Revision as of 23:07, 19 March 2016 editSakiv (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers64,503 edits Undid revision 710933894 by Zoupan (talk) don't remove the sources again or I will report you← Previous edit | Latest revision as of 08:44, 15 December 2024 edit undoXTheBedrockX (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users76,827 edits −Category:Middle East peace efforts; −Category:Syrian civil war; ±Category:Politics of Syria→Category:Politics of the Syrian civil war using HotCat | ||
(141 intermediate revisions by 68 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Short description|Scenario to end the Syrian Civil War}} | |||
The '''Partition of Syria''' is a ] to end the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/news/world/partitioning-syria-may-be-the-only-answer-to-a-devastating-civil-war-with-no-end-in-sight|title=Partitioning Syria may be the only answer to a devastating civil war with no end in sight|author=Zeina Karam And Dan Perry, The Associated Press|date=29 September 2015|work=National Post}}</ref> It would mean the division of the country along sectarian (religious) and ethnic lines.<ref name=GRI>{{cite web|url=http://globalriskinsights.com/2016/02/is-partitioning-syria-a-viable-option/|title=Is partitioning Syria a viable option?|publisher=Global Risk Insights}}</ref> The war is viewed of as largely a sectarian conflict.<ref name=GRI/> ], the United States, Israel, and other ] representatives have suggested the idea of "federal division" (an effort deemed "]"<ref>{{cite web|title=US, Israel Consider 'Balkanization' of Syria: Coalition Source|publisher=Syrian Observer|url=http://syrianobserver.com/EN/News/29485/US_Israel_Consider_Balkanization_of_Syria_Coalition_Source}}</ref>).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/03/syria-civil-war-key-powers-federal-division-160311072916545.html|date=March 2016|title=Syria civil war: Key powers 'consider federal division'|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> President ] has not ruled out the possibility of a federal democratic state of Syria. The ], however, has rejected the offer during negotiations. | |||
{{about|the recent proposal to create a federal Syria|the earlier period of federalism|Syrian Federation}} | |||
{{update|date=January 2019}} | |||
{{Syrian peace process}} | |||
{{multiple image | |||
| caption_align = center | |||
| align = right | |||
| direction = vertical | |||
| width = 200 | |||
| image1 = Syria_districts.png | |||
| alt1 = Governorates and districts of Syria | |||
| caption1 = Governorates and districts of Syria | |||
| image2 = Syrian Civil War map (November 24, 2023).svg | |||
| alt2 = Map of Syrian Civil War | |||
| caption2 = Syrian Civil War frontlines until the ] | |||
| image3 = | |||
| alt3 = | |||
| caption3 = | |||
| image4 = Regions of the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria.png | |||
| alt4 = De facto cantons of Rojava (2016) | |||
| caption4 = The ] of the ] | |||
}} | |||
The '''federalization of Syria''' has been controversially proposed as a possible solution to end the ].<ref name=WP2015>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/09/03/how-will-syrias-war-end-other-civil-wars-suggest-an-answer/|title=How will Syria's war end? Other civil wars suggest an answer.|author=Michael O'Hanlon|date=3 September 2015|newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref><ref name=GRI>{{cite web|url=http://globalriskinsights.com/2016/02/is-partitioning-syria-a-viable-option/|title=Is partitioning Syria a viable option?|publisher=Global Risk Insights}}</ref><ref name=AJ-16-03>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/03/syria-civil-war-key-powers-federal-division-160311072916545.html|date=March 2016|title=Syria civil war: Key powers 'consider federal division'|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref name=SO-29485>{{cite web|title=US, Israel Consider 'Balkanization' of Syria: Coalition Source|date=13 July 2015 |publisher=Syrian Observer|url=http://syrianobserver.com/EN/News/29485/US_Israel_Consider_Balkanization_of_Syria_Coalition_Source}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/news/world/partitioning-syria-may-be-the-only-answer-to-a-devastating-civil-war-with-no-end-in-sight|title=Partitioning Syria may be the only answer to a devastating civil war with no end in sight|author1=Zeina Karam |author-link=Zeina Karam |author2=Dan Perry|date=29 September 2015|work=National Post}}</ref> In the broadest sense, it means turning the ] ] into a ] with autonomous subdivisions. Many powers and actors involved in the Syrian Civil War have entertained the idea of "federal division", not least among them ], ] representatives, the ]<ref name="AJ-16-03" /> and ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=The Question of Federalism in Syria |url=https://www.setav.org/en/the-question-of-federalism-in-syria/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425070257/https://www.setav.org/en/the-question-of-federalism-in-syria/ |archive-date=25 April 2023 |website=SETA}}</ref> ] has publicly rejected the idea of federalism, asserting that the ] is opposed to such proposals.{{Efn|Sources:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sheikho |first=Kamal |date=1 April 2016 |title=Who opposes Syrian Kurdish self-rule? |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2016/04/syria-kurds-federalism-regime-opposition-rejection.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515061446/https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2016/04/syria-kurds-federalism-regime-opposition-rejection.html |archive-date=15 May 2021 |website=Al-Monitor}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Said, Nebehay |first=Rodi, Stephanie |date=16 March 2016 |title=Kurdish moves on federalism cloud Syria peace drive |url=https://news.yahoo.com/kurdish-moves-federalism-cloud-syria-peace-drive-151013271.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319152441/https://news.yahoo.com/kurdish-moves-federalism-cloud-syria-peace-drive-151013271.html |archive-date=19 March 2016 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Arafat |first=Hisham |date=31 March 2016 |title=President Assad: 'Most Syrian Kurds reject federalism' |work=Kurdistan 24 |url=https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/story/4821-President-Assad:-%27Most-Syrian-Kurds-reject-federalism%E2%80%99 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425065756/https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/story/4821-President-Assad:-%27Most-Syrian-Kurds-reject-federalism%E2%80%99 |archive-date=25 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 October 2016 |title=Assad: I cannot give Kurds federalism |work=rudaw |url=https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/141020162 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023073608/https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/141020162 |archive-date=23 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2016 |title=Federal region of "Rojava-North Syria" proclaimed |url=https://www.nationalia.info/new/10742/federal-region-of-rojava-north-syria-proclaimed |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328185836/https://www.nationalia.info/new/10742/federal-region-of-rojava-north-syria-proclaimed |archive-date=28 March 2016 |website=Nationalia}}</ref>}} Most of the neighbouring countries in the region have also dismissed the proposal, including the members of the ] and ].<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 March 2016 |title=Arab League rejects Kurd-led moves for federal Syria |work=Ahramonline |url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/2/193503/World/Arab-League-rejects-Kurdled-moves-for-federal-Syri.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425073600/https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/2/193503/World/Arab-League-rejects-Kurdled-moves-for-federal-Syri.aspx |archive-date=25 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ziadeh |first=Radwan |date=13 March 2017 |title=Why Federalism Is a Bad Idea for Syria |url=https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/why-federalism-is-a-bad-idea-for-syria/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207021652/https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/why-federalism-is-a-bad-idea-for-syria/ |archive-date=7 February 2023 |website=Arab Center Washington DC}}</ref> | |||
Due to the fact that federalization would more or less follow ethnic and possibly also religious-sectarian lines, it has been dismissed as "division of the country" and "]" by its opponents.<ref name=GRI/><ref name=SO-29485/> Most factions of the ], such as the ] and the ], have consistently rejected the idea of federalization.<ref>Sources: | |||
], "Syrian Kurdistan", was declared ] on 17 March 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35830375|title=Syria conflict: Kurds declare federal system|work=BBC News|date=17 March 2016}}</ref> | |||
* {{Cite news |last=Arafat |first=Hisham |date=31 March 2016 |title=President Assad: 'Most Syrian Kurds reject federalism' |work=Kurdistan 24 |url=https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/story/4821-President-Assad:-%27Most-Syrian-Kurds-reject-federalism%E2%80%99 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425065756/https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/story/4821-President-Assad:-%27Most-Syrian-Kurds-reject-federalism%E2%80%99 |archive-date=25 April 2023}} | |||
* {{Cite web |date=17 March 2016 |title=Federal region of "Rojava-North Syria" proclaimed |url=https://www.nationalia.info/new/10742/federal-region-of-rojava-north-syria-proclaimed |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328185836/https://www.nationalia.info/new/10742/federal-region-of-rojava-north-syria-proclaimed |archive-date=28 March 2016 |website=Nationalia}} | |||
* {{Cite web |last=Sheikho |first=Kamal |date=1 April 2016 |title=Who opposes Syrian Kurdish self-rule? |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2016/04/syria-kurds-federalism-regime-opposition-rejection.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515061446/https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2016/04/syria-kurds-federalism-regime-opposition-rejection.html |archive-date=15 May 2021 |website=Al-Monitor}} | |||
* {{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/03/syria-civil-war-key-powers-federal-division-160311072916545.html|date=March 2016|title=Syria civil war: Key powers 'consider federal division'|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> On the other hand, ] have strongly promoted the idea.<ref name=AJ-16-03/> The ]-based opposition party ] takes an intermediate position.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://anfenglish.com/kurdistan/agreement-for-the-future-of-syria|title=Agreement for the future of Syria|publisher=ANF|date=11 September 2016|access-date=11 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/09/syria-kurdish-self-rule-tomorrow-movement-opposition-deal.html|title=Unlikely partners join forces to lead by example in Syriaa|publisher=Al-Monitor|date=30 September 2016|access-date=3 October 2016}}</ref> | |||
== Timeline during the Syrian Civil War == | |||
⚫ | ==See also== | ||
On 17 March 2016, the ] was unilaterally declared a federation of ] modelled after the ]; ], ] and ], as well as the ]. The federation is considered by its protagonists to be a model for Syria as a whole.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/analysis-kurds-syria-rojava-1925945786|title=ANALYSIS: 'This is a new Syria, not a new Kurdistan'|work=Middle East Eye|date=21 March 2016|access-date=11 August 2016}}</ref> The move was dismissed by the Syrian government and disapproved of by Turkey and the United States.<ref name=Kurds-declare>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35830375|title=Syria conflict: Kurds declare federal system|work=BBC News|date=17 March 2016}}</ref> | |||
⚫ | *] | ||
⚫ | *] | ||
⚫ | *] | ||
In September 2016, the Secretary-General of the ], ], came out in an interview as one of the first regional politicians taking a public stand for the federalization of Syria. He said that the establishment of a federal system in Syria would "guarantee to preserve the institutions and unity" and that a federal system would be "the most appropriate solution and will protect the country from destruction."<ref>{{cite web|title=أمين جامعة الدول العربية: النظام الفدرالي هو الحل الأنسب لسوريا|url=http://aranews.org/2016/09/%d8%a3%d9%85%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%ac%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d8%af%d8%b1/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001053142/http://aranews.org/2016/09/%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1/|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 1, 2016|work=ARA News|date=28 September 2016}}</ref> | |||
⚫ | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist}} {{No footnotes|date=March 2016}} | |||
In October 2016, a Russian initiative for federalization with a focus on northern Syria was reported, which at its core called for the existing institutions of the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria to be recognised by the ], which rejected the call.<ref>{{cite web|title=Syria rejects Russian proposal for Kurdish federation|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/10/turkey-russia-mediates-between-kurds-and-assad.html|publisher=Al-Monitor|date=24 October 2016}}</ref> | |||
⚫ | ==External links== | ||
⚫ | *{{cite web|url=http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2015/10/03/partition-its-time-to-recognise-reality-in-syria/|title=Partition: |
||
*{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/09/03/how-will-syrias-war-end-other-civil-wars-suggest-an-answer/|title=How will Syria’s war end? Other civil wars suggest an answer.|author=Michael O'Hanlon|date=3 September 2015|publisher=Washington Post}} | |||
After ] in January 2017, Russia offered a draft for a future constitution of Syria, which would inter alia turn the "Syrian Arab Republic" into the "Republic of Syria", introduce decentralized authorities as well as elements of federalism like "association areas", strengthen the parliament at the cost of the presidency, and realize ] by abolishing Islamic jurisprudence as a source of legislation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Syria Opposition Rejects Russian Draft of New Constitution|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2017-01-25/syria-opposition-rejects-russian-draft-of-new-constitution|publisher=Bloomberg|date=25 January 2017|access-date=26 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Syrian draft constitution recognizes Kurdish language, no mentions of federalism|url=http://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/26012017|publisher=Rudaw|date=26 January 2017|access-date=26 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=رووداو تنشر مسودة الدستور السوري التي أعدها خبراء روس|url=http://www.rudaw.net/mobile/arabic/middleeast/syria/250120172|publisher=Rudaw|access-date=26 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Moscow invites Kurds and Syrian opposition to explain Astana|url=http://aranews.net/2017/01/moscow-invites-kurds-and-syrian-opposition-to-explain-astana/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126011845/http://aranews.net/2017/01/moscow-invites-kurds-and-syrian-opposition-to-explain-astana/|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 26, 2017|publisher=]|date=26 January 2017|access-date=26 January 2017}}</ref> The same month, ] ] ] said that "implementation of a ] accord in Syria and introduction of some form of a federal solution in Syria (...) may indeed be the right way forward or the only way forward in the end of all this."<ref>{{cite news|title=UK Foreign Secretary says federalism best solution for Syria|url=http://aranews.net/2017/01/uk-foreign-secretary-says-federalism-best-solution-for-syria/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127134517/http://aranews.net/2017/01/uk-foreign-secretary-says-federalism-best-solution-for-syria/|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 27, 2017|publisher=]|date=27 January 2017|access-date=27 January 2017}}</ref> | |||
⚫ | ] | ||
⚫ | ] | ||
== Historical antecedents == | |||
⚫ | ] | ||
] | |||
⚫ | ] | ||
During the ], Syria was subdivided into various autonomous entities, most of which bore the designation "]" (in French ''État''; in Arabic ''Dawlat''): | |||
* the ] | |||
* the ] | |||
* the ] (originally called the State of Souaida) | |||
* the ] | |||
* the ] | |||
* the ] | |||
* the ] (originally called the ]) | |||
* the ] | |||
These autonomous entities did not correspond to the ] of ]. France ceded ] to Turkey in 1939, and ] became an independent state (separate from the rest of Syria) in 1945. | |||
⚫ | == See also == | ||
{{Portal|Asia}} | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
⚫ | * ] | ||
* ] | |||
⚫ | * ] | ||
⚫ | * ] | ||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
== Notes == | |||
{{notelist}} | |||
⚫ | == References == | ||
{{Reflist}} | |||
⚫ | == External links == | ||
* {{cite web|url=http://carnegie-mec.org/2017/03/28/local-wars-and-chance-for-decentralized-peace-in-syria-pub-68369|title=Local Wars and the Chance for Decentralized Peace in Syria|publisher=Carnegie Middle East Center|author=Kheder Khaddour|date=28 March 2017}} | |||
* {{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2017/02/turkey-squeezed-between-russia-and-united-states-in-syria.html|title=Turkey squeezed between Russia, US in Syria|publisher=Al-Monitor|author=Semih Idiz|date=1 February 2017}} | |||
* {{cite web|url=http://www.ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR185_-_NO_GOING_BACK_-_WHY_DECENTRALISATION_IS_THE_FUTURE_FOR_SYRIA.pdf|title=No Going Back: Why decentralisation is the future for Syria|publisher=European Council on Foreign Relations|date=September 2016}} | |||
* {{cite web|url=http://tda-sy.org/en/publications/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7-%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%8A%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84.html|title=Syria: Opinions and Attitudes on Federalism, Decentralization, and the experience of the Democratic Self-Administration|publisher=The Day After (TDA)|date=April 2016|access-date=2020-10-19|archive-date=2018-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624120657/http://tda-sy.org/en/publications/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7-%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%8A%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84.html|url-status=dead}} | |||
* {{cite web|url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/ethnic-cleansing-threatens-syrias-unity|title=Ethnic Cleansing Threatens Syria's Unity|publisher=The Washington Institute|author=Fabrice Balanche|author-link=Fabrice Balanche|date=3 December 2015}} | |||
⚫ | * {{cite web|url=http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2015/10/03/partition-its-time-to-recognise-reality-in-syria/|title=Partition: It's time to recognise reality in Syria|publisher=London School of Economics and Political Science, USAPP|date=3 October 2015}} | ||
* {{cite web|url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/deconstructing-syria-towards-a-regionalized-strategy-for-a-confederal-country/|title=Deconstructing Syria: Towards a regionalized strategy for a confederal country|publisher=Brookings|date=23 June 2015}} | |||
* {{cite journal|last1=Khaddour|first1=K.|last2=Mazur|first2=K.|year=2013|title=The Struggle for Syria's Regions|journal=Middle East Report|volume=43|pages=269–}} | |||
⚫ | ] | ||
⚫ | ] | ||
] | |||
⚫ | ] | ||
⚫ | ] | ||
] |
Latest revision as of 08:44, 15 December 2024
Scenario to end the Syrian Civil War This article is about the recent proposal to create a federal Syria. For the earlier period of federalism, see Syrian Federation.This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2019) |
Part of a series on the Syrian civil war |
Syrian peace process |
---|
History |
Primary concerns |
Secondary concerns |
International brokers |
Proposals |
Projects |
The federalization of Syria has been controversially proposed as a possible solution to end the Syrian Civil War. In the broadest sense, it means turning the centralized Syria into a federal republic with autonomous subdivisions. Many powers and actors involved in the Syrian Civil War have entertained the idea of "federal division", not least among them Russia, United Nations representatives, the United States and Israel. Bashar al-Assad has publicly rejected the idea of federalism, asserting that the Arab majority in Syria is opposed to such proposals. Most of the neighbouring countries in the region have also dismissed the proposal, including the members of the Arab League and Turkey.
Due to the fact that federalization would more or less follow ethnic and possibly also religious-sectarian lines, it has been dismissed as "division of the country" and "Balkanization" by its opponents. Most factions of the Syrian opposition, such as the Syrian National Council and the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces, have consistently rejected the idea of federalization. On the other hand, Kurdish opposition parties have strongly promoted the idea. The Egypt-based opposition party Syria's Tomorrow Movement takes an intermediate position.
Timeline during the Syrian Civil War
On 17 March 2016, the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria was unilaterally declared a federation of autonomous cantons modelled after the cantons of Switzerland; Afrin Canton, Jazira Canton and Kobanî Canton, as well as the Shahba region. The federation is considered by its protagonists to be a model for Syria as a whole. The move was dismissed by the Syrian government and disapproved of by Turkey and the United States.
In September 2016, the Secretary-General of the Arab League, Ahmed Aboul Gheit, came out in an interview as one of the first regional politicians taking a public stand for the federalization of Syria. He said that the establishment of a federal system in Syria would "guarantee to preserve the institutions and unity" and that a federal system would be "the most appropriate solution and will protect the country from destruction."
In October 2016, a Russian initiative for federalization with a focus on northern Syria was reported, which at its core called for the existing institutions of the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria to be recognised by the Syrian government, which rejected the call.
After multilateral peace talks in Astana in January 2017, Russia offered a draft for a future constitution of Syria, which would inter alia turn the "Syrian Arab Republic" into the "Republic of Syria", introduce decentralized authorities as well as elements of federalism like "association areas", strengthen the parliament at the cost of the presidency, and realize secularism by abolishing Islamic jurisprudence as a source of legislation. The same month, United Kingdom Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson said that "implementation of a Dayton style accord in Syria and introduction of some form of a federal solution in Syria (...) may indeed be the right way forward or the only way forward in the end of all this."
Historical antecedents
During the French mandate, Syria was subdivided into various autonomous entities, most of which bore the designation "state" (in French État; in Arabic Dawlat):
- the State of the Alawites
- the Province of Jazira
- the Jabal Druze State (originally called the State of Souaida)
- the State of Aleppo
- the State of Damascus
- the State of Greater Lebanon
- the State of Hatay (originally called the Sanjak of Alexandretta)
- the State of Syria
These autonomous entities did not correspond to the administrative division of Ottoman Syria. France ceded Hatay to Turkey in 1939, and Lebanon became an independent state (separate from the rest of Syria) in 1945.
See also
- Constitution of Syria
- Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria
- Ethnic groups in Syria
- Regions of Rojava
- Religion in Syria
- Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian Civil War
- Syrian Democratic Forces
- Syrian peace process
Notes
- Sources:
References
- Michael O'Hanlon (3 September 2015). "How will Syria's war end? Other civil wars suggest an answer". Washington Post.
- ^ "Is partitioning Syria a viable option?". Global Risk Insights.
- ^ "Syria civil war: Key powers 'consider federal division'". Al Jazeera. March 2016.
- ^ "US, Israel Consider 'Balkanization' of Syria: Coalition Source". Syrian Observer. 13 July 2015.
- Zeina Karam; Dan Perry (29 September 2015). "Partitioning Syria may be the only answer to a devastating civil war with no end in sight". National Post.
- "The Question of Federalism in Syria". SETA. 2016. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023.
- Sheikho, Kamal (1 April 2016). "Who opposes Syrian Kurdish self-rule?". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021.
- Said, Nebehay, Rodi, Stephanie (16 March 2016). "Kurdish moves on federalism cloud Syria peace drive". Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 March 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Arafat, Hisham (31 March 2016). "President Assad: 'Most Syrian Kurds reject federalism'". Kurdistan 24. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023.
- "Assad: I cannot give Kurds federalism". rudaw. 14 October 2016. Archived from the original on 23 October 2017.
- "Federal region of "Rojava-North Syria" proclaimed". Nationalia. 17 March 2016. Archived from the original on 28 March 2016.
- "Arab League rejects Kurd-led moves for federal Syria". Ahramonline. 21 March 2016. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023.
- Ziadeh, Radwan (13 March 2017). "Why Federalism Is a Bad Idea for Syria". Arab Center Washington DC. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023.
- Sources:
- Arafat, Hisham (31 March 2016). "President Assad: 'Most Syrian Kurds reject federalism'". Kurdistan 24. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023.
- "Federal region of "Rojava-North Syria" proclaimed". Nationalia. 17 March 2016. Archived from the original on 28 March 2016.
- Sheikho, Kamal (1 April 2016). "Who opposes Syrian Kurdish self-rule?". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021.
- "Syria civil war: Key powers 'consider federal division'". Al Jazeera. March 2016.
- "Agreement for the future of Syria". ANF. 11 September 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2016.
- "Unlikely partners join forces to lead by example in Syriaa". Al-Monitor. 30 September 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
- "ANALYSIS: 'This is a new Syria, not a new Kurdistan'". Middle East Eye. 21 March 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
- "Syria conflict: Kurds declare federal system". BBC News. 17 March 2016.
- "أمين جامعة الدول العربية: النظام الفدرالي هو الحل الأنسب لسوريا". ARA News. 28 September 2016. Archived from the original on October 1, 2016.
- "Syria rejects Russian proposal for Kurdish federation". Al-Monitor. 24 October 2016.
- "Syria Opposition Rejects Russian Draft of New Constitution". Bloomberg. 25 January 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
- "Syrian draft constitution recognizes Kurdish language, no mentions of federalism". Rudaw. 26 January 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
- "رووداو تنشر مسودة الدستور السوري التي أعدها خبراء روس". Rudaw. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
- "Moscow invites Kurds and Syrian opposition to explain Astana". ARA News. 26 January 2017. Archived from the original on January 26, 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
- "UK Foreign Secretary says federalism best solution for Syria". ARA News. 27 January 2017. Archived from the original on January 27, 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
External links
- Kheder Khaddour (28 March 2017). "Local Wars and the Chance for Decentralized Peace in Syria". Carnegie Middle East Center.
- Semih Idiz (1 February 2017). "Turkey squeezed between Russia, US in Syria". Al-Monitor.
- "No Going Back: Why decentralisation is the future for Syria" (PDF). European Council on Foreign Relations. September 2016.
- "Syria: Opinions and Attitudes on Federalism, Decentralization, and the experience of the Democratic Self-Administration". The Day After (TDA). April 2016. Archived from the original on 2018-06-24. Retrieved 2020-10-19.
- Fabrice Balanche (3 December 2015). "Ethnic Cleansing Threatens Syria's Unity". The Washington Institute.
- "Partition: It's time to recognise reality in Syria". London School of Economics and Political Science, USAPP. 3 October 2015.
- "Deconstructing Syria: Towards a regionalized strategy for a confederal country". Brookings. 23 June 2015.
- Khaddour, K.; Mazur, K. (2013). "The Struggle for Syria's Regions". Middle East Report. 43: 269–.