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{{Short description|Maqam and synagogue in Yavne, Israel}}
{{POV|talk=denial of Jewish History}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox religious building {{Infobox religious building
| building_name =Mausoleum of Abu Huraira / Rabban Gamaliel's Tomb | name = {{ubl|Mausoleum of Abu Huraira|{{small|(Rabban Gamaliel's Tomb)}}}}
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| image = PikiWiki Israel 10149 rabbi gamliel tomb in yavneh.jpg
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| caption =The ] facade in 2010 | alt =
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The '''mausoleum of Abu Hurayra''', or '''Rabban Gamaliel's Tomb''', is a '']'' turned ] in ] Park in ], ], in the ] of ], formerly belonging to the ] village of ]. It has been described as "one of the finest domed mausoleums in ]."<ref name=Petersen/>{{rp|}}


The mausoleum is located on a ], northwest of Tel Yavne, that has been used by residents of Yamnia/Yavneh for burial since at least the Roman period.<ref name="FischerTaxel"/> Since the early 13th century, Muslims identified it as one of the purported burial places of ], a companion (]) of ], although most Arabic sources give ] as his resting place. The date of the inner tomb chamber is uncertain, with contemporary sources allowing the assumption that a tomb chamber existed at the site and was associated with Abu Hurairah already before Sultan ]'s additions.<ref name="HT2000 Ovadiah"/>{{rp|121}} In 1274, Baybars ordered the construction of the ] featuring a tripartite portal and six tiny domes together with a dedicatory inscription,<ref name="HT 2002"/>{{rp|31}} with the site expanded further in 1292 by Mamluk Sultan ].{{efn|The most famous construction project financed by Baybars in Yavneh was the magnificent addition to Maqām Abu Hureira (the "Raban Gamaliel tomb"), which consisted of double stoai with domes (riwāq). The construction activity was carried out in 1274 by the governor of Ramla, Khalīl Ibn Sawīr. The tomb itself existed at least since the beginning of the 13th century, as shown by Alī al-Harawī (1215 CE) and the geographer Yāqūt (1225 CE).<ref name="FischerTaxel"/>{{rp|249}} }}
The '''mausoleum of Abu Hurayra''', known to Jews as '''Rabban Gamaliel's Tomb''', is a ] and ] located in ] Park in ], ], formerly belonging to the ] village of ]. It has been described by Professor Andrew Petersen, Director of Research in Islamic Archaeology at the ], as "one of the finest domed mausoleums in ]."<ref name=Petersen313>Petersen, 2001, p. 313</ref>


The tomb is known to Jews as the Tomb of Rabban ], the first ] of the ] after the fall of the ].<ref name=Mayer>{{cite book|last1=Mayer|first1=L.A.|author-link1=Leo Aryeh Mayer |last2=Pinkerfeld|first2=J.|last3=Yadin|first3=Y.|author-link3=Yigael Yadin |title=Some Principal Muslim Religious Buildings in Israel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ePVAAAAMAAJ |year=1950|publisher= Ministry of religious affairs|location=Jerusalem}}</ref>{{rp|22}} A Hebrew travel guide dated to between 1266 and 1291 attributes the tomb to Gamaliel and describes it as being occupied by a Muslim prayer house.<ref name=HT2000/>{{rp|70}} The site was frequently visited by Jewish medieval pilgrims.{{efn|Following the War, this Muslim tomb with its typical cupola was converted into a Jewish sacred place, gradually drawing more and more Jewish worshippers. The change in Yavneh had a lot to do with the new local Jewish settlers, immigrants who came primarily from Arab countries to settle in the nearby vacated Arab village of Yubna. These settlers adopted the adjacent tomb and reused it as the tomb of Raban Gamaliel. As in many similar cases throughout the State of Israel, the tradition that connected Jews to Yavneh was not unfounded, and was based mainly on the literature of medieval Jewish pilgrims, who frequently mentioned visits to that place. Jewish claim of ownership over this tomb was based on the argument that it, as well as many other Muslim sacred tombs, were originally Jewish sacred burial places that were Islamized during the later history of the region. During the decades prior to 1948 no visible active or large-scale Jewish pilgrimage to Yavneh was recorded, as was true for most of the sacred places that formed the Jewish sacred space later, during the 1950.<ref name=bar>{{cite journal |last=Bar |first=Gideon |date=2008 |title=Reconstructing the Past: The Creation of Jewish Sacred Space in the State of Israel, 1948–1967 |journal=Israel Studies |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=1–21 |doi=10.2979/isr.2008.13.3.1 |jstor=30245829}}</ref>{{rp|9}}}} Following the ] the mausoleum was officially designated as a shrine for ] by the Israeli government.<ref name="HT 2002">{{cite journal |author=Taragan, Hana |url=http://www.academy.ac.il/SystemFiles/21117.pdf |title=Historical reference in medieval Islamic architecture: Baybar's buildings in Palestine |journal=Bulletin of the Israeli Academic Center in Cairo |volume=25 |year=2002 |doi= |issn= |page=31-34}}</ref>{{rp|31}}<ref name=Mayer/>{{rp|22}}<ref name=Petersen/>{{rp|313}}
Since the early 13th century, it has been known to Muslims as a tomb of ], a companion (]) of ], although most Arabic sources give ] as his burial place. The date of the inner tomb chamber is uncertain.<ref name=HT31/> In 1274, Mamluk Sultan ] ordered the construction of the ] featuring a tripartite portal and six tiny domes together with a dedicatory inscription,<ref name=HT31 /> with the site expanded further in 1292 by Mamluk Sultan ].<ref>M. Fischer, M.,I. Taxel, Tel Aviv 2007, vol. 34 pp.204-284:'The most famous construction project financed by Baybars in Yavneh was the magnificent addition to Maqām Abu Hureira (the ‘Raban Gamaliel tomb’), which consisted of double stoai with domes (riwāq). The construction activity was carried out in 1274 by the governor of Ramla, Khalīl Ibn Sawīr. The tomb itself existed at least since the beginning of the 13th century, as shown by Alī al-Harawī (1215 CE) and the geographer Yāqūt (1225 CE).'(p.249)</ref>


In all likelihood neither Rabban Gamaliel of Yavne nor Abu Hurairah are buried in the tomb.<ref name="HT2000 Ovadiah"/>{{rp|117}}
Known to Jews as the Tomb of Rabban ], frequent visits to the tomb are recorded in the literature of medieval Jewish pilgrims.<ref name=HT2000/><ref name=bar>Bar, 2008, p.9, “Following the War, this Muslim tomb with its typical cupola was converted into a Jewish sacred place, gradually drawing more and more Jewish worshippers. The change in Yavneh had a lot to do with the new local Jewish settlers, immigrants who came primarily from Arab countries to settle in the nearby vacated Arab village of Yubna. These settlers adopted the adjacent tomb and reused it as the tomb of Raban Gamaliel. As in many similar cases throughout the State of Israel, the tradition that connected Jews to Yavneh was not unfounded, and was based mainly on the literature of medieval Jewish pilgrims, who frequently mentioned visits to that place. Jewish claim of ownership over this tomb was based on the argument that it, as well as many other Muslim sacred tombs, were originally Jewish sacred burial places that were Islamized during the later history of the region. During the decades prior to 1948 no visible active or large-scale Jewish pilgrimage to Yavneh was recorded, as was true for most of the sacred places that formed the Jewish sacred space later, during the 1950.”</ref> Following the ] the mausoleum became an officially designated ] shrine.<ref name=HT31>Taragan, 2002, p.31</ref><ref name=Mayer22>Mayer et al., (1950:22) Cited in Petersen, 2001, p. 313</ref> {{dubious|date=December 2017}}


== History ==
In all likelihood neither Rabban Gamaliel of Yavne nor Abu Hurairah are buried in the tomb.<ref>Taragan, 2002, p.117</ref>
===Pre-Muslim times===
The ground on which the structure stands, northwest of ], has been used by residents of Iamnia/Yavneh for burial since at least the Roman period.<ref name="FischerTaxel"/>{{rp|204-284}}


===Crusader/Ayyubid period===
== Architecture ==
] (d. 1215), followed by ] (d. 1229)<ref>{{cite book |title=Geographisches Wörterbuch |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.70333 |author =Yaqut (Jacut)|author-link=Yaqut al-Hamawi|volume=4|year=1869|editor=Ferdinand Wüstenfeld|editor-link=Ferdinand Wüstenfeld|language=ar, de|location=]|publisher=]}}</ref>{{rp|}}<ref name="Petersen2017">{{cite book|title=Bones of Contention: Muslim Shrines in Palestine|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ZRVBDwAAQBAJ |first=Andrew|last=Petersen|year=2017|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-9811069659}}</ref>{{rp|}} and the ''Marasid al-ittila' '' ({{langx|ar| مراصد الاطلاع }}, an abridgement of Yaqut's work by ], d.1338),<ref name="Speake2014">{{cite book |editor=Speake, Jennifer |editor-link=Jennifer Speake |title=Literature of Travel and Exploration: An Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xZyOAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1302 |date=12 May 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-45663-4 |pages=1302–}}</ref> mention that in Yubna there was a tomb said to be that of ], the companion (]) of the ].<ref name=LS/>{{rp|553}} The ''Marasid'' also adds that the tomb seen here is also said to be that of ], another companion of the Prophet.<ref name=LS>{{cite book|title=Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500|url=https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft |first=G.|last=Le Strange|author-link=Guy Le Strange|year=1890|publisher=Committee of the ]}}</ref>{{rp|}}
Until 1948 the building stood within a walled compound containing graves (the compound wall and the graves have now disappeared.). There were two inscriptions above the gateway; one in the name of Sultan ] dated 673 H. (1274 c.e.) and another dated to 806 H. (1403 C.E.)<ref name=Petersen313/>


Yavne's population at the time was a mixture of Muslims, ], and - during the Crusader period - Christians, with ] (12th century) finding no Jewish inhabitants there.{{efn|As to the population of Yavneh during the Middle Ages, apart from Muslims (and Christians in the Crusader period), it also continued to be inhabited by Samaritans. The Samaritan chronicle ''Tolidah'', written sometime during the 12th−14th centuries, mentions a Samaritan family that moved from Ashkelon to Yavneh (called here "Iamma"), and other Samaritans that left Yavneh and moved to Egypt. According to Ben-Zvi, this event occurred when Yavneh fell to the Ayyubids in 1187 (1976: 108). Therefore, it would seem that the Samaritan presence in Yavneh was continuous and lasted from the Late Roman period at least until the 12th century. As mentioned previously, there are no records from the Early Islamic period about a Jewish presence in Yavneh, yet no records exist that refute such a presence. On the other hand, Benjamin of Tudela (12th century), who passed through Yavneh on his way from Jaffa to Ashkelon, clearly states that there were no Jews living there (Benjamin of Tudela 43).<ref name="FischerTaxel"/>{{rp|250}} }}
A ] is located in centre of the tomb chamber. The cenotaph is a rectangular structure with four marble corner posts formed as ]. The four lower ] are made of ] blocks, while the upper course is of ] ornamented with niches in ].<ref>Petersen, 2001, p. 316</ref>


== History == ===Mamluk period===
Most of the current structure was built during the Mamluk period, with successive additions to a pre-existing tomb chamber apparently already associated with Abu Hureirah.<ref name="HT2000 Ovadiah"/>{{rp|121}}
===Early===

A Hebrew travel guide dated between 1266 and 1291 mentions that the tomb of Rabban Gamaliel in Yavne is used as a Muslim prayer house.<ref name=HT2000>{{cite journal |last=Taragan |first=Hana |date=2000 |trans-title=Baybars and the Tomb of Abu Hurayra/Rabban Gamliel in Yavneh |title=הכוח שבאבן: ביברס וקבר אבו-הרירה/רבן גמליאל ביבנה |journal=Cathedra: For the History of Eretz Israel and its Yishuv / קתדרה: לתולדות ארץ ישראל ויישובה |issue=97 |pages=65–84 |jstor=23404643 |lang=he }}</ref>{{rp|70}} The following century, another Jewish traveler, ], described Abu Huraira's mausoleum as 'a very fine memorial to Rabbi Gamliel.'<ref name="HT2000 Ovadiah"/>{{rp|139 n. 11}}

===Ottoman and British Mandate periods===
] ]


In 1863 ] visited, describing the site as a mosque.<ref>{{cite book|last=Guérin|first=V.|author-link=Victor Guérin|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptiongog02gu |volume=1: Judee, pt. 2|year=1869|publisher= L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref>{{rp|-57 }} In 1882, Conder and Kitchener described it: "The mosque of Abu Hureireh is a handsome building under a dome, and contains two inscriptions, the first in the outer court, the second in the wall of the interior."<ref name=CK/>{{rp|441-442}}
] (d. 1215), followed by ] (d. 1229) and the Marasid al-ittila' ({{lang-ar| مراصد الاطلاع }}, an abridgement of Yaqut's work by ], d.1338),<ref name="Speake2014">{{cite book|author=Jennifer Speake|title=Literature of Travel and Exploration: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xZyOAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1302|date=12 May 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-45663-4|pages=1302–}}</ref> wrote that in Yubna there was a tomb said to be that of ], the companion (]) of the ].<ref name=LS553 /> The Marasid also adds that tomb seen here is also said to be that of ], another companion of the Prophet.<ref name=LS553>le Strange, 1890, </ref>


During the ] the porch of the building was used for school rooms.<ref name=Petersen/>{{rp|313}}
A Hebrew travel guide dated between 1266 to 1291 mentioned a tomb of Rabban Gamaliel in Yavne that is used as a Muslim prayer house.<ref name=HT2000>Taragan, 2000, p.70</ref>Yavne's population at the time was a mixture of ], Christians and Muslims.<ref>As to the population of Yavneh during the Middle Ages, apart from Muslims (and Christians in the Crusader period), it also continued to be inhabited by Samaritans. The Samaritan chronicle Tolidah, written sometime during the 12th−14th centuries, mentions a Samaritan family that moved from Ashkelon to Yavneh (called here ‘Iamma’), and other Samaritans that left Yavneh and moved to Egypt. According to Ben-Zvi, this event occurred when Yavneh fell to the Ayyubids in 1187 (1976: 108). Therefore, it would seem that the Samaritan presence in Yavneh was continuous and lasted from the Late Roman period at least until the 12th century. As mentioned previously, there are no records from the Early Islamic period about a Jewish presence in Yavneh, yet no records exist that refute such a presence. On the other hand, Benjamin of Tudela (12th century), who passed through Yavneh on his way from Jaffa to Ashkelon, clearly states that there were no Jews living there (Benjamin of Tudela 43).' (Fischer and Taxel, 2007 p.250).</ref>


===State of Israel===
===Ottoman and British Mandate ===
Following the ], immigrant ] from Arab countries began to pray at the site due to their belief that the tomb is the burial place of Rabban ], the first ] of the ] after the fall of the ].<ref name=Mayer/>{{rp|22}}{{efn|In 1950, following the instructions of J. L. Hacohen Maimon of Israel's Ministry for Religious Affairs regarding the possibility of restoring Muslim edifices in Israel, L. A. Mayer referred specifically to the intriguing memorial at Yavne: "Its legend-creating qualities have lasted till our own days: quite recently we heard of a belief prevalent among Oriental Jews that here is situated the tomb of Rabbi Gamliel of Yavne."The said belief has only gained in strength since then, and over the past three years, during my frequent visits to the site, I have been witness to Rabbi Gamliel's "creeping annexation" of the site, as it were.'<ref name="HT2000 Ovadiah">{{cite book|last=Taragan|first=Hana|editor=Asher Ovadiah|title=Milestones in the Art and Culture of Egypt |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260141293 |year=2000|publisher=Yolanda and David Katz Faculty of the Arts, Tel Aviv University|pages=117–143|chapter=Politics and Aesthetics: Sultan Baybars and the Abu Hurayra / Rabbi Gamliel Building in Yavneh}}</ref>{{rp|137-138}}}} The identification of the site as Gamaliel's tomb was based on the literature of medieval Jewish pilgrims, who frequently mentioned visits to the site. The claim of previous Jewish origin were based on the argument that many such ''maqamat'' (maqams), or Muslim sacred tombs, were originally Jewish tombs that had been Islamized during the later history of the region.<ref name=bar/>{{rp|9}} The Israeli ] has maintained authority over the site since 1948,<ref>{{cite book |author=Bar, Doron |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nROPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA80 |chapter=Wars and sacred space: the influence of the 1948 War on sacred space in the state of Israel |editor1=Breger, Marshall J. |editor2=Reiter, Yitzhak |editor3=Hammer, Leonard |title=Holy Places in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: Confrontation and Co-existence |publisher=] |year=2009 |pages=67–91 |isbn= 978-1-135-26812-1}}</ref> and the structure was thereafter appropriated by ultra-Orthodox Jews and transformed into a tomb of the righteous.{{clarify|reason=Is "tomb of the righteous" a religious term? If yes, pls add quotation marks; if not: remove, as it only looks like an awkward copy-and-paste leftover.|date=September 2021}}<ref name="HT2000 Ovadiah"/>{{rp|138}} Gideon Bar cites it as one of many cases of the ], where the Jewish heritage of a site has been showcased at the expense of other local cultural traditions.<ref name=bar/>{{rp|7-8}}
In 1863 ] visited, describing the site as a mosque.<ref>Guérin, 1869, pp. -57</ref> In 1882, Conder and Kitchener described it: "The mosque of Abu Hureireh is a handsome building under a dome, and contains two inscriptions, the first in the outer court, the second in the wall of the interior."<ref name=CK442 />


==Architecture==
During the ] the porch of the building was used for school rooms.<ref name=Petersen313/>
Until 1948 the building stood within a walled compound containing other graves (the compound wall and the graves have since been removed). There were two inscriptions above the gateway; one in the name of Sultan ] dated 673 H. (1274 C.E.) and another dated to 806 H. (1403 C.E.).<ref name=Petersen/>{{rp|313}}
=== State of Israel ===
Following the ], immigrant ] from Arab countries began to pray at the site due to their belief that the tomb is the burial place of Rabban ], the first ] of the ] after the fall of the ].<ref name=Mayer22 /> The identification of the site as Gamaliel's tomb was based on the literature of medieval Jewish pilgrims, who frequently mentioned visits to the site. The claim of previous Jewish origin were based on the argument that such maqams (''maqamat''), as many other Muslim sacred tombs, were originally Jewish tombs that had been subsequently Islamized during the later history of the region.<ref name=bar /> The Israeli ] has maintained authority over the site since 1948.<ref>, Doron Bar, 2010, pages 79–85</ref>


A ] is located in center of the tomb chamber. The cenotaph is a rectangular structure with four marble corner posts formed as ]. The four lower ] are made of ] blocks, while the upper course is of ] ornamented with niches in ].<ref name=Petersen/>{{rp|}}
== Inscriptions ==

The first inscription, dated 1274, described how Mamluk Sultan ] (reigned 1260–77) ordered the construction of the ].<ref name=HT31 /> It also refers to the Wali of Ramleh, Khalil ibn Sawir, who was named by the chronicler ] as being responsible for instigating the famed attempted assassination of ] in June 1272 in the ].<ref name="VenningFrankopan2015">{{cite book|author1=Timothy Venning|author2=Peter Frankopan|title=A Chronology of the Crusades|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ubflCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA375|date=May 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-49643-4|pages=375–}}</ref><ref name=ARP175>Clermont-Ganneau, 1896, p. </ref>
Much of the construction materials of the building are reused ] marble, mainly columns and ]s.<ref name="FischerTaxel">{{cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/3218807 |last1=Fischer |first1=M. |last2=Taxel |first2=Itamar |date=2007 |title=Ancient Yavneh: Its History and Archaeology |journal=Tel Aviv |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=204–284 |doi=10.1179/tav.2007.2007.2.204}}</ref>{{rp|-284}}

==Inscriptions==
The first inscription, dated 1274, described how Mamluk Sultan ] (reigned 1260–77) ordered the construction of the ].<ref name="HT 2002"/>{{rp|31}} It also refers to the ] of Ramleh, Khalil ibn Sawir, who was named by the chronicler ] as being responsible for instigating the famed attempted assassination of ] in June 1272 in the ].<ref name="VenningFrankopan2015">{{cite book |author1=Venning, Timothy |author2=Frankopan, Peter |title=A Chronology of the Crusades |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ubflCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA375 |date=May 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-49643-4 |pages=375–}}</ref><ref name=ARP>{{cite book |last=Clermont-Ganneau |first=C. S.|author-link=Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau |title= Archaeological Researches in Palestine 1873–1874, translated from the French by J. McFarlane |url=https://archive.org/details/archaeologicalre02cler |volume=2 |year=1896 |publisher=Palestine Exploration Fund |location=London}}</ref>{{rp|}}<ref name=Petersen/>{{rp|}}


The second inscription described further construction ordered in 1292 by Mamluk Sultan ] (reigned 1290–93). The second inscription described further construction ordered in 1292 by Mamluk Sultan ] (reigned 1290–93).
Line 79: Line 140:
! Date || Picture || Location || Translation ! Date || Picture || Location || Translation
|-- |--
| 673{{nbsp}}AH<br />(1274{{nbsp}}CE) || ] || Marble slab on door of enclosure || "In the name of the Merciful and Gracious God. Gave the order to begin building the blessed porch (''rewak''), our master, Sultan El-Malek edh-Dhaher, pillar of the world and of religion, Abou'l Fath (the father of conquest) ], co-sharer with the Emir of the Believers, may God exalt his victories! The completion of it took place in the month ], in the year 673. Was entrusted with the building Khalil ibn Shawar, wali of ], whom may God pardon, him, his father and mother, and all the Mussulmans."<ref name=ARP177>Clermont-Ganneau, 1896, p. </ref> | 673{{nbsp}}AH<br />(1274{{nbsp}}CE) || ] || Marble slab on door of enclosure || "In the name of the Merciful and Gracious God. Gave the order to begin building the blessed porch (''rewak''), our master, Sultan El-Malek edh-Dhaher, pillar of the world and of religion, Abou'l Fath (the father of conquest) ], co-sharer with the Emir of the Believers, may God exalt his victories! The completion of it took place in the month ], in the year 673. Was entrusted with the building Khalil ibn Shawar, wali of ], whom may God pardon, him, his father and mother, and all the Mussulmans."<ref name=ARP/>{{rp|}}<ref name=Petersen/>{{rp|}}
|-- |--
| 692{{nbsp}}AH<br />(1292{{nbsp}}CE) || ]<br />] || Base of doorway and under the ] || "In the name of the merciful and pitiful God. Began to build this blessed sanctuary (meshhed) of Abu Horeira, may God receive him, companion of the apostle of God, on whom be prayers and salvation, our Lord and our master the very great, learned, and just Sultan, resolute champion and guardian (of Islam), victorious, ], prosperity of the world and of religion, Sultan of Islam and of the Mussulmans, lord of Kings and Sultans, Abu'l-Feda Khalil, co-sharer with the Emir of the Believers, may God exalt his victory, son of our master the Sultan, hero of the holy war, El-Malek El-Mansur Kelaun es-Salehy, may God water his reign with the rain of his mercy and his grace and the benefits of his indulgence, may he make him to dwell in the gardens of Eternity, may he come to his aid on the day of resurrection, may he make him a place under a wide shade with abundant water and quantities of fruit without stint, may he grant him the reward and the delights he has deserved, may he raise his places and degrees into the..."<br />"Amen ! The building of it was finished in the months of the year 692, and there was entrusted with its building Aydemir the ''dewadar'' ("bearer of the inkstand") Ez,-Zeiny (?) may God pardon him, him and his descendants, as also all Mussulmans."<ref name=ARP178>Clermont-Ganneau, 1896, p. </ref><ref name=CK442>Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, pp. -443</ref> | 692{{nbsp}}AH<br />(1292{{nbsp}}CE) || ]<br />] || Base of doorway and under the ] || "In the name of the merciful and compassionate God. Began to build this blessed sanctuary (meshhed) of Abu Horeira, may God receive him, companion of the apostle of God, on whom be prayers and salvation, our Lord and our master the very great, learned, and just Sultan, resolute champion and guardian (of Islam), victorious, ], prosperity of the world and of religion, Sultan of Islam and of the Mussulmans, lord of Kings and Sultans, Abu'l-Feda Khalil, co-sharer with the Emir of the Believers, may God exalt his victory, son of our master the Sultan, hero of the holy war, El-Malek El-Mansur Kelaun es-Salehy, may God water his reign with the rain of his mercy and his grace and the benefits of his indulgence, may he make him to dwell in the gardens of Eternity, may he come to his aid on the day of resurrection, may he make him a place under a wide shade with abundant water and quantities of fruit without stint, may he grant him the reward and the delights he has deserved, may he raise his places and degrees into the..."<br />"Amen ! The building of it was finished in the months of the year 692, and there was entrusted with its building Aydemir the ''dewadar'' ("bearer of the inkstand") Ez,-Zeiny (?) may God pardon him, him and his descendants, as also all Mussulmans."<ref name=ARP/>{{rp|}}<ref name=Petersen/>{{rp|}}<ref name=CK>{{cite book |last1=Conder |first1=C. R.|author-link1=Claude Reignier Conder |last2=Kitchener |first2=H. H. |author-link2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener |year=1882 |url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp02conduoft |title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology |location=London |publisher=] |volume=2}}</ref>{{rp|-443}}
|-- |--
| 806{{nbsp}}AH<br />(1403{{nbsp}}CE) || ] || Marble slab || "Renewed this pool, the conduit and the ], his Excellency En-Nasery (= Naser ed-din) Mohammed Anar (?), son of Anar (? ?), and his Excellency El-'Alay (= 'Ala ed-din) Yelbogha, possessors (?) of the township of Yebna, may god in his grace and mercy grant to both of them Paradise as a reward. Ordered at the date of the month ], in the year 806."<ref>Clermont-Ganneau, 1896, p. </ref> | 806{{nbsp}}AH<br />(1403{{nbsp}}CE) || ] || Marble slab || "Renewed this pool, the conduit and the ], his Excellency En-Nasery (= Naser ed-din) Mohammed Anar (?), son of Anar (? ?), and his Excellency El-'Alay (= 'Ala ed-din) Yelbogha, possessors (?) of the township of Yebna, may god in his grace and mercy grant to both of them Paradise as a reward. Ordered at the date of the month ], in the year 806."<ref name=ARP/>{{rp|}}<ref name=Petersen/>{{rp|}}
|-- |--
|} |}


== Facilities == == Facilities ==
The tomb contains a large hall, offices, and a small ] synagogue. Facilities around the tomb include restrooms, water fountains, a ], and tables for ]. The tomb indication itself is covered with a blue ornamental cloth. The tomb is renowned among some Jews as a matchmaking and fertility site.<ref>, Mapa, Anat Madmoni</ref><ref>, Dr. Noga Collins-Kreiner, Haifa University</ref> The tomb contains a large hall, offices, and a small ] synagogue. Facilities around the tomb include restrooms, water fountains, a ], and tables for festive meals (]). The tomb indication itself is covered with a blue ornamental cloth. The tomb is renowned among some Jews as a matchmaking and fertility site.<ref>, Mapa, Anat Madmoni</ref><ref>Dr. Noga Collins-Kreiner, Haifa University. </ref>


== Gallery == == Gallery ==
<gallery> <gallery>
File:Raban Gamliel 1.jpg|The mausoleum in 1985 Raban Gamliel 1.jpg|The mausoleum in 1985
File:RabanGamliel2.jpg|The mausoleum in 2009 RabanGamliel2.jpg|The mausoleum in 2009
File:Yavne 593.jpg|side view Yavne 593.jpg|Side view from the east
File:Yavne 594.jpg|side view Yavne 594.jpg|Side view
Yavne 596.jpg|Rear view from south-east, with stairs leading up to the roof
File:Yavne 596.jpg|rear corner
File:Yavne 599.jpg|front corner Yavne 599.jpg|North-east exposure of the tomb structure
Yavne-2-208.jpg|Interior, with faint inscription and '']''-style masonry<ref name=Petersen>{{cite book|title=A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine: Volume I (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology) |url=https://www.academia.edu/21620272 |first=Andrew |last=Petersen |year=2001 |publisher=] |isbn=978-0-19-727011-0 }}</ref>{{rp|}}
File:Yavne 599.jpg|dome close up
File:Yavne-2-208.jpg|interior, with faint inscription showing, and ] style masonry.<ref>Petersen, 2001, p. 315</ref>
</gallery> </gallery>


== See also == == See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|Judaism|Israel}}}}
*]
*] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ]

== Notes ==
{{noteslist}}


== References == == References ==
{{reflist|25em}} {{Reflist|25em}}


== Bibliography == == Further reading ==
{{ref begin}} {{ref begin}}
*{{cite book |first=M. |last=Meinecke |author-link=Michael Meinecke|title=Die mamlukische Architektur in Ägypten und Syrien (648/1250 bis 923/1517): Chronologische Liste der mamlukischen Baumassnahmen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l9dOAAAAYAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Verlag J.J. Augustin|isbn=978-3-87030-076-0|pages=16, 36, 301}}
*{{cite journal|last=Bar|first=Gideon|date=2008|title=Reconstructing the Past: The Creation of Jewish Sacred Space in the State of Israel, 1948–1967|journal=Israel Studies|volume=13|issue=3|pages=1–21|doi=10.2307/30245829|jstor=30245829|doi-broken-date=2017-10-14}}
*{{cite book|last1=Pedersen|first1=J.|author-link1=Johannes Pedersen (theologian) |title=Inscriptiones Semiticae collectionis Ustinowianae |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a0WitwAACAAJ |year=1928 |pages=30–32 |publisher= Brgger }} Cited in Sharon, 2007. <!--NB: Note that Sharon spell the name of the book wrongly: "simiticae" and not "semeticae"-->
*{{cite book|last=Clermont-Ganneau|first=Charles Simon |authorlink=Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau|title= Archaeological Researches in Palestine 1873–1874, translated from the French by J. McFarlane|url=https://archive.org/details/archaeologicalre02cler|volume=2|year=1896|publisher=Palestine Exploration Fund|location=London}} (Also cited in Petersen, 2001, p. 313)
*{{cite book|title=Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, Addendum |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1d8xHcor0psC |first=M.|last=Sharon|author-link=Moshe Sharon|year=2007|publisher=BRILL|isbn= 978-90-04-15780-4}}, (pp. -31)
*{{cite book|last1=Conder|first1=Claude Reignier|authorlink1=Claude Reignier Conder|last2=Kitchener|first2=H. H.|authorlink2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|year=1882|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp02conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=]|volume=2}}
* {{cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/3218807/Fischer_M._and_Taxel_I._2007._Ancient_Yavneh_Its_History_and_Archaeology._Tel_Aviv_34_204-284|last1=Fischer|first1=M.|last2=Taxel|first2=Itamar|date= 2007|title=Ancient Yavneh: Its History and Archaeology|journal=Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv|volume=34|issue=2|pages=204–284}}
*{{cite book|last=Guérin|first=Victor|authorlink=Victor Guérin|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptiongog02gu|volume=1: Judee, pt. 2|year=1869|publisher= L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=French}}
*{{cite book|last1=Mayer|first1=L. A.|authorlink1=Leo Aryeh Mayer |last2=Pinkerfeld|first2=J.|authorlink2= |last3=Yadin|first3=Y.|authorlink3=Yigael Yadin |title=Some Principal Muslim Religious Buildings in Israel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ePVAAAAMAAJ |year=1950|publisher= Ministry of religious affairs|location=Jerusalem}} (Cited in Petersen (2001))
*{{cite book|first=Michael|last= Meinecke|authorlink=Michael Meinecke|title=Die mamlukische Architektur in Ägypten und Syrien (648/1250 bis 923/1517): Chronologische Liste der mamlukischen Baumassnahmen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l9dOAAAAYAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Verlag J.J. Augustin|isbn=978-3-87030-076-0|pages=16, 36, 301}}
*{{cite book|last1=Pedersen|first1=J.|authorlink1=Johannes Pedersen (theologian) |title=Inscriptiones Semiticae collectionis Ustinowianae |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a0WitwAACAAJ |year=1928|pages=30–32 |publisher= Brgger }} Cited in Sharon, 2007. <!--NB: Note that Sharon spell the name of the book wrongly: "simiticae" and not "semeticae"-->
*{{cite book|title=A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine: Volume I (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ux_2wXFXYewC |first1=Andrew|last1=Petersen|year=2001|publisher=]|isbn=978-0-19-727011-0}}
*{{cite book|title=Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, Addendum |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1d8xHcor0psC |first1=Moshe|last1=Sharon|authorlink1=Moshe Sharon|year=2007|publisher=BRILL|isbn= 978-90-04-15780-4}}, (pp. -31)
*{{cite book|title=Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500|url=https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft |first1=Guy|last1=Strange, le|authorlink1=Guy Le Strange|year=1890|publisher=Committee of the ]}}
* {{cite book|last=Taragan|first=Hana|editor=Asher Ovadiah|title=Milestones in the Art and Culture of Egypt|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Hana_Taragan/publication/260141293_Baybars_and_the_Tomb_of_Abu_HurayraRabban_Gamliel_in_Yavneh_hkwh_sbbn_bybrs_wqbr_bw-hryrhrbn_gmlyl_bybnh/links/5889b18e92851c06a135ca3b/Baybars-and-the-Tomb-of-Abu-Hurayra-Rabban-Gamliel-in-Yavneh-hkwh-sbbn-bybrs-wqbr-bw-hryrh-rbn-gmlyl-bybnh.pdf|year=2000|publisher=Yolanda and David Katz Faculty of the Arts, Tel Aviv University|pages=117–43|chapter=Politics and Aesthetics: Sultan Baybars and the Abu Hurayra / Rabbi Gamliel Building in Yavneh}}
*{{cite journal|last=Taragan|first=Hana|date=2000|title=Baybars and the Tomb of Abu Hurayra/Rabban Gamliel in Yavneh / הכוח שבאבן: ביברס וקבר אבו-הרירה/רבן גמליאל ביבנה|journal=Cathedra: for the History of Eretz Israel and Its Yishuv / קתדרה: לתולדות ארץ ישראל ויישובה|issue=97|pages=65–84|doi=10.2307/23404643|jstor=23404643|doi-broken-date=2017-10-14}}
*Taragan, Hana, . Bulletin of the Israeli Academic Center in Cairo 25 (2002) 31–34
{{refend}} {{refend}}


== External site == == External links ==
{{commons category|Mausoleum of Abu Huraira}}
* – archnet.org * – archnet.org
*Survey of Western Palestine, Map 16: , *Survey of Western Palestine, Map 16: ,


{{Synagogues in Israel}}
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Latest revision as of 06:23, 3 November 2024

Maqam and synagogue in Yavne, Israel

  • Mausoleum of Abu Huraira
  • (Rabban Gamaliel's Tomb)
The portico façade, in 2010
Religion
AffiliationOrthodox Judaism
Ecclesiastical or organisational status
StatusActive (as a synagogue)
Former denominationIslam
Location
LocationHaSanhedrin Park, Yavne, Rehovot Subdistrict, Central District
CountryIsrael
Mausoleum of Abu Hurayra is located in Central IsraelMausoleum of Abu HurayraLocation of the mausoleum and synagogue, in Central Israel
Geographic coordinates31°52′03″N 34°44′36″E / 31.8675°N 34.7432°E / 31.8675; 34.7432
Architecture
TypeMausoleum / maqam
StyleRoman architecture
Completedc. 13th century
(as a tomb)
Dome(s)Two (maybe more)

The mausoleum of Abu Hurayra, or Rabban Gamaliel's Tomb, is a maqam turned synagogue in HaSanhedrin Park in Yavne, Rehovot Subdistrict, in the Central District of Israel, formerly belonging to the depopulated Palestinian village of Yibna. It has been described as "one of the finest domed mausoleums in Palestine."

The mausoleum is located on a cemetery, northwest of Tel Yavne, that has been used by residents of Yamnia/Yavneh for burial since at least the Roman period. Since the early 13th century, Muslims identified it as one of the purported burial places of Abu Hurairah, a companion (sahaba) of Muhammad, although most Arabic sources give Medina as his resting place. The date of the inner tomb chamber is uncertain, with contemporary sources allowing the assumption that a tomb chamber existed at the site and was associated with Abu Hurairah already before Sultan Baybars's additions. In 1274, Baybars ordered the construction of the riwaq featuring a tripartite portal and six tiny domes together with a dedicatory inscription, with the site expanded further in 1292 by Mamluk Sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil.

The tomb is known to Jews as the Tomb of Rabban Gamaliel of Yavne, the first Nasi of the Sanhedrin after the fall of the Second Temple. A Hebrew travel guide dated to between 1266 and 1291 attributes the tomb to Gamaliel and describes it as being occupied by a Muslim prayer house. The site was frequently visited by Jewish medieval pilgrims. Following the 1948 Arab–Israeli War the mausoleum was officially designated as a shrine for Jews by the Israeli government.

In all likelihood neither Rabban Gamaliel of Yavne nor Abu Hurairah are buried in the tomb.

History

Pre-Muslim times

The ground on which the structure stands, northwest of Tel Yavne, has been used by residents of Iamnia/Yavneh for burial since at least the Roman period.

Crusader/Ayyubid period

Ali of Herat (d. 1215), followed by Yaqut (d. 1229) and the Marasid al-ittila' (Arabic: مراصد الاطلاع, an abridgement of Yaqut's work by Safi al-Din 'Abd al-Mu'min ibn 'Abd al-Haqq, d.1338), mention that in Yubna there was a tomb said to be that of Abu Hurairah, the companion (sahaba) of the Prophet. The Marasid also adds that the tomb seen here is also said to be that of ʿAbd Allah ibn Abi Sarh, another companion of the Prophet.

Yavne's population at the time was a mixture of Muslims, Samaritans, and - during the Crusader period - Christians, with Benjamin of Tudela (12th century) finding no Jewish inhabitants there.

Mamluk period

Most of the current structure was built during the Mamluk period, with successive additions to a pre-existing tomb chamber apparently already associated with Abu Hureirah.

A Hebrew travel guide dated between 1266 and 1291 mentions that the tomb of Rabban Gamaliel in Yavne is used as a Muslim prayer house. The following century, another Jewish traveler, Ishtori Haparchi, described Abu Huraira's mausoleum as 'a very fine memorial to Rabbi Gamliel.'

Ottoman and British Mandate periods

Sketch of Mausoleum of Abu Huraira by Clermont-Ganneau, 1874

In 1863 Victor Guérin visited, describing the site as a mosque. In 1882, Conder and Kitchener described it: "The mosque of Abu Hureireh is a handsome building under a dome, and contains two inscriptions, the first in the outer court, the second in the wall of the interior."

During the British Mandate of Palestine the porch of the building was used for school rooms.

State of Israel

Following the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, immigrant Sephardic Jews from Arab countries began to pray at the site due to their belief that the tomb is the burial place of Rabban Gamaliel of Yavne, the first Nasi of the Sanhedrin after the fall of the Second Temple. The identification of the site as Gamaliel's tomb was based on the literature of medieval Jewish pilgrims, who frequently mentioned visits to the site. The claim of previous Jewish origin were based on the argument that many such maqamat (maqams), or Muslim sacred tombs, were originally Jewish tombs that had been Islamized during the later history of the region. The Israeli Ministry of Religious Services has maintained authority over the site since 1948, and the structure was thereafter appropriated by ultra-Orthodox Jews and transformed into a tomb of the righteous. Gideon Bar cites it as one of many cases of the Judaization of Muslim holy places, where the Jewish heritage of a site has been showcased at the expense of other local cultural traditions.

Architecture

Until 1948 the building stood within a walled compound containing other graves (the compound wall and the graves have since been removed). There were two inscriptions above the gateway; one in the name of Sultan Baybars dated 673 H. (1274 C.E.) and another dated to 806 H. (1403 C.E.).

A cenotaph is located in center of the tomb chamber. The cenotaph is a rectangular structure with four marble corner posts formed as turbans. The four lower courses are made of ashlar blocks, while the upper course is of marble ornamented with niches in Gothic style.

Much of the construction materials of the building are reused Byzantine marble, mainly columns and Corinthian capitals.

Inscriptions

The first inscription, dated 1274, described how Mamluk Sultan Baybars (reigned 1260–77) ordered the construction of the riwaq. It also refers to the Wali of Ramleh, Khalil ibn Sawir, who was named by the chronicler Ibn al-Furat as being responsible for instigating the famed attempted assassination of Edward I of England in June 1272 in the Ninth Crusade.

The second inscription described further construction ordered in 1292 by Mamluk Sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil (reigned 1290–93).

Date Picture Location Translation
673 AH
(1274 CE)		 Marble slab on door of enclosure "In the name of the Merciful and Gracious God. Gave the order to begin building the blessed porch (rewak), our master, Sultan El-Malek edh-Dhaher, pillar of the world and of religion, Abou'l Fath (the father of conquest) Beibars, co-sharer with the Emir of the Believers, may God exalt his victories! The completion of it took place in the month Rebi' I, in the year 673. Was entrusted with the building Khalil ibn Shawar, wali of Ramlah, whom may God pardon, him, his father and mother, and all the Mussulmans."
692 AH
(1292 CE)
Base of doorway and under the lintel "In the name of the merciful and compassionate God. Began to build this blessed sanctuary (meshhed) of Abu Horeira, may God receive him, companion of the apostle of God, on whom be prayers and salvation, our Lord and our master the very great, learned, and just Sultan, resolute champion and guardian (of Islam), victorious, El-Malek el-Achraf, prosperity of the world and of religion, Sultan of Islam and of the Mussulmans, lord of Kings and Sultans, Abu'l-Feda Khalil, co-sharer with the Emir of the Believers, may God exalt his victory, son of our master the Sultan, hero of the holy war, El-Malek El-Mansur Kelaun es-Salehy, may God water his reign with the rain of his mercy and his grace and the benefits of his indulgence, may he make him to dwell in the gardens of Eternity, may he come to his aid on the day of resurrection, may he make him a place under a wide shade with abundant water and quantities of fruit without stint, may he grant him the reward and the delights he has deserved, may he raise his places and degrees into the..."
"Amen ! The building of it was finished in the months of the year 692, and there was entrusted with its building Aydemir the dewadar ("bearer of the inkstand") Ez,-Zeiny (?) may God pardon him, him and his descendants, as also all Mussulmans."
806 AH
(1403 CE)		 Marble slab "Renewed this pool, the conduit and the sakia, his Excellency En-Nasery (= Naser ed-din) Mohammed Anar (?), son of Anar (? ?), and his Excellency El-'Alay (= 'Ala ed-din) Yelbogha, possessors (?) of the township of Yebna, may god in his grace and mercy grant to both of them Paradise as a reward. Ordered at the date of the month Rebi' I, in the year 806."

Facilities

The tomb contains a large hall, offices, and a small Orthodox synagogue. Facilities around the tomb include restrooms, water fountains, a Yahrzeit candelabra, and tables for festive meals (seudat mitzvah). The tomb indication itself is covered with a blue ornamental cloth. The tomb is renowned among some Jews as a matchmaking and fertility site.

Gallery

  • The mausoleum in 1985 The mausoleum in 1985
  • The mausoleum in 2009 The mausoleum in 2009
  • Side view from the east Side view from the east
  • Side view Side view
  • Rear view from south-east, with stairs leading up to the roof Rear view from south-east, with stairs leading up to the roof
  • North-east exposure of the tomb structure North-east exposure of the tomb structure
  • Interior, with faint inscription and ablaq-style masonry: 315  Interior, with faint inscription and ablaq-style masonry

See also

Notes

  1. The most famous construction project financed by Baybars in Yavneh was the magnificent addition to Maqām Abu Hureira (the "Raban Gamaliel tomb"), which consisted of double stoai with domes (riwāq). The construction activity was carried out in 1274 by the governor of Ramla, Khalīl Ibn Sawīr. The tomb itself existed at least since the beginning of the 13th century, as shown by Alī al-Harawī (1215 CE) and the geographer Yāqūt (1225 CE).
  2. Following the War, this Muslim tomb with its typical cupola was converted into a Jewish sacred place, gradually drawing more and more Jewish worshippers. The change in Yavneh had a lot to do with the new local Jewish settlers, immigrants who came primarily from Arab countries to settle in the nearby vacated Arab village of Yubna. These settlers adopted the adjacent tomb and reused it as the tomb of Raban Gamaliel. As in many similar cases throughout the State of Israel, the tradition that connected Jews to Yavneh was not unfounded, and was based mainly on the literature of medieval Jewish pilgrims, who frequently mentioned visits to that place. Jewish claim of ownership over this tomb was based on the argument that it, as well as many other Muslim sacred tombs, were originally Jewish sacred burial places that were Islamized during the later history of the region. During the decades prior to 1948 no visible active or large-scale Jewish pilgrimage to Yavneh was recorded, as was true for most of the sacred places that formed the Jewish sacred space later, during the 1950.
  3. As to the population of Yavneh during the Middle Ages, apart from Muslims (and Christians in the Crusader period), it also continued to be inhabited by Samaritans. The Samaritan chronicle Tolidah, written sometime during the 12th−14th centuries, mentions a Samaritan family that moved from Ashkelon to Yavneh (called here "Iamma"), and other Samaritans that left Yavneh and moved to Egypt. According to Ben-Zvi, this event occurred when Yavneh fell to the Ayyubids in 1187 (1976: 108). Therefore, it would seem that the Samaritan presence in Yavneh was continuous and lasted from the Late Roman period at least until the 12th century. As mentioned previously, there are no records from the Early Islamic period about a Jewish presence in Yavneh, yet no records exist that refute such a presence. On the other hand, Benjamin of Tudela (12th century), who passed through Yavneh on his way from Jaffa to Ashkelon, clearly states that there were no Jews living there (Benjamin of Tudela 43).
  4. In 1950, following the instructions of J. L. Hacohen Maimon of Israel's Ministry for Religious Affairs regarding the possibility of restoring Muslim edifices in Israel, L. A. Mayer referred specifically to the intriguing memorial at Yavne: "Its legend-creating qualities have lasted till our own days: quite recently we heard of a belief prevalent among Oriental Jews that here is situated the tomb of Rabbi Gamliel of Yavne."The said belief has only gained in strength since then, and over the past three years, during my frequent visits to the site, I have been witness to Rabbi Gamliel's "creeping annexation" of the site, as it were.'

References

  1. ^ Petersen, Andrew (2001). A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine: Volume I (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-727011-0.
  2. ^ Fischer, M.; Taxel, Itamar (2007). "Ancient Yavneh: Its History and Archaeology". Tel Aviv. 34 (2): 204–284. doi:10.1179/tav.2007.2007.2.204.
  3. ^ Taragan, Hana (2000). "Politics and Aesthetics: Sultan Baybars and the Abu Hurayra / Rabbi Gamliel Building in Yavneh". In Asher Ovadiah (ed.). Milestones in the Art and Culture of Egypt. Yolanda and David Katz Faculty of the Arts, Tel Aviv University. pp. 117–143.
  4. ^ Taragan, Hana (2002). "Historical reference in medieval Islamic architecture: Baybar's buildings in Palestine" (PDF). Bulletin of the Israeli Academic Center in Cairo. 25: 31-34.
  5. ^ Mayer, L.A.; Pinkerfeld, J.; Yadin, Y. (1950). Some Principal Muslim Religious Buildings in Israel. Jerusalem: Ministry of religious affairs.
  6. ^ Taragan, Hana (2000). "הכוח שבאבן: ביברס וקבר אבו-הרירה/רבן גמליאל ביבנה" [Baybars and the Tomb of Abu Hurayra/Rabban Gamliel in Yavneh]. Cathedra: For the History of Eretz Israel and its Yishuv / קתדרה: לתולדות ארץ ישראל ויישובה (in Hebrew) (97): 65–84. JSTOR 23404643.
  7. ^ Bar, Gideon (2008). "Reconstructing the Past: The Creation of Jewish Sacred Space in the State of Israel, 1948–1967". Israel Studies. 13 (3): 1–21. doi:10.2979/isr.2008.13.3.1. JSTOR 30245829.
  8. Yaqut (Jacut) (1869). Ferdinand Wüstenfeld (ed.). Geographisches Wörterbuch (in Arabic and German). Vol. 4. Leipzig: F.A. Brockhaus.
  9. Petersen, Andrew (2017). Bones of Contention: Muslim Shrines in Palestine. Springer. ISBN 978-9811069659.
  10. Speake, Jennifer, ed. (May 12, 2014). Literature of Travel and Exploration: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. pp. 1302–. ISBN 978-1-135-45663-4.
  11. ^ Le Strange, G. (1890). Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
  12. Guérin, V. (1869). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 1: Judee, pt. 2. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
  13. ^ Conder, C. R.; Kitchener, H. H. (1882). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 2. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
  14. Bar, Doron (2009). "Wars and sacred space: the influence of the 1948 War on sacred space in the state of Israel". In Breger, Marshall J.; Reiter, Yitzhak; Hammer, Leonard (eds.). Holy Places in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: Confrontation and Co-existence. Routledge. pp. 67–91. ISBN 978-1-135-26812-1.
  15. Venning, Timothy; Frankopan, Peter (May 2015). A Chronology of the Crusades. Routledge. pp. 375–. ISBN 978-1-317-49643-4.
  16. ^ Clermont-Ganneau, C. S. (1896). [ARP] Archaeological Researches in Palestine 1873–1874, translated from the French by J. McFarlane. Vol. 2. London: Palestine Exploration Fund.
  17. Sanhendrim Park in Yavneh, Mapa, Anat Madmoni
  18. Dr. Noga Collins-Kreiner, Haifa University. The characteristics and tourist potential of saintly grave pilgrimage: Report to Tourism office

Further reading

External links

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