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{{Short description|Spiral galaxy in the constellation Canes Venatici}} |
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{{Infobox Galaxy |
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{{Infobox Galaxy |
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| name = Messier 63 |
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| name = Messier 63 |
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| image = ] |
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| image = M63 (NGC 5055).jpg |
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| caption = Image taken by ], on 16 November 2001 at 450 and 814 nm<ref name=NASA/> |
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| caption = M63 from ] sky survey |
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| credit = ] / ] |
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| credit = |
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| epoch = ] |
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| epoch = ] |
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| constellation name = ] |
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| ra = {{RA|13|15|49.3}}<ref name="ned">{{cite web |
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| ra = {{RA|13|15|49.27385}}<ref name=GaiaDR2/> |
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| dec = {{DEC|+42|01|45.7261}}<ref name=GaiaDR2/> |
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| z = 484 km/]<ref name="ned" /> |
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| dist_ly = {{Convert|8.99|Mpc|Mly|order=flip|lk=on|abbr=on}}<ref name=Tully2016/> |
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| appmag_v = 9.3<ref name="ned" /> |
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| type = SAbc<ref name=Ann2015/> |
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| size_v = 12.6{{prime}} × 7.2{{prime}}<ref name="ned" /> |
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| group_cluster = ] |
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| names = ]63, ] 5055, ] 46153, ] 8334<ref name="ned" /> |
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}} |
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] |
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'''Messier 63''' or '''M63''', also known as '''NGC 5055''' or the seldom-used '''Sunflower Galaxy''',<ref name=Garfinkle1997/> is a ] in the northern ] of ] with approximately 400 billion stars.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Messier 63 - M63 - The Sunflower Galaxy (Spiral Galaxy) {{!}} freestarcharts.com|url=https://freestarcharts.com/messier-63|access-date=2020-06-23|website=freestarcharts.com}}</ref> M63 was first discovered by the French astronomer ], then later verified by his colleague ] on 14 June 1779.<ref name=Garfinkle1997/> The galaxy became listed as object 63 in the ]. In the mid-19th century, Anglo-Irish astronomer ] identified spiral structures within the galaxy, making this one of the first galaxies in which such structure was identified.<ref name=jonesbook1991/> |
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The shape or morphology of this galaxy has a ] of SAbc,<ref name=Ann2015/> indicating a spiral form with no central ] (SA) and moderate to loosely wound ] (bc). There is a general lack of large-scale continuous spiral structure in visible light, so it is considered a '']''. However, when observed in the ], a symmetric, two-arm structure is seen. Each arm wraps 150° around the galaxy and extends out to {{convert|4000|pc|lk=on|order=flip|abbr=off}} from the nucleus.<ref name=Thornley1996/> |
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M63 is a weakly ] with a ] nucleus – short for 'low-ionization nuclear emission-line region'. This displays as an unresolved source at the galactic nucleus that is cloaked in a diffuse ]. The latter is extended along a ] of 110° relative to the ], and both ]s and hydrogen (]) emission can be observed coming from along nearly the same direction.<ref name=Masegosa2011/> The existence of a ] (SMBH) at the nucleus is uncertain; if it does exist, then the mass is estimated as {{Val|8.5e8|1.9|ul=solar mass}},<ref name=Graham2008/> or around 850 million times the mass of the Sun. |
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Radio observations at the ] hydrogen line show the gaseous disk of M63 extends outward to a radius of {{Convert|40|kpc|ly|abbr=off|order=flip}}, well past the bright optical disk. This gas shows a symmetrical form that is warped in a pronounced manner, starting at a radius of {{Convert|10|kpc|ly|order=flip|abbr=off}}. The form suggests a ] halo that is offset with respect to the inner region. The reason for the warp is unclear, but the position angle points toward the smaller companion galaxy, UGC 8313.<ref name=Battaglia2006/> |
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The distance to M63, based upon the luminosity-distance measurement is {{Convert|8.99|Mpc|ly|order=flip|abbr=off}}.<ref name=Tully2016/> The ] relative to the ] yields an estimate of {{Convert|4.65|Mpc|ly|order=flip|abbr=off}}.<ref name=Ann2015/> Estimates based on the ] range over {{Convert|5.0|–|10.3|Mpc|ly|abbr=off|order=flip}}. The ] technique gives a distance of {{Convert|8.87|±|0.29|Mpc|ly|order=flip|abbr=off}}.<ref name=McQuinn2017/> M63 is part of the ], a group of galaxies that also includes ] (the 'Whirlpool Galaxy').<ref name=Tikhonov2009/> |
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One ] has been observed in M63: {{nowrap|SN 1971I}} (], mag. 11.8) was discovered by Glenn Jolly on 24 May 1971, and was discovered independently by Roger Clark on 29 May 1971.<ref name=Deming1973 /><ref>{{cite web | website=Transient Name Server | title=SN{{nbsp}}1971I | url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1971I | publisher = ] | access-date=2 December 2024}}</ref> It reached peak light around 26 May.<ref name=Barbon1973/> While the spectrum was consistent with a supernova of type I, the spectroscopic behavior appeared anomalous.<ref name=Deming1973/> |
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==Gallery== |
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<gallery widths="220px" heights="220px"> |
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File:Messier 63 GALEX WikiSky.jpg|M63 imaged in ] light by the ] satellite. The UV light is produced primarily by young, massive stars, so the UV-bright areas are regions where stars are currently forming.<ref name="Bai"/> Credit ] / ] |
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File:M63 3.6 8.0 24 microns spitzer.png|Messier 63 seen in the ] by the ]. The infrared radiation traces the dust within the spiral arms, which does not radiate visible light. A small dust ring can be seen just outside of the galaxy's center.<ref name="spitzer">{{cite web |last1=spitzer |title=Spitzer's Sunflower |url=https://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/image/sig11-002-spitzers-sunflower |website=Spitzer Space Telescope |publisher=JPL-Caltech |access-date=21 October 2021}}</ref> |
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</gallery> |
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==See also== |
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* ] |
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==References== |
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{{reflist|refs= |
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<ref name=GaiaDR2>{{cite DR2}}</ref> |
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<ref name=Barbon1973>{{citation |
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| title=Observations of five supernovae 1970-71 |
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| last1=Barbon | first1=R. | last2=Ciatti | first2=F. |
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| last3=Rosino | first3=L. | display-authors=1 |
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| journal=Memorie della Società Astronomia Italiana |
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| volume=44 | page=65 | year=1973 |
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| bibcode=1973MmSAI..44...65B | postscript=. }}</ref> |
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<ref name=Deming1973>{{citation |
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| title=The Light Curve of Supernova 1971 I |
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| last1=Deming | first1=Drake | last2=Rust | first2=Bert W. |
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| last3=Olson | first3=Edward C. | display-authors=1 |
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| journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |
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| volume=85 | issue=505 | page=321 | date=June 1973 |
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| doi=10.1086/129462 | bibcode=1973PASP...85..321D | doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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<ref name=Tikhonov2009>{{citation |
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| title=Stellar content of the interacting galaxies of the M51 system |
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| last1=Tikhonov | first1=N. A. | last2=Galazutdinova | first2=O. A. |
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| last3=Tikhonov | first3=E. N. | display-authors=1 |
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| journal=Astronomy Letters | postscript=. |
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| volume=35 | issue=9 | pages=599–608 | date=September 2009 |
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| doi=10.1134/S1063773709090035 | bibcode=2009AstL...35..599T | s2cid=123044805 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=Battaglia2006>{{citation |
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| title=ion{H}{i} study of the warped spiral galaxy NGC 5055: a disk/dark matter halo offset? |
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| last1=Battaglia | first1=G. | last2=Fraternali | first2=F. |
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| last3=Oosterloo | first3=T. | last4=Sancisi | first4=R. |
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| journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | display-authors=1 |
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| volume=447 | issue=1 | pages=49–62 | date=February 2006 |
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| doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20053210 | bibcode=2006A&A...447...49B |
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| arxiv=astro-ph/0509382 | s2cid=119353199 | postscript=. }}</ref> |
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<ref name=McQuinn2017>{{citation |
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| title=Accurate Distances to Important Spiral Galaxies: M63, M74, NGC 1291, NGC 4559, NGC 4625, and NGC 5398 |
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| display-authors=1 | last1=McQuinn | first1=Kristen. B. W. |
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| last2=Skillman | first2=Evan D. | last3=Dolphin | first3=Andrew E. |
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| last4=Berg | first4=Danielle | last5=Kennicutt | first5=Robert |
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| journal=The Astronomical Journal |
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| volume=154 | issue=2 | id=51 | pages=13 | date=August 2017 |
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| doi=10.3847/1538-3881/aa7aad | bibcode=2017AJ....154...51M |
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| arxiv=1706.06586 | s2cid=119449804 | postscript=. | doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Bai">{{cite journal |last1=Bai |first1=Yu |last2=Zou |first2=Hu |last3=Liu |first3=JiFeng |last4=Wang |first4=Song |title=An Updated Ultraviolet Catalog of Galex Nearby Galaxies |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series |date=September 2015 |volume=220 |issue=1 |page=6 |doi=10.1088/0067-0049/220/1/6 |url=ttpsh://doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/220/1/6 |access-date=21 October 2021|arxiv=1508.07071 |bibcode=2015ApJS..220....6B |s2cid=118402184 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=Garfinkle1997>{{citation |
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| title=Star-Hopping: Your Visa to Viewing the Universe |
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| first1=Robert A. | last1=Garfinkle | postscript=. |
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| publisher=Cambridge University Press |
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| year=1997 | isbn=978-0521598897 | page=258 |
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| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40JzBYGREL0C&pg=PA258 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=Ann2015>{{citation |
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| title=A Catalog of Visually Classified Galaxies in the Local (z ~ 0.01) Universe |
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| last1=Ann | first1=H. B. | last2=Seo | first2=Mira |
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| last3=Ha | first3=D. K. | display-authors=1 |
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| journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series |
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| volume=217 | issue=2 | pages=27–49 | date=2015 |
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| bibcode=2015ApJS..217...27A | arxiv=1502.03545 |
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| doi=10.1088/0067-0049/217/2/27 | s2cid=119253507 | postscript=. }}</ref> |
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<ref name="ned">{{cite web |
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| title=NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database |
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| title=NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database |
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| work=Results for NGC 5055 |
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| work=Results for NGC 5055 |
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| url=http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/objsearch?objname=messier+63&extend=no&hconst=73&omegam=0.27&omegav=0.73&corr_z=1&out_csys=Equatorial&out_equinox=J2000.0&obj_sort=RA+or+Longitude&of=pre_text&zv_breaker=30000.0&list_limit=5&img_stamp=YES |
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| url=http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/objsearch?objname=messier+63&extend=no&hconst=73&omegam=0.27&omegav=0.73&corr_z=1&out_csys=Equatorial&out_equinox=J2000.0&obj_sort=RA+or+Longitude&of=pre_text&zv_breaker=30000.0&list_limit=5&img_stamp=YES |
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| accessdate=2006-10-10}}</ref> |
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| access-date=2006-10-10}}</ref> |
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| dec = {{DEC|+42|01|45}}<ref name="ned" /> |
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| type = SA(rs)bc<ref name="ned" /> |
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| dist_ly = 27 ]<ref>NASA (2015). . Retrieved Mar. 2, 2017</ref> |
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| z = 484 km/]<ref name="ned" /> |
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| appmag_v = 9.3<ref name="ned" /> |
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| size_v = 12′.6 × 7′.2<ref name="ned" /> |
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| constellation name = ] |
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| names = ]63, NGC 5055, ] 8334, ] 46153<ref name="ned" /> |
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}} |
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<ref name=NASA>{{citation |
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'''Messier 63''' (also known as '''M63''', '''NGC 5055''', or the '''Sunflower Galaxy''') is a ] in the ] ] consisting of a central disc surrounded by many short spiral arm segments. M63 is part of the ], a group of galaxies that also includes ] (the 'Whirlpool Galaxy'). M63 is an ] with a ] nucleus.<ref>{{cite simbad|title=M 63|accessdate=16 November 2015}}</ref> The existence of a ] (SMBH) at the nucleus is uncertain; if it does exist, then the mass is estimated as {{Val|8.5e8|1.9|ul=solar mass}}.<ref name=Graham2008>{{citation |
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| title=Hubble Sees a Galactic Sunflower |
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| publisher=NASA | date=11 September 2015 |
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| editor1-first=Ashley | editor1-last=Morrow |
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| url=https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/hubbles-galactic-sunflower |
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| access-date=2018-11-30 | postscript=. }}</ref> |
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<ref name=Graham2008>{{citation |
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| title=Populating the Galaxy Velocity Dispersion - Supermassive Black Hole Mass Diagram: A Catalogue of (Mbh, σ) Values |
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| title=Populating the Galaxy Velocity Dispersion - Supermassive Black Hole Mass Diagram: A Catalogue of (Mbh, σ) Values |
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| last1=Graham | first1=Alister W. | postscript=. |
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| last1=Graham | first1=Alister W. | postscript=. |
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| journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia |
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| journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia |
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| volume=25 | issue=4 | pages=167-175 | date=November 2008 |
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| volume=25 | issue=4 | pages=167–175 | date=November 2008 |
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| doi=10.1071/AS08013 | bibcode=2008PASA...25..167G }}</ref> |
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| doi=10.1071/AS08013 | bibcode=2008PASA...25..167G |arxiv = 0807.2549 | s2cid=89905 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=jonesbook1991>{{citation | postscript=. |
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==History== |
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| first1=K. G. | last1=Jones | date=1991 |
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| title=Messier's Nebulae and Star Clusters |
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| edition= 2nd | publisher=] |
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| location=Cambridge | isbn=978-0-521-37079-0 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=Thornley1996>{{citation |
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M63 was discovered by ] on June 14, 1779.<ref name="jonesbook1991">{{cite book |
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| title=Uncovering Spiral Structure in Flocculent Galaxies |
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| author=K. G. Jones |
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| last1=Thornley | first1=Michele D. |
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| date=1991 |
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| journal=Astrophysical Journal Letters |
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| title=Messier's Nebulae and Star Clusters |
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| volume=469 | page=L45 | date=September 1996 |
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| edition= 2nd |
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| doi=10.1086/310250 | bibcode=1996ApJ...469L..45T |
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| publisher=Cambridge University Press |
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| arxiv=astro-ph/9607041 | s2cid=9003459 | postscript=. }}</ref> |
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| location=Cambridge |
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| isbn=0-521-37079-5 }}</ref> The galaxy was then listed by ] as object 63 in the ]. |
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<ref name=Tully2016>{{citation |
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In the mid-19th century, ] identified spiral structures within the galaxy, making this one of the first galaxies in which such structure was identified.<ref name="jonesbook1991"/> |
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| last1=Tully | first1=R. Brent | last2=Courtois | first2=Hélène M. |
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| last3=Sorce | first3=Jenny G. | display-authors=1 |
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| title=Cosmicflows-3 | journal=The Astronomical Journal |
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| volume=152 | issue=2 | id=50 | pages=21 | date=August 2016 |
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| doi=10.3847/0004-6256/152/2/50 | bibcode=2016AJ....152...50T |
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| arxiv=1605.01765 | s2cid=250737862 | postscript=. | doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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<ref name=Masegosa2011>{{citation |
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In 1971, a supernova with a magnitude of 11.8 appeared in one of the arms of M63. |
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| title=The nature of nuclear Hα emission in LINERs |
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| last1=Masegosa | first1=J. | last2=Márquez | first2=I. |
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| last3=Ramirez | first3=A. | last4=González-Martín | first4=O. |
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| journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics | display-authors=1 |
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| volume=527 | id=A23 | pages=28 | date=March 2011 |
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| doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201015047 | bibcode=2011A&A...527A..23M |
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| arxiv=1011.0865 | s2cid=116978210 | postscript=. }}</ref> |
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}} |
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] (450 and 814 nm).]] |
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].]] |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==External links== |
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==External links== |
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{{Sky|13|15|49.3|+|42|01|45|37000000}} |
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{{Sky|13|15|49.3|+|42|01|45|37000000}} |
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{{Portal bar|Astronomy|Stars|Outer space}} |
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{{Messier objects}} |
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{{Messier objects}} |
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{{Ngc55}} |
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{{Ngc55}}{{Stars of Canes Venatici}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Messier 63}} |
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The distance to M63, based upon the luminosity-distance measurement is 29,300,000 light-years (8.99 megaparsecs). The radial velocity relative to the Local Group yields an estimate of 15,200,000 light-years (4.65 megaparsecs). Estimates based on the Tully–Fisher relation range over 16,000,000–34,000,000 light-years (5.0–10.3 megaparsecs). The tip of the red-giant branch technique gives a distance of 28,930,000 ± 950,000 light-years (8.87 ± 0.29 megaparsecs). M63 is part of the M51 Group, a group of galaxies that also includes M51 (the 'Whirlpool Galaxy').
.jpg)
Image taken by Hubble Space Telescope, on 16 November 2001 at 450 and 814 nm
M63 imaged in UV light by the GALEX satellite. The UV light is produced primarily by young, massive stars, so the UV-bright areas are regions where stars are currently forming. Credit NASA / WikiSky
Messier 63 seen in the infrared by the Spitzer Space Telescope. The infrared radiation traces the dust within the spiral arms, which does not radiate visible light. A small dust ring can be seen just outside of the galaxy's center.
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