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{{short description|Sardinian queen consort}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox royalty {{Infobox royalty
| name=Polyxena of Hesse-Rheinfels-Rotenburg | name=Polyxena of Hesse-Rheinfels-Rotenburg
| image = Clementi-reina de cerdeña.JPG | image = Clementi - Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg, Queen of Sardinia - Venaria.jpg
| caption= Portrait by ], c. 1728–1730
| caption=
| succession =] | succession =]
| reign = 3 September 1730 – 13 January 1735 | reign = 3 September 1730 – 13 January 1735
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1706|9|21}} | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1706|9|21}}
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| consort=yes | consort=yes
| spouse = ] | spouse = ]
| issue = ]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>] | issue = ]<br/>]<br/>]<br/>]<br/>]
| issue-link = #Issue
| full name=Polyxena Christina Johanna | full name=Polyxena Christina Johanna
| house = ] | house = ]
| father = ]{{sfn|Huberty|1976|pp=108, 153–154}} | father = ]{{sfn|Huberty|1976|pp=108, 153–154}}
| mother = ]{{sfn|Huberty|1976|pp=108}} | mother = ]{{sfn|Huberty|1976|pp=108}}
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}} }}


'''Princess Polyxena of Hesse-Rheinfels-Rotenburg'''{{sfn|Huberty|1976|pp=108, 129, 146–147, 153–154}} (Polyxena Christina Johanna; 21 September 1706 – 13 January 1735) was the second wife of ] whom she married in 1724. The mother of the future ], she was ] from 1730 until her death in 1735. '''Princess Polyxena of Hesse-Rheinfels-Rotenburg''' (Polyxena Christina Johanna; 21 September 1706 – 13 January 1735) was the second wife of ] whom she married in 1724. The mother of the future ], she was ] from 1730 until her death in 1735.{{sfn|Huberty|1976|pp=108, 129, 146–147, 153–154}}


==Queen of Sardinia== ==Early life==
Polyxena was born as the eldest daughter of ] and ], daughter of ].
⚫ ] approached her family and proposed a union between Polyxena and Victor Amadeus II's son and heir Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont. A previous match orchestrated by ] with a daughter of ] had come to nothing.<ref>Timms. Colin: ''Polymath of the baroque: Agostino Steffani and his music'', Oxford University Press US, 2003, p. 117</ref> His first wife, ] died on 12 March 1723, less than a year after her marriage and barely a week after giving birth to a son, Victor Amadeus, Duke of Aosta (7 March 1723 – 1 August 1725).{{sfn|Marek|2008}}


==Queen of Sardinia==
⚫ Although only two years younger, Polyxena was a niece of Charles Emanuel's first wife,{{sfn|Marek| 2008}} and belonged to the only ] branch (since 1652) of the ]ing ].{{sfn|Huberty|1976|p=75}} In fact, she had been nominally a ] of ] since 1720.{{sfn|Huberty|1976|p=130}}
⚫ ] approached her family and proposed a union between Polyxena and Victor Amadeus II's son and ], Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont. A previous match orchestrated by ] with a daughter of ], had come to nothing.<ref>Timms. Colin: ''Polymath of the baroque: Agostino Steffani and his music'', Oxford University Press US, 2003, p. 117</ref> His first wife, ], died on 12 March 1723, less than a year after her marriage and barely a week after giving birth to a son, Victor Amadeus, Duke of Aosta (7 March 1723 – 1 August 1725).{{sfn|Marek|2008}}


⚫ Although only two years younger, Polyxena was a niece of Charles Emanuel's first wife,{{sfn|Marek| 2008}} and belonged to the ] line, which was the only ] branch (since 1652) of the ]ing ].{{sfn|Huberty|1976|p=75}} She had been nominally a ] of ] since 1720.{{sfn|Huberty|1976|pp=129–130}}
⚫ The engagement was announced on 2 July 1724,<ref name="Storia politica">''Storia politica, civile, militare della dinastia di Savoia dalle prime origini a Vittorio Emanuele II'', Paravia, 1869, p. 266</ref> and she wed Charles Emmanuel by proxy on 23 July in ]. The marriage was celebrated in person at ] in ] on 20 August 1724.<ref>Vitelleschi. Marchese: ''The romance of Savoy, Victor Amadeus II. and his Stuart bride Volume II'', Harvard College Library, New York, 1905, p. 488</ref>


⚫ The engagement was announced on 2 July 1724,<ref name="Storia politica">''Storia politica, civile, militare della dinastia di Savoia dalle prime origini a Vittorio Emanuele II'', Paravia, 1869, p. 266</ref> and she wed Charles Emmanuel by ] on 23 July in ]. The marriage was celebrated in person at ] in ] on 20 August 1724.<ref>Vitelleschi. Marchese: ''The romance of Savoy, Victor Amadeus II. and his Stuart bride Volume II'', Harvard College Library, New York, 1905, p. 488</ref>
⚫ Her stepson Victor Amadeus, heir after his father and grandfather to the Sardinian crown, died at the age of two, a year after Polyxena's marriage and before she had a child of her own. Nonetheless, she is said to have had a close relationship with her mother-in-law ] and the two frequented the '']'' outside the capital, where the latter died in 1728.
] (left) and ] (right).]]
⚫ Her stepson Victor Amadeus, heir after his father and grandfather to the Sardinian crown, died at the age of two, a year after Polyxena's marriage and before she had a child of her own. Nonetheless, she is said to have had a close relationship with her mother-in-law, ], and the two frequented the '']'' outside the capital, where the latter died in 1728.


When King Victor Amadeus announced his decision to return to the throne after having abdicated in 1730, Polyxena used her influence over her husband<ref>Vitelleschi. Marchese: ''The romance of Savoy, Victor Amadeus II and his Stuart bride. Volume II'', Harvard College Library, New York, 1905, p. 497</ref> to have his father imprisoned at the ], where he was joined for a while by his ] wife ], Polyxena's former ].<ref>Symcox. Geoffrey: ''Victor Amadeus II: absolutism in the Savoyard State, 1675-1730'', University of California Press, 1983, p. 229</ref> When King Victor Amadeus announced his decision to return to the throne after having abdicated in 1730, Polyxena used her influence over her husband<ref>Vitelleschi. Marchese: ''The romance of Savoy, Victor Amadeus II and his Stuart bride. Volume II'', Harvard College Library, New York, 1905, p. 497</ref> to have his father imprisoned at the ], where he was joined for a while by his ] wife, ], Polyxena's former ].<ref>Symcox. Geoffrey: ''Victor Amadeus II: absolutism in the Savoyard State, 1675-1730'', University of California Press, 1983, p. 229</ref>


In an 1869 history of the House of Savoy, Francesco Predari wrote that despite the fact Polyxena was praised for goodness of character and beautiful virtues, her father-in-law advised her to take care to maintain separate quarters from her husband for prudence' sake.<ref name="Storia politica"/> In 1732 she founded a home for young mothers in Turin,<ref name="Storia politica"/> redecorated the '']'', ]'s hunting lodge, and the Church of Saint Giuseppe in Turin. She carried out various improvements with ] and popularised '']''. She was also a patron of Giovanni Battista Crosato, a ] painter.<ref>''Two Allegorical Sculptures by Francesco Ladatte'', Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 41, (2006), pp. 121–131.</ref> In an 1869 history of the House of Savoy, Francesco Predari wrote that despite the fact Polyxena was praised for goodness of character and beautiful virtues, her father-in-law advised her to take care to maintain separate quarters from her husband for prudence's sake.<ref name="Storia politica"/> In 1732 she founded a home for young mothers in Turin,<ref name="Storia politica"/> redecorated the '']'', ]'s hunting lodge, and the Church of Saint Joseph in Turin. She carried out various improvements with ] and popularised '']''. She was also a patron of ], a ] painter.<ref>''Two Allegorical Sculptures by Francesco Ladatte'', Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 41, (2006), pp. 121–131.</ref>


Having been ill since June 1734, she died at the ], and has been buried in the Royal ] since 1786. Two years after her death, her ] married Princess ],<ref>Bianchi, Nicomede. Le Materie Politiche Relative All'estero Degli Archivi Di Stato Piemontesi. ''Categoria, Reale Casa - Matrimoni''. BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2009, p=472 {{ISBN|0-559-96349-1}}</ref> sister of the future ]. Having been ill since June 1734, she died at the ], and has been buried in the Royal ] since 1786. Two years after her death, her ] married Princess ],<ref>Bianchi, Nicomede. Le Materie Politiche Relative All'estero Degli Archivi Di Stato Piemontesi. ''Categoria, Reale Casa - Matrimoni''. BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2009, p=472 {{ISBN|0-559-96349-1}}</ref> sister of the future ].


==Legacy== ==Legacy==
The senior branch of the House of Savoy ended with her grandson ]. The ''Villa Polissena'' in ] is named in her honour.<ref name="Mafalda">{{cite web|url= http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/94533|title= Mafalda di Savoia |accessdate= 2010-08-26|last=|first= |work= Santi, Beati e Testimoni}}</ref> The senior branch of the House of Savoy ended with her grandson ]. The ''Villa Polissena'' in ] is named in her honour.<ref name="Mafalda">{{cite web|url= http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/94533|title= Mafalda di Savoia |access-date= 26 August 2010|work= Santi, Beati e Testimoni}}</ref>


==Issue==
==Issue<ref name=cedre>C.E.D.R.E. ''Les Manuscrits du C.E.D.R.E.: Le Royaume d'Italie, volume II.'' Paris, 1993, pp. 212-214. (French). ISSN 0993-3964.</ref>==
* ] (26 June 1726 – 16 October 1796), had issue. * ] (26 June 1726 – 16 October 1796), had issue.
* ] (28 February 1728 – 14 August 1781), unwed. * ] (28 February 1728 – 14 August 1781), unwed.
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* ] (19 March 1730 – 13 May 1801), unwed. * ] (19 March 1730 – 13 May 1801), unwed.
* ], ] (17 May 1731 – 23 April 1735). * ], ] (17 May 1731 – 23 April 1735).
* Prince Carlo of Savoy, ] (23 July 1733 – 28 December 1733). * Prince Carlo of Savoy, ] (23 July 1733 – 28 December 1733).<ref name=cedre>C.E.D.R.E. ''Les Manuscrits du C.E.D.R.E.: Le Royaume d'Italie, volume II.'' Paris, 1993, pp. 212-214. (French). ISSN 0993-3964.</ref>


==Ancestry== ==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel {{ahnentafel
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|1= 1. '''Polyxena of Hesse-Rheinfels-Rotenburg''' |1= 1. '''Polyxena of Hesse-Rheinfels-Rotenburg'''
|2= 2. ] |2= 2. ]
|3= 3. ] |3= 3. ]
|4= 4. ] |4= 4. ]
|5= 5. Countess Maria Anna of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort |5= 5. Countess Maria Anna of ]
|6= 6. ] |6= 6. ]
|7= 7. Countess Polyxena Khuen von Belasi |7= 7. Countess Polyxena Khuen von Belasi
|8= 8. ] |8= 8. ]
|9= 9. Countess Marie Eleonore of Solms-Hohensolms |9= 9. Countess Marie Eleonore of ]
|10= 10. ] |10= 10. ]
|11= 11. Countess Anna Maria of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg |11= 11. Countess Anna Maria of ]
|12= 12. ] (=10) |12= 12. ] (=10)
|13= 13. Countess Anna Maria of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg (=11) |13= 13. Countess Anna Maria of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg (=11)
|14= 14. Mathias Khuen von Belasi, Count of Lichtenberg and Gandegg |14= 14. Mathias Khuen von Belasi, Count zu Lichtenberg und Gandegg
|15= 15. Countess Anna Susanna von Meggau zu Kreutzen |15= 15. Countess Anna Susanna von Meggau zu Kreutzen
|16= 16. ]
|17= 17. Countess Juliana of Nassau-Dillenburg
|18= 18. Philipp Reinhard I, Count of Solms-Hohensolms
|19= 19. Countess Elisabeth of Wied
|20= 20. Johann Dietrich, Count of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort
|21= 21. Josina de La Mark
|22= 22. Egon, Count of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg
|23= 23. Princess Anna Maria of Hohenzollern-Hechingen
|24= 24. Johann Dietrich, Count of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort (=20)
|25= 25. Josina de La Mark (=21)
|26= 26. Egon, Count of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg (=22)
|27= 27. Princess Anna Maria of Hohenzollern-Hechingen (=23)
|28= 28. Jakob Khuen von Belasi, Count of Lichtenberg and Gandegg
|29= 29. Siguna Margaretha von Annenberg
|30= 30. Ferdinand Balthasar, Count of Meggau
|31= 31. Countess Esther von Sulz{{cn|date=August 2018}}
}} }}


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|title=Rulers of Savoy and Sicily |title=Rulers of Savoy and Sicily
|work=Genealogy.EU |work=Genealogy.EU
|accessdate=2010-08-29 |access-date=29 August 2010
}}{{Self-published source|date=August 2012}}{{Better source|date=August 2012}} }}{{Self-published source|date=August 2012}}{{Better source|date=August 2012}}
* Tourtchine. Jean-Fred: ''Les manuscrits du C.E.D.R.E''. – Dictionnaire Historique et Généalogique, vol. I. ''Le Royaume d'Italie'', Cercle d'Études des Dynasties Royales Européennes (president, Jean-Fred Tourtchine), Paris, 1992. ISSN 0993-3964.
*Vitelleschi. Marchese: ''The romance of Savoy, Victor Amadeus II. and his Stuart bride Volume II'', Harvard College Library, New York, 1905 *Vitelleschi. Marchese: ''The romance of Savoy, Victor Amadeus II. and his Stuart bride Volume II'', Harvard College Library, New York, 1905
{{refend}} {{refend}}


==External links== ==External links==
{{Commonscat-inline|Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg}} * {{Commonscat-inline|Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg}}


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{{s-ttl|title=]|years=3 September 1730 – 13 January 1735}} {{s-ttl|title=]|years=3 September 1730 – 13 January 1735}}
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{{End}} {{s-end}}
{{Landgravines of Hesse-Rotenburg}} {{Landgravines of Hesse-Rotenburg}}
{{Princesses of Savoy by marriage}} {{Princesses of Savoy by marriage}}
{{Princesses of Piedmont}} {{Princesses of Piedmont}}
{{Sardinian consorts}} {{Sardinian consorts}}

{{Authority control}} {{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Polyxena Christina Of Hesse-Rotenburg}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Polyxena Christina Of Hesse-Rotenburg}}
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Latest revision as of 00:38, 14 December 2024

Sardinian queen consort

Polyxena of Hesse-Rheinfels-Rotenburg
Portrait by Maria Giovanna Clementi, c. 1728–1730
Queen consort of Sardinia
Tenure3 September 1730 – 13 January 1735
Born(1706-09-21)21 September 1706
Langenschwalbach, Hesse
Died13 January 1735(1735-01-13) (aged 28)
Royal Palace of Turin
Burial1786
Basilica of Superga, Turin
SpouseCharles Emmanuel III of Sardinia
Issue
Detail		Victor Amadeus III, King of Sardinia
Princess Eleonora
Princess Maria Luisa
Princess Maria Felicita
Prince Emanuele Filiberto
Names
Polyxena Christina Johanna
HouseHesse-Rotenburg
FatherErnest Leopold, Landgrave of Hesse-Rotenburg
MotherCountess Eleonore of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort

Princess Polyxena of Hesse-Rheinfels-Rotenburg (Polyxena Christina Johanna; 21 September 1706 – 13 January 1735) was the second wife of Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont whom she married in 1724. The mother of the future Victor Amadeus III, she was Queen of Sardinia from 1730 until her death in 1735.

Early life

Polyxena was born as the eldest daughter of Ernst Leopold, Landgrave of Hesse-Rheinfels-Rotenburg and Princess Eleonore of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort, daughter of Maximilian Karl Albert, Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort.

Queen of Sardinia

King Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia approached her family and proposed a union between Polyxena and Victor Amadeus II's son and heir, Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont. A previous match orchestrated by Agostino Steffani with a daughter of Rinaldo d'Este, Duke of Modena, had come to nothing. His first wife, Countess Palatine Anne Christine of Sulzbach, died on 12 March 1723, less than a year after her marriage and barely a week after giving birth to a son, Victor Amadeus, Duke of Aosta (7 March 1723 – 1 August 1725).

Although only two years younger, Polyxena was a niece of Charles Emanuel's first wife, and belonged to the Hesse-Rotenburg line, which was the only Roman Catholic branch (since 1652) of the reigning House of Hesse. She had been nominally a canoness of Thorn Abbey since 1720.

The engagement was announced on 2 July 1724, and she wed Charles Emmanuel by proxy on 23 July in Rotenburg. The marriage was celebrated in person at Thonon in Chablais on 20 August 1724.

Queen Polyxena with two of her children: Princess Eleonora (left) and Victor Amadeus (right).

Her stepson Victor Amadeus, heir after his father and grandfather to the Sardinian crown, died at the age of two, a year after Polyxena's marriage and before she had a child of her own. Nonetheless, she is said to have had a close relationship with her mother-in-law, Anne Marie d'Orléans, and the two frequented the Villa della Regina outside the capital, where the latter died in 1728.

When King Victor Amadeus announced his decision to return to the throne after having abdicated in 1730, Polyxena used her influence over her husband to have his father imprisoned at the Castle of Moncalieri, where he was joined for a while by his morganatic wife, Anna Canalis di Cumiana, Polyxena's former lady of the bedchamber.

In an 1869 history of the House of Savoy, Francesco Predari wrote that despite the fact Polyxena was praised for goodness of character and beautiful virtues, her father-in-law advised her to take care to maintain separate quarters from her husband for prudence's sake. In 1732 she founded a home for young mothers in Turin, redecorated the Villa della Regina, Stupinigi's hunting lodge, and the Church of Saint Joseph in Turin. She carried out various improvements with Filippo Juvarra and popularised chinoiserie. She was also a patron of Giovanni Battista Crosato, a baroque painter.

Having been ill since June 1734, she died at the Royal Palace of Turin, and has been buried in the Royal Basilica of Superga since 1786. Two years after her death, her widower married Princess Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine, sister of the future Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor.

Legacy

The senior branch of the House of Savoy ended with her grandson Charles Felix of Sardinia. The Villa Polissena in Rome is named in her honour.

Issue

Ancestry

Ancestors of Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg
8. Ernest, Landgrave of Hesse-Rheinfels-Rotenburg
4. William, Landgrave of Hesse-Rotenburg
9. Countess Marie Eleonore of Solms-Hohensolms
2. Ernest Leopold, Landgrave of Hesse-Rotenburg
10. Ferdinand Karl, Count of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort
5. Countess Maria Anna of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort
11. Countess Anna Maria of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg
1. Polyxena of Hesse-Rheinfels-Rotenburg
12. Ferdinand Karl, Count of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort (=10)
6. Maximilian Karl, Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort
13. Countess Anna Maria of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg (=11)
3. Countess Eleonore of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort
14. Mathias Khuen von Belasi, Count zu Lichtenberg und Gandegg
7. Countess Polyxena Khuen von Belasi
15. Countess Anna Susanna von Meggau zu Kreutzen

Notes

  1. Huberty 1976, pp. 108, 153–154.
  2. Huberty 1976, pp. 108.
  3. Huberty 1976, pp. 108, 129, 146–147, 153–154.
  4. Timms. Colin: Polymath of the baroque: Agostino Steffani and his music, Oxford University Press US, 2003, p. 117
  5. ^ Marek 2008.
  6. Huberty 1976, p. 75.
  7. Huberty 1976, pp. 129–130.
  8. ^ Storia politica, civile, militare della dinastia di Savoia dalle prime origini a Vittorio Emanuele II, Paravia, 1869, p. 266
  9. Vitelleschi. Marchese: The romance of Savoy, Victor Amadeus II. and his Stuart bride Volume II, Harvard College Library, New York, 1905, p. 488
  10. Vitelleschi. Marchese: The romance of Savoy, Victor Amadeus II and his Stuart bride. Volume II, Harvard College Library, New York, 1905, p. 497
  11. Symcox. Geoffrey: Victor Amadeus II: absolutism in the Savoyard State, 1675-1730, University of California Press, 1983, p. 229
  12. Two Allegorical Sculptures by Francesco Ladatte, Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 41, (2006), pp. 121–131.
  13. Bianchi, Nicomede. Le Materie Politiche Relative All'estero Degli Archivi Di Stato Piemontesi. Categoria, Reale Casa - Matrimoni. BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2009, p=472 ISBN 0-559-96349-1
  14. "Mafalda di Savoia". Santi, Beati e Testimoni. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
  15. C.E.D.R.E. Les Manuscrits du C.E.D.R.E.: Le Royaume d'Italie, volume II. Paris, 1993, pp. 212-214. (French). ISSN 0993-3964.
  16. Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans [Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 64.

Bibliography

  • Cantogno. Domenico Carutti di: Storia del regno di Carlo Emanuele III Turin, 1859
  • Symcox. Geoffrey: Victor Amadeus II: absolutism in the Savoyard State, 1675-1730, University of California Press, 1983, ISBN 978-0-520-04974-1
  • Huberty, Michel; Giraud, F. Alain; Magdelaine, F. & B (1976), L'Allemagne Dynastique (Tome I Hesse-Reuss-Saxe), Le Perreux: A. Giraud, ISBN 2-901138-01-2
  • Marek, Miroslav (2008), "Rulers of Savoy and Sicily", Genealogy.EU, retrieved 29 August 2010
  • Tourtchine. Jean-Fred: Les manuscrits du C.E.D.R.E. – Dictionnaire Historique et Généalogique, vol. I. Le Royaume d'Italie, Cercle d'Études des Dynasties Royales Européennes (president, Jean-Fred Tourtchine), Paris, 1992. ISSN 0993-3964.
  • Vitelleschi. Marchese: The romance of Savoy, Victor Amadeus II. and his Stuart bride Volume II, Harvard College Library, New York, 1905

External links

Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg House of Hesse-RotenburgCadet branch of the House of HesseBorn: 21 September 1706 Died: 13 January 1735
Italian royalty
VacantTitle last held byAnne Marie d'Orléans Queen consort of Sardinia
3 September 1730 – 13 January 1735 		VacantTitle next held byElisabeth Therese of Lorraine
Landgravines of Hesse-Rotenburg
The generations start from the children of Herman IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Rotenburg and his brother Ernest, Landgrave of Hesse-Rheinfels
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*also a princess of Savoy by birth **Princess of Savoy-Genoa ***Princess of Savoy-Aosta
Princesses of Piedmont
Queens of Sardinia
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