 0% 31 0% 7 0% 5 0% 29 0%
Tribal — — — — — — 134 0% 51 0%
Judaism — — — — — — — — 10 0%
Others 60 0% 0 0% 1 0% 0 0% 95 0%
Total population 2,905,578 100% 3,158,126 100% 3,320,518 100% 3,646,243 100% 4,021,616 100%
Note: The Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir includes the contemporary administrative divisions of Jammu, Kashmir, Ladakh, Azad Kashmir, and Gilgit-Baltistan.

Jammu Province

Including Jammu District, Kathua District, Udhampur District, Reasi District, Mirpur District, Chenani Jagir, and Poonch Jagir.

Religious groups in the Jammu Province of the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir (1901–1941)
Religious
group 		1901 1911 1921 1931 1941
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Islam 876,599 57.62% 953,293 59.66% 989,644 60.33% 1,091,021 61% 1,215,676 61.35%
Hinduism 626,177 41.16% 626,439 39.2% 626,806 38.21% 665,246 37.2% 722,835 36.48%
Sikhism 13,113 0.86% 16,659 1.04% 21,627 1.32% 29,282 1.64% 38,566 1.95%
Buddhism 4,831 0.32% 452 0.03% 442 0.03% 507 0.03% 522 0.03%
Jainism 439 0.03% 345 0.02% 528 0.03% 591 0.03% 901 0.05%
Christianity 145 0.01% 672 0.04% 1,207 0.07% 1,753 0.1% 2,788 0.14%
Zoroastrianism 0 0% 5 0% 5 0% 0 0% 23 0%
Tribal — — — — — — 41 0% 29 0%
Judaism — — — — — — — — 0 0%
Others 3 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 93 0%
Total population 1,521,307 100% 1,597,865 100% 1,640,259 100% 1,788,441 100% 1,981,433 100%

Kashmir Province

Including Baramulla District (Kashmir North District), Anantnag District (Kashmir South District), and Muzaffarabad District.

Religious groups in the Kashmir Province of the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir (1901–1941)
Religious
group 		1901 1911 1921 1931 1941
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Islam 1,083,766 93.64% 1,217,768 94.02% 1,324,403 94.12% 1,478,287 94.21% 1,615,478 93.45%
Hinduism 60,682 5.24% 62,414 4.82% 64,594 4.59% 69,296 4.42% 85,580 4.95%
Sikhism 12,637 1.09% 14,772 1.14% 17,742 1.26% 21,190 1.35% 27,034 1.56%
Christianity 244 0.02% 218 0.02% 341 0.02% 339 0.02% 555 0.03%
Zoroastrianism 11 0% 26 0% 2 0% 5 0% 6 0%
Jainism 2 0% 0 0% 1 0% 3 0% 9 0%
Buddhism 0 0% 3 0% 2 0% 5 0% 10 0%
Tribal — — — — — — 93 0.01% 20 0%
Judaism — — — — — — — — 10 0%
Others 52 0% 0 0% 1 0% 0 0% 2 0%
Total population 1,157,394 100% 1,295,201 100% 1,407,086 100% 1,569,218 100% 1,728,705 100%

Frontier Regions

Including Ladakh District, Astore District, Gilgit Leased Area, and Gilgit Agency.

Religious groups in the Frontier Regions of the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir (1901–1941)
Religious
group 		1901 1911 1921 1931 1941
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Islam 194,330 85.65% 227,259 85.74% 234,467 85.83% 248,328 86.05% 270,093 86.71%
Buddhism 30,216 13.32% 36,057 13.6% 37,241 13.63% 38,212 13.24% 40,164 12.89%
Hinduism 2,214 0.98% 1,537 0.58% 1,241 0.45% 1,680 0.58% 750 0.24%
Sikhism 78 0.03% 122 0.05% 138 0.05% 190 0.07% 303 0.1%
Christianity 33 0.01% 85 0.03% 86 0.03% 171 0.06% 166 0.05%
Jainism 1 0% 0 0% 0 0% 3 0% 0 0%
Zoroastrianism 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%
Tribal — — — — — — 0 0% 2 0%
Judaism — — — — — — — — 0 0%
Others 5 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%
Total population 226,877 100% 265,060 100% 273,173 100% 288,584 100% 311,478 100%

See also

References

  1. "Kashmir and Jammu", Imperial Gazetteer of India, 15, Secretary of State for India in Council: Oxford at the Clarendon Press: 71–, 1908, archived from the original on 21 December 2019, retrieved 27 August 2019
  2. Sneddon, Christopher (2021), Independent Kashmir: An incomplete aspiration, Manchester University Press, pp. 12–13, Paramountcy was the 'vague and undefined' feudatory system whereby the British, as the suzerain power, dominated and controlled India's princely rulers. ... These 'loyal collaborators of the Raj' were 'afforded protection in exchange for helpful behavior in a relationship of tutelage, called paramountcy'.
  3. Ganguly, Sumit; Hagerty, Devin T. (2005), Fearful Symmetry: India-Pakistan Crises in the Shadow of Nuclear Weapons, Seattle and New Delhi: University of Washington Press, and Oxford University Press, p. 22, ISBN 0-295-98525-9, ... the problem of the 'princely states'. These states had accepted the tutelage of the British Crown under the terms of the doctrine of 'paramountcy' under which they acknowledged the Crown as the 'paramount' authority in the subcontinent.
  4. "Kashmir: region, Indian subcontinent". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 13 August 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2016. Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent. It is bounded by the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang to the northeast and the Tibet Autonomous Region to the east (both parts of China), by the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to the south, by Pakistan to the west, and by Afghanistan to the northwest. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, ... The southern and southeastern portions constitute the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. The Indian- and Pakistani-administered portions are divided by a "line of control" agreed to in 1972, although neither country recognizes it as an international boundary. In addition, China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and since 1962 has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region)."
  5. "Kashmir", Encyclopedia Americana, Scholastic Library Publishing, 2006, p. 328, ISBN 978-0-7172-0139-6, archived from the original on 17 January 2023, retrieved 18 December 2021 C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered mostly by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947";
  6. Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan (2003), Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M, Taylor & Francis, pp. 1191–, ISBN 978-0-415-93922-5, archived from the original on 17 January 2023, retrieved 18 December 2021 Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."
  7. Panikkar, Gulab Singh 1930, p. 111–125.
  8. 1st Edition Cold War in the High Himalayas The USA, China and South Asia in the 1950s By S. Mahmud Ali Copyright 1999( When tribal Pathan militias from Pakistan's North-West Frontiers joined Sudhan Pathan rebels fighting for freedom, Hari Singh fled to Jammu and reportedly signed a letter of accession to India.) Page 19
  9. "Q&A: Kashmir dispute - BBC News". BBC News. 7 July 2010. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  10. Schofield, Victoria (6 May 2003). Kashmir in Conflict. London: I. B.Tauris & Co Ltd. p. xii. ISBN 1-86064-898-3 – via archive.org.
  11. Bose, Sumantra (2003). Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace. Harvard University Press. pp. 32–37. ISBN 0-674-01173-2.
  12. "History, People, Conflict, Map, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. 20 July 1998. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  13. "Ceasefire violations in Jammu and Kashmir - A line on fire" (PDF). Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  14. ^ Karim, Maj Gen Afsir (2013), Kashmir The Troubled Frontiers, Lancer Publishers LLC, pp. 29–32, ISBN 978-1-935501-76-3
  15. Behera, Demystifying Kashmir 2007, p. 15.
  16. ^ Copland, Ian (1981), "Islam and Political Mobilization in Kashmir, 1931–34", Pacific Affairs, 54 (2): 228–259, doi:10.2307/2757363, JSTOR 2757363
  17. ^ "Census of India 1901. Vol. 23A, Kashmir. Pt. 2, Tables". 1901. p. 20. JSTOR saoa.crl.25366883. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
  18. ^ "Census of India 1911. Vol. 20, Kashmir. Pt. 2, Tables". 1911. p. 17. JSTOR saoa.crl.25394111. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
  19. ^ "Census of India 1921. Vol. 22, Kashmir. Pt. 2, Tables". 1921. p. 15. JSTOR saoa.crl.25430177. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
  20. ^ "Census of India 1931. Vol. 24, Jammu & Kashmir State. Pt. 2, Imperial & state tables". 1931. p. 267. JSTOR saoa.crl.25797120. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
  21. ^ "Census of India, 1941. Vol. 22, Jammu & Kashmir". 1941. pp. 337–352. JSTOR saoa.crl.28215644. Retrieved 3 November 2024.

Bibliography

This article incorporates text from the Imperial Gazetteer of India, a publication now in the public domain.

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