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			{{Short description|Geographic region in West Asia}}
	{{otheruses1|the geographical area known as Palestine|Palestine}}
			{{For|other regions with the same name|Palestine (disambiguation)#Geographic region||}}
	], ]]]
			{{good article}}
	'''Palestine''' (from {{lang-la|'''Palaestina'''}}; {{lang-he|'''פלשת'''}} ''Pleshet'', '''פלשתינה''' ''Palestina''; {{lang-ar|'''فلسطين'''}} ''Filastīn'', ''Falastīn'') is one of several names for the geographic region between the ] and the ] with various adjoining lands. Many different ] have been used in the past three millennia.
			{{Pp|small=yes}}
			{{Pp-move}}
			{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
			{{Use Oxford spelling|date=November 2022}}
			{{Infobox country
	Other English names for this geographical region include: ] ({{lang-he|'''ארץ ישראל'''}} ''Erets Yisrael''), ] ({{lang-he|'''ארץ הקדש''' ''Erets Ha-Kodesh''}}; {{lang-la|'''Terra Sancta'''}}; {{lang-ar|'''الأرض المقدسة'''}} ''al-Ard al-Muqaddasah''<ref>]</ref>), ], and Cisjordan. The various names for the region are understood differently and are not identical in meaning.
			| conventional_long_name = Palestine
			| native_name = {{small|{{Lang|el|Παλαιστίνη}} (])<br />{{Lang|la|Palaestina}} (])<br />{{Lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|فِلَسْطِينَ}}|rtl=yes}} (])<br />{{Lang|he|{{Script/Hebrew|אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל}}|rtl=yes}} (])}}{{efn-lr|{{transliteration|he|ʾEreṣ Yiśrāʾēl}} ("]"). Sometimes called simply {{Script/Hebrew|הָאָרֶץ}} {{Transliteration|he|hāʾĀreṣ}} ("the Land").<br>Terms like {{Script/Hebrew|פָּלֶשְׂתִּינָה}} {{Transliteration|he|Pāleśtīnā}} and {{Script/Hebrew|פָלַסְטִין}} {{Transliteration|he|Fālasṭīn}} are sometimes used in secular historical contexts to refer to the land when it is under European or Arab control, respectively.}}
			| name =
			| image_map = Historical boundaries of Palestine (plain).svg
			| map_caption = {{legend|border=darkgreen solid|white|Boundaries of the Roman province ], where dashed green line shows the boundary between Byzantine ] (later ]) and ] (later ]), as well as ] (later Jebel et-Tih and the Jifar)}}
			{{legend|border=darkred solid|white|Borders of ]}}
			{{legend|border=blue dotted 2px|white|Borders between ] and the ] (] and ]) which are claimed by the ] as its borders}}
			| image_map2 =
			| map2_width = 220px
			| capital =
			| membership_type = Countries
			| membership = {{flag|Israel}}<br />{{flag|Palestine}}<br />{{flag|Jordan}}{{efn-lr|name=Definition|Northwestern parts, according to some definitions.}}
			| languages_type = Languages
			| languages = ], ]
			| ethnic_groups = ], ], ]
			}}
			The region of '''Palestine''',{{efn-lr|{{langx|el|Παλαιστίνη}}, {{Transliteration|el|Palaistínē}}; {{langx|la|Palaestina}}; {{langx|ar|فِلَسْطِينَ}}, {{Transliteration|ar|Filasṭīn}}, {{Transliteration|ar|Falasṭīn}}, {{Transliteration|ar|Filisṭīn}}; {{langx|he|אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל}} {{Transliteration|he|ʾEreṣ Yiśrāʾēl}}}} also known as '''historic Palestine''',<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ecibAAAAQBAJ|title=Historic Palestine, Israel, and the Emerging Palestinian Autonomous Areas|first=Britannica Educational|last=Publishing|date=1 October 2010|publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing|isbn=978-1-61530-395-3 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MePaDwAAQBAJ|title=From Shared Life to Co-Resistance in Historic Palestine|first1=Marcelo|last1=Svirsky|first2=Ronnen|last2=Ben-Arie|date=7 November 2017|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-78348-965-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/03058298221131359|title=On Indigenous Refusal against Externally-Imposed Frameworks in Historic Palestine|first=Itxaso|last=Domínguez de Olazábal|date=3 October 2022|journal=Millennium: Journal of International Studies|volume=51|issue=1|pages=212–236|via=CrossRef|doi=10.1177/03058298221131359 |issn = 0305-8298 }}</ref> is a geographical area in ]. It includes modern-day ] and the ], as well as parts of northwestern ] in some definitions. Other names for the region include ], the ], the ], or the ].
	==Boundaries and name==
	], c.].
	{{legend|#00ff00|Kingdom of Judah}}
	{{legend|#008000|Kingdom of Israel}}
	{{legend|#777777|Philistine city-states}}
	{{legend|#3000ee|Phoenician states}}
	{{legend|#7777ff|Kingdom of Ammon}}
	{{legend|#ffff00|Kingdom of Edom}}
	{{legend|#007777|Kingdom of Aram-Damascus}}
	{{legend|#ffffff|Aramean tribes}}
	{{legend|#800080|Arubu tribes}}
	{{legend|#804020|Nabatu tribes}}
	{{legend|#005fff|Assyrian Empire}}
	{{legend|#808040|Kingdom of Moab}}
	]]
			The earliest written record referring to Palestine as a geographical region is in the '']'' of ] in the 5th century BCE, which calls the area ''Palaistine'', referring to the territory previously held by ], a state that existed in that area from the 12th to the 7th century BCE. The ] conquered the region and in 6 CE established the province known as ], but then in 132 CE in the period of the ] the province was expanded and renamed ].{{sfn|Lehmann|1998}} In 390, during the ] period, the region was split into the provinces of ], ], and ]. Following the ] in the 630s, the military district of ] was established. While Palestine's boundaries have changed throughout history, it has generally comprised the southern portion of regions such as ] or the Levant.
	]ian texts call the entire ] coastal area ''R-t-n-u'' (conventionally '']''), which stretched along the Mediterranean coast in between modern Egypt and Turkey. It subdivided into three regions. ''Retenu's'' southern region (called '']'') approximates modern Israel with the Palestinian Territories, the central region Lebanon, and the northern region (called '']'') the Syrian coast as far north as the ] near Turkey.
			As the birthplace of ] and ], Palestine has been a crossroads for religion, culture, commerce, and politics. In the ], it was home to ]ite city-states; and the later ] saw the emergence of ]. It has since come under the sway of various empires, including the ], the ], the ], the ], and the ]. The brief ] ended with its gradual incorporation into the Roman Empire, and later the Byzantine Empire, during which Palestine became a center of Christianity. In the 7th century, Palestine was conquered by the ], ending Byzantine rule in the region; Rashidun rule was succeeded by the ], the ], and the ]. Following the collapse of the ], which had been established through the ], the population of Palestine became predominantly ]. In the 13th century, it became part of the ], and after 1516, spent four centuries as part of the ].
	During the Israelite Period (or Iron Age), the ] of the ] reigned from ] over an area approximating modern Israel with the Palestinian Territories but extending farther westward and northward to cover much (but not all) of the greater Land of Israel. After the split, the southern part became the ], and the northern part the ].
			During ], Palestine was occupied by the ] as part of the ]. Between 1919 and 1922, the ] created the ], which came under British administration as ] through the 1940s. Tensions between Jews and ] escalated into the ], which ended with the establishment of Israel on most of the territory, and neighboring ] and ] controlling the ] and the ] respectively. The 1967 ] saw ], which has been among the core issues of the ongoing ].{{sfn|Reuters: recognition|2012}}{{sfn|Miskin|2012}}{{sfn|AP|2013}}
	The term "Palestine" derives from the word ], the name of a non-Semitic ethnic group, who inhabited a smaller area on the southern coast, called ], whose borders approximate the modern ]. Philistia encompassed the five cities of ], ], ], ], and ]. The Egyptian texts of the temple at ], record a people called the ''P-r-s-t'' (conventionally ''Peleset''), one of the ] who invaded ] in ]'s reign. This is considered very likely to be a reference to the Philistines. The ] name ''Peleshet'' ({{lang-he|פלשת}} ''Pəléshseth''), usually translated as ''Philistia'' in English, is used in the ] to denote their southern coastal region. The Assyrian emperor ] called it the ''Palashtu'' in his Annals. The Philistines seem to have disappeared as a distinct ethnic group by the ]n period, however the name of their land remained. During the Persian Period, the Greek form was first used in the ] by ] who wrote of a "district of Syria, called ''Palaistinêi''" (whence {{lang-la|Palaestina}}, whence {{lang-en|Palestine}}). The boundaries of the area he referred to were not explicitly stated, but ] used the name only for the smaller coastal area, Philistia. ] also used the term. In ], ] mentions a region of Syria that was "formerly called ''Palaestina''" among the areas of the Eastern Mediterranean.
			== Etymology ==
	During the Roman Period, the Province of ] (including ]) covered most of Israel and the Palestinian territories. But following the ] rebellion, the Romans redrew these borders into the new Provinces of Syria Palestine ({{lang-la|Syria Palaestina}}) (including Judea) and Samaria.
			<!--linked-->
			{{For timeline|Timeline of the name Palestine}}
			{{multiple image
			| perrow = 2
			| total_width = 300
			| image1 = Karte Pomponius Mela.jpg
			| width1 = 270
			| height1 = 350
			| image2 = Notitia Dignitatum - Dux Palestinae.jpg
			| width2 = 2028
			| height2 = 3072
			| image3 = Tabula Rogeriana Muhammad al-Idrisi map of Syria, Palestine, Sinai.png
			| width3 = 1050
			| height3 = 600
			| image4 = Cedid Atlas (Syria) 1803.jpg
			| width4 = 800
			| height4 = 600
			| footer = The name is found throughout recorded history. Examples of ] that contain the name Palestine are shown above: (1) ] (Latin, {{circa|43 CE}}); (2) ] (Latin, {{circa|410 CE}}); (3) ] (Arabic, 1154 CE); (4) ] (Ottoman Turkish, 1803 CE)
			}}
			Modern archaeology has identified 12 ancient inscriptions from Egyptian and Assyrian records recording likely cognates of ] ''Pelesheth''. The term "Peleset" (] from ] as ''P-r-s-t'') is found in five inscriptions referring to a neighboring people or land starting from {{circa|1150 BCE}} during the ]. The first known mention is at the temple at ] which refers to the ] among those who fought with ] in ]'s reign,{{sfn|Fahlbusch|Lochman|Bromiley|Barrett|2005|p=185}}{{sfn|Breasted|2001|p=24}} and the last known is 300 years later on ]. Seven known ]n inscriptions refer to the region of "Palashtu" or "Pilistu", beginning with ] in the ] in {{circa|800 BCE}} through to a ] more than a century later.{{sfn|Sharon|1988|p=4}}{{sfn|Room|2006|p=285}} Neither the Egyptian nor the Assyrian sources provided clear regional boundaries for the term.{{efn-lr|] wrote in his seminal "Keilinschriften und Geschichtsforschung" ("KGF", in English "Cuneiform inscriptions and Historical Research") that the Assyrian tern "Palashtu" or "Pilistu" referred to the wider Palestine or "the East" in general, instead of "Philistia" ({{harvnb|Schrader|1878|pp=123–124}}; {{harvnb|Anspacher|1912|p=48}}).}}
			The first clear use of the term Palestine to refer to the entire area between ] and ] was in 5th century BCE ],{{efn-lr|"The earliest occurrence of this name in a Greek text is in the mid-fifth century B.C., Histories of Herodotus, where it is applied to the area of the Levant between Phoenicia and Egypt." ...{{nbs}}"The first known occurrence of the Greek word Palaistine is in the Histories of Herodotus, written near the mid-fifth century B.C. Palaistine Syria, or simply Palaistine, is applied to what may be identified as the southern part of Syria, comprising the region between Phoenicia and Egypt. Although some of Herodotus' references to Palestine are compatible with a narrow definition of the coastal strip of the Land of Israel, it is clear that Herodotus does call the whole land by the name of the coastal strip." ...{{nbs}}"It is believed that Herodotus visited Palestine in the fifth decade of the fifth century B.C." {{nbs}}..."In the earliest Classical literature references to Palestine generally applied to the Land of Israel in the wider sense." {{harv|Jacobson|1999}}}}{{efn-lr|"As early as the Histories of Herodotus, written in the second half of the fifth century BCE, the term Palaistinê is used to describe not just the geographical area where the Philistines lived, but the entire area between Phoenicia and Egypt—in other words, the Land of Israel. Herodotus, who had traveled through the area, would have had firsthand knowledge of the land and its people. Yet he used Palaistinê to refer not to the Land of the Philistines, but to the Land of Israel" {{harv|Jacobson|2001}}}} when ] wrote of a "district of Syria, called ''Palaistínē''" ({{langx|grc|Συρίη ἡ Παλαιστίνη καλεομένη}}){{sfn|Herodotus 3:91:1}} in '']'', which included the ] and the ].{{sfn|Jacobson|1999|p=65}}{{efn-lr|In '']'', Herodotus referred to the practice of ] associated with the Hebrew people: "the ], the ], and the ], are the only nations who have practised circumcision from the earliest times. The ]ns and the Syrians of Palestine themselves confess that they learnt the custom of the Egyptians{{nbs}}... Now these are the only nations who use circumcision." {{harv|Herodotus|1858|pp=Bk ii, Ch 104}}}} Approximately a century later, ] used a similar definition for the region in '']'', in which he included the ].{{sfn|Jacobson|1999|pp=66–67}} Later Greek writers such as ] and ] also used the term to refer to the same region, which was followed by Roman writers such as ], ], ], ], ], ], ] as well as ] writers ] and ].<ref name=Robinson /><ref>Louis H. Feldman, whose view differs from that of Robinson, thinks that Josephus, when referring to ''Palestine'', had in mind only the coastal region, writing: "Writers on geography in the first century clearly differentiate Judaea from Palestine. ...{{nbs}}Jewish writers, notably ] and ], with few exceptions refer to the land as ''Judaea'', reserving the name ''Palestine'' for the coastal area occupied by the Philistines." (END QUOTE). See: p. 1 in: {{harv|Feldman|1990|pp=1–23}}.</ref> The term was first used to denote an official province in {{circa|135 CE}}, when the ], following the suppression of the ], renamed the province of Judaea "]". There is ] linking ] with the name change,{{sfn|Feldman|1996|p=553}} but the precise date is not certain.{{sfn|Feldman|1996|p=553}}
	During the Byzantine Period, this entire region (including Syria Palestine, Samaria, and Galilee) was renamed ''Palaestina'' and then subdivided into Diocese I and II. The Byzantines also renamed an area of land including the Negev, Sinai, and the west coast of the Arabian Peninsula as ''Palaestina Salutoris'', sometimes called ''Palaestina III''. Since the Byzantine Period, the Byzantine borders of ''Palaestina'' (''I'' and ''II'') have served as a name for the geographic area between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea.
			The term is generally accepted to be a cognate of the biblical name ''Peleshet'' ({{lang|he|פלשת}} ''Pəlésheth'', usually transliterated as ]). The term and its derivates are used more than 250 times in ]-derived versions of the ], of which 10 uses are in the ], with undefined boundaries, and almost 200 of the remaining references are in the ] and the ].{{sfn|Sharon|1988|p=4}}{{sfn|Room|2006|p=285}}<ref name=Robinson>Robinson, 1865, p.15: "Palestine, or Palestina, now the most common name for the Holy Land, occurs three times in the English version of the Old Testament; and is there put for the ] name פלשת, elsewhere rendered Philistia. As thus used, it refers strictly and only to the country of the ], in the southwest corner of the land. So, too, in the Greek form, Παλαςτίνη, it is used by ]. But both Josephus and ] apply the name to the whole land of the Hebrews; and Greek and Roman writers employed it in the like extent."</ref>{{sfn|Lewis|1954|p=153}} The term is rarely used in the ], which used a transliteration ''Land of Phylistieim'' ({{lang|grc|Γῆ τῶν Φυλιστιείμ}}), different from the contemporary Greek place name ''Palaistínē'' ({{lang|grc|Παλαιστίνη}}).{{sfn|Jacobson|1999|pp=72–74}} It is also theorized to be the ] of the Greek word for the Philistines and ''palaistês'', which means "wrestler/rival/adversary".{{sfn|Noth|1939}} This aligns with the Greek practice of punning place names since the latter is also the ].{{sfn|Jacobson|1999|p={{page needed|date=February 2021}}|ps=: "In the earliest Classical literature references to Palestine generally applied to the Land of Israel in the wider sense. A reappraisal of this question has given rise to the proposition that the name Palestine, in its Greek form Palaistine, was both a transliteration of a word used to describe the land of the Philistines and, at the same time, a literal translation of the name Israel. This dual interpretation reconciles apparent contradictions in early definitions of the name Palaistine and is compatible with the Greeks' penchant for punning, especially on place names."}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Beloe |first=W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SyYIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA269 |title=Herodotus, Vol.II |year=1821 |location=London |page=269 |quote=It should be remembered that Syria is always regarded by Herodotus as synonymous with ]. What the Greeks called Palestine the Arabs call Falastin, which is the Philistines of Scripture.}} (tr. from Greek, with notes)</ref><ref>"Palestine and Israel", David M. Jacobson, ''Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research'', No. 313 (February 1999), pp. 65–74; "The Southern and Eastern Borders of Abar-Nahara," Steven S. Tuell, ''Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research'', No. 284 (November 1991), pp. 51–57; "Herodotus' Description of the East Mediterranean Coast", Anson F. Rainey, ''Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research'', No. 321 (February 2001), pp. 57–63; </ref>
	===Holy Texts===
	The ] calls the region '']'' ({{lang-he|כּנען}}) when referring to the pre-Israelite period and thereafter '']'' (''Yisrael''). The name "]" ({{lang-he|ארץ העברים}}, ''Eretz Ha-Ivrim'') is also found as well as several poetical names: "land flowing with milk and honey", "land that swore to your fathers to assign to you", "]", "Land of the Lord", and the "]". The Land of Canaan is given a precise description in ({{Niv|Numbers|34:1–12|Numbers 34:1}}) as including all of Lebanon as well({{Niv|Joshua|13:5|Joshua 13:5}}). The wide area appears to be the habitat of the ancient ethnic Hebrews, albeit shared with other ethnic groups. It is even said to extend as far as the Euphrates River {{Niv|Genesis|15:18|Genesis 15:18}} including an area called ], which includes ] in modern Turkey, from where Abraham the ancestor of the Israelites departed.
			The Septuagint instead used the term "allophuloi" ({{lang|grc|άλλόφυλοι}}, "other nations") throughout the Books of Judges and Samuel,{{sfn|Jobling|Rose|1996|p=404a}}<ref name=Drews49>{{harvnb|Drews|1998|p=49}}: "Our names 'Philistia' and 'Philistines' are unfortunate obfuscations, first introduced by the translators of the LXX and made definitive by Jerome's Vg. When turning a Hebrew text into Greek, the translators of the LXX might simply—as Josephus was later to do—have Hellenized the Hebrew פְּלִשְׁתִּים as {{lang|grc|Παλαιστίνοι}}, and the toponym פְּלִשְׁתִּ as Παλαιστίνη. Instead, they avoided the toponym altogether, turning it into an ethnonym. As for the ethnonym, they chose sometimes to transliterate it (incorrectly aspirating the initial letter, perhaps to compensate for their inability to aspirate the sigma) as {{lang|grc|φυλιστιιμ}}, a word that looked exotic rather than familiar, and more often to translate it as ά{{lang|grc|άλλόφυλοι}}. Jerome followed the LXX's lead in eradicating the names, 'Palestine' and 'Palestinians', from his Old Testament, a practice adopted in most modern translations of the Bible."</ref> such that the term "Philistines" has been interpreted to mean "non-Israelites of the Promised Land" when used in the context of Samson, Saul and David,<ref name=Drews51>{{harvnb|Drews|1998|p=51}}: "The LXX's regular translation of פְּלִשְׁתִּים into {{lang|grc|άλλόφυλοι}} is significant here. Not a proper name at all, allophyloi is a generic term, meaning something like 'people of other stock'. If we assume, as I think we must, that with their word allophyloi the translators of the LXX tried to convey in Greek what p'lištîm had conveyed in Hebrew, we must conclude that for the worshippers of Yahweh p'lištîm and b'nê yiśrā'ēl were mutually exclusive terms, p'lištîm (or allophyloi) being tantamount to 'non-Judaeans of the Promised Land' when used in a context of the third century BCE, and to 'non-Israelites of the Promised Land' when used in a context of Samson, Saul and David. Unlike an ethnonym, the noun פְּלִשְׁתִּים normally appeared without a definite article."</ref> and Rabbinic sources explain that these peoples were different from the Philistines of the ].{{efn-lr|"Rabbinic sources insist that the Philistines of Judges and Samuel were different people altogether from the Philistines of Genesis. (] on Psalm 60 (Braude: vol. 1, 513); the issue here is precisely whether Israel should have been obliged, later, to keep the Genesis treaty.) This parallels a shift in the Septuagint's translation of Hebrew pelistim. Before Judges, it uses the neutral transliteration phulistiim, but beginning with Judges it switches to the pejorative allophuloi. " {{harv|Jobling|Rose|1996|p=404}}}}
	The events of the ] of the ] take place entirely in Palestine.
			During the ], the region of Palestine within ] was subdivided into ] and ],{{sfn|Kaegi|1995|p=41}} and an area of land including the ] and ] became ].{{sfn|Kaegi|1995|p=41}} Following the ], ] that were in use by the Byzantine administration generally continued to be used in Arabic.{{sfn|Sharon|1988|p=4}}<ref name=Marshallp559>Marshall Cavendish, 2007, p. 559.</ref> The use of the name "Palestine" became common in ],{{sfn|Krämer|2011|p=16}} was used in English and Arabic during the ]{{sfn|Büssow|2011|p=5}}{{sfn|Abu-Manneh|1999|p=39}}{{efn-lr|For example, the 1915 ''Filastin Risalesi'' ("Palestine Document"), an Ottoman army (]) country survey which formally identified Palestine as including the sanjaqs of ], the ], and the ]<ref name=Risalesi>{{harvnb|Tamari|2011|pp=29–30}}: "Filastin Risalesi, is the salnameh type military handbook issued for Palestine at the beginning of the Great War... The first is a general map of the country in which the boundaries extend far beyond the frontiers of the Mutasarflik of Jerusalem, which was, until then, the standard delineation of Palestine. The northern borders of this map include the city of Tyre (Sur) and the Litani River, thus encompassing all of the Galilee and parts of southern Lebanon, as well as districts of Nablus, Haifa and Akka—all of which were part of the Wilayat of Beirut until the end of the war."</ref>}} and was revived as an official place name with the ].
	In the ], the term {{lang|ar|'''الأرض المقدسة'''}} ("Holy Land", ''Al-Ard Al-Muqaddasah'') is mentioned at least seven times, once when ] proclaims to the ]: "O my people! Enter the holy land which Allah hath assigned unto you, and turn not back ignominiously, for then will ye be overthrown, to your own ruin." (])
			Some other terms that have been used to refer to all or part of this land include ], ] (Eretz Yisrael or Ha'aretz),{{sfn|Biger|2004|pp=133, 159}}{{efn-lr|The ], taking up a term used once in the ] (1 Samuel 13:19),{{sfn|Whitelam|1996|pp=40–42}}{{sfn|Masalha|2007|p=32}} speaks of a larger theologically-defined area, of which Palestine is a part, as the "land of Israel"{{sfn|Saldarini|1994|pp=28–29}} ({{lang|grc|γῆ Ἰσραήλ}}) (]), in a narrative paralleling that of the ].}}{{efn-lr|"The parallels between this narrative and that of Exodus continue to be drawn. Like Pharaoh before him, Herod, having been frustrated in his original efforts, now seeks to achieve his objectives by implementing a program of infanticide. As a result, here – as in Exodus – rescuing the hero's life from the clutches of the evil king necessitates a sudden flight to another country. And finally, in perhaps the most vivid parallel of all, the present narrative uses virtually the same words of the earlier one to provide the information that the coast is clear for the herds safe return: here, in Matthew 2:20, 'go … for those who sought the child's life are dead; there, in Exodus 4:19, go back… for all the men who sought your life are dead{{'"}} {{harv|Goldberg|2001|p=147}}.}} the ], the ], the ], ], ], ],{{efn-lr|Other writers, such as ], referred to the region as '']'' ("all Syria") around 10–20 CE {{harv|Feldman|1996|pp=557–558}}.}} "Israel HaShlema", ], ], ], '']'' (Ancient Egyptian), ], ] and ].
	==History==
	:''Main articles: ], ]''
			== History ==
	:''For early history of the region see ], ], ]''
			{{main|History of Palestine}}
			{{For timeline|Timeline of the Palestine region}}
			=== Overview ===
	] in the 1st century CE.]]
			{{main list|Time periods in the Palestine region}}
	]
			Situated at a strategic location between ], ] and ], and the birthplace of ] and ], the region has a long and tumultuous history as a crossroads for religion, culture, commerce, and politics. The region has been controlled by numerous peoples, including ], ]ites, ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], the Arab ], ], ] and ] ]s, ], ], ], ], ], the ], and modern ] and ].{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}
	]
			{{Timeline of Palestine Sovereign Powers}}
	===Roman period===		=== Ancient period ===
			{{See also|Canaan|History of ancient Israel and Judah|Philistines}}
	As a result of the ] (]-]), ] ] and destroyed the ], leaving only the ]. In ], following the fall of a ] led by ] in 132&ndash;135, the Roman emperor ] expelled most Jews from Judea, leaving large Jewish populations in Samaria and the Galilee. He also changed the name of the Roman province of Judea (Israel) to '']'' named after the Philistines as an insult to the now conquered Jews. In what was considered a form of ], the Romans also tried to change the name of ] to ], but that had less staying power. Over time the name Syria Palaestina was shortened to Palaestina, which by then had become an administrative political unit within the ].
			]
			The region was among the earliest in the world to see human habitation, agricultural communities and ].{{sfn|Ahlström|1993|pp=72–111}} During the ], independent ]ite city-states were established, and were influenced by the surrounding civilizations of ancient Egypt, ], ], ] Crete, and Syria. Between 1550 and 1400{{nbs}}BCE, the Canaanite cities became vassals to the Egyptian ] who held power until the 1178{{nbs}}BCE ] during the wider ].{{sfn|Ahlström|1993|pp=282–334}}
			The ] emerged from a dramatic social transformation that took place in the people of the central hill country of Canaan around 1200{{nbs}}BCE, with no signs of violent invasion or even of peaceful infiltration of a clearly defined ethnic group from elsewhere.{{sfn|Finkelstein|Silberman|2002|p=107}}{{efn-lr|"Several scholars hold the revisionist thesis that the Israelites did not move to the area as a distinct and foreign ethnic group at all, bringing with them their god Yahwe and forcibly evicting the indigenous population, but that they gradually evolved out of an amalgam of several ethnic groups, and that the Israelite cult developed on "Palestinian" soil amid the indigenous population. This would make the Israelites "Palestinians" not just in geographical and political terms (under the British Mandate, both Jews and Arabs living in the country were defined as Palestinians), but in ethnic and broader cultural terms as well. While this does not conform to the conventional view, or to the understanding of most Jews (and Arabs, for that matter), it is not easy to either prove or disprove. For although the Bible speaks at length about how the Israelites "took" the land, it is not a history book to draw reliable maps from. There is nothing in the extra-biblical sources, including the extensive Egyptian materials, to document the sojourn in Egypt or the exodus so vividly described in the Bible (and commonly dated to the thirteenth century). Biblical scholar Moshe Weinfeld sees the biblical account of the exodus, and of Moses and Joshua as founding heroes of the "national narration", as a later rendering of a lived experience that was subsequently either "forgotten" or consciously repressed – a textbook case of the "invented tradition" so familiar to modern students of ethnicity and nationalism." {{harv|Krämer|2011|p=8}}}} During the ], the Israelites established two related kingdoms, ]. The ] emerged as an important local power by the 10th century BCE before falling to the ] in 722{{nbs}}BCE. Israel's southern neighbor, the ], emerged in the 8th or 9th century BCE and later became a client state of first the Neo-Assyrian and then the ] before a revolt against the latter led to its destruction in 586{{nbs}}BCE. The region became part of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from {{circa|740 BCE}},{{sfn|Crouch|2014}} which was itself replaced by the Neo-Babylonian Empire in {{circa|627 BCE}}.{{sfn|Ahlström|1993|pp=655–741, 754–784}}
	===Byzantine (Eastern Roman Empire) period===
	In approximately 390, Palaestina was further organised into three units: ''Palaestina Prima'', ''Secunda'', and ''Tertia'' (First, Second, and Third Palestine). ''Palaestina Prima'' consisted of Judea, ], the coast, and ] with the governor residing in ]. ''Palaestina Secunda'' consisted of the ], the lower ], the regions east of Galilee, and the western part of the former ] with the seat of government at ]. ''Palaestina Tertia'' included the ], southern ] &mdash; once part of Arabia &mdash; and most of ] with ] the usual residence of the governor. Palestina Tertia was also known as Palaestina Salutaris. This reorganization reduced Arabia to the northern Jordan east of Peraea. Byzantine administration of Palestine ended temporarily during the Persian occupation of 614&ndash;28, then permanently after the rise of Islam in the ] and the Islamic armies conquering the region beginning in 635.
			In 587/6{{nbs}}BCE, ] by the second Babylonian king, ],{{efn-lr|{{harv|''Temple of Jerusalem''}}: totally destroyed the building in 587/586}} who subsequently ]. The Kingdom of Judah was then ]. The Philistines were also exiled. The defeat of Judah was recorded by the Babylonians.{{sfn|British Museum|n.d.}}{{sfn|Chronicle of Nebuchadnezzar II|2006}}
	===The Caliphate period===
	The muslim rulers divided the province of ''ash-Sham'' (Arabic for Greater ]) into five districts. '']'' (Arabic جند فلسطين, literally "the army or military district of Palestine") was a region extending from the Sinai to south of the plain of Acre. At times it reached down into the Sinai. Major towns included ], Caesarea, Gaza, ], ], ], Ramla and Jerusalem. Initially Ludd (]) was the capital, but in 717 it was moved to the new city of ar-Ramlah (]). (The capital was not moved to Jerusalem until much later, when the organization into ''Junds'' was already breaking down.) ''Jund al-Urdunn'' (literally "Jordan") was a region to the north and east of Filastin. Major towns included Tiberias, Legio, Acre, Beisan and Tyre. The capital was at ]. Various political upheavals led to readjustments of the boundaries several times. After the 10th century, the division into ''Junds'' began to break down and the Turkish invasions of the 1070s, followed by the first Crusade, completed that process.
			In 539{{nbs}}BCE, the ] by the ]. According to the ] and implications from the ], the exiled Jews were eventually allowed to ].{{sfn|Ahlström|1993|pp=804–890}} The returned population in Judah were allowed to self-rule under Persian governance, and some parts of the fallen kingdom became a Persian province known as ].{{sfn|Crotty|2017|p=25 f.n. 4}}{{sfn|Grabbe|2004|p=355}} Except Yehud, at least another four Persian provinces existed in the region: Samaria, Gaza, Ashdod, and Ascalon, in addition to the Phoenician city states in the north and the Arabian tribes in the south.{{sfn|Ephal|2000|p=156}} During the same period, the ]ites migrated from Transjordan to the southern parts of ], which became known as ].{{sfn|Levin|2020|p=487}} The ] were the dominant Arab tribe; their territory ran from the ] in the south to the Negev in the north through the period of Persian and Hellenistic dominion.{{sfn|Wenning|2007|pp=26: All that can be said with certainty is that the Nabataeans are known in the sources since the fourth century B.C. Up to that time the Qedarites, the dominant Arab tribe of the Persian period, controlled the south from the Hejaz and all of the Negev}}<ref>David F. Graf, 'Petra and the Nabataeans in the Early Hellenistic Period: the literary and archaeological evidence,' in Michel Mouton, Stephan G. Schmid (eds.), , Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH, 2013 pp.35–55 pp.47–48: 'the Idumean texts indicate that a large portion of the community in southern Palestine were Arabs, many of whom have names similar to those in the "Nabataean" onomasticon of later periods.' (p.47).</ref>
	: ''See also the , showing Jund boundaries (external link).''
			=== Classical antiquity ===
	===Crusader period===
			], also known as Caesarea Palestinae, built under ] at the site of a former ]n naval station, became the capital city of ], Roman ] and Byzantine ] provinces.<ref>"Founded in the years 22-10 or 9 B.C. by Herod the Great, close to the ruins of a small Phoenician naval station named Strato's Tower (Stratonos Pyrgos, Turns Stratonis), which flourished during the 3d to 1st c. B.C. This small harbor was situated on the N part of the site. Herod dedicated the new town and its port (''limen Sebastos'') to ]. During the Early Roman period Caesarea was the seat of the Roman procurators of the province of Judea. Vespasian, proclaimed emperor at Caesarea, raised it to the rank of Colonia Prima Flavia Augusta, and later Alexander Severus raised it to the rank of Metropolis Provinciae Syriae Palestinae." A. Negev, "CAESAREA MARITIMA Palestine, Israel" in: Richard Stillwell et al. (eds.), ''The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites'' (1976).</ref>]]
	See the articles on the ]s and the ].
			In the 330s BCE, Macedonian ruler ] conquered the region, which changed hands several times during the ] and later ]. It ultimately fell to the ] between 219 and 200{{nbs}}BCE. During that period, the region became heavily ], building tensions between Greeks and locals.
	===Mamluk period===
	After Muslim control over Palestine was reestablished in the 12th and 13th centuries, the division into districts was reinstated, with boundaries that were frequently redrawn. 1263/Jul 1291 the country was part of the ] of Egypt.
			In 167{{nbs}}BCE, the ] erupted, leading to the establishment of an independent ] in Judea. From 110{{nbs}}BCE, the Hasmoneans extended their authority over much of Palestine, including ], ], ], ], and Idumea.{{sfn|Smith|1999|p=210}} The Jewish control over the wider region resulted in it also becoming known as ], a term that had previously only referred to the smaller region of the ].{{efn-lr|"In both the Idumaean and the Ituraean alliances, and in the annexation of Samaria, the Judaeans had taken the leading role. They retained it. The whole political–military–religious league that now united the hill country of Palestine from Dan to Beersheba, whatever it called itself, was directed by, and soon came to be called by others, 'the Ioudaioi{{'"}} {{harv|Smith|1999|p=210a}}}}<ref>Ben-Sasson, p.226, "The name Judea no longer referred only to{{nbs}}..."</ref> During the same period, the Edomites were converted to Judaism.{{sfn|Levin|2020|p=487}}
	Around the end of the 13th century, Palestine comprised several of nine emirates of Syria, namely the "Kingdoms" of ''Gaza'' (including Ascalon and Hebron), ''Karak'' (including Jaffa and Legio), ''Safad'' (including Safad, Acre, Sidon and Tyre) and parts of the Kingdom of ''Damascus'' (sometimes extending as far south as Jerusalem).
			Between 73 and 63{{nbs}}BCE, the ] extended its influence into the region in the ]. Pompey conquered Judea in 63{{nbs}}BCE, splitting the former Hasmonean Kingdom into five districts. In around 40{{nbs}}BCE, the ] conquered Palestine, deposed the Roman ally ], and installed a puppet ruler of the Hasmonean line known as ].{{sfn|Neusner|1983|p=911}}{{sfn|Vermes|2014|p=36}} By 37{{nbs}}BCE, the Parthians withdrew from Palestine.{{sfn|Neusner|1983|p=911}}
	By the middle of the 14th century, Syria had again been divided into five districts, of which ''Filastin'' included Jerusalem (its capital), Ramla, Ascalon, Hebron and Nablus, while ''Hauran'' included Tiberias (its capital).
			Palestine is generally considered the "Cradle of ]".{{sfn|Evenari|1982|p=26}}{{sfn|Kårtveit|2014|p=209}}{{sfn|Sivan|2008|p=2}} Christianity, a religion based on the ] and ] of ], arose as a messianic sect from within ]. The three-year ], culminating in his ], is estimated to have occurred from 28 to 30{{nbs}}CE, although the ] is disputed by a minority of scholars.{{efn-lr|For example, in a 2011 review of the state of modern scholarship, ] (a secular agnostic) described the dispute, whilst concluding: "He certainly existed, as virtually every competent scholar of antiquity, Christian or non-Christian, agrees" {{harv|Ehrman|2011|p=285}}}}
	===Ottoman period===
			] in ], after being rebuilt by ]. It was destroyed by the ] in 70 CE during the ].{{sfn|''Temple of Jerusalem''}}]]
	After the ] conquest, the name "Palestine" disappeared as the official name of an administrative unit, as the Turks often called their (sub)provinces after the capital. Since its 1516 incorporation in the Ottoman Empire, it was part of the'' ]'' (]) of Damascus-Syria until 1660, next of the ''vilayet'' of ] (seat in Lebanon), shortly interrupted by the 7 March 1799 - July 1799 French occupation of Jaffa, Haifa, and Caesarea. On 10 May 1832 it was one of the Turkish provinces annexed by ]'s shortly imperialistic Egypt (nominally still Ottoman), but in November 1840 direct Ottoman rule was restored.
			In the first and second centuries CE, the province of Judea became the site of two large-scale ]. During the ], which lasted from 66 to 73{{nbs}}CE, the Romans ] and destroyed the ].{{sfn|Zissu|2018|p=19}} In ], Jewish zealots preferred to commit suicide than endure Roman captivity. In 132{{nbs}}CE, another Jewish rebellion erupted. The ] took three years to put down, incurred massive costs on both the Romans and the Jews, and desolated much of Judea.{{sfn|Lewin|2005|p=33}}{{sfn|Eshel|2008|pp=125: Although Dio's figure of 985 as the number of villages destroyed during the war seems hyperbolic, all Judaean villages, without exception, excavated thus far were razed following the Bar Kochba Revolt. This evidence supports the impression of total regional destruction following the war.}} The center of Jewish life in Palestine moved to the Galilee.<ref>{{harvnb|Schäfer|2003|p=163}}: The entire spiritual and economic life of the Palestinian Jews moved to Galilee. {{harvnb|Meyers|Chancey|2012|p=173}}: Galilee became the all-important focus of Jewish life</ref> During or after the revolt, ] joined the province of Iudaea with Galilee and the ] to form the new province of ], and Jerusalem was renamed "]". Some scholars view these actions as an attempt to disconnect the ] from their homeland,<ref name="H.H. Ben-Sasson, 1976, page 334">H.H. Ben-Sasson, ''A History of the Jewish People'', Harvard University Press, 1976, {{ISBN|978-0-674-39731-6}}, page 334: "In an effort to wipe out all memory of the bond between the Jews and the land, Hadrian changed the name of the province from Iudaea to Syria-Palestina, a name that became common in non-Jewish literature."</ref><ref>Ariel Lewin. ''The archaeology of Ancient Judea and Palestine''. Getty Publications, 2005 p. 33. "It seems clear that by choosing a seemingly neutral name – one juxtaposing that of a neighboring province with the revived name of an ancient geographical entity (Palestine), already known from the writings of Herodotus – Hadrian was intending to suppress any connection between the Jewish people and that land." {{ISBN|978-0-89236-800-6}}</ref> but this theory is debated.{{sfn|Jacobson|1999|pp=72–74}}
			Between 259 and 272, the region fell under the rule of ] as King of the ]. Following the victory of Christian emperor ] in the ], the Christianization of the Roman Empire began, and in 326, Constantine's mother ] visited ] and began the construction of churches and shrines. Palestine became a center of Christianity, attracting numerous monks and religious scholars. The ] during this period caused their near extinction. In 614{{nbs}}CE, Palestine was annexed by another Persian dynasty; the ], until returning to Byzantine control in 628{{nbs}}CE.<ref>Greatrex-Lieu (2002), II, 196</ref>
	Still the old name remained in popular and semi-official use. Many examples of its usage in the 16th and 17th centuries have survived.<ref>Gerber, 1998.</ref> During the 19th century, the "Ottoman Government employed the term ''Arz-i Filistin'' (the 'Land of Palestine') in official correspondence, meaning for all intents and purposes the area to the west of the River Jordan which became 'Palestine' under the British in 1922". <ref>Mandel, 1976, p. ''xx''.</ref> Amongst the educated Arab public, ''Filastin'' was a common concept, referring either to the whole of Palestine or to the Jerusalem '']'' alone<ref>Porath, 1974, pp. 8-9.</ref> or just to the area around Ramle<ref>Haim Gerber (1998) referring to ]s by two ] Syrian jurists.</ref>.
			=== Early Muslim period ===
	Palestine in 1850 had about 350,000 inhabitants, 30% of whom lived in 13 towns; roughly 85% were Muslims, 11% were Christians and 4% Jews <ref>Scholch 1985, p. 503</ref> . The Ottoman Sultan discouraged all large-scale immigration to Palestine, replying to a request by Rabbi ] for permission to settle Jews in 1876 that "almost all lands in Palestine were occupied, and that the autonomy sought by Nantonek was incompatible with the administrative principles of the state" and decrees against mass settlement were issued by the Ottoman government in 1884, 1887 and 1888.<ref>Karpat, 2002, p. 794.</ref> Significant numbers of Jews began making ] to the Holy Land in 1882<ref>Rogan, 2002, p. 71.</ref> to build collective farms and eventually established the suburb of ] in 1909,<ref>Schlor, 1999, p. 11.</ref> which became a city in 1921. After counting only 7.000 in 1700 the total number of Jews in Palestine had grown by 1900 to about 60,000 (out of a total population of 500,000), which shows in Karpat's view that "the Ottoman policy of allowing individuals to immigrate and to settle, but prohibiting large groups from doing the same, was successful".<ref>Karpat, 2002, p. 799.</ref>
			{{multiple image
			| footer = ]
			| image1 = Dome of Rock, Temple Mount, Jerusalem.jpg
			| caption1 = The ], the world's first great work of ], constructed in 691.
			| width1 = 191
			| image2 = White to.jpg
			| caption2 = Minaret of the ] in ], constructed in 1318
			| width2 = 95
			}}
			Palestine was conquered by the ], beginning in 634{{nbs}}CE.{{sfn|Gil|1997|p=i}} In 636, the ] during the ] marked the start of Muslim hegemony over the region, which became known as the military district of ] within the province of ] (Greater Syria).{{sfn|Gil|1997|p=47}} In 661, with the ], ] became the Caliph of the Islamic world after being crowned in Jerusalem.{{sfn|Gil|1997|p=76}} The ], completed in 691, was the world's first great work of Islamic architecture.<ref>Brown, 2011, p. 122: 'the first great Islamic architectural achievement.'</ref>
			The majority of the population was Christian and was to remain so until the conquest of Saladin in 1187. The Muslim conquest apparently had little impact on social and administrative continuities for several decades.{{sfn|Avni|2014|pp=314,336}}{{efn-lr|"The religious situation also evolved under the new masters. Christianity did remain the majority religion, but it lost the privileges it had enjoyed." {{harv|Flusin|2011|pp=199–226, 215}}}}<ref>O'Mahony, 2003, p. 14: 'Before the Muslim conquest, the population of Palestine was overwhelmingly Christian, albeit with a sizeable Jewish community.'</ref>{{efn-lr|The earlier view, exemplifed by the writings of Moshe Gil, argued for a Jewish-Samaritan majority at the time of conquest: "We may reasonably state that at the time if the Muslim conquest, a large Jewish population still lived in Palestine. We do not know whether they formed the majority but we may assume with some certainly that they did so when grouped together with the Samaritans." {{harv|Gil|1997|p=3}}}} The word 'Arab' at the time referred predominantly to Bedouin nomads, though Arab settlement is attested in the Judean highlands and near Jerusalem by the 5th century, and some tribes had converted to Christianity.{{sfn|Avni|2014|pp=154–155}} The local population engaged in farming, which was considered demeaning, and were called ''Nabaț'', referring to ]-speaking villagers. A ], brought in the name of a Muslim freedman who settled in Palestine, ordered the Muslim Arabs not to settle in the villages, "for he who abides in villages it is as if he abides in graves".{{sfn|Gil|1997|pp=134–136}}
	Ottoman rule over the region lasted until the ] (]) when the Ottomans ] with ] and the ]. During ], the Ottomans were driven from much of the area by the ] during the ]. As the Empire ended, the number of Jews in Palestine had declined to 55,000.<ref>Porath, 1974, p. 17</ref>
			The ], who had spurred a strong economic resurgence in the area,{{sfn|Walmsley|2000|pp=265–343, p. 290}} were replaced by the ] in 750. ] became the administrative centre for the following centuries, while Tiberias became a thriving centre of Muslim scholarship.{{sfn|Gil|1997|p=329}} From 878, Palestine was ruled from Egypt by semi-autonomous rulers for almost a century, beginning with the Turkish freeman ], for whom both Jews and Christians prayed when he lay dying{{sfn|Gil|1997|pp=306ff. and p. 307 n. 71; p. 308 n. 73}} and ending with the ] rulers. Reverence for Jerusalem increased during this period, with many of the Egyptian rulers choosing to be buried there.{{efn-lr|"Under the Tulunids, Syro-Egyptian territory was deeply imbued with the concept of an extraordinary role devolving upon Jerusalem in Islam as al-Quds, Bayt al-Maqdis or Bayt al-Muqaddas, the "House of Holiness", the seat of the Last Judgment, the Gate to Paradise for Muslims as well as for Jews and Christians. In the popular conscience, this concept established a bond between the three monotheistic religions. If Ahmad ibn Tulun was interred on the slope of the ] , ] and ] were laid to rest in Jerusalem in 910 and 933, as were their ] successors and ] ]]. To honor the great general and governor of Syria ], who died in 433/1042, the ] had his remains solemnly conveyed from Aleppo to Jerusalem in 448/1056-57." {{harv|Bianquis|1998|p=103}}}} However, the later period became characterized by persecution of Christians as the threat from Byzantium grew.{{sfn|Gil|1997|p=324}} The ], with a predominantly ] army, conquered the region in 970, a date that marks the beginning of a period of unceasing warfare between numerous enemies, which destroyed Palestine, and in particular, devastating its Jewish population.{{sfn|Gil|1997|p=336}} Between 1071 and 1073, Palestine was captured by the ],{{sfn|Gil|1997|p=410}} only to be recaptured by the Fatimids in 1098.{{sfn|Gil|1997|pp=209, 414}}
	===The 19th and 20th centuries===
	In European usage up to ], "Palestine" was used informally for a region that extended in the north-south direction typically from ] (south-east of ]) to the ] (now in Lebanon). The western boundary was the sea, and the eastern boundary was the poorly-defined place where the Syrian desert began. In various European sources, the eastern boundary was placed anywhere from the Jordan River to slightly east of ]. The ] was not included.<ref></ref>
			=== Crusader/Ayyubid period ===
	Under the ] of 1916, it was envisioned that most of Palestine, when freed from Ottoman control, would become an international zone not under direct French or British colonial control. Shortly thereafter, British foreign minister ] issued the ], which laid plans for a Jewish homeland to be established in Palestine eventually.
			] fortress in ] was destroyed in 1291 and partially rebuilt in the 18th century.]]
			The Fatimids again lost the region to the ] in ]. The Crusaders set up<ref>], ''God's War: A New History of the Crusades'' (Penguin: 2006), pp. 201–202</ref> the ] (1099–1291).{{sfn|Gil|1997|p=826}} Their control of Jerusalem and most of Palestine lasted almost a century until their ] by ]'s forces in 1187,{{sfn|Krämer|2011|p=15|loc={{sp}}}} after which most of Palestine was controlled by the ],{{sfn|Krämer|2011|p=15|loc={{sp}}}} except for the years 1229–1244 when Jerusalem and other areas were retaken{{sfn|Boas|2001|pp=19–20}} by the ], by then ruled from ] (1191–1291), but, despite seven further crusades, the Franks were no longer a significant power in the region.{{sfn|Setton|1969|pp=615–621 (vol. 1)}} The ], which did not reach Palestine, led directly to the decline of the Byzantine Empire, dramatically reducing Christian influence throughout the region.{{sfn|Setton|1969|pp=152–185 (vol. 2)}}
			=== Mamluk period ===
	The British-led ], commanded by ], captured Jerusalem on ], 1917 and occupied the whole of the Levant following the defeat of Turkish forces in Palestine at the ] in September 1918.<ref>Hughes, 1999, p. 17; p. 97.</ref>
			The ] was created in Egypt as an indirect result of the ].{{sfn|Setton|1969|pp=486–518 (vol. 2)}} The ] reached Palestine for the first time in 1260, beginning with the ] under ] general ], and reaching an apex at the pivotal ], where they were pushed back by the Mamluks.{{sfn|Krämer|2011|pp=35–39}}
			=== Ottoman period ===
	===British Mandate (1920-1948)===
	{{main|British Mandate of Palestine}}		{{further|History of Palestine#Ottoman period}}
			In 1486, hostilities broke out between the Mamluks and the ] in a battle for control over western Asia, and the Ottomans conquered Palestine in 1516.{{sfn|Krämer|2011|p=40}} Between the mid-16th and 17th centuries, a close-knit alliance of three local dynasties, the ] of ], the ] of ] and the ] of ], governed Palestine on behalf of the ] (imperial Ottoman government).{{sfn|Zeevi|1996|p=45}}
	] and ] were incorporated (under different legal and administrative arrangements) into the Mandate for Palestine issued by the ] to ] on ], 1923.]]
			], constructed in ] in 1784, is the largest and best preserved ] in the region.]]
	Formal use of the English word "Palestine" returned with the ]. At the beginning of this period, the name "]" ("Land of Israel", ]: ארץ ישראל) was inserted into use on a 1920 Postage Stamp by Herbert Samuel, the first British high-commissioner of Palestine 1920-1925. Foreign office officials questioned his action, but the issue was forgotten as responsibility for Palestine was passed from the foreign office to colonial office.<ref>See </ref>
			In the 18th century, the ] clan under the leadership of ] ruled large parts of Palestine autonomously{{sfn|Phillipp|2013|pp=42–43}} until the Ottomans were able to defeat them in their ] strongholds in 1775–76.{{sfn|Joudah|1987|pp=115–117}} Zahir had turned the port city of ] into a major regional power, partly fueled by his monopolization of the ] and ] trade from Palestine to Europe. Acre's regional dominance was further elevated under Zahir's successor ] at the expense of ].{{sfn|Burns|2005|p=246}}
			In 1830, on the eve of ]'s invasion,{{sfn|Krämer|2011|p=64}} the Porte transferred control of the sanjaks of Jerusalem and Nablus to ], the governor of Acre. According to Silverburg, in regional and cultural terms this move was important for creating an Arab Palestine detached from greater Syria (''bilad al-Sham'').{{sfn|Silverburg|2009|pp=9–36, p. 29 n. 32}} According to Pappe, it was an attempt to reinforce the Syrian front in face of Muhammad Ali's invasion.{{sfn|Pappe|1999|p=38}} Two years later, Palestine was conquered by Muhammad Ali's Egypt,{{sfn|Krämer|2011|p=64}} but Egyptian rule was challenged in 1834 by a ] against ] and other measures considered intrusive by the population.{{sfn|Kimmerling|Migdal|2003|pp=7–8}} Its suppression devastated many of Palestine's villages and major towns.{{sfn|Kimmerling|Migdal|2003|p=11}}
	In April 1920 the Allied Supreme Council (the USA, Great Britain, France, Italy and Japan) met at ] and formal decisions were taken on the allocation of mandate territories. The United Kingdom accepted a mandate for Palestine, but the boundaries of the mandate and the conditions under which it was to be held were not decided. The Zionist Organization's representative at Sanremo, ], subsequently reported to his colleagues in London:
			In 1840, Britain intervened and returned control of the Levant to the Ottomans in return for further ].{{sfn|Krämer|2011|p=71}} The death of ] marked the last local challenge to Ottoman centralization in Palestine,{{sfn|Yazbak|1998|p=3}} and beginning in the 1860s, Palestine underwent an acceleration in its socio-economic development, due to its incorporation into the global, and particularly European, economic pattern of growth. The beneficiaries of this process were Arabic-speaking Muslims and Christians who emerged as a new layer within the Arab elite.{{sfn|Gilbar|1986|p=188}} From 1880 large-scale Jewish immigration began, almost entirely from Europe, based on an explicitly ] ideology.{{cn|date=July 2024}} There was also a ].{{efn-lr|"In 1914 about 12,000 Jewish farmers and fieldworkers lived in approximately forty Jewish settlements{{snd}}and to repeat it once again, they were by no means all Zionists. The dominant languages were still Yiddish, Russian, Polish, Rumanian, Hungarian, or German in the case of Ashkenazi immigrants from Europe, and Ladino (or 'Judeo-Spanish') and Arabic in the case of Sephardic and Oriental Jews. Biblical Hebrew served as the sacred language, while modern Hebrew (Ivrit) remained for the time being the language of a politically committed minority that had devoted itself to a revival of 'Hebrew culture'." {{harv|Krämer|2011|p=120}}}}
	:"There are still important details outstanding, such as the actual terms of the mandate and the question of the boundaries in Palestine. There is the delimitation of the boundary between French Syria and Palestine, which will constitute the northern frontier and the eastern line of demarcation, adjoining Arab Syria. The latter is not likely to be fixed until the Emir Feisal attends the Peace Conference, probably in Paris."<ref>'Zionist Aspirations: Dr Weizmann on the Future of Palestine', ''The Times'', Saturday, ], 1920; p. 15.</ref>
			] preceded its spread within the Jewish community.{{sfn|Shapira|2014|p=15}} The government of Great Britain publicly supported it during ] with the ] of 1917.{{sfn|Krämer|2011|p=148}}
	In July 1920, the French drove ] from ] ending his already negligible control over the region of Transjordan, where local chiefs traditionally resisted any central authority. The sheikhs, who had earlier pledged their loyalty to the Sharif, asked the British to undertake the region's administration. ] asked for the extension of the Palestine government's authority to Transjordan, but at meetings in Cairo and Jerusalem between ] and ] in March 1921 it was agreed that Abdullah would administer the territory (initially for six months only) on behalf of the Palestine administration. In the summer of 1921 Transjordan was included within the Mandate, but excluded from the provisions for a ].<ref>Gelber, 1997, pp. 6-15.</ref> On ], 1922 the League of Nations approved the terms of the British Mandate over Palestine and Transjordan. On ] the League formally approved a memorandum from ] confirming the exemption of Transjordan from the clauses of the mandate concerning the creation of a Jewish national home and from the mandate's responsibility to ''facilitate'' Jewish immigration and land settlement.<ref>Sicker, 1999, p. 164.</ref> Jews were thereafter not given special rights of immigration to Transjordan as they were to Palestine. (See ).
			=== British Mandate period ===
	The award of the mandates was delayed as a result of the United States' suspicions regarding Britain's colonial ambitions and similar reservations held by Italy about France's intentions. France in turn refused to reach a settlement over Palestine until its own mandate in Syria became final. According to Louis,
			{{main|Mandatory Palestine}}
			{{further|Zionism|Palestinian nationalism|United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine}}
			{{multiple image
			| align = left
			| footer = ] and ]. The Mandatory authorities agreed a ]: in English and Arabic the name was simply "Palestine" ({{lang|ar|"فلسطين"}}), but the Hebrew version ({{lang|he|"פלשתינה"}}) also included the acronym ({{lang|he|"א״י"}}) for {{transliteration|he|]}} (Land of Israel).
			| image1 = British Mandate Palestinian passport.jpg
			| caption1 =
			| width1 = 99
			| image2 = Mill (British Mandate for Palestine currency, 1927).jpg
			| caption2 =
			| width2 = 150
			}}
			{{Annotated image
			| image= Survey of Palestine 1942-1958 1-100,000 sheet index.png
			| frame=no
			| image-width=220
			| caption= ] 1942–1958 1–100,000 Topographical maps. Click on each blue link to see the individual original maps in high resolution.
			| annotations= {{Annotation |1=150 |2=25 |3=]}} {{Annotation |1=95 |2=88 |3=]}} {{Annotation |1=165 |2=88 |3=]}} {{Annotation |1=93 |2=145 |3=]}} {{Annotation |1=155 |2=155 |3=]}} {{Annotation |1=93 |2=215 |3=]}} {{Annotation |1=160 |2=215 |3=]}} {{Annotation |1=38 |2=277 |3=]}} {{Annotation |1=97 |2=277 |3=]}} {{Annotation |1=150 |2=277 |3=]}} {{Annotation |1=20 |2=340 |3=]}} {{Annotation |1=83 |2=340 |3=]}} {{Annotation |1=146 |2=340 |3=]}} {{Annotation |1=20 |2=405 |3=]}} {{Annotation |1=72 |2=405 |3=]}} {{Annotation |1=155 |2=395 |3=] |text-align=center}} {{Annotation |1=13 |2=465 |3=]}} {{Annotation |1=88 |2=465 |3=]}} {{Annotation |1=146 |2=455 |3=] |text-align=center}} {{Annotation |1=50 |2=525 |3=] |text-align=center}} {{Annotation |1=120 |2=525 |3=] |text-align=center}} {{Annotation |1=40 |2=580 |3=] |text-align=center}} {{Annotation |1=115 |2=585 |3=] |text-align=center}} {{Annotation |1=90 |2=660 |3=] |text-align=center}}
			}}
			The British began their ] in 1915.{{sfn|Morris|2001|p=67}} The war reached ], progressing to Gaza and around ].{{sfn|Morris|2001|p=67}} The British ].{{sfn|Morris|2001|pp=67–120}} They moved into the Jordan valley ] and a campaign by the Entente into northern Palestine led to victory at ].{{sfn|Morris|2001|pp=67–120}}
	:Together with the American protests against the issuance of mandates these triangular quarrels between the Italians, French, and British explain why the A mandates did not come into force until nearly four years after the signing of the ].... The British documents clearly reveal that Balfour's patient and skilful diplomacy contributed greatly to the final issuance of the A mandates for Syria and Palestine on ], 1923.<ref>Louis, 1969, p. 90.</ref>
			The British were formally awarded ] in 1922.{{sfn|Segev|2001|pp=270–294}} The Arab Palestinians rioted in ], ], ], and revolted in ].{{sfn|Segev|2001|pp=1–13}} In 1947, following World War II and ], the British Government announced its desire to terminate the Mandate, and the ] adopted in November 1947 a ] recommending partition into an Arab state, a Jewish state and the Special International Regime for the City of Jerusalem.{{sfn|Segev|2001|pp=468–487}} A ] began immediately after the Resolution's adoption. The ] was ] in May 1948.{{sfn|Segev|2001|pp=487–521}}
	Even before the Mandate came into legal effect in 1923 (]), British terminology sometimes used '"Palestine" for the part west of the Jordan River and "Trans-Jordan" (or ''Transjordania'') for the part east of the Jordan River. <ref>Ingrams, 1972</ref><ref>League of Nations (1921). </ref>
			=== Arab–Israeli conflict ===
	]
			{{further|History of Israel|History of the State of Palestine}}
			In the ], Israel captured and incorporated a further 26% of the Mandate territory, ] the regions of ] and ],{{sfn|Pappé|1994|p=119 "His (Abdallah) natural choice was the regions of Judea and Samaria..."}}{{efn-lr|"Transjordan, however, controlled large portions of Judea and Samaria, later known as the West Bank" {{harv|Tucker|Roberts|2008|pp=248–249, 500, 522}}}}{{sfn|Gerson|2012|p=93 "Trans-Jordan was also in control of all of Judea and Samaria (the West Bank)"}} renaming it the "]", while the ] was ].{{sfn|Pappé|1994|pp=102–135}}{{sfn|Khalidi|2007|pp=12–36}} Following the ], also known as ], the 700,000 Palestinians who fled or were driven from their homes were ] following the ].{{sfn|Pappé|1994|pp=87–101 and 203–243}}
			In the course of the ] in June 1967, Israel captured the rest of Mandate Palestine from Jordan and Egypt, and began a policy of establishing ] in those ]. From 1987 to 1993, the ] against Israel took place, which included the ] in 1988 and ended with the ] and the creation of the ].
	In the years following ], Britain's position in Palestine gradually worsened. This was caused by a combination of factors, including:
	* The situation in Palestine itself rapidly deteriorated, due to the incessant attacks by ] and ] on British officials, armed forces, and strategic installations. This caused severe damage to British morale and prestige, as well as increasing opposition to the mandate in Britain itself, public opinion demanding to "bring the boys home".<ref>Colonel Archer-Cust, Chief Secretary of the British Government in Palestine, said in a lecture to the Royal Empire Society that "The hanging of the two British Sergeants did more than anything to get us out ".
			In 2000, the ] (also called al-Aqsa Intifada) began, and Israel built a ]. In the 2005 ], Israel withdrew all settlers and military presence from the Gaza Strip, but maintained military control of numerous aspects of the territory including its borders, air space and coast. Israel's ongoing military occupation of the Gaza Strip, the West Bank and East Jerusalem continues to be the world's ] in modern times.{{efn-lr|The majority of the international community (including the UN General Assembly, the United Nations Security Council, the European Union, the International Criminal Court, and the vast majority of human rights organizations) considers Israel to be continuing to occupying Gaza, the West Bank and East Jerusalem. The government of Israel and some supporters have, at times, disputed this position of the international community. In 2011, Andrew Sanger explained the situation as follows: "Israel claims it no longer occupies the Gaza Strip, maintaining that it is neither a Stale nor a territory occupied or controlled by Israel, but rather it has 'sui generis' status. Pursuant to the Disengagement Plan, Israel dismantled all military institutions and settlements in Gaza and there is no longer a permanent Israeli military or civilian presence in the territory. However the Plan also provided that Israel will guard and monitor the external land perimeter of the Gaza Strip, will continue to maintain exclusive authority in Gaza air space, and will continue to exercise security activity in the sea off the coast of the Gaza Strip as well as maintaining an Israeli military presence on the Egyptian-Gaza border. and reserving the right to reenter Gaza at will. Israel continues to control six of Gaza's seven land crossings, its maritime borders and airspace and the movement of goods and persons in and out of the territory. Egypt controls one of Gaza's land crossings. Troops from the Israeli Defence Force regularly enter pans of the territory and/or deploy missile attacks, drones and sonic bombs into Gaza. Israel has declared a no-go buffer zone that stretches deep into Gaza: if Gazans enter this zone they are shot on sight. Gaza is also dependent on Israel for inter alia electricity, currency, telephone networks, issuing IDs, and permits to enter and leave the territory. Israel also has sole control of the Palestinian Population Registry through which the Israeli Army regulates who is classified as a Palestinian and who is a Gazan or West Banker. Since 2000 aside from a limited number of exceptions Israel has refused to add people to the Palestinian Population Registry. It is this direct external control over Gaza and indirect control over life within Gaza that has led the United Nations, the UN General Assembly, the UN Fact Finding Mission to Gaza, International human rights organisations, US Government websites, the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office and a significant number of legal commentators, to reject the argument that Gaza is no longer occupied.",{{sfn|Sanger|2011|p=429}} and in 2012 Iain Scobbie explained: "Even after the accession to power of Hamas, Israel's claim that it no longer occupies Gaza has not been accepted by UN bodies, most States, nor the majority of academic commentators because of its exclusive control of its border with Gaza and crossing points including the effective control it exerted over the Rafah crossing until at least May 2011, its control of Gaza's maritime zones and airspace which constitute what Aronson terms the 'security envelope' around Gaza, as well as its ability to intervene forcibly at will in Gaza"{{sfn|Scobbie|2012|p=295}} and Michelle Gawerc wrote in the same year: "While Israel withdrew from the immediate territory, Israel still controlled all access to and from Gaza through the border crossings, as well as through the coastline and the airspace. ln addition, Gaza was dependent upon Israel for water electricity sewage communication networks and for its trade (Gisha 2007. Dowty 2008). In other words, while Israel maintained that its occupation of Gaza ended with its unilateral disengagement Palestinians – as well as many human right organizations and international bodies – argued that Gaza was by all intents and purposes still occupied."{{sfn|Gawerc|2012|p=44}}<br />For more details of this terminology dispute, including with respect to the current status of the Gaza Strip, see ] and ].}}{{efn-lr|For an explanation of the differences between an annexed but disputed territory (e.g. ]) and a militarily occupied territory, please see the article ]. The "longest military occupation" description has been described in a number of ways, including: "The Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza is the longest military occupation in modern times,"{{sfn|Hajjar|2005|p=96}} "...longest official military occupation of modern history—currently entering its thirty-fifth year,"{{sfn|Anderson|2001}} "...longest-lasting military occupation of the modern age, "{{sfn|Makdisi|2010|p=299}} "This is probably the longest occupation in modern international relations, and it holds a central place in all literature on the law of belligerent occupation since the early 1970s,"{{sfn|Kretzmer|2012|p=885}} "These are settlements and a military occupation that is the longest in the twentieth and twenty-first century, the longest formerly being the Japanese occupation of Korea from 1910 to 1945. So this is thirty-three years old , pushing the record,"{{sfn|Said|2003|p=33}} "Israel is the only modern state that has held territories under military occupation for over four decades."{{sfn|Alexandrowicz|2012}} In 2014 Sharon Weill provided further context, writing: "Although the basic philosophy behind the law of military occupation is that it is a temporary situation modem occupations have well demonstrated that ''rien ne dure comme le provisoire'' A significant number of post-1945 occupations have lasted more than two decades such as the occupations of Namibia by South Africa and of East Timor by Indonesia as well as the ongoing occupations of Northern Cyprus by Turkey and of Western Sahara by Morocco. The Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories, <u>which is the longest in all occupation's history</u> has already entered its fifth decade."{{sfn|Weill|2014|p=22}}}}
	(The United Empire Journal, November-December 1949, taken from The Revolt, by Menachem Begin) </ref>
	* World public opinion turned against Britain as a result of the British policy of preventing the Jewish ] survivors from reaching Palestine, sending them instead to refugee camps in ], or even back to ], as in the case of ].
	* The costs of maintaining an army of over 100,000 men in Palestine weighed heavily on a British economy suffering from post-war depression, and was another cause for British public opinion to demand an end to the Mandate.
			In 2008 ] was inscribed to UNESCO's list of ]; the first of four listings reflecting the significance of Palestinian culture globally.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2020 |title=Żeby nie zapomnieć {{!}} Tygodnik Powszechny |url=https://www.tygodnikpowszechny.pl/zeby-nie-zapomniec-165818 |access-date=22 November 2023 |website=www.tygodnikpowszechny.pl |language=pl}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Rivoal |first=Isabelle |date=1 January 2001 |title=Susan Slyomovics, The Object of Memory. Arabs and Jews Narrate the Palestinian Village |url=https://journals.openedition.org/lhomme/6701 |journal=L'Homme. Revue française d'anthropologie |language=fr |issue=158–159 |pages=478–479 |doi=10.4000/lhomme.6701 |issn=0439-4216|doi-access=free }}</ref>
	Finally in early 1947 the British Government announced their desire to terminate the Mandate, and passed the responsibility over Palestine to the ].
			In November 2012, the status of Palestinian delegation in the ] was upgraded to ] as the ].{{sfn|UN GA/11317|2012}}{{efn-lr|See ] for further details}}
	===UN Partition ===
	{{main|1947 UN Partition Plan}}
			== Boundaries ==
	]
			=== Pre-modern period ===
	] today]]
			The boundaries of Palestine have varied throughout history.{{efn-lr|According to the Jewish Encyclopedia published between 1901 and 1906:{{sfn|Jewish Encyclopedia|1906}} "Palestine extends, from 31° to 33° 20' N. latitude. Its southwest point (at Raphia, Tell Rifaḥ, southwest of Gaza) is about 34° 15' E. longitude, and its northwest point (mouth of the Liṭani) is at 35° 15' E. longitude, while the course of the Jordan reaches 35° 35' to the east. The west-Jordan country has, consequently, a length of about 150 English miles from north to south, and a breadth of about {{convert|23|mi|0|abbr=out}} at the north and {{convert|80|mi|0|abbr=out}} at the south. The area of this region, as measured by the surveyors of the English Palestine Exploration Fund, is about {{convert|6040|mi2|0|abbr=out}}. The east-Jordan district is now being surveyed by the German Palästina-Verein, and although the work is not yet completed, its area may be estimated at {{convert|4000|mi2|0|abbr=out}}. This entire region, as stated above, was not occupied exclusively by the Israelites, for the plain along the coast in the south belonged to the Philistines, and that in the north to the Phoenicians, while in the east-Jordan country, the Israelitic possessions never extended farther than the Arnon (Wadi al-Mujib) in the south, nor did the Israelites ever settle in the most northerly and easterly portions of the plain of Bashan. To-day the number of inhabitants does not exceed 650,000. Palestine, and especially the Israelitic state, covered, therefore, a very small area, approximating that of the state of Vermont." From the Jewish Encyclopedia}}{{efn-lr|According to the ] (1911), Palestine is:{{sfn|EB|1911}} " geographical name of rather loose application. Etymological strictness would require it to denote exclusively the narrow strip of coast-land once occupied by the Philistines, from whose name it is derived. It is, however, conventionally used as a name for the territory which, in the Old Testament, is claimed as the inheritance of the pre-exilic Hebrews; thus it may be said generally to denote the southern third of the province of Syria. Except in the west, where the country is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea, the limit of this territory cannot be laid down on the map as a definite line. The modern subdivisions under the jurisdiction of the Ottoman Empire are in no sense conterminous with those of antiquity, and hence do not afford a boundary by which Palestine can be separated exactly from the rest of Syria in the north, or from the Sinaitic and Arabian deserts in the south and east; nor are the records of ancient boundaries sufficiently full and definite to make possible the complete demarcation of the country. Even the convention above referred to is inexact: it includes the Philistine territory, claimed but never settled by the Hebrews, and excludes the outlying parts of the large area claimed in Num. xxxiv. as the Hebrew possession (from the " River of Egypt " to Hamath). However, the Hebrews themselves have preserved, in the proverbial expression " from Dan to Beersheba " (Judg. xx.i, &c.), an indication of the normal north-and-south limits of their land; and in defining the area of the country under discussion it is this indication which is generally followed. Taking as a guide the natural features most nearly corresponding to these outlying points, we may describe Palestine as the strip of land extending along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea from the mouth of the Litany or Kasimiya River (33° 20' N.) southward to the mouth of the Wadi Ghuzza; the latter joins the sea in 31° 28' N., a short distance south of Gaza, and runs thence in a south-easterly direction so as to include on its northern side the site of Beersheba. Eastward there is no such definite border. The River Jordan, it is true, marks a line of ] between Western and ]; but it is practically impossible to say where the latter ends and the Arabian desert begins. Perhaps the line of the pilgrim road from Damascus to Mecca is the most convenient possible boundary. The total length of the region is about {{convert|140|m|2|abbr=on}}; its breadth west of the Jordan ranges from about {{convert|23|m|2|abbr=on}} in the north to about {{convert|80|m|2|abbr=on}} in the south."}} The ] (comprising Wadi Arabah, the ] and ]) has at times formed a political and administrative frontier, even within empires that have controlled both territories.{{sfn|Aharoni|1979|p=64}} At other times, such as during certain periods during the ] and ] states for example, as well as during the ], territories on both sides of the river formed part of the same administrative unit. During the ] ] period, parts of southern ] and the northern highland areas of Palestine and Jordan were administered as '']'', while the southern parts of the latter two formed part of '']'', which during the 9th century was attached to the administrative unit of '']''.{{sfn|Salibi|1993|pp=17–18}}
			The boundaries of the area and the ethnic nature of the people referred to by ] in the 5th century BCE as Palaestina vary according to context. Sometimes, he uses it to refer to the coast north of ]. Elsewhere, distinguishing the Syrians in Palestine from the Phoenicians, he refers to their land as extending down all the coast from Phoenicia to Egypt.{{sfn|Herodotus|1858|pp=Bk vii, Ch 89}} ], writing in ] in the 1st century CE, describes a region of Syria that was "formerly called ''Palaestina''" among the areas of the Eastern Mediterranean.<ref>], '']'' V.66 and 68.</ref>
	On ] ], the ] ], with a two-thirds majority international vote, passed the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine (United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181), a plan to resolve the ] by partitioning the territory into separate ] and ] states, with the Greater ] area (encompassing ]) coming under international control. Jewish leaders (including the ]), accepted the plan, while Palestinian Arab leaders rejected it and refused to negotiate. Neighboring Arab and Muslim states also rejected the partition plan. The Arab community reacted violently after the ] declared a ]. As armed skirmishes between Arab and Jewish paramilitary forces in Palestine continued, the British mandate ended on ], ], the establishment of the ] having been proclaimed the day before (see ]). The neighboring Arab states and armies (], ], ], ], ], ], ], and local ]s) immediately attacked Israel following its declaration of independence, and the ] ensued. Consequently, the partition plan was never implemented.
			Since the Byzantine Period, the Byzantine borders of ''Palaestina'' (''I'' and ''II'', also known as ''Palaestina Prima'', "First Palestine", and ''Palaestina Secunda'', "Second Palestine"), have served as a name for the geographic area between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea. Under Arab rule, ''Filastin'' (or ''Jund Filastin'') was used administratively to refer to what was under the Byzantines ''Palaestina Secunda'' (comprising ]), while ''Palaestina Prima'' (comprising the ] region) was renamed ''Urdunn'' ("Jordan" or ''Jund al-Urdunn'').{{sfn|Sharon|1988|p=4}}
	===Current status===
	Following the ], the ] between Israel and neighboring Arab states eliminated Palestine as a distinct territory. It was divided between Israel, Egypt, Syria and Jordan.
			=== Modern period ===
	In addition to the UN-partitioned area, Israel captured 26% of the Mandate territory west of the Jordan river. Jordan captured and annexed about 21% of the Mandate territory. Jerusalem was divided, with Jordan taking the eastern parts, including the old city, and Israel taking the western parts. The ] was captured by ].
			]
			Nineteenth-century sources refer to Palestine as extending from the sea to the caravan route, presumably the ] east of the Jordan River valley.{{sfn|Biger|2004|pp=19–20}} Others refer to it as extending from the sea to the desert.{{sfn|Biger|2004|pp=19–20}} Prior to the ] victory in World War I and the ], which created the British mandate in the ], most of the northern area of what is today Jordan formed part of the ] ] (]), while the southern part of Jordan was part of the ].{{sfn|Biger|2004|p=13}} What later became ] was in late Ottoman times divided between the ] (]) and the ].<ref name=Risalesi /> The ] provided its definition of the boundaries of Palestine in a statement to the ].{{sfn|Tessler|1994|p=163}}{{sfn|Biger|2004|pp=41–80}}
			The British administered ] after World War I, having promised to establish a ]. The modern definition of the region follows the boundaries of that entity, which were fixed in the North and East in 1920–23 by the ] (including the ]) and the ],{{sfn|Biger|2004|pp=133, 159}} and on the South by following the 1906 Turco-Egyptian boundary agreement.{{sfn|Biger|2004|p=80}}{{sfn|Kliot|1995|p=9}}
	For a description of the massive population movements, Arab and Jewish, at the time of the 1948 war and over the following decades, see ] and ].
			{{Scrollable|height=auto|{{Palestinian territory development}}}}
			=== Current usage ===
	From the 1960s onward, the term "Palestine" was regularly used in political contexts. Various declarations, such as the 1988 proclamation of a ] by the ] referred to a country called Palestine, defining its borders with differing degrees of clarity, including the annexation of the whole of the State of Israel. Most recently, the Palestine draft constitution refers to borders based on the West Bank and Gaza Strip prior to the 1967 ]. This so-called ] follows the ]; the permanent borders are yet to be negotiated. Furthermore, since 1994, there has been a ] controlling varying portions of historic Palestine.
			{{further|Palestinian territories|State of Palestine|Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian enclaves}}
			{{see also|Borders of Israel}}
			The region of Palestine is the ] for the ] and the ], both of which are defined as relating to the whole historical region, usually defined as the localities within the border of ]. The 1968 ] described Palestine as the "homeland of the Arab Palestinian people", with "the boundaries it had during the British Mandate".{{sfn|Said|Hitchens|2001|p=199}}
	==The Origins and Evolution of the Palestine Problem:1917-1988==
			However, since the 1988 ], the term ] refers only to the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. This discrepancy was described by the Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas as a negotiated concession in a September 2011 speech to the United Nations: "... we agreed to establish the State of Palestine on only 22% of the territory of historical Palestine – on all the Palestinian Territory occupied by Israel in 1967."{{sfn|''Haaretz''|2011}}
	The question of Palestine was brought before the United Nations shortly after the end of the Second World War.
			The term ''Palestine'' is also sometimes used in a limited sense to refer to ] of the ], a quasi-governmental entity which governs ] under the terms of the ].{{efn-lr|See for example, Palestinian school textbooks{{efn-lr|"The term Palestine in the textbooks refers to Palestinian National Authority." {{harv|Adwan|2006|p=242}}}}}}
	The origins of the Palestine problem as an international issue, however, lie in events occurring towards the end of the First World War. These events led to a League of Nations decision to place Palestine under the administration of Great Britain as the Mandatory Power under the Mandates System adopted by the League. In principle, the Mandate was meant to be in the nature of a transitory phase until Palestine attained the status of a fully independent nation, a status provisionally recognized in the League's Covenant, but in fact the Mandate's historical evolution did not result in the emergence of Palestine as an independent nation.
			== Administration ==
	The decision on the Mandate did not take into account the wishes of the people of Palestine, both Arabs and Jews, despite the Covenant's requirements that "the wishes of these communities must be a principal consideration in the selection of the Mandatory". This assumed special significance because, almost five years before receiving the mandate from the League of Nations, the British Government had given commitments to the ] Organization regarding the establishment of a Jewish national home in Palestine, for which Zionist leaders had pressed a claim of historical connection since their ancestors had lived in Palestine two thousand years earlier before dispersing in the ].
			{{Administration in the Palestine region}}
			== Demographics ==
	During the period of the Mandate, the Zionist Organization worked to secure the establishment of a Jewish national home in Palestine, where both Jews and Arabs could live side by side. The Arab people of Palestine felt this design to be a violation of their rights. They also viewed it as an infringement of assurances of independence given by the Allied Powers to Arab leaders in return for their support during the war. The result was mounting resistance to the Mandate by all Arabs, followed by Arab violence against the Jewish population<ref>''See source article at .''</ref>.
			{{Main|Demographic history of Palestine}}
			=== Early demographics ===
	==Demographics==
			{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; margin-left:60px; float:right"
	===Early demographics===
			|-
	Estimating the population of Palestine in antiquity relies on 3 methods - censuses and writings made at the times, biblical associations, and the scientific method based on excavations and statistical methods that consider the number of settlements at the particular age, area of each settlement, density factor for each settelment.
			! Year
			! Jews
			! Christians
			! Muslims
			! Total
			|-
			| First half 1st century CE
			| Majority
			| –
			| –
			| ~2,500
			|-
			| 5th century
			| Minority
			| Majority
			| –
			| >1st C
			|-
			| End 12th century
			| Minority
			| Minority
			| Majority
			| >225
			|-
			| 14th century before ]
			| Minority
			| Minority
			| Majority
			| 225
			|-
			| 14th century after Black Death
			| Minority
			| Minority
			| Majority
			| 150
			|- class="sortbottom"
			| colspan="7" span style="font-size:70%; text-align:left;" | Historical population table compiled by ].{{sfn|DellaPergola|2001|p=5}} Figures in thousands.
			|}
			Estimating the population of Palestine in antiquity relies on two methods – censuses and writings made at the times, and the scientific method based on excavations and statistical methods that consider the number of settlements at the particular age, area of each settlement, density factor for each settlement.
			The ] in the 2nd century CE saw a major shift in the population of Palestine. The sheer scale and scope of the overall destruction has been described by ] in his ''Roman History'', where he notes that Roman war operations in the country had left some 580,000 Jews dead, with many more dying of hunger and disease, while 50 of their most important outposts and 985 of their most famous villages were razed to the ground. "Thus," writes Dio Cassius, "nearly the whole of ] was made desolate."<ref>''Dio's Roman History'' (trans. Earnest Cary), vol. 8 (books 61–70), ]: London 1925, pp. –</ref>{{sfn|Taylor|2012}}
	According to Joseph Jacobs, writing in the '']'' (1901-1906) , the ] contains a number of statements as to the number of Jews that left ], the descendants of the seventy sons and grandsons of ] who took up their residence in that country. Altogether, including ]s, there were 611,730 males over twenty years of age, and therefore capable of bearing arms; this would imply a population of about 3,154,000. The Census of ] is said to have recorded 1,300,000 males over twenty years of age, which would imply a population of over 5,000,000. The number of exiles who returned from ] is given at 42,360. ] declares that ] at its fall contained 600,000 persons; ], that there were as many as 1,100,000.
			According to ] Magen Broshi and Yigal Shiloh, the population of ancient Palestine did not exceed one million.{{efn-lr|"...{{nbs}}the population of Palestine in antiquity did not exceed a million persons. It can also be shown, moreover, that this was more or less the size of the population in the peak period—the late ] period, around AD 600" {{harv|Broshi|1979|p=7}}}}{{efn-lr|"...{{nbs}}the population of the country in the Roman-Byzantine period greatly exceeded that in the Iron Age... If we accept Broshi's population estimates, which appear to be confirmed by the results of recent research, it follows that the estimates for the population during the Iron Age must be set at a lower figure." {{harv|Shiloh|1980|p=33}}}} By 300{{nbs}}CE, Christianity had spread so significantly that Jews comprised only a quarter of the population.{{efn-lr|<q>By A.D. 300, Jews made up a mere quarter of the total population of the province of Syria Palaestina</q> {{harv|Krämer|2011|p=15}}}}
	According to excavational studies by Magen Borshi of ] in Jerusalem:
			=== Late Ottoman and British Mandate periods ===
	<blockquote>
			In a study of ] registers of the early Ottoman rule of Palestine, ] reports:<blockquote>he first half century of Ottoman rule brought a sharp increase in population. The towns grew rapidly, villages became larger and more numerous, and there was an extensive development of agriculture, industry, and trade. The two last were certainly helped to no small extent by the influx of Spanish and other Western Jews.</blockquote><blockquote>From the mass of detail in the registers, it is possible to extract something like a general picture of the economic life of the country in that period. Out of a total population of about 300,000 souls, between a fifth and a quarter lived in the six towns of ], ], ], ], ], and ]. The remainder consisted mainly of peasants, living in villages of varying size, and engaged in agriculture. Their main food-crops were wheat and barley in that order, supplemented by leguminous pulses, olives, fruit, and vegetables. In and around most of the towns there was a considerable number of vineyards, orchards, and vegetable gardens.{{sfn|Lewis|1954|p=487}}
	"We have sought here to demonstrate in two alternate, independent ways that the population of Palestine in antiquity did not exceed a million persons. It can also be shown, moreover, that this was more or less the size of the population in the peak period--the late Byzantine period, around A.D. 600"<ref> Magen Broshi, The Population of Western PAlestine in the Roman-Byzantine Period, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 236, p.7, 1979.</ref>
	</blockquote>		</blockquote>
			{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; margin-left:60px; float:right"
			|-
			! Year
			! Jews
			! Christians
			! Muslims
			! Total
			|-
			| 1533–1539
			| 5
			| 6
			| 145
			| 157
			|-
			| 1690–1691
			| 2
			| 11
			| 219
			| 232
			|-
			| 1800
			| 7
			| 22
			| 246
			| 275
			|-
			| 1890
			| 43
			| 57
			| 432
			| 532
			|-
			| 1914
			| 94
			| 70
			| 525
			| 689
			|-
			| 1922
			| 84
			| 71
			| 589
			| 752
			|-
			| 1931
			| 175
			| 89
			| 760
			| 1,033
			|-
			| 1947
			| 630
			| 143
			| 1,181
			| 1,970
			|- class="sortbottom"
			| colspan="7" span style="font-size:70%; text-align:left;" | Historical population table compiled by ].{{sfn|DellaPergola|2001|p=5}} Figures in thousands.
			|}
			According to Alexander Scholch, the population of Palestine in 1850 was about 350,000 inhabitants, 30% of whom lived in 13 towns; roughly 85% were Muslims, 11% were Christians and 4% Jews.{{sfn|Scholch|1985|p=503}}
			According to Ottoman statistics studied by ], the population of Palestine in the early 19th century was 350,000, in 1860 it was 411,000 and in 1900 about 600,000 of whom 94% were ].{{sfn|McCarthy|1990|p=26}} In 1914 Palestine had a population of 657,000 Muslim Arabs, 81,000 Christian Arabs, and 59,000 Jews.{{sfn|McCarthy|1990|p=30}} McCarthy estimates the non-Jewish population of Palestine at 452,789 in 1882; 737,389 in 1914; 725,507 in 1922; 880,746 in 1931; and 1,339,763 in 1946.{{sfn|McCarthy|1990|pp=37–38}}
	Similarly, a study by Yigal Shiloh of ] suggests that the population of Palestine in the Iron Age could have never exceeded a million. He writes:
			In 1920, the League of Nations' ''Interim Report on the Civil Administration of Palestine'' described the 700,000 people living in Palestine as follows:{{sfn|Kirk|2011|p=46}}{{blockquote|Of these, 235,000 live in the larger towns, 465,000 in the smaller towns and villages. Four-fifths of the whole population are Moslems. A small proportion of these are Bedouin Arabs; the remainder, although they speak Arabic and are termed Arabs, are largely of mixed race. Some 77,000 of the population are Christians, in large majority belonging to the Orthodox Church, and speaking Arabic. The minority are members of the Latin or of the Uniate Greek Catholic Church, or—a small number—are Protestants.
	<blockquote>
	"As we have seen above, the population of the country in the Roman-Byzantine period greatly exceeded that in the Iron Age...If we accept Broshi's population estimates, which appear to be confirmed by the results of recent research, it follows that the estimates for the population during the Iron Age must be set at a lower figure."<ref> Yigal Shiloh, The Population of Iron Age Palestine in the Light of a Sample Analysis of Urban Plans, Areas, and Population Density, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 239, p.33, 1980.</ref>
	</blockquote>
			The Jewish element of the population numbers 76,000. Almost all have entered Palestine during the last 40 years. Prior to 1850, there were in the country only a handful of Jews. In the following 30 years, a few hundreds came to Palestine. Most of them were animated by religious motives; they came to pray and to die in the Holy Land, and to be buried in its soil. After the persecutions in Russia forty years ago, the movement of the Jews to Palestine assumed larger proportions.}}
	===Demographics in the late Ottoman and British Mandate periods===
			=== Current demographics ===
	The population of Palestine in 1850 was about 350,000 inhabitants, 30% of whom lived in 13 towns; roughly 85% were Muslims, 11% were Christians and 4% Jews <ref>Scholch 1985, p. 503</ref>
			{{See also|Demographics of Israel|Demographics of the Palestinian territories}}
			According to the ], {{as of|2015|lc=y}}, the total population of Israel was 8.5{{nbs}}million people, of which 75% were ], 21% ], and 4% "others".{{sfn|ICBoS: Population|2016}} Of the Jewish group, 76% were ] (born in Israel); the rest were ] (immigrants)—16% from Europe, the former Soviet republics, and the Americas, and 8% from Asia and Africa, including the ].{{sfn|ICBoS: Jews|2016}}
			According to the ] evaluations, in 2015 the Palestinian population of the ] was approximately 2.9{{nbs}}million and that of the ] was 1.8{{nbs}}million.{{sfn|PCBoS: Estd Population|2016}} By 2022, the population of the Gaza strip had increased to an estimated 2,375,259,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://arabic.news.cn/20230105/d4cd282fc5a44ff48c3cf460871f1e74/c.html |title=مليونان و375 ألف نسمة عدد سكان قطاع غزة مع نهاية 2022 |website=arabic.news.cn |access-date=5 January 2023 |archive-date=5 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105160533/http://arabic.news.cn/20230105/d4cd282fc5a44ff48c3cf460871f1e74/c.html |url-status=live}}</ref> corresponding to a density of more than 6,507 people per square kilometre.
	According to ], the population of Palestine in the early 19th century was 350,000 <ref>McCarthy, 1990, p.26.</ref> and in 1900 Palestine (according to ] statistics) had a population of about 600,000 of which 94% were ]. In 1914 Palestine had a population of 657,000 Muslim Arabs, 81,000 Christian Arabs, and 59,000 Jews.<ref>McCarthy, 1990.</ref>
			Both Israeli and Palestinian statistics include Arab residents of ] in their reports.{{sfn|Mezzofiore|2015}}{{Better source needed|date=May 2022}} According to these estimates the total population in the region of Palestine, as defined as Israel and the Palestinian territories, stands approximately 12.8{{nbs}}million.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}
	] visited Palestine in 1867 and wrote in '']'' "what he saw as he travelled the length of the Desolate country":<ref> Katz, 115 </ref>
			== Flora and fauna ==
	<blockquote>
			{{main|Biodiversity in Israel and Palestine}}
	"From Athens all through the islands of the Grecian Archipelago, we saw little but forbidden sea-walls and barren hills, sometimes surmounted by three or four graceful columns of some ancient temples, lonely and deserted---a fitting symbol of desolation that has come upon all Greece in these latter ages. We saw no plowed fields, very few villages, no trees or grass or vegetation of any kind, scarcely, and hardly ever an isolated house. Greece is a bleak, unsmiling desert, without agriculture, manufactures, or commerce, apparently." (The Innocents Abroad, p. 203)
	... "Palestine sits in sackcloth and ashes. Over it broods the spell of a curse that has withered its fields and fettered its energies. Palestine is desolate and unlovely -- Palestine is no more of this workday world. It is sacred to poetry and tradition, it is dreamland."<ref> Twain, 358</ref> "There was hardly a tree or a shrub anywhere. Even the olive and the cactus, those fast friends of a worthless soil, had almost deserted the country".<ref> Twain, 294</ref> "A desolation is here that not even imagination can grace with the pomp of life and action. We reached Tabor safely. We never saw a human being on the whole route".<ref> Mark Twain: Innocents Abroad (New York, 1911) p.216 ,253</ref>
	... "Damascus is beautiful from the mountain. It is beautiful even to foreigners accustomed to luxuriant vegetation, and I can easily understand how unspeakably beautiful it must be to eyes that are only used to the God-forsaken barrenness and desolation of Syria. I should think a Syrian would go wild with ecstasy when such a picture bursts upon him for the first time." (The Innocents Abroad, p. 262)
	</blockquote>
			=== Flora distribution ===
	So overwhelming was Twain's impression of an irreversible desolation that he came to the grim conclusion that Palestine would never come to life again.
			{{see also|Category:Flora of Palestine (region)|List of native plants of Flora Palaestina (A–B)}}
			The ] is widely used in recording the distribution of plants. The scheme uses the code "PAL" to refer to the region of Palestine – a Level 3 area. The WGSRPD's Palestine is further divided into Israel (PAL-IS), including the Palestinian territories, and Jordan (PAL-JO), so is larger than some other definitions of "Palestine".{{sfn|Brummitt|2001}}
			=== Birds ===
	] was critical of Twain and said that in Nablus the city had a population of 20,000 Arabs and a few hundred Samaritans<ref>B. B. Doumani, The political economy of population counts in Ottoman Palestine: Nablus, Circa 1950, ''International Journal of Middle East Studies'', Vol 26 (1994) 1-17.</ref> yet Twain described the Samaritans at length without mentioning the Arabs at all.<ref>K. Christison, Perceptions of Palestine: Their Influence on U.S. Middle East Policy, Univ. of California Press, 1999; p20.</ref>
			{{main|List of birds of Palestine}}
			== See also ==
	When actual censuses began to be taken in the last quarter of the 19th century, the population of Palestine was over 230,000.<ref>McCarthy, Population of Palestine</ref> Ottoman statistics compiled by ] show that at this time it was one of the more populated regions of the Ottoman empire.<ref> K. Karpat, Ottoman population, 1830-1914: demographic and social characteristics, Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985.</ref>
			* ]
			* ]
			* ] (a.k.a. Palestinian archaeology)
			* ]
			== Notes ==
	After a visit to Palestine in 1891, ] wrote:
			{{notelist-lr}}
			=== Citations ===
	<blockquote>
			{{Reflist|20em}}
	From abroad, we are accustomed to believe that Eretz Israel is presently almost totally desolate, an uncultivated desert, and that anyone wishing to buy land there can come and buy all he wants. But in truth it is not so. In the entire land, it is hard to find tillable land that is not already tilled; only sandy fields or stony hills, suitable at best for planting trees or vines and, even that after considerable work and expense in clearing and preparing them- only these remain unworked. ... Many of our people who came to buy land have been in Eretz Israel for months, and have toured its length and width, without finding what they seek.<ref> Alan Dowty, Much Ado about Little: Ahad Ha'am's "Truth from Eretz Yisrael,” Zionism, and the Arabs, ''Israel Studies'', Vol. 5, No. 2 (Fall 2000) 154-181.</ref>
	</blockquote>
			== Bibliography ==
	In 1920, the League of Nations "Interim Report on the Civil Administration of Palestine states that there were 700,000 people living in Palestine.
			{{refbegin|30em}}
	<blockquote>"Of these 235,000 live in the larger towns, 465,000 in the smaller towns and villages. Four-fifths of the whole population are Moslems. A small proportion of these are Bedouin Arabs; the remainder, although they speak Arabic and are termed Arabs, are largely of mixed race. Some 77,000 of the population are Christians, in large majority belonging to the Orthodox Church, and speaking Arabic. The minority are members of the Latin or of the Uniate Greek Catholic Church, or--a small number--are Protestants.
			* {{Cite book| title = The Transformation of Palestine
			| editor-last = Abu-Lughod | editor-first = Ibrahim
			| year = 1971
			| publisher = Northwestern Press | location = Evanston, Illinois
			}}
			* {{cite book
			| chapter = The Rise of the Sanjak of Jerusalem in the Late Nineteenth Century
			| last = Abu-Manneh
			| first = Butrus
			| year = 1999
			| title = The Israel/Palestine Question
			| editor-last = Pappé
			| editor-first = Ilan
			| publisher = Routledge
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			| isbn = 978-0-415-16948-6
			}}
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			| chapter = Textbooks in the Palestinian National Authority
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			| year = 2006
			| title = Protection of Children During Armed Political Conflict: A Multidisciplinary Perspective
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			| editor1-first = Charles W.
			| editor2-last = Veerman
			| editor2-first = Philip E.
			| editor3-last = Bacon-Shnoor
			| editor3-first = Naomi
			| publisher = Intersentia
			| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9FTxoncXDwwC&pg=PA242
			| pages = 231–256
			| isbn = 978-90-5095-341-2
			}}
			* {{cite book
			| title = The Land of the Bible: A Historical Geography
			| last = Aharoni
			| first = Yohanan
			| publisher = Westminster John Knox Press
			| quote = The desert served as an eastern boundary in times when Transjordan was occupied. But when Transjordan became an unsettled region, a pasturage for desert nomads, then the Jordan Valley and the Dead Sea formed the natural eastern boundary of Western Palestine.
			| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AMtoyNxWw0UC
			| date = 1 January 1979
			| page = 64
			| isbn = 978-0-664-24266-4
			}}
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			| year = 1993
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			}}
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			| date = 2012
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			| url = https://newleftreview.org/article/download_pdf?id=2330
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			| archive-date = 1 October 2018
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			| title = Life in Neolithic Farming Communities: social organization, identity, and differentiation
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			}}
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			| title = Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades: Society, Landscape and Art in the Holy City Under Frankish Rule
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			* {{cite journal | title = The Population of Western Palestine in the Roman-Byzantine Period
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			* {{cite book
			| title = The Christian Survivor: How Roman Christianity Defeated Its Early Competitors
			| last = Crotty
			| first = Robert Brian
			| year = 2017
			| publisher = Springer
			| quote = The Babylonians translated the Hebrew name into Aramaic as Yehud Medinata ('the province of Judah') or simply 'Yehud' and made it a new Babylonian province. This was inherited by the Persians. Under the Greeks, Yehud was translated as Judaea and this was taken over by the Romans. After the Jewish rebellion of 135 CE, the Romans renamed the area Syria Palaestina or simply Palestine. The area described by these land titles differed to some extent in the different periods.
			| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6X6hDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA25
			| page = 25 f.n. 4
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			}}
			* {{cite book
			| title = Israel and the Assyrians: Deuteronomy, the Succession Treaty of Esarhaddon, and the Nature of Subversion
			| last = Crouch
			| first = C. L.
			| publisher = SBL Press
			| quote = Judah's reason(s) for submitting to Assyrian hegemony, at least superficially, require explanation, while at the same time indications of its read-but-disguised resistance to Assyria must be uncovered... The political and military sprawl of the Assyrian empire during the late Iron Age in the southern Levant, especially toward its outer borders, is not quite akin to the single dominating hegemony envisioned by most discussions of hegemony and subversion. In the case of Judah it should be reiterated that Judah was always a vassal state, semi-autonomous and on the periphery of the imperial system, it was never a fully-integrated provincial territory. The implications of this distinction for Judah's relationship with and experience of the Assyrian empire should not be underestimated; studies of the expression of Assyria's cultural and political powers in its provincial territories and vassal states have revealed notable differences in the degree of active involvement in different types of territories. Indeed, the mechanics of the Assyrian empire were hardly designed for direct control over all its vassals' internal activities, provided that a vassal produced the requisite tribute and did not provoke trouble among its neighbors, the level of direct involvement from Assyria remained relatively low. For the entirety of its experience of the Assyrian empire, Judah functioned as a vassal state, rather than a province under direct Assyrian rule, thereby preserving at least a certain degree of autonomy, especially in its internal affairs. Meanwhile, the general atmosphere of Pax Assyriaca in the southern Levant minimized the necessity of (and opportunities for) external conflict. That Assyrians, at least in small numbers, were present in Judah is likely – probably a qipu and his entourage who, if the recent excavators of Ramat Rahel are correct, perhaps resided just outside the capital – but there is far less evidence than is commonly assumed to suggest that these left a direct impression of Assyria on this small vassal state... The point here is that, despite the wider context of Assyria's political and economic power in the ancient Near East in general and the southern Levant in particular, Judah remained a distinguishable and semi-independent southern Levantine state, '''part of but not subsumed by the Assyrian empire''' and, indeed, benefitting from it in significant ways.
			| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Xd3PBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA18
			| date = 1 October 2014
			| isbn = 978-1-62837-026-3
			}}
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			| url = https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/c/cuneiform_nebuchadnezzar_ii.aspx
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			| last = Eshel | first = Hanan | year = 2008
			| author-link = Hanan Eshel
			| publisher = William B. Eerdmans and Yad Ben-Zvi Press | location = Grand Rapids, Michigan/Cambridge and Jerusalem, Israel
			| series = Studies in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature (SDSS)
			| isbn = 978-0-8028-6285-3
			}}
			* {{cite web
			| title = Estimated Population in the Palestinian Territory Mid-Year by Governorate, 1997–2016
			| publisher = Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics
			| url = http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_Rainbow/Documents/gover_e.htm
			| date = 2016
			| access-date = 4 September 2016
			| ref = {{harvid|PCBoS: Estd Population|2016}}
			| archive-date = 8 June 2014
			| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140608204943/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_Rainbow/Documents/gover_e.htm
			| url-status = dead
			}}
			* {{cite book| title = The Negev: The Challenge of a Desert
			| last = Evenari | first = Michael | year = 1982
			| publisher = Harvard University Press
			| quote = As the cradle of Christianity, Palestine became the center of religious worship for a vast empire
			| page = 26
			| isbn = 978-0-674-60672-2
			}}
			* {{Cite book
			| title = The encyclopedia of Christianity
			| last1 = Fahlbusch
			| first1 = Erwin
			| last2 = Lochman
			| first2 = Jan Milic
			| last3 = Bromiley
			| first3 = Geoffrey William
			| last4 = Barrett
			| first4 = David B.
			| year = 2005
			| publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing
			| location = Grand Rapids
			| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sCY4sAjTGIYC&pg=PA18
			| isbn = 978-0-8028-2416-5
			}}
			* {{Cite book| title = Palestine and the Palestinians | edition = 2nd
			| last1 = Farsoun | first1 = Samih K.
			| last2 = Aruri | first2 = Naseer
			| year = 2006
			| publisher = Westview Press | location = Boulder CO
			| isbn = 978-0-8133-4336-5
			}}
			* {{cite journal | title = Some Observations on the Name of Palestine
			| last = Feldman | first = Louis
			| journal = Hebrew Union College Annual
			| year = 1990 | volume = 61 | pages = 1–23
			| jstor = 23508170
			}}
			* {{cite book
			| chapter = Some Observations on the Name of Palestine
			| last = Feldman
			| first = Louis H.
			| year = 1996
			| author-link = Louis Feldman
			| orig-year = First published 1990
			| title = Studies in Hellenistic Judaism
			| publisher = Brill
			| location = Leiden
			| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pACJYw0bg3QC&pg=PA553
			| pages = 553–576
			| isbn = 978-90-04-10418-1
			}}
			* {{Cite book| title = The Quest for the Historical Israel
			| last1 = Finkelstein | first1 = I
			| last2 = Mazar | first2 = A.
			| last3 = Schmidt | first3 = B.
			| year = 2007
			| publisher = Society of Biblical Literature | location = Atlanta, GA
			| isbn = 978-1-58983-277-0
			}}
			* {{Cite book| title = The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts
			| last1 = Finkelstein | first1 = Israel
			| last2 = Silberman | first2 = Neil Asher
			| year = 2002
			| publisher = Simon & Schuster
			| isbn = 978-0-684-86912-4
			}}
			* {{cite book
			| chapter = Palestinia Hagiography (Fourth-Eighth Centuries)
			| last = Flusin
			| first = Bernard
			| year = 2011
			| title = The Ashgate Research Companion to Byzantine Hagiography
			| editor-last = Efthymiadis
			| editor-first = Stephanos
			| publisher = Ashgate Publishing
			| volume = 1
			| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_MQEQOWFrAMC&pg=PA215
			| isbn = 978-0-7546-5033-1
			}}
			* {{cite news
			| title = Full transcript of Abbas speech at UN General Assembly
			| newspaper = ]
			| url = http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/full-transcript-of-abbas-speech-at-un-general-assembly-1.386385
			| date = 23 September 2011
			| ref = {{harvid|''Haaretz''|2011}}
			}}
			* {{cite book
			| title = Prefiguring Peace: Israeli-Palestinian Peacebuilding Partnerships
			| last = Gawerc
			| first = Michelle
			| year = 2012
			| publisher = Lexington Books
			| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Hka8FZ4UdWUC&pg=PA44
			| page = 44
			| isbn = 978-0-7391-6610-9
			}}
			* {{Cite book| title = Jewish-Transjordanian Relations 1921–48: alliance of bars sinister
			| last = Gelber | first = Yoav | year = 1997
			| publisher = Routledge | location = London
			| isbn = 978-0-7146-4675-6
			}}
			* {{cite news
			| title = General Assembly Votes Overwhelmingly to Accord Palestine 'Non-Member Observer State' Status in United Nations
			| publisher = United Nations
			| url = https://www.un.org/press/en/2012/ga11317.doc.htm
			| date = 2012
			| access-date = 13 August 2015
			| ref = {{harvid|UN GA/11317|2012}}
			}}
			* {{Cite journal | title = ''Palestine'' and Other Territorial Concepts in the 17th Century
			| last = Gerber | first = Haim
			| journal = International Journal of Middle East Studies
			| year = 1998 | volume = 30 | issue = 4 | pages = 563–572
			| doi = 10.1017/S0020743800052569
			| s2cid = 162982234 }}
			* {{cite book
			| title = Israel, the West Bank and International Law
			| last = Gerson
			| first = Allan
			| year = 2012
			| publisher = Routledge
			| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nyl9BoCABEsC
			| page = 285
			| isbn = 978-0-7146-3091-5
			}}
			* {{cite book
			| title = A History of Palestine, 634–1099
			| last = Gil
			| first = Moshe
			| year = 1997
			| author-link = Moshe Gil
			| publisher = Cambridge University Press
			| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=M0wUKoMJeccC
			| isbn = 978-0-521-59984-9
			}}
			* {{cite book
			| chapter = The Growing Economic Involvement of Palestine with the West, 1865–1914
			| last = Gilbar
			| first = Gad G.
			| year = 1986
			| title = Palestine in the Late Ottoman Period: political, social and economic transformation
			| editor-last = Kushner
			| editor-first = David
			| publisher = Brill Academic Publishers
			| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XgRDT9wMUhYC&pg=PA188
			| pages = 188–210
			| isbn = 978-90-04-07792-8
			}}
			* {{Cite book| title = Ottoman Palestine: 1800–1914: studies in economic and social history
			| editor-last = Gilbar | editor-first = Gad G.
			| year = 1990
			| publisher = Brill
			| isbn = 978-90-04-07785-0
			}}
			* {{Cite book| title = The Routledge Atlas of the Arab-Israeli Conflict
			| last = Gilbert | first = Martin | year = 2005
			| author-link = Martin Gilbert
			| publisher = Routledge | location = London
			| isbn = 978-0-415-35900-9
			}}
			* {{cite book
			| title = Jews and Christians: Getting Our Stories Straight
			| last = Goldberg
			| first = Michael
			| year = 2001
			| publisher = Wipf and Stock Publishers
			| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XLBKAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA147
			| isbn = 978-1-57910-776-5
			}}
			* {{cite book
			| title = A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: Yehud – A History of the Persian Province of Judah v. 1
			| last = Grabbe
			| first = Lester L.
			| year = 2004
			| publisher = T & T Clark
			| url = {{Google books|-MnE5T_0RbMC|page=PA355|keywords=|text=gave+the+Jews+permission+to+return+to+Yehud+province+and+to+rebuild+the|plainurl=yes}}
			| page = 355
			| isbn = 978-0-567-08998-4
			}}
			* {{cite book
			| title = The Legal Foundation and Borders of Israel Under International Law
			| last = Grief
			| first = Howard
			| year = 2008
			| publisher = Mazo Publishers
			| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yqk3XE196GsC&pg=PA33
			| isbn = 978-965-7344-52-1
			}}
			* {{Cite book
			| title = Giving the Sense: understanding and using Old Testament historical texts
			| edition = Illustrated
			| last1 = Grisanti
			| first1 = Michael A.
			| last2 = Howard
			| first2 = David M.
			| year = 2003
			| publisher = Kregel Publications
			| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=stMd0QV97IYC&pg=PA160
			| isbn = 978-0-8254-2892-0
			}}
			* {{Cite book| title = Großer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte | edition = 2nd
			| trans-title = Atlas of World History
			| publisher = Georg Westermann Verlag | location = Braunschweig
			| year = 2001
			| isbn = 978-3-07-509520-1
			| ref = {{harvid|GWV|2001}}
			}}
			* {{Cite book
			| title = Courting Conflict: The Israeli Military Court System in the West Bank and Gaza
			| last = Hajjar
			| first = Lisa
			| year = 2005
			| publisher = University of California Press
			| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mcjoHq2wqdUC&pg=PA96
			| page = 96
			| isbn = 978-0-520-24194-7
			}}
			* {{Cite book| title = A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures: an investigation
			| editor-last = Hansen | editor-first = Mogens Herman
			| year = 2000
			| publisher = Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab | location = Copenhagen
			| isbn = 978-87-7876-177-4
			}}
			* {{Cite book| title = The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia
			| last = Harris | first = David Russell | year = 1996
			| publisher = Routledge | location = London
			| isbn = 978-1-85728-537-6
			}}
			* {{Cite book| title = The Jewish People in Classical Antiquity: from Alexander to Bar Kochba
			| last1 = Hayes | first1 = John H.
			| last2 = Mandell | first2 = Sara R
			| year = 1998
			| publisher = Westminster John Knox Press | location = Louisville KY
			| isbn = 978-0-664-25727-9
			}}
			* {{cite book
			| title = The Histories, full text of all books (Book I to Book IX)
			| last = Herodotus
			| year = 1858
			| author-link = Herodotus
			| editor-last = Rawlinson
			| editor-first = George
			| editor-link = George Rawlinson
			| url = http://classics.mit.edu/Herodotus/history.html
			}}
			* {{Cite web
			| title = Herodotus, The Histories, book 3, chapter 91, section 1
			| url = https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0125:book=3:chapter=91:section=1
			| ref = {{harvid|Herodotus 3:91:1}}
			}}
			* {{Cite book| title = Allenby and British Strategy in the Middle East, 1917–1919
			| last = Hughes | first = Mark | year = 1999
			| publisher = Routledge | location = London
			| isbn = 978-0-7146-4920-7
			}}
			* {{Cite book| title = Palestine Papers 1917–1922
			| last = Ingrams | first = Doreen | year = 1972
			| publisher = John Murray | location = London
			| isbn = 978-0-8076-0648-3
			}}
			* {{cite journal | title = Palestine and Israel
			| last = Jacobson | first = David
			| journal = Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
			| year = 1999 | volume = 313 | issue = 313 | pages = 65–74
			| doi = 10.2307/1357617 | jstor = 1357617 | s2cid = 163303829
			}}
			* {{citation
			| title = When Palestine Meant Israel
			| last = Jacobson
			| first = David
			| year = 2001
			| journal = Biblical Archaeology Review
			| volume = 27
			| issue = 3
			| url = http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=27&Issue=3&ArticleID=3
			}}
			* {{cite web
			| title = Jews, by Continent of Origin, Continent of Birth & Period of Immigration
			| publisher = Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
			| url = http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_09&CYear=2016
			| date = 2016
			| access-date = 4 September 2016
			| ref = {{harvid|ICBoS: Jews|2016}}
			}}
			* {{cite book
			| chapter = Reading as a Philistine
			| last1 = Jobling
			| first1 = David
			| author-link1 = David Jobling
			| last2 = Rose
			| first2 = Catherine
			| year = 1996
			| title = Ethnicity and the Bible
			| editor-last = Brett
			| editor-first = Mark G.
			| publisher = BRILL
			| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RfFRhC4FpZkC&pg=PA404
			| isbn = 978-0-391-04126-4
			}}
			* {{Cite book| title = Religions of the Ancient World: a guide
			| last = Johnston | first = Sarah Iles | year = 2004
			| publisher = MA: Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge, MA
			| isbn = 978-0-674-01517-3
			}}
			* {{cite book
			| title = Revolt in Palestine in the Eighteenth Century: The Era of Shaykh Zahir Al-ʻUmar
			| last = Joudah
			| first = Ahmad Hasan
			| year = 1987
			| publisher = Kingston Press
			| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zQAdAAAAMAAJ&q=dayr+hanna
			| isbn = 978-0-940670-11-2
			}}
			* {{Cite book
			| title = Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests
			| edition = Reprint, illustrated
			| last = Kaegi
			| first = Walter Emil
			| year = 1995
			| publisher = Cambridge University Press
			| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YSULouFrzx4C&pg=PA41
			| isbn = 978-0-521-48455-8
			}}
			* {{Cite book| title = Studies on Ottoman Social and Political History
			| last = Karpat | first = Kemal H | year = 2002
			| publisher = Brill | location = Leiden
			| isbn = 978-90-04-12101-0
			}}
			* {{cite book| title = Dilemmas of Attachment: Identity and Belonging among Palestinian Christians
			| last = Kårtveit | first = Bård | year = 2014
			| publisher = BRILL
			| quote = is widely regarded as the cradle of Christianity
			| page = 209
			| isbn = 978-90-04-27639-0
			}}
			* {{Cite book| title = Palestinian Identity. The Construction of Modern National Consciousness
			| last = Khalidi | first = Rashid | year = 1997
			| author-link = Rashid Khalidi
			| publisher = ] | location = New York
			| isbn = 978-0-231-10515-6
			}}
			* {{cite book
			| chapter = The Palestinians and 1948: the underlying causes of failure
			| last = Khalidi
			| first = Rashid
			| year = 2007
			| author-link = Rashid Khalidi
			| orig-year = 1st ed. 2001
			| title = The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948
			| edition = 2nd
			| editor1-last = Rogan
			| editor1-first = Eugene L.
			| editor2-last = Shlaim
			| editor2-first = Avi
			| publisher = ]
			| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=h3EOJGiBBpQC&pg=PR5
			| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=h3EOJGiBBpQC
			| isbn = 978-0-521-69934-1
			}}
			* {{Cite book| title = Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, Philistines and Early Israel 1300–1100 BC
			| last = Killebrew | first = Ann E. | year = 2005
			| publisher = Society of Biblical Literature
			| isbn = 978-1-58983-097-4
			}}
			* {{Cite book| title = Palestinians: The Making of a People
			| last1 = Kimmerling | first1 = Baruch
			| last2 = Migdal | first2 = Joel S
			| year = 1994
			| publisher = Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge MA
			| isbn = 978-0-674-65223-1
			}}
			* {{cite book
			| title = The Palestinian People: A History
			| last1 = Kimmerling
			| first1 = Baruch
			| last2 = Migdal
			| first2 = Joel S.
			| author1-link = Baruch Kimmerling
			| author2-link = Joel S. Migdal
			| year = 2003
			| publisher = Harvard University Press
			| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6NRYEr8FR1IC&q=Hebron+Ibrahim+August+1834
			| isbn = 978-0-674-01129-8
			}}
			* {{Cite book
			| title = Civilisations in Conflict?: Islam, the West and Christian Faith
			| last = Kirk
			| first = J Andrew
			| year = 2011
			| publisher = OCMS
			| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ckEzKBFqQPQC&pg=PA46
			| isbn = 978-1-870345-87-3
			}}
			* {{citation
			| title = The Evolution of the Egypt-Israel Boundary: From Colonial Foundations to Peaceful Borders
			| last = Kliot
			| first = Nurit
			| publisher = International Boundaries Research Unit
			| volume = 1
			| issue = 8
			| url = https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/publications/download/?id=207
			| date = 1995
			| isbn = 978-1-897643-17-4
			}}
			* {{Cite book| title = The Legal Aspects of the Palestine Problem with Special Regard to the Question of Jerusalem
			| last = Köchler | first = Hans | year = 1981
			| author-link = Hans Köchler
			| publisher = Braumüller | location = Vienna
			| isbn = 978-3-7003-0278-0
			}}
			* {{cite book
			| title = A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel
			| last = Krämer
			| first = Gudrun
			| year = 2011
			| publisher = Princeton University Press
			| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tWrW_CKODdQC
			| isbn = 978-0-691-15007-9
			}}
			* {{cite journal
			| title = The law of belligerent occupation in the Supreme Court of Israel
			| last = Kretzmer
			| first = David
			| author-link = David Kretzmer
			| journal = International Review of the Red Cross
			| year = 2012
			| volume = 94
			| issue = 885
			| pages = 207–236
			| url = https://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/review/2012/irrc-885-kretzmer.pdf
			| doi = 10.1017/S1816383112000446
			| s2cid = 32105258
			}}
			* {{Cite book| title = Fatah and the Politics of Violence: the institutionalization of a popular Struggle
			| last = Kurz | first = Anat N | year = 2005
			| publisher = Sussex Academic Press | location = Brighton
			| isbn = 978-1-84519-032-3
			}}
			* {{Cite book
			| title = Jews and Muslims in the Arab world: haunted by pasts real and imagined
			| edition = Illustrated
			| last1 = Lassner
			| first1 = Jacob
			| last2 = Troen
			| first2 = Selwyn Ilan
			| year = 2007
			| publisher = Rowman & Littlefield
			| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NYNCUXGoFWMC&pg=PA55
			| isbn = 978-0-7425-5842-7
			}}
			* {{cite encyclopedia
			| title = Palestine: History: 135–337: Syria Palaestina and the Tetrarchy
			| last = Lehmann
			| first = Clayton Miles
			| encyclopedia = The On-line Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces
			| publisher = University of South Dakota
			| quote = In the aftermath of the Bar Cochba Revolt, the Romans excluded Jews from a large area around Aelia Capitolina, which Gentiles only inhabited. The province now hosted two legions and many auxiliary units, two colonies, and—to complete the disassociation with Judaea—a new name, Syria Palaestina.
			| url = http://www.usd.edu/~clehmann/erp/Palestine/history.htm
			| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090811054625/http://www.usd.edu/~clehmann/erp/Palestine/history.htm
			| date =Summer 1998
			| access-date = 24 August 2014
			| archive-date = 11 August 2009<!-- 054625 -->
			}}
			* {{Cite journal | title = The Religion of Idumea and Its Relationship to Early Judaism
			| last = Levin | first = Yigal
			| journal = Religions
			| date = 24 September 2020 | volume = 11 | issue = 10 | page = 487
			| doi = 10.3390/rel11100487 | issn = 2077-1444
			| doi-access = free
			}}
			* {{cite book
			| title = The Archaeology of Ancient Judea and Palestine
			| last = Lewin
			| first = Ariel
			| year = 2005
			| publisher = Getty Publications
			| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zlToSqE0k_cC
			| isbn = 978-0-89236-800-6
			}}
			* {{cite journal | title = Studies in the Ottoman Archives—I
			| last = Lewis | first = Bernard
			| journal = Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
			| year = 1954 | volume = 16 | issue = 3 | pages = 469–501
			| doi = 10.1017/s0041977x00086808 | s2cid = 162304704
			}}
			* {{Cite book| title = Islam in History: ideas, people and events in the Middle East
			| last = Lewis | first = Bernard | year = 1993
			| author-link = Bernard Lewis
			| publisher = Open Court Publishing | location = Chicago
			| isbn = 978-0-8126-9518-2
			}}
			* {{Cite journal | title = Features of the demography of Palestine
			| last = Loftus | first = J. P.
			| journal = Population Studies
			| year = 1948 | volume = 2 | pages = 92–114
			| doi = 10.1080/00324728.1948.10416341
			}}
			* {{Cite journal | title = The United Kingdom and the Beginning of the Mandates System, 1919–1922
			| last = Louis | first = Wm Roger
			| journal = ]
			| year = 1969 | volume = 23 | issue = 1 | pages = 73–96
			| doi = 10.1017/S0020818300025534 | s2cid = 154745632
			}}
			* {{Cite EB1911
			| last1 = Macalister | first1 = Robert Alexander Stewart
			| last2 = Cook | first2 = Stanley Arthur
			| last3 = Hart | first3 = John Henry Arthur
			| author1-link = R. A. Stewart Macalister
			| author2-link = Stanley Arthur Cook
			| editor-last = Chisholm | editor-first = Hugh
			| volume = 20
			| wstitle = Palestine
			| pages = 600–626
			| ref = {{harvid|EB|1911}}
			}}
			* {{cite book
			| title = Palestine Inside Out: An Everyday Occupation
			| last = Makdisi
			| first = Saree
			| year = 2010
			| author-link = Saree Makdisi
			| publisher = W. W. Norton & Company
			| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2dBM3Ago2BAC&pg=PA299
			| isbn = 978-0-393-33844-7
			}}
			* {{Cite book
			| title = A History of the Jewish People
			| last1 = Malamat
			| first1 = Abraham
			| last2 = Tadmor
			| first2 = Hayim
			| year = 1976
			| editor-last = Ben-Sasson
			| editor-first = Haim Hillel
			| publisher = Harvard University Press
			| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2kSovzudhFUC&pg=PA226
			| isbn = 978-0-674-39731-6
			}}
			* {{Cite book| title = The Arabs and Zionism Before World War I
			| last = Mandel | first = Neville J | year = 1976
			| publisher = University of California Press
			| isbn = 978-0-520-02466-3
			}}
			* {{Cite book| title = Protection, conservation and valorisation of Palestinian Cultural Patrimony
			| last = Maniscalco | first = Fabio | year = 2005
			| author-link = Fabio Maniscalco
			| publisher = Massa Publisher
			| isbn = 978-88-87835-62-5
			}}
			* {{Cite book
			| title = The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Volume III: AD 527–641
			| last1 = Martindale
			| first1 = John R.
			| last2 = Jones
			| first2 = A.H.M.
			| last3 = Morris
			| first3 = John
			| year = 1992
			| publisher = Cambridge University Press
			| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fBImqkpzQPsC
			| isbn = 978-0-521-20160-5
			}}
			* {{cite book
			| title = Invented Traditions, Archaeology and Post-Colonialism in Palestine-Israel
			| last = Masalha
			| first = Nur
			| year = 2007
			| author-link = Nur Masalha
			| publisher = Zed Books
			| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LAUeWo8NDK4C&pg=PA32
			| isbn = 978-1-84277-761-9
			}}
			* {{cite book| title = The Population of Palestine
			| last = McCarthy | first = Justin | year = 1990
			| publisher = Columbia University Press
			| isbn = 978-0-231-07110-9
			}}
			* {{cite book
			| chapter = Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
			| title = Jordan: A Country Study
			| editor-last = Metz
			| editor-first = Helen Chapin
			| editor-link = Helen Chapin Metz
			| year = 1989
			| publisher = GPO for the Library of Congress
			| url = http://countrystudies.us/jordan/10.htm
			| isbn = 978-0-16-033746-8
			}}
			* {{Cite book| title = The Divided Economy of Mandatory Palestine
			| last = Metzer | first = Jacob | year = 1998
			| publisher = Cambridge University Press
			| series = Cambridge Middle East Studies, Series Number 11
			| isbn = 978-0-521-46550-2
			}}
			* {{cite book
			| title = Alexander to Constantine: Archaeology of the Land of the Bible
			| last1 = Meyers
			| first1 = Eric M.
			| last2 = Chancey
			| first2 = Mark A.
			| publisher = Yale University Press
			| volume = III
			| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Vw-u7j4JxNYC
			| date = 25 September 2012
			| isbn = 978-0-300-14179-5
			}}
			* {{cite news
			| title = Will Palestinians outnumber Israeli Jews by 2016?
			| last = Mezzofiore
			| first = Gianluca
			| newspaper = International Business Times
			| url = http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/will-palestinians-outnumber-israeli-jews-by-2016-1481628
			| date = 2 January 2015
			| access-date = 18 May 2016
			}}
			* {{Cite book| title = Mercer Dictionary of the Bible
			| last = Mills | first = Watson E | year = 1990
			| publisher = Mercer University Press
			| isbn = 978-0-86554-373-7
			}}
			* {{cite news
			| title = PA Weighs 'State of Palestine' Passport
			| last = Miskin
			| first = Maayana
			| website = Arutz Sheva
			| quote = A senior PA official revealed the plans in an interview with ''Al-Quds'' newspaper. The change to 'state' status is important because it shows that 'the state of Palestine is occupied,' he said.
			| url = http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/162844#.U5TD6vmICm6
			| url-status = live
			| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121207082503/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/162844
			| date = 5 December 2012
			| access-date = 8 June 2014
			| archive-date = 7 December 2012
			}}
			* {{cite book
			| title = Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist–Arab Conflict, 1881–1999
			| last = Morris
			| first = Benny
			| year = 2001
			| author-link = Benny Morris
			| orig-year = First published 1999
			| publisher = ]
			| location = New York
			| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZawVAQAACAAJ
			| isbn = 978-0-679-74475-7
			}}
			* {{cite book| chapter = Jews in Iran
			| last = Neusner | first = J. | year = 1983
			| title = The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3 (2); the Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian periods
			| editor-last = Yarshater | editor-first = Ehsan
			| publisher = Cambridge University Press
			| isbn = 978-0-521-24693-4
			}}
			* {{cite journal |last=Noth |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Noth |title=Zur Geschichte des Namens Palästina |journal=Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins |volume=62 |issue=1/2 |year=1939 |pages=125–144 |publisher=Deutscher Verein zur Erforschung Palästinas |jstor=27930226}}
			* {{Cite book| chapter = The Christian Communities, religion, politics and church-state relations in Jerusalem: an historical survey
			| last = O'Mahony | first = Anthony | year = 2003
			| title = The Christian communities of Jerusalem and the Holy Land: Studies in History, Religion and Politics
			| publisher = University of Wales Press
			| isbn = 978-0-7083-1772-3
			}}
			* {{citation
			| title = Palestine
			| encyclopedia = ]
			| publisher = Funk & Wagnalls
			| url = http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=31&letter=P&search=palestine
			| date = 1906
			| ref = {{harvid|Jewish Encyclopedia|1906}}
			}}
			* {{cite news
			| title = Palestinians win implicit U.N. recognition of sovereign state
			| publisher = ]
			| url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-statehood-idUSBRE8AR0EG20121129
			| date = 29 November 2012
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			| ref = {{harvid|Reuters: recognition|2012}}
			}}
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			| chapter = Introduction
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			| first = Ilan
			| year = 1994
			| author-link = Ilan Pappé
			| title = The Making of the Arab–Israeli Conflict, 1947–1951
			| publisher = ]
			| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zAJZCKAwtPMC&pg=PR5
			| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zAJZCKAwtPMC
			| isbn = 978-1-85043-819-9
			}}
			* {{cite book
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			| publisher = Taylor & Francis
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			| isbn = 978-0-415-16948-6
			}}
			* {{Cite book| title = Land and Economy in Ancient Palestine
			| last = Pastor | first = Jack | year = 1997
			| publisher = Routledge | location = London
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			* {{cite book
			| title = Acre: The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian City, 1730–1831
			| last = Phillipp
			| first = Thomas
			| year = 2013
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			| isbn = 978-0-231-50603-8
			}}
			* {{cite web
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			| publisher = Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
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			| date = 2016
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			| title = The Oxford History of the Biblical World
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			| last = Robinson | first = Edward | year = 1865
			| publisher = Crocker & Brewster | location = Boston
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			* {{Cite book
			| title = Placenames of the World: origins and meanings of the names for 6,600 countries, cities, territories, natural features, and historic sites
			| edition = 2nd, illustrated
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			| first = Adrian
			| year = 2006
			| publisher = McFarland
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			}}
			* {{Cite book| title = Lithics After the Stone Age: a handbook of stone tools from the Levant
			| last = Rosen | first = Steven A | year = 1997
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			}}
			* {{Cite book| title = A History of Israel: from the rise of Zionism to our time | edition = 2nd
			| last = Sachar | first = Howard M. | year = 2006
			| author-link = Howard Sachar
			| publisher = Alfred A. Knopf
			| isbn = 978-0-679-76563-9
			}}
			* {{cite book
			| title = Culture and Resistance: Conversations with Edward W. Said
			| last = Said
			| first = Edward
			| year = 2003
			| author-link = Edward Said
			| publisher = Pluto Press
			| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SUt6EAoH0xgC&pg=PA33
			| page = 33
			| isbn = 978-0-7453-2017-5
			}}
			* {{cite book| title = Blaming the Victims: spurious scholarship and the Palestinian Question
			| last1 = Said | first1 = Edward
			| last2 = Hitchens | first2 = Christopher
			| author1-link = Edward Said
			| year = 2001
			| publisher = Verso
			| isbn = 978-1-85984-340-6
			}}
			* {{cite book
			| title = Matthew's Christian-Jewish Community
			| last = Saldarini
			| first = Anthony
			| year = 1994
			| publisher = University of Chicago Press
			| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=btSZh4_vzqoC&pg=PA28
			| isbn = 978-0-226-73421-7
			}}
			* {{cite book| title = The Modern History of Jordan
			| last = Salibi | first = Kamal Suleiman | year = 1993
			| publisher = I.B.Tauris
			| pages = 17–18
			| isbn = 978-1-86064-331-6
			}}
			* {{cite book
			| last = Sanger
			| first = Andrew
			| title = Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law - 2010
			| chapter = The Contemporary Law of Blockade and the Gaza Freedom Flotilla
			| editor1-last = Schmitt
			| editor1-first = M.N.
			| editor2-last = Arimatsu
			| editor2-first = Louise
			| editor3-last = McCormack
			| editor3-first = Tim
			| year = 2011
			| volume = 13
			| page = 429
			| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hYiIWVlpFzEC&pg=PA429
			| doi = 10.1007/978-90-6704-811-8_14
			| isbn = 978-90-6704-811-8
			}}
			* {{cite book
			| title = The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World
			| last = Schäfer
			| first = Peter
			| year = 2003
			| publisher = Psychology Press
			| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YBarWAR2qVkC
			| isbn = 978-0-415-30585-3
			}}
			* {{Cite book
			| title = Internet View of the Arabic World
			| last = Schiller
			| first = Jon
			| year = 2009
			| publisher = PublishAmerica
			| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HQ-VAkIdiX0C&pg=PA98
			| isbn = 978-1-4392-6326-6
			}}
			* {{Cite book| title = Tel Aviv: From Dream to City
			| last = Schlor | first = Joachim | year = 1999
			| publisher = Reaktion Books
			| isbn = 978-1-86189-033-7
			}}
			* {{Cite book| chapter = Population Characteristics of Jerusalem and Hebron Regions According to Ottoman Census of 1905
			| last = Schmelz | first = Uziel O. | year = 1990
			| title = Ottoman Palestine: 1800–1914
			| editor-last = Gilbar | editor-first = Gar G
			| publisher = Brill | location = Leiden
			| isbn = 978-90-04-07785-0
			}}
			* {{cite journal | title = The Demographic Development of Palestine 1850–1882
			| last = Scholch | first = Alexander
			| journal = International Journal of Middle East Studies
			| year = 1985 | volume = XII | issue = 4 | pages = 485–505
			| doi = 10.1017/S0020743800029445 | jstor = 00207438
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			* {{cite book
			| title = Keilinschriften und Geschichtsforschung ("KGF", in English "Cuneiform inscriptions and Historical Research")
			| last = Schrader
			| first = Eberhard
			| year = 1878
			| author-link = Eberhard Schrader
			| publisher = J. Ricker'sche Buchhandlung
			| language = de
			| url = https://archive.org/stream/keilinschriften00schrgoog#page/n136/mode/1up
			| via = ]
			}}
			* {{cite book
			| title = International Law and the Classification of Conflicts
			| last = Scobbie
			| first = Iain
			| year = 2012
			| author-link = Iain Scobbie
			| editor-last = Wilmshurst
			| editor-first = Elizabeth
			| publisher = Oxford University Press
			| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GM90Xp03uuEC&pg=PA295
			| page = 295
			| isbn = 978-0-19-965775-9
			}}
			* {{cite book
			| chapter = Nebi Musa, 1920
			| last = Segev
			| first = Tom
			| year = 2001
			| author-link = Tom Segev
			| orig-year = Original in 2000
			| title = One Palestine, Complete: Jews and Arabs Under the British Mandate
			| others = Trans. Haim Watzman
			| publisher = ]
			| location = London
			| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XvT8CWv2DakC&pg=PA127
			| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XvT8CWv2DakC
			| isbn = 978-0-8050-6587-9
			}}
			* {{cite book| title = A History of the Crusades
			| editor-last = Setton | editor-first = Kenneth
			| year = 1969
			| publisher = University of Wisconsin Press
			}} In six volumes: (2nd ed. 1969); (1969); (1975); (1977); (1985); (1989)
			* {{Cite book| title = Palestine: a Guide
			| last = Shahin | first = Mariam | year = 2005
			| publisher = Interlink Books
			| isbn = 978-1-56656-557-8
			}}
			* {{cite book| title = Israel a history, translated from Hebrew by Anthony Berris
			| last = Shapira | first = Anita | year = 2014
			| publisher = Weidenfeld and Nicolson | location = London
			| page = 15
			| isbn = 978-1-61168-352-3
			}}
			* {{Cite book
			| title = The Holy Land in History and Thought: papers submitted to the International Conference on the Relations between the Holy Land and the World Outside It, Johannesburg, 1986
			| last = Sharon
			| first = Moshe
			| year = 1988
			| publisher = Brill Archive
			| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ec4UAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP15
			| isbn = 978-90-04-08855-9
			}}
			* {{cite journal | title = The Population of Iron Age Palestine in the Light of a Sample Analysis of Urban Plans, Areas, and Population Density
			| last = Shiloh | first = Yigal
			| journal = Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
			| year = 1980 | volume = 239 | issue = 239 | pages = 25–35
			| doi = 10.2307/1356754 | jstor = 1356754 | s2cid = 163824693
			}}
			* {{Cite book| title = Reshaping Palestine: from Muhammad Ali to the British Mandate, 1831–1922
			| last = Sicker | first = Martin | year = 1999
			| publisher = Praeger/Greenwood | location = New York
			| isbn = 978-0-275-96639-3
			}}
			* {{Cite book| chapter = Diplomatic Recognition of States ''in statu nascendi'': The Case of Palestine
			| last = Silverburg | first = Sanford R. | year = 2009
			| title = Palestine and International Law: Essays on Politics and Economics
			| editor-last = Silverburg | editor-first = Sanford R.
			| publisher = Diplomatic Recognition of States
			| isbn = 978-0-7864-4248-5
			}}
			* {{cite book| title = Palestine in Late Antiquity
			| last = Sivan | first = Hagith | year = 2008
			| publisher = Oxford University Press
			| page = 2
			| isbn = 978-0-19-160867-4
			}}
			* {{cite book
			| chapter = The Gentiles in Judaism
			| last = Smith
			| first = Morton
			| year = 1999
			| author-link = Morton Smith
			| title = Cambridge History of Judaism
			| publisher = CUP
			| volume = 3
			| page = 210
			| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MA-4VX5gWS4C&pg=PA210
			| isbn = 978-0-521-24377-3
			}}
			* {{cite news
			| title = State of Palestine name change shows limitations
			| agency = AP
			| quote = Israel remains in charge of territories the world says should one day make up that state.
			| url = https://news.yahoo.com/state-palestine-name-change-shows-limitations-200641448.html
			| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130110025703/http://news.yahoo.com/state-palestine-name-change-shows-limitations-200641448.html
			| date = 17 January 2013
			| archive-date = 10 January 2013
			| ref = {{harvid|AP|2013}}
			}}
			* {{cite journal
			| title = Shifting Ottoman Conceptions of Palestine-Part 1: Filistin Risalesi and the two Jamals
			| last = Tamari
			| first = Salim
			| journal = Jerusalem Quarterly
			| year = 2011
			| issue = 49
			| pages = 28–37
			| url = http://www.jerusalemquarterly.org/images/ArticlesPdf/47-%20Shifting%20Ottoman.pdf
			}}
			* {{cite book
			| title = The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea
			| last = Taylor
			| first = Joan E.
			| publisher = Oxford University Press
			| quote = Up until this date the Bar Kokhba documents indicate that towns, villages and ports where Jews lived were busy with industry and activity. Afterwards there is an eerie silence, and the archaeological record testifies to little Jewish presence until the Byzantine era, in En Gedi. This picture coheres with what we have already determined in Part I of this study, that the crucial date for what can only be described as genocide, and the devastation of Jews and Judaism within central Judea, was 135 CE and not, as usually assumed, 70 CE, despite the siege of Jerusalem and the Temple's destruction
			| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XWIMFY4VnI4C&q=bar+kokhba%22+genocide%22&pg=PA243
			| date = 15 November 2012
			| isbn = 978-0-19-955448-5
			}}
			* {{Cite web
			| title = Temple of Jerusalem {{!}} Description, History, & Significance {{!}} Britannica
			| url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/Temple-of-Jerusalem
			| access-date = 28 February 2022
			| ref = {{harvid|''Temple of Jerusalem''}}
			}}
			* {{cite book
			| title = A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
			| last = Tessler
			| first = Mark
			| year = 1994
			| publisher = Indiana University Press
			| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3kbU4BIAcrQC&pg=PA163
			| isbn = 978-0-253-20873-6
			}}
			* {{cite book
			| title = The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and Military History
			| editor1-last = Tucker
			| editor1-first = Spencer C.
			| editor1-link = Spencer C. Tucker
			| editor2-last = Roberts
			| editor2-first = Priscilla
			| year = 2008
			| publisher = ABC-CLIO
			| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC
			| page = 1553
			| isbn = 978-1-85109-842-2
			}}
			* {{cite news
			| title = Lack of sufficient services in Gaza could get worse without urgent action, UN warns
			| author = UN News Centre
			| publisher = UN Publications
			| url = https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=42751#.UP35DaF4YZc
			| date = 2012
			| access-date = 22 January 2013
			}}
			* {{cite book| title = The True Herod
			| last = Vermes | first = Géza | year = 2014
			| author-link = Géza Vermes
			| publisher = Bloomsbury
			| isbn = 978-0-567-48841-1
			}}
			* {{Cite book| chapter = Production, exchange and regional trade in the Islamic Wast Mediterranean: old structures, new systems?
			| last = Walmsley | first = Alan | year = 2000
			| title = The Long Eighth Century: Production, Distribution and Demand
			| editor1-last = Hansen | editor1-first = Inge Lyse
			| editor2-last = Wickham | editor2-first = Chris
			| publisher = BRILL
			| isbn = 978-90-04-11723-5
			}}
			* {{cite book
			| title = The Role of National Courts in Applying International Humanitarian Law
			| last = Weill
			| first = Sharon
			| year = 2014
			| publisher = Oxford University Press
			| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bDnnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA22
			| page = 22
			| isbn = 978-0-19-968542-4
			}}
			* {{Cite book| chapter = The Nabataeans in History (Before AD 106)
			| last = Wenning | first = Robert | year = 2007
			| title = The World of the Nabataeans: Volume 2 of the International Conference the World of the Herods and the Nabataeans Held at the British Museum, 17–19 April, 2001
			| editor-last = Politis | editor-first = Konstantinos D
			| publisher = Franz Steiner Verlag | location = Wiesbaden
			| series = Oriens Et Occidens
			| isbn = 978-3-515-08816-9
			}}
			* {{cite book
			| title = The Invention of Ancient Israel: The Silencing of Palestinian History
			| last = Whitelam
			| first = Keith W.
			| year = 1996
			| publisher = Routledge
			| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sHYeAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA40
			| isbn = 978-1-317-79916-0
			}}
			* {{cite book
			| title = Haifa in the Late Ottoman Period, A Muslim Town in Transition, 1864–1914
			| last = Yazbak
			| first = Mahmoud
			| year = 1998
			| author-link = Mahmoud Yazbak
			| publisher = Brill Academic Pub
			| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DPseCvbPsKsC
			| isbn = 978-90-04-11051-9
			}}
			* {{citation| title = An Ottoman century: the district of Jerusalem in the 1600s
			| last = Zeevi | first = Dror | year = 1996
			| publisher = SUNY Press
			| isbn = 978-0-7914-2915-0
			}}
			* {{Cite book
			| chapter = Interbellum Judea 70-132 CE: An Archaeological Perspective
			| last = Zissu
			| first = Boaz
			| year = 2018
			| title = Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries: The Interbellum 70‒132 CE
			| others = Joshua Schwartz, Peter J. Tomson
			| location = Leiden, The Netherlands
			| url = https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/988856967
			| page = 19
			| isbn = 978-90-04-34986-5
			| oclc = 988856967
			}}
			{{refend}}
			== External links ==
	The Jewish element of the population numbers 76,000. Almost all have entered Palestine during the last 40 years. Prior to 1850 there were in the country only a handful of Jews. In the following 30 years a few hundreds came to Palestine. Most of them were animated by religious motives; they came to pray and to die in the Holy Land, and to be buried in its soil. After the persecutions in Russia forty years ago, the movement of the Jews to Palestine assumed larger proportions.
			{{Sister project links}}
	"</blockquote>
			{{Wikivoyage inline|Palestinian territories}}
	By 1948, the population had risen to 1,900,000, of whom 68% were ], and 32% were ] (] report, including ]).
			{{Palestinian nationalism}}
			{{Palestine (historical region) topics}}
			{{Characters and names in the Quran}}
			{{Nakbaend}}
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	===Genetic analyses of the populations of the region===<!--This whole section is pretty awkward. If somebody has a better title for it, please replace and erase this comment/!-->
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	According to various genetic studies, Jewish populations and Palestinian populations do overlap genetically. Palestinian Muslims additionally have genetic components that are found in the population of the ], but are rare in Jews. ] Jews also carry components found in European populations, but are rare in Arabs.
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	Geneticists generally agree there was mixing in Middle East populations in prehistoric times. Nebel et al. (2000) doing Y-chromosome ] analysis for patrilineal ancestry of Jews and Palestinian Muslims "revealed a common gene pool for a large portion of Y chromosomes, suggesting a relatively recent common ancestry". The two modal haplotypes that comprise the Palestinian Arab ] were very infrequent among Jews, "reflecting divergence and/or admixture from other populations". Nebel et al. regard their findings in good agreement with historical evidence that suggest that "Part, or perhaps the majority, of the Muslim Arabs in this country descended from local inhabitants, mainly Christians and Jews, who had converted after the Islamic conquest in the seventh century AD... These local inhabitants, in turn, were descendants of the core population that had lived in the area for several centuries, some even since prehistoric times. <ref> Almut Nebel, Dvora Filon, Deborah A. Weiss, Michael Weale, Marina Faerman, Ariella Oppenheim,
			]
	Mark G. Thomas. 2000 "High-resolution Y chromosome haplotypes of Israeli and Palestinian Arabs reveal geographic substructure and substantial overlap with haplotypes of Jews". ''Human Genetics'' 107(6): 630-641.</ref>
	A subsequent study aimed at determining the genetic relationship among three Jewish communities (Ashkenazi, Sephardic, and Kurdish) by the same group described two Y-chromosomal haplotype groups, Eu9 and Eu10, that represent a major part of Middle East ancestry. Eu9 appears to originate from the northern ], while Eu10 appears to come from the southern part of it. Jewish and Muslim Kurdish populations have high-frequency of Eu9 but generally lack Eu10, which is prevalent in Palestinian Muslims. The study proposes that <blockquote>...the Y chromosomes in Palestinian Arabs and Bedouin represent, to a large extent, early lineages derived from the Neolithic inhabitants of the area and additional lineages from more-recent population movements. The early lineages are part of the common chromosome pool shared with Jews. According to our working model, the more-recent migrations were mostly from the Arabian Peninsula, as is seen in the Arab-specific Eu 10 chromosomes that include the modal haplotypes observed in Palestinians and Bedouin... The study demonstrates that the Y chromosome pool of Jews is an integral part of the genetic landscape of the region and, in particular, that Jews exhibit a high degree of genetic affinity to populations living in the north of the Fertile Crescent.<ref> Almut Nebel, Dvora Filon, Bernd Brinkmann, Partha P. Majumder, Marina Faerman, Ariella Oppenheim. 2001. "The Y Chromosome Pool of Jews as Part of the Genetic Landscape of the Middle East". ''American Journal of Human Genetics'' 69(5): 1095–1112.</ref></blockquote>
	In 1902, ], in his book ], which argued his thesis about the origins of religion, speculated that the majority of Palestinian Arabs are descendants of the ancient ] and ]:
	<blockquote> "The Arabic-speaking peasants of Palestine are the progeny of the tribes which settled in the country before the Israelite invasion. They are still adhering to the land. They never left it and were never uprooted from it."</blockquote>
	Some geneticists agree with Frazer. Arnaiz-Villena, et al. (2001) compared the genetic profile of Palestinians with that of other Mediterranean populations, and argue that:<ref> Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio et. al. (2001), The Origin of Palestinians and Their Genetic Relatedness With Other Mediterranean Populations, Human Immunology Vol 62, 889-900</ref>:
	<blockquote> "Archaeologic and genetic data support <ref> p.897.</ref> that both Jews and Palestinians came from the ancient Canaanites, who extensively mixed with Egyptians, Mesopotamian and Anatolian peoples in ancient times."<ref> p. 889.</ref></blockquote>
	However, the study also says that Palestinians are closely related to ]s, ], ]s,
	]s, ] and ]s, ]s, ]s and also to ]s, ]s, ], ]s and ]s. It therefore doesn't answer the question of immigration.
	Arnaiz-Villena was later sacked from the journal's editorial board and the article retracted. The journal claimed the article was politically biased and was written using inappropriate remarks about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
	===The question of late Arab immigration to Palestine===
	Whether there was significant Arab immigration into Palestine after the beginning of Jewish settlement there in the late 19th century has been a matter of some controversy.
	Demographer ], in his analysis of Ottoman registration data for 1905 populations of Jerusalem and Hebron '']'', found that most Ottoman citizens living in these areas, comprising about one quarter of the population of Palestine, were living at the place where they were born. Specifically, of Muslims, 93.1% were born in their current locality of residence, 5.2% were born elsewhere in Palestine, and 1.6% were born outside Palestine. Of Christians, 93.4% were born in their current locality, 3.0% were born elsewhere in Palestine, and 3.6% were born outside Palestine. Of Jews (excluding the large fraction who were not Ottoman citizens), 59.0% were born in their current locality, 1.9% were born elsewhere in Palestine, and 39.0% were born outside Palestine. <ref>Schmelz, 1990, pp. 15-67.</ref>
	Professor ] of international affairs talks about the Palestine region being sparsely populated before the immigration. One of the reasons could have been the apparent lack of oil in the region. He also mentions the abundant existence of swamps and ]. Historians note that the ] settlers drained the swamps and eradicated the deadly malaria.
	American economist considers that there was significant Arab immigration:
	<blockquote>
	There is every reason to believe that consequential immigration of Arabs into and within Palestine occurred during the Ottoman and British mandatory periods. Among the most compelling arguments in support of such immigration is the universally acknowledged and practiced linkage between regional economic disparities and migratory impulses.
	The precise magnitude of Arab immigration into and within Palestine is, as Bachi noted, unknown. Lack of completeness in Ottoman registration lists and British Mandatory censuses, and the immeasurable illegal, unreported, and undetected immigration during both periods make any estimate a bold venture into creative analysis. In most cases, those venturing into the realm of Palestinian demography—or other demographic analyses based on very crude data—acknowledge its limitations and the tentativeness of the conclusions that may be drawn.<ref>Gottheil, 2003.</ref>
	</blockquote>
	] believes that the notion of "large-scale immigration of Arabs from the neighboring countries" is a myth "proposed by Zionist writers". He writes:
	<blockquote>
	As all the research by historians and geographers of modern Palestine shows, the Arab population began to grow again in the middle of the nineteenth century. That growth resulted from a new factor: the demographic revolution. Until the 1850s there was no "natural" increase of the population, but this began to change when modern medical treatment was introduced and modern hospitals were established, both by the Ottoman authorities and by the foreign Christian missionaries. The number of births remained steady but infant mortality decreased. This was the main reason for Arab population growth. ... No one would doubt that some migrant workers came to Palestine from Syria and Trans-Jordan and remained there. But one has to add to this that there were migrations in the opposite direction as well. For example, a tradition developed in Hebron to go to study and work in Cairo, with the result that a permanent community of Hebronites had been living in Cairo since the fifteenth century. Trans-Jordan exported unskilled casual labor to Palestine; but before 1948 its civil service attracted a good many educated Palestinian Arabs who did not find work in Palestine itself. Demographically speaking, however, neither movement of population was significant in comparison to the decisive factor of natural increase. <ref>Porath, Y. (1986). . ''New York Review of Books''. ], 32(21 & 22).</ref>
	</blockquote>
	] responds to Porath by saying that the argument that "substantial immigration of Arabs to Palestine took place during the first half of the ] is supported by an array of ] statistics and contemporary accounts, the bulk of which have not been questioned by anyone, including Professor Porath."
	===Current demographics===
	{{seealso|Demographics of Israel|Demographics of the Palestinian territories|Demographics of Jordan}}
	According to Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics, as of May 2006, of Israel's 7 million people, 77% were ]s, 18.5% ]s, and 4.3% "others".<ref name="pdf2">{{cite web| url=http://www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton56/st02_01.pdf| title=Population, by religion and population group| accessdate=2006-04-08| first =Government of Israel| last =Central Bureau of Statistics}} {{PDFlink}}</ref> Among Jews, 68% were ] (Israeli-born), mostly second- or third-generation Israelis, and the rest are ] — 22% from ] and the ], and 10% from ] and ], including the ]. <ref name="pdf3">{{cite web| url=http://www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton56/st02_24.pdf| title=Jews and others, by origin, continent of birth and period of immigration| accessdate=2006-04-08| first =Government of Israel| last =Central Bureau of Statistics}} {{PDFlink}}</ref>
	According to Palestinian evaluations, The ] is inhabited by approximately 2.4 million ]s. According to a study presented at The Sixth Herzliya Conference on The Balance of Israel’s National Security<ref name=Herzliya>{{cite web
	|title = Arab Population in the West Bank & Gaza: The Million Person Gap
	|author = Bennett Zimmerman & Roberta Seid
	|publisher = American-Israel Demographic Research Group
	|date = January 23, 2006
	|url = http://www.pademographics.com
	|accessdate = 2006-09-27
	}}</ref> there are 1.4 million Palestinians. According to Palestinian estimates, there are another 1.4 million Palestinians in the ].
	According to these Israeli and Palestinian estimates, the population in the region of Palestine stands at 9.8 - 10.8 millions.
	According to ] statistics, there are almost 6 million inhabitants in Jordan, the majority of them being Palestinians but exact Palestinian percentage in the society is disputed and not encouraged to be researched by the government. Estimates are between 45 - 90 %.
	==See also==
	{{commons|Category:Maps of the history of the Middle East}}
	{{wikiquote}}
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	*] covers roughly the same region, with a different focus
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	* ]
	==External links==
	*The Hope Simpson Report (London, 1930)
	*Palestine Royal Commission Report (the Peel Report) (London, 1937)
	*Report to the Council of the League of Nations (1928)
	*Report to the Council of the League of Nations (1929)
	*Report to the Council of the League of Nations (1934)
	*Report to the Council of the League of Nations (1935)
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	===Maps===
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	==Footnotes==
	<div class="references-small">
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	==Bibliography==
	*Avneri, Arieh (1984), The Claim of Dispossession, Tel Aviv: Hidekel Press
	*Bachi, Roberto (1974), The Population of Israel, Jerusalem: Institute of Contemporary Jewry, Hebrew University
	*Biger, Gideon (1981). Where was Palestine? Pre-World War I perception, ''AREA'' (Journal of the Institute of British Geographers) Vol 13, No. 2, pp. 153-160.
	*Broshi, Magen (1979). The Population of Western Palestine in the Roman-Byzantine Period, ''Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research'', No. 236, p.7, 1979.
	*Doumani, Beshara (1995). ''Rediscovering Palestine: Merchants and Peasants in Jabal Nablus 1700-1900''. UC Press. ISBN 0-520-20370-4
	*Gelber, Yoav (1997). ''Jewish-Transjordanian Relations 1921-48: Alliance of Bars Sinister''. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-4675-X
	*Gerber, Haim (1998). "Palestine" and other territorial concepts in the 17th century, ''International Journal of Middle East Studies'', Vol 30, pp. 563-572.
	*Gilbar, Gar G. (ed.), ''Ottoman Palestine: 1800-1914''. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-07785-5
	*Gottheil, Fred M. (2003) , '']'', X(1).
	*Hughes, Mark (1999). ''Allenby and British Strategy in the Middle East, 1917-1919''. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-4920-1
	*Ingrams, Doreen (1972). ''Palestine Papers 1917-1922''. London: John Murray. ISBN 0-8076-0648-0
	*] (1997). ''Palestinian Identity. The Construction of Modern National Consciousness''. ]. ISBN 0-231-10515-0
	*Karpat, Kemal H. (2002). ''Studies on Ottoman Social and Political History''. Brill. ISBN 90-04-12101-3
	*] (1973) ''Battleground: Fact and Fantasy in Palestine'' Shapolsky Pub; ISBN 0933503032
	*Kimmerling, Baruch and Migdal, Joel S. (1994). ''Palestinians: The Making of a People'', Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-65223-1
	*] (1981). ''The Legal Aspects of the Palestine Problem with Special Regard to the Question of Jerusalem''. Vienna: Braumüller. ISBN 3-7003-0278-9
	*Le Strange, Guy (1965). ''Palestine under the Moslems'' (Originally published in 1890; reprinted by Khayats) ISBN 0-404-56288-4
	*J.P. Loftus (1948), Features of the demography of Palestine, Population Studies, Vol 2
	*Louis, Wm. Roger (1969). The United Kingdom and the Beginning of the Mandates System, 1919-1922. ''International Organization'', 23(1), pp. 73-96.
	*McCarthy, Justin (1990). ''The Population of Palestine''. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-07110-8.
	*Mandel, Neville J. (1976). ''The Arabs and Zionism Before World War I''. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02466-4
	*]. (2005). ''Protection, conservation and valorisation of Palestinian Cultural Patrimony'' Massa Publisher. ISBN 88-87835-62-4.
	*Metzer, Jacob (1988), The divided economy of Mandatory Palestine, Cambridge University Press
	*Porath, Yehoshua (1974). ''The Emergence of the Palestinian-Arab National Movement'', 1918-1929. London: Frank Cass. ISBN 0-7146-2939-1
	*Rogan, Eugene L. (2002). ''Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850-1921''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-89223-6.
	*Schlor, Joachim (1999). ''Tel Aviv: From Dream to City''. Reaktion Books. ISBN 1-86189-033-8
	*Scholch, Alexander (1985) ''"The Demographic Development of Palestine 1850-1882"'', International Journal of Middle East Studies, XII, 4, November 1985, pp. 485-505
	*Shahin, Mariam (2005). ''Palestine: A Guide'', Interlink Books. ISBN 1-56656-557-X
	*Schmelz, Uziel O. (1990) Population characteristics of Jerusalem and Hebron regions according to Ottoman Census of 1905, in
	*Shiloh, Yigal (1980). The Population of Iron Age Palestine in the Light of a Sample Analysis of Urban Plans, Areas, and Population Density, ''Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research'', No. 239, p.33, 1980.
	*Sicker, Martin (1999). ''Reshaping Palestine: From Muhammad Ali to the British Mandate, 1831-1922''. Praeger/Greenwood. ISBN 0-275-96639-9
	*Twain , Mark (1867). ''Innocents Abroad''. Penguin Classics. ISBN 0-142-43708-5
	*]
	*Westermann, ''Großer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte''. ISBN 3-07-509520-6
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Latest revision as of 13:18, 20 December 2024

Geographic region in West Asia For other regions with the same name, see Palestine (disambiguation) § Geographic region.

PalestineΠαλαιστίνη (Greek) Palaestina (Latin) فِلَسْطِينَ‎ (Arabic) אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל‎ (Hebrew)
Boundaries of the Roman province Syria Palaestina, where dashed green line shows the boundary between Byzantine Palaestina Prima (later Jund Filastin) and Palaestina Secunda (later Jund al-Urdunn), as well as Palaestina Salutaris (later Jebel et-Tih and the Jifar)   Borders of Mandatory Palestine   Borders between Israel and the Palestinian territories (West Bank and Gaza Strip) which are claimed by the State of Palestine as its borders
Languages	Arabic, Hebrew
Ethnic groups	Arabs, Jews, Samaritans
Countries	Israel  Palestine  Jordan

The region of Palestine, also known as historic Palestine, is a geographical area in West Asia. It includes modern-day Israel and the State of Palestine, as well as parts of northwestern Jordan in some definitions. Other names for the region include Canaan, the Promised Land, the Land of Israel, or the Holy Land.

The earliest written record referring to Palestine as a geographical region is in the Histories of Herodotus in the 5th century BCE, which calls the area Palaistine, referring to the territory previously held by Philistia, a state that existed in that area from the 12th to the 7th century BCE. The Roman Empire conquered the region and in 6 CE established the province known as Judaea, but then in 132 CE in the period of the Bar Kokhba revolt the province was expanded and renamed Syria Palaestina. In 390, during the Byzantine period, the region was split into the provinces of Palaestina Prima, Palaestina Secunda, and Palaestina Tertia. Following the Muslim conquest of the Levant in the 630s, the military district of Jund Filastin was established. While Palestine's boundaries have changed throughout history, it has generally comprised the southern portion of regions such as Syria or the Levant.

As the birthplace of Judaism and Christianity, Palestine has been a crossroads for religion, culture, commerce, and politics. In the Bronze Age, it was home to Canaanite city-states; and the later Iron Age saw the emergence of Israel and Judah. It has since come under the sway of various empires, including the Neo-Assyrian Empire, the Neo-Babylonian Empire, the Achaemenid Empire, the Macedonian Empire, and the Seleucid Empire. The brief Hasmonean dynasty ended with its gradual incorporation into the Roman Empire, and later the Byzantine Empire, during which Palestine became a center of Christianity. In the 7th century, Palestine was conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate, ending Byzantine rule in the region; Rashidun rule was succeeded by the Umayyad Caliphate, the Abbasid Caliphate, and the Fatimid Caliphate. Following the collapse of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, which had been established through the Crusades, the population of Palestine became predominantly Muslim. In the 13th century, it became part of the Mamluk Sultanate, and after 1516, spent four centuries as part of the Ottoman Empire.

During World War I, Palestine was occupied by the United Kingdom as part of the Sinai and Palestine campaign. Between 1919 and 1922, the League of Nations created the Mandate for Palestine, which came under British administration as Mandatory Palestine through the 1940s. Tensions between Jews and Arabs escalated into the 1947–1949 Palestine war, which ended with the establishment of Israel on most of the territory, and neighboring Jordan and Egypt controlling the West Bank and the Gaza Strip respectively. The 1967 Six Day War saw Israel's occupation of both territories, which has been among the core issues of the ongoing Israeli–Palestinian conflict.

Etymology

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the name Palestine. The name is found throughout recorded history. Examples of historical maps of the region that contain the name Palestine are shown above: (1) Pomponius Mela (Latin, c. 43 CE); (2) Notitia Dignitatum (Latin, c. 410 CE); (3) Tabula Rogeriana (Arabic, 1154 CE); (4) Cedid Atlas (Ottoman Turkish, 1803 CE)

Modern archaeology has identified 12 ancient inscriptions from Egyptian and Assyrian records recording likely cognates of Hebrew Pelesheth. The term "Peleset" (transliterated from hieroglyphs as P-r-s-t) is found in five inscriptions referring to a neighboring people or land starting from c. 1150 BCE during the Twentieth dynasty of Egypt. The first known mention is at the temple at Medinet Habu which refers to the Peleset among those who fought with Egypt in Ramesses III's reign, and the last known is 300 years later on Padiiset's Statue. Seven known Assyrian inscriptions refer to the region of "Palashtu" or "Pilistu", beginning with Adad-nirari III in the Nimrud Slab in c. 800 BCE through to a treaty made by Esarhaddon more than a century later. Neither the Egyptian nor the Assyrian sources provided clear regional boundaries for the term.

The first clear use of the term Palestine to refer to the entire area between Phoenicia and Egypt was in 5th century BCE ancient Greece, when Herodotus wrote of a "district of Syria, called Palaistínē" (Ancient Greek: Συρίη ἡ Παλαιστίνη καλεομένη) in The Histories, which included the Judean mountains and the Jordan Rift Valley. Approximately a century later, Aristotle used a similar definition for the region in Meteorology, in which he included the Dead Sea. Later Greek writers such as Polemon and Pausanias also used the term to refer to the same region, which was followed by Roman writers such as Ovid, Tibullus, Pomponius Mela, Pliny the Elder, Dio Chrysostom, Statius, Plutarch as well as Romano-Jewish writers Philo of Alexandria and Josephus. The term was first used to denote an official province in c. 135 CE, when the Roman authorities, following the suppression of the Bar Kokhba Revolt, renamed the province of Judaea "Syria Palaestina". There is circumstantial evidence linking Hadrian with the name change, but the precise date is not certain.

The term is generally accepted to be a cognate of the biblical name Peleshet (פלשת Pəlésheth, usually transliterated as Philistia). The term and its derivates are used more than 250 times in Masoretic-derived versions of the Hebrew Bible, of which 10 uses are in the Torah, with undefined boundaries, and almost 200 of the remaining references are in the Book of Judges and the Books of Samuel. The term is rarely used in the Septuagint, which used a transliteration Land of Phylistieim (Γῆ τῶν Φυλιστιείμ), different from the contemporary Greek place name Palaistínē (Παλαιστίνη). It is also theorized to be the portmanteau of the Greek word for the Philistines and palaistês, which means "wrestler/rival/adversary". This aligns with the Greek practice of punning place names since the latter is also the etymological meaning for Israel.

The Septuagint instead used the term "allophuloi" (άλλόφυλοι, "other nations") throughout the Books of Judges and Samuel, such that the term "Philistines" has been interpreted to mean "non-Israelites of the Promised Land" when used in the context of Samson, Saul and David, and Rabbinic sources explain that these peoples were different from the Philistines of the Book of Genesis.

During the Byzantine period, the region of Palestine within Syria Palaestina was subdivided into Palaestina Prima and Secunda, and an area of land including the Negev and Sinai became Palaestina Salutaris. Following the Muslim conquest, place names that were in use by the Byzantine administration generally continued to be used in Arabic. The use of the name "Palestine" became common in Early Modern English, was used in English and Arabic during the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem and was revived as an official place name with the British Mandate for Palestine.

Some other terms that have been used to refer to all or part of this land include Canaan, Land of Israel (Eretz Yisrael or Ha'aretz), the Promised Land, the region of Syria, the Holy Land, Iudaea Province, Judea, Coele-Syria, "Israel HaShlema", Kingdom of Israel, Kingdom of Jerusalem, Zion, Retenu (Ancient Egyptian), Southern Syria, Southern Levant and Syria Palaestina.

History

Main article: History of Palestine For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the Palestine region.

Overview

For a more comprehensive list, see Time periods in the Palestine region.

Situated at a strategic location between Egypt, Syria and Arabia, and the birthplace of Judaism and Christianity, the region has a long and tumultuous history as a crossroads for religion, culture, commerce, and politics. The region has been controlled by numerous peoples, including ancient Egyptians, Canaanites, Israelites, Assyrians, Babylonians, Achaemenids, ancient Greeks, Romans, Parthians, Sasanians, Byzantines, the Arab Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid and Fatimid caliphates, Crusaders, Ayyubids, Mamluks, Mongols, Ottomans, the British, and modern Israelis and Palestinians.

Ancient period

See also: Canaan, History of ancient Israel and Judah, and Philistines

The region was among the earliest in the world to see human habitation, agricultural communities and civilization. During the Bronze Age, independent Canaanite city-states were established, and were influenced by the surrounding civilizations of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Phoenicia, Minoan Crete, and Syria. Between 1550 and 1400 BCE, the Canaanite cities became vassals to the Egyptian New Kingdom who held power until the 1178 BCE Battle of Djahy (Canaan) during the wider Bronze Age collapse.

The Israelites emerged from a dramatic social transformation that took place in the people of the central hill country of Canaan around 1200 BCE, with no signs of violent invasion or even of peaceful infiltration of a clearly defined ethnic group from elsewhere. During the Iron Age, the Israelites established two related kingdoms, Israel and Judah. The Kingdom of Israel emerged as an important local power by the 10th century BCE before falling to the Neo-Assyrian Empire in 722 BCE. Israel's southern neighbor, the Kingdom of Judah, emerged in the 8th or 9th century BCE and later became a client state of first the Neo-Assyrian and then the Neo-Babylonian Empire before a revolt against the latter led to its destruction in 586 BCE. The region became part of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from c. 740 BCE, which was itself replaced by the Neo-Babylonian Empire in c. 627 BCE.

In 587/6 BCE, Jerusalem was besieged and destroyed by the second Babylonian king, Nebuchadnezzar II, who subsequently exiled the Judeans to Babylon. The Kingdom of Judah was then annexed as a Babylonian province. The Philistines were also exiled. The defeat of Judah was recorded by the Babylonians.

In 539 BCE, the Babylonian empire was conquered by the Achaemenid Empire. According to the Hebrew Bible and implications from the Cyrus Cylinder, the exiled Jews were eventually allowed to return to Jerusalem. The returned population in Judah were allowed to self-rule under Persian governance, and some parts of the fallen kingdom became a Persian province known as Yehud. Except Yehud, at least another four Persian provinces existed in the region: Samaria, Gaza, Ashdod, and Ascalon, in addition to the Phoenician city states in the north and the Arabian tribes in the south. During the same period, the Edomites migrated from Transjordan to the southern parts of Judea, which became known as Idumaea. The Qedarites were the dominant Arab tribe; their territory ran from the Hejaz in the south to the Negev in the north through the period of Persian and Hellenistic dominion.

Classical antiquity

In the 330s BCE, Macedonian ruler Alexander the Great conquered the region, which changed hands several times during the wars of the Diadochi and later Syrian Wars. It ultimately fell to the Seleucid Empire between 219 and 200 BCE. During that period, the region became heavily hellenized, building tensions between Greeks and locals.

In 167 BCE, the Maccabean Revolt erupted, leading to the establishment of an independent Hasmonean Kingdom in Judea. From 110 BCE, the Hasmoneans extended their authority over much of Palestine, including Samaria, Galilee, Iturea, Perea, and Idumea. The Jewish control over the wider region resulted in it also becoming known as Judaea, a term that had previously only referred to the smaller region of the Judaean Mountains. During the same period, the Edomites were converted to Judaism.

Between 73 and 63 BCE, the Roman Republic extended its influence into the region in the Third Mithridatic War. Pompey conquered Judea in 63 BCE, splitting the former Hasmonean Kingdom into five districts. In around 40 BCE, the Parthians conquered Palestine, deposed the Roman ally Hyrcanus II, and installed a puppet ruler of the Hasmonean line known as Antigonus II. By 37 BCE, the Parthians withdrew from Palestine.

Palestine is generally considered the "Cradle of Christianity". Christianity, a religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, arose as a messianic sect from within Second Temple Judaism. The three-year Ministry of Jesus, culminating in his crucifixion, is estimated to have occurred from 28 to 30 CE, although the historicity of Jesus is disputed by a minority of scholars.

In the first and second centuries CE, the province of Judea became the site of two large-scale Jewish revolts against Rome. During the First Jewish-Roman War, which lasted from 66 to 73 CE, the Romans razed Jerusalem and destroyed the Second Temple. In Masada, Jewish zealots preferred to commit suicide than endure Roman captivity. In 132 CE, another Jewish rebellion erupted. The Bar Kokhba revolt took three years to put down, incurred massive costs on both the Romans and the Jews, and desolated much of Judea. The center of Jewish life in Palestine moved to the Galilee. During or after the revolt, Hadrian joined the province of Iudaea with Galilee and the Paralia to form the new province of Syria Palaestina, and Jerusalem was renamed "Aelia Capitolina". Some scholars view these actions as an attempt to disconnect the Jewish people from their homeland, but this theory is debated.

Between 259 and 272, the region fell under the rule of Odaenathus as King of the Palmyrene Empire. Following the victory of Christian emperor Constantine in the Civil wars of the Tetrarchy, the Christianization of the Roman Empire began, and in 326, Constantine's mother Saint Helena visited Jerusalem and began the construction of churches and shrines. Palestine became a center of Christianity, attracting numerous monks and religious scholars. The Samaritan Revolts during this period caused their near extinction. In 614 CE, Palestine was annexed by another Persian dynasty; the Sassanids, until returning to Byzantine control in 628 CE.

Early Muslim period

The Dome of the Rock, the world's first great work of Islamic architecture, constructed in 691.Minaret of the White Mosque in Ramla, constructed in 1318Arab architecture in the Umayyad and Mamluk periods

Palestine was conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate, beginning in 634 CE. In 636, the Battle of Yarmouk during the Muslim conquest of the Levant marked the start of Muslim hegemony over the region, which became known as the military district of Jund Filastin within the province of Bilâd al-Shâm (Greater Syria). In 661, with the Assassination of Ali, Muawiyah I became the Caliph of the Islamic world after being crowned in Jerusalem. The Dome of the Rock, completed in 691, was the world's first great work of Islamic architecture.

The majority of the population was Christian and was to remain so until the conquest of Saladin in 1187. The Muslim conquest apparently had little impact on social and administrative continuities for several decades. The word 'Arab' at the time referred predominantly to Bedouin nomads, though Arab settlement is attested in the Judean highlands and near Jerusalem by the 5th century, and some tribes had converted to Christianity. The local population engaged in farming, which was considered demeaning, and were called Nabaț, referring to Aramaic-speaking villagers. A ḥadīth, brought in the name of a Muslim freedman who settled in Palestine, ordered the Muslim Arabs not to settle in the villages, "for he who abides in villages it is as if he abides in graves".

The Umayyads, who had spurred a strong economic resurgence in the area, were replaced by the Abbasids in 750. Ramla became the administrative centre for the following centuries, while Tiberias became a thriving centre of Muslim scholarship. From 878, Palestine was ruled from Egypt by semi-autonomous rulers for almost a century, beginning with the Turkish freeman Ahmad ibn Tulun, for whom both Jews and Christians prayed when he lay dying and ending with the Ikhshidid rulers. Reverence for Jerusalem increased during this period, with many of the Egyptian rulers choosing to be buried there. However, the later period became characterized by persecution of Christians as the threat from Byzantium grew. The Fatimids, with a predominantly Berber army, conquered the region in 970, a date that marks the beginning of a period of unceasing warfare between numerous enemies, which destroyed Palestine, and in particular, devastating its Jewish population. Between 1071 and 1073, Palestine was captured by the Great Seljuq Empire, only to be recaptured by the Fatimids in 1098.

Crusader/Ayyubid period

The Fatimids again lost the region to the Crusaders in 1099. The Crusaders set up the Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099–1291). Their control of Jerusalem and most of Palestine lasted almost a century until their defeat by Saladin's forces in 1187, after which most of Palestine was controlled by the Ayyubids, except for the years 1229–1244 when Jerusalem and other areas were retaken by the Second Kingdom of Jerusalem, by then ruled from Acre (1191–1291), but, despite seven further crusades, the Franks were no longer a significant power in the region. The Fourth Crusade, which did not reach Palestine, led directly to the decline of the Byzantine Empire, dramatically reducing Christian influence throughout the region.

Mamluk period

The Mamluk Sultanate was created in Egypt as an indirect result of the Seventh Crusade. The Mongol Empire reached Palestine for the first time in 1260, beginning with the Mongol raids into Palestine under Nestorian Christian general Kitbuqa, and reaching an apex at the pivotal Battle of Ain Jalut, where they were pushed back by the Mamluks.

Ottoman period

Further information: History of Palestine § Ottoman period

In 1486, hostilities broke out between the Mamluks and the Ottoman Empire in a battle for control over western Asia, and the Ottomans conquered Palestine in 1516. Between the mid-16th and 17th centuries, a close-knit alliance of three local dynasties, the Ridwans of Gaza, the Turabays of al-Lajjun and the Farrukhs of Nablus, governed Palestine on behalf of the Porte (imperial Ottoman government).

In the 18th century, the Zaydani clan under the leadership of Zahir al-Umar ruled large parts of Palestine autonomously until the Ottomans were able to defeat them in their Galilee strongholds in 1775–76. Zahir had turned the port city of Acre into a major regional power, partly fueled by his monopolization of the cotton and olive oil trade from Palestine to Europe. Acre's regional dominance was further elevated under Zahir's successor Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar at the expense of Damascus.

In 1830, on the eve of Muhammad Ali's invasion, the Porte transferred control of the sanjaks of Jerusalem and Nablus to Abdullah Pasha, the governor of Acre. According to Silverburg, in regional and cultural terms this move was important for creating an Arab Palestine detached from greater Syria (bilad al-Sham). According to Pappe, it was an attempt to reinforce the Syrian front in face of Muhammad Ali's invasion. Two years later, Palestine was conquered by Muhammad Ali's Egypt, but Egyptian rule was challenged in 1834 by a countrywide popular uprising against conscription and other measures considered intrusive by the population. Its suppression devastated many of Palestine's villages and major towns.

In 1840, Britain intervened and returned control of the Levant to the Ottomans in return for further capitulations. The death of Aqil Agha marked the last local challenge to Ottoman centralization in Palestine, and beginning in the 1860s, Palestine underwent an acceleration in its socio-economic development, due to its incorporation into the global, and particularly European, economic pattern of growth. The beneficiaries of this process were Arabic-speaking Muslims and Christians who emerged as a new layer within the Arab elite. From 1880 large-scale Jewish immigration began, almost entirely from Europe, based on an explicitly Zionist ideology. There was also a revival of the Hebrew language and culture.

Christian Zionism in the United Kingdom preceded its spread within the Jewish community. The government of Great Britain publicly supported it during World War I with the Balfour Declaration of 1917.

British Mandate period

Main article: Mandatory Palestine Further information: Zionism, Palestinian nationalism, and United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine Palestine passport and Palestine coin. The Mandatory authorities agreed a compromise position regarding the Hebrew name: in English and Arabic the name was simply "Palestine" ("فلسطين"), but the Hebrew version ("פלשתינה") also included the acronym ("א״י") for Eretz Yisrael (Land of Israel). Metulla Haifa Safad Zikhron
Yaaqov Nazareth TelAviv Nablus Yibna Ramle Jerusalem Gaza Hebron Dead Sea Rafa Beersheba Jebel
Usdum Nitsana Ovdat Nahal
Haarava Har
Lotz Har
Omer Har
Tzenifim Yotvata Eilat Survey of Palestine 1942–1958 1–100,000 Topographical maps. Click on each blue link to see the individual original maps in high resolution.

The British began their Sinai and Palestine Campaign in 1915. The war reached southern Palestine in 1917, progressing to Gaza and around Jerusalem by the end of the year. The British secured Jerusalem in December 1917. They moved into the Jordan valley in 1918 and a campaign by the Entente into northern Palestine led to victory at Megiddo in September.

The British were formally awarded the mandate to govern the region in 1922. The Arab Palestinians rioted in 1920, 1921, 1929, and revolted in 1936. In 1947, following World War II and The Holocaust, the British Government announced its desire to terminate the Mandate, and the United Nations General Assembly adopted in November 1947 a Resolution 181(II) recommending partition into an Arab state, a Jewish state and the Special International Regime for the City of Jerusalem. A civil war began immediately after the Resolution's adoption. The State of Israel was declared in May 1948.

Arab–Israeli conflict

Further information: History of Israel and History of the State of Palestine

In the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Israel captured and incorporated a further 26% of the Mandate territory, Jordan captured the regions of Judea and Samaria, renaming it the "West Bank", while the Gaza Strip was captured by Egypt. Following the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight, also known as al-Nakba, the 700,000 Palestinians who fled or were driven from their homes were not allowed to return following the Lausanne Conference of 1949.

In the course of the Six-Day War in June 1967, Israel captured the rest of Mandate Palestine from Jordan and Egypt, and began a policy of establishing Jewish settlements in those territories. From 1987 to 1993, the First Palestinian Intifada against Israel took place, which included the Declaration of the State of Palestine in 1988 and ended with the 1993 Oslo Peace Accords and the creation of the Palestinian National Authority.

In 2000, the Second Intifada (also called al-Aqsa Intifada) began, and Israel built a separation barrier. In the 2005 Israeli disengagement from Gaza, Israel withdrew all settlers and military presence from the Gaza Strip, but maintained military control of numerous aspects of the territory including its borders, air space and coast. Israel's ongoing military occupation of the Gaza Strip, the West Bank and East Jerusalem continues to be the world's longest military occupation in modern times.

In 2008 Palestinian hikaye was inscribed to UNESCO's list of intangible cultural heritage; the first of four listings reflecting the significance of Palestinian culture globally.

In November 2012, the status of Palestinian delegation in the United Nations was upgraded to non-member observer state as the State of Palestine.

Boundaries

Pre-modern period

The boundaries of Palestine have varied throughout history. The Jordan Rift Valley (comprising Wadi Arabah, the Dead Sea and River Jordan) has at times formed a political and administrative frontier, even within empires that have controlled both territories. At other times, such as during certain periods during the Hasmonean and Crusader states for example, as well as during the biblical period, territories on both sides of the river formed part of the same administrative unit. During the Arab Caliphate period, parts of southern Lebanon and the northern highland areas of Palestine and Jordan were administered as Jund al-Urdun, while the southern parts of the latter two formed part of Jund Dimashq, which during the 9th century was attached to the administrative unit of Jund Filastin.

The boundaries of the area and the ethnic nature of the people referred to by Herodotus in the 5th century BCE as Palaestina vary according to context. Sometimes, he uses it to refer to the coast north of Mount Carmel. Elsewhere, distinguishing the Syrians in Palestine from the Phoenicians, he refers to their land as extending down all the coast from Phoenicia to Egypt. Pliny, writing in Latin in the 1st century CE, describes a region of Syria that was "formerly called Palaestina" among the areas of the Eastern Mediterranean.

Since the Byzantine Period, the Byzantine borders of Palaestina (I and II, also known as Palaestina Prima, "First Palestine", and Palaestina Secunda, "Second Palestine"), have served as a name for the geographic area between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea. Under Arab rule, Filastin (or Jund Filastin) was used administratively to refer to what was under the Byzantines Palaestina Secunda (comprising Judaea and Samaria), while Palaestina Prima (comprising the Galilee region) was renamed Urdunn ("Jordan" or Jund al-Urdunn).

Modern period

Nineteenth-century sources refer to Palestine as extending from the sea to the caravan route, presumably the Hejaz-Damascus route east of the Jordan River valley. Others refer to it as extending from the sea to the desert. Prior to the Allied Powers victory in World War I and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, which created the British mandate in the Levant, most of the northern area of what is today Jordan formed part of the Ottoman Vilayet of Damascus (Syria), while the southern part of Jordan was part of the Vilayet of Hejaz. What later became Mandatory Palestine was in late Ottoman times divided between the Vilayet of Beirut (Lebanon) and the Sanjak of Jerusalem. The Zionist Organization provided its definition of the boundaries of Palestine in a statement to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919.

The British administered Mandatory Palestine after World War I, having promised to establish a homeland for the Jewish people. The modern definition of the region follows the boundaries of that entity, which were fixed in the North and East in 1920–23 by the British Mandate for Palestine (including the Transjordan memorandum) and the Paulet–Newcombe Agreement, and on the South by following the 1906 Turco-Egyptian boundary agreement.

Modern evolution of Palestine

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1916–1922 various proposals: Three proposals for the post World War I administration of Palestine. The red line is the "International Administration" proposed in the 1916 Sykes–Picot Agreement, the dashed blue line is the 1919 Zionist Organization proposal at the Paris Peace Conference, and the thin blue line refers to the final borders of the 1923–48 Mandatory Palestine.1937 British proposal: The first official proposal for partition, published in 1937 by the Peel Commission. An ongoing British Mandate was proposed to keep "the sanctity of Jerusalem and Bethlehem", in the form of an enclave from Jerusalem to Jaffa, including Lydda and Ramle.1947 UN proposal: Proposal per the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine (UN General Assembly Resolution 181 (II), 1947), prior to the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. The proposal included a Corpus Separatum for Jerusalem, extraterritorial crossroads between the non-contiguous areas, and Jaffa as an Arab exclave. 1947 Jewish private land ownership: Jewish-owned lands in Mandatory Palestine as of 1947 in blue, constituting 7.4% of the total land area, of which more than half was held by the JNF and PICA. White is either public land or Palestinian-Arab-owned lands including related religious trusts.1949 armistice lines: The Jordanian-annexed West Bank (light green) and Egyptian-occupied Gaza Strip (dark green), after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, showing 1949 armistice lines.1967 territorial changes: During the Six-Day War, Israel captured the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and the Golan Heights, together with the Sinai Peninsula (later traded for peace after the Yom Kippur War). In 1980–81 Israel annexed East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights. Neither Israel's annexation nor the PLO claim over East Jerusalem gained international recognition. 1995 Oslo II Accord: Under the Oslo Accords, the Palestinian National Authority was created to provide a Palestinian interim self-government in the West Bank and the interior of the Gaza Strip. Its second phase envisioned "Palestinian enclaves".2005–present: After the Israeli disengagement from Gaza and clashes between the two main Palestinian parties following the Hamas electoral victory, two separate executive governments took control in the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza.Ethnic majority by settlement (present): The map indicates the ethnic majority of settlements (cities, villages and other communities).

Current usage

Further information: Palestinian territories, State of Palestine, Palestinian National Authority, and Palestinian enclaves See also: Borders of Israel

The region of Palestine is the eponym for the Palestinian people and the culture of Palestine, both of which are defined as relating to the whole historical region, usually defined as the localities within the border of Mandatory Palestine. The 1968 Palestinian National Covenant described Palestine as the "homeland of the Arab Palestinian people", with "the boundaries it had during the British Mandate".

However, since the 1988 Palestinian Declaration of Independence, the term State of Palestine refers only to the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. This discrepancy was described by the Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas as a negotiated concession in a September 2011 speech to the United Nations: "... we agreed to establish the State of Palestine on only 22% of the territory of historical Palestine – on all the Palestinian Territory occupied by Israel in 1967."

The term Palestine is also sometimes used in a limited sense to refer to the parts of the Palestinian territories currently under the administrative control of the Palestinian National Authority, a quasi-governmental entity which governs parts of the State of Palestine under the terms of the Oslo Accords.

Administration

Overview of administration and sovereignty in Israel, the Palestinian territories and the Golan Heights
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Area		Administered by	Recognition of governing authority	Sovereignty claimed by	Recognition of claim
Gaza Strip		Palestinian National Authority (de jure) Controlled by Hamas (de facto)	Witnesses to the Oslo II Accord	State of Palestine	146 UN member states
West Bank	Palestinian enclaves (Areas A and B)	Palestinian National Authority and Israeli military
	Area C	Israeli enclave law (Israeli settlements) and Israeli military (Palestinians under Israeli occupation)
	East Jerusalem	Israeli administration	Honduras, Guatemala, Nauru, and the United States		China, Russia
West Jerusalem			Russia, Czech Republic, Honduras, Guatemala, Nauru, and the United States	United Nations as an international city along with East Jerusalem	Various UN member states and the European Union; joint sovereignty also widely supported
Golan Heights			United States	Syria	All UN member states except the United States
Israel (Green Line border)			165 UN member states	Israel	165 UN member states

Demographics

Main article: Demographic history of Palestine

Early demographics

Year	Jews	Christians	Muslims	Total
First half 1st century CE	Majority	–	–	~2,500
5th century	Minority	Majority	–	>1st C
End 12th century	Minority	Minority	Majority	>225
14th century before Black Death	Minority	Minority	Majority	225
14th century after Black Death	Minority	Minority	Majority	150
Historical population table compiled by Sergio DellaPergola. Figures in thousands.

Estimating the population of Palestine in antiquity relies on two methods – censuses and writings made at the times, and the scientific method based on excavations and statistical methods that consider the number of settlements at the particular age, area of each settlement, density factor for each settlement.

The Bar Kokhba revolt in the 2nd century CE saw a major shift in the population of Palestine. The sheer scale and scope of the overall destruction has been described by Dio Cassius in his Roman History, where he notes that Roman war operations in the country had left some 580,000 Jews dead, with many more dying of hunger and disease, while 50 of their most important outposts and 985 of their most famous villages were razed to the ground. "Thus," writes Dio Cassius, "nearly the whole of Judaea was made desolate."

According to Israeli archaeologists Magen Broshi and Yigal Shiloh, the population of ancient Palestine did not exceed one million. By 300 CE, Christianity had spread so significantly that Jews comprised only a quarter of the population.

Late Ottoman and British Mandate periods

In a study of Ottoman registers of the early Ottoman rule of Palestine, Bernard Lewis reports:

he first half century of Ottoman rule brought a sharp increase in population. The towns grew rapidly, villages became larger and more numerous, and there was an extensive development of agriculture, industry, and trade. The two last were certainly helped to no small extent by the influx of Spanish and other Western Jews.

From the mass of detail in the registers, it is possible to extract something like a general picture of the economic life of the country in that period. Out of a total population of about 300,000 souls, between a fifth and a quarter lived in the six towns of Jerusalem, Gaza, Safed, Nablus, Ramle, and Hebron. The remainder consisted mainly of peasants, living in villages of varying size, and engaged in agriculture. Their main food-crops were wheat and barley in that order, supplemented by leguminous pulses, olives, fruit, and vegetables. In and around most of the towns there was a considerable number of vineyards, orchards, and vegetable gardens.

Year	Jews	Christians	Muslims	Total
1533–1539	5	6	145	157
1690–1691	2	11	219	232
1800	7	22	246	275
1890	43	57	432	532
1914	94	70	525	689
1922	84	71	589	752
1931	175	89	760	1,033
1947	630	143	1,181	1,970
Historical population table compiled by Sergio DellaPergola. Figures in thousands.

According to Alexander Scholch, the population of Palestine in 1850 was about 350,000 inhabitants, 30% of whom lived in 13 towns; roughly 85% were Muslims, 11% were Christians and 4% Jews.

According to Ottoman statistics studied by Justin McCarthy, the population of Palestine in the early 19th century was 350,000, in 1860 it was 411,000 and in 1900 about 600,000 of whom 94% were Arabs. In 1914 Palestine had a population of 657,000 Muslim Arabs, 81,000 Christian Arabs, and 59,000 Jews. McCarthy estimates the non-Jewish population of Palestine at 452,789 in 1882; 737,389 in 1914; 725,507 in 1922; 880,746 in 1931; and 1,339,763 in 1946.

In 1920, the League of Nations' Interim Report on the Civil Administration of Palestine described the 700,000 people living in Palestine as follows:

Of these, 235,000 live in the larger towns, 465,000 in the smaller towns and villages. Four-fifths of the whole population are Moslems. A small proportion of these are Bedouin Arabs; the remainder, although they speak Arabic and are termed Arabs, are largely of mixed race. Some 77,000 of the population are Christians, in large majority belonging to the Orthodox Church, and speaking Arabic. The minority are members of the Latin or of the Uniate Greek Catholic Church, or—a small number—are Protestants. The Jewish element of the population numbers 76,000. Almost all have entered Palestine during the last 40 years. Prior to 1850, there were in the country only a handful of Jews. In the following 30 years, a few hundreds came to Palestine. Most of them were animated by religious motives; they came to pray and to die in the Holy Land, and to be buried in its soil. After the persecutions in Russia forty years ago, the movement of the Jews to Palestine assumed larger proportions.

Current demographics

See also: Demographics of Israel and Demographics of the Palestinian territories

According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, as of 2015, the total population of Israel was 8.5 million people, of which 75% were Jews, 21% Arabs, and 4% "others". Of the Jewish group, 76% were Sabras (born in Israel); the rest were olim (immigrants)—16% from Europe, the former Soviet republics, and the Americas, and 8% from Asia and Africa, including the Arab countries.

According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics evaluations, in 2015 the Palestinian population of the West Bank was approximately 2.9 million and that of the Gaza Strip was 1.8 million. By 2022, the population of the Gaza strip had increased to an estimated 2,375,259, corresponding to a density of more than 6,507 people per square kilometre.

Both Israeli and Palestinian statistics include Arab residents of East Jerusalem in their reports. According to these estimates the total population in the region of Palestine, as defined as Israel and the Palestinian territories, stands approximately 12.8 million.

Flora and fauna

Main article: Biodiversity in Israel and Palestine

Flora distribution

See also: Category:Flora of Palestine (region) and List of native plants of Flora Palaestina (A–B)

The World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions is widely used in recording the distribution of plants. The scheme uses the code "PAL" to refer to the region of Palestine – a Level 3 area. The WGSRPD's Palestine is further divided into Israel (PAL-IS), including the Palestinian territories, and Jordan (PAL-JO), so is larger than some other definitions of "Palestine".

Birds

Main article: List of birds of Palestine

See also

• Cartography of Palestine
• Place names of Palestine
• Levantine archaeology (a.k.a. Palestinian archaeology)
• Palestine Exploration Fund

Notes

1. ʾEreṣ Yiśrāʾēl ("Land of Israel"). Sometimes called simply הָאָרֶץ‎ hāʾĀreṣ ("the Land").
   Terms like פָּלֶשְׂתִּינָה‎ Pāleśtīnā and פָלַסְטִין‎ Fālasṭīn are sometimes used in secular historical contexts to refer to the land when it is under European or Arab control, respectively.
2. Northwestern parts, according to some definitions.
3. Greek: Παλαιστίνη, Palaistínē; Latin: Palaestina; Arabic: فِلَسْطِينَ, Filasṭīn, Falasṭīn, Filisṭīn; Hebrew: אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל ʾEreṣ Yiśrāʾēl
4. Eberhard Schrader wrote in his seminal "Keilinschriften und Geschichtsforschung" ("KGF", in English "Cuneiform inscriptions and Historical Research") that the Assyrian tern "Palashtu" or "Pilistu" referred to the wider Palestine or "the East" in general, instead of "Philistia" (Schrader 1878, pp. 123–124; Anspacher 1912, p. 48).
5. "The earliest occurrence of this name in a Greek text is in the mid-fifth century B.C., Histories of Herodotus, where it is applied to the area of the Levant between Phoenicia and Egypt." ... "The first known occurrence of the Greek word Palaistine is in the Histories of Herodotus, written near the mid-fifth century B.C. Palaistine Syria, or simply Palaistine, is applied to what may be identified as the southern part of Syria, comprising the region between Phoenicia and Egypt. Although some of Herodotus' references to Palestine are compatible with a narrow definition of the coastal strip of the Land of Israel, it is clear that Herodotus does call the whole land by the name of the coastal strip." ... "It is believed that Herodotus visited Palestine in the fifth decade of the fifth century B.C."  ..."In the earliest Classical literature references to Palestine generally applied to the Land of Israel in the wider sense." (Jacobson 1999)
6. "As early as the Histories of Herodotus, written in the second half of the fifth century BCE, the term Palaistinê is used to describe not just the geographical area where the Philistines lived, but the entire area between Phoenicia and Egypt—in other words, the Land of Israel. Herodotus, who had traveled through the area, would have had firsthand knowledge of the land and its people. Yet he used Palaistinê to refer not to the Land of the Philistines, but to the Land of Israel" (Jacobson 2001)
7. In The Histories, Herodotus referred to the practice of male circumcision associated with the Hebrew people: "the Colchians, the Egyptians, and the Ethiopians, are the only nations who have practised circumcision from the earliest times. The Phoenicians and the Syrians of Palestine themselves confess that they learnt the custom of the Egyptians ... Now these are the only nations who use circumcision." (Herodotus 1858, pp. Bk ii, Ch 104)
8. "Rabbinic sources insist that the Philistines of Judges and Samuel were different people altogether from the Philistines of Genesis. (Midrash Tehillim on Psalm 60 (Braude: vol. 1, 513); the issue here is precisely whether Israel should have been obliged, later, to keep the Genesis treaty.) This parallels a shift in the Septuagint's translation of Hebrew pelistim. Before Judges, it uses the neutral transliteration phulistiim, but beginning with Judges it switches to the pejorative allophuloi. " (Jobling & Rose 1996, p. 404)
9. For example, the 1915 Filastin Risalesi ("Palestine Document"), an Ottoman army (VIII Corps) country survey which formally identified Palestine as including the sanjaqs of Akka (the Galilee), the Sanjaq of Nablus, and the Sanjaq of Jerusalem (Kudus Sherif)
10. The New Testament, taking up a term used once in the Tanakh (1 Samuel 13:19), speaks of a larger theologically-defined area, of which Palestine is a part, as the "land of Israel" (γῆ Ἰσραήλ) (Matthew 2:20–21), in a narrative paralleling that of the Book of Exodus.
11. "The parallels between this narrative and that of Exodus continue to be drawn. Like Pharaoh before him, Herod, having been frustrated in his original efforts, now seeks to achieve his objectives by implementing a program of infanticide. As a result, here – as in Exodus – rescuing the hero's life from the clutches of the evil king necessitates a sudden flight to another country. And finally, in perhaps the most vivid parallel of all, the present narrative uses virtually the same words of the earlier one to provide the information that the coast is clear for the herds safe return: here, in Matthew 2:20, 'go … for those who sought the child's life are dead; there, in Exodus 4:19, go back… for all the men who sought your life are dead'" (Goldberg 2001, p. 147).
12. Other writers, such as Strabo, referred to the region as Coele-Syria ("all Syria") around 10–20 CE (Feldman 1996, pp. 557–558).
13. "Several scholars hold the revisionist thesis that the Israelites did not move to the area as a distinct and foreign ethnic group at all, bringing with them their god Yahwe and forcibly evicting the indigenous population, but that they gradually evolved out of an amalgam of several ethnic groups, and that the Israelite cult developed on "Palestinian" soil amid the indigenous population. This would make the Israelites "Palestinians" not just in geographical and political terms (under the British Mandate, both Jews and Arabs living in the country were defined as Palestinians), but in ethnic and broader cultural terms as well. While this does not conform to the conventional view, or to the understanding of most Jews (and Arabs, for that matter), it is not easy to either prove or disprove. For although the Bible speaks at length about how the Israelites "took" the land, it is not a history book to draw reliable maps from. There is nothing in the extra-biblical sources, including the extensive Egyptian materials, to document the sojourn in Egypt or the exodus so vividly described in the Bible (and commonly dated to the thirteenth century). Biblical scholar Moshe Weinfeld sees the biblical account of the exodus, and of Moses and Joshua as founding heroes of the "national narration", as a later rendering of a lived experience that was subsequently either "forgotten" or consciously repressed – a textbook case of the "invented tradition" so familiar to modern students of ethnicity and nationalism." (Krämer 2011, p. 8)
14. (Temple of Jerusalem): totally destroyed the building in 587/586
15. "In both the Idumaean and the Ituraean alliances, and in the annexation of Samaria, the Judaeans had taken the leading role. They retained it. The whole political–military–religious league that now united the hill country of Palestine from Dan to Beersheba, whatever it called itself, was directed by, and soon came to be called by others, 'the Ioudaioi'" (Smith 1999, p. 210a)
16. For example, in a 2011 review of the state of modern scholarship, Bart Ehrman (a secular agnostic) described the dispute, whilst concluding: "He certainly existed, as virtually every competent scholar of antiquity, Christian or non-Christian, agrees" (Ehrman 2011, p. 285)
17. "The religious situation also evolved under the new masters. Christianity did remain the majority religion, but it lost the privileges it had enjoyed." (Flusin 2011, pp. 199–226, 215)
18. The earlier view, exemplifed by the writings of Moshe Gil, argued for a Jewish-Samaritan majority at the time of conquest: "We may reasonably state that at the time if the Muslim conquest, a large Jewish population still lived in Palestine. We do not know whether they formed the majority but we may assume with some certainly that they did so when grouped together with the Samaritans." (Gil 1997, p. 3)
19. "Under the Tulunids, Syro-Egyptian territory was deeply imbued with the concept of an extraordinary role devolving upon Jerusalem in Islam as al-Quds, Bayt al-Maqdis or Bayt al-Muqaddas, the "House of Holiness", the seat of the Last Judgment, the Gate to Paradise for Muslims as well as for Jews and Christians. In the popular conscience, this concept established a bond between the three monotheistic religions. If Ahmad ibn Tulun was interred on the slope of the Muqattam , Isa ibn Musa al-Nashari and Takin were laid to rest in Jerusalem in 910 and 933, as were their Ikhshidid successors and Kafir . To honor the great general and governor of Syria Anushtakin al-Dizbiri, who died in 433/1042, the Fatimid Dynasty had his remains solemnly conveyed from Aleppo to Jerusalem in 448/1056-57." (Bianquis 1998, p. 103)
20. "In 1914 about 12,000 Jewish farmers and fieldworkers lived in approximately forty Jewish settlements – and to repeat it once again, they were by no means all Zionists. The dominant languages were still Yiddish, Russian, Polish, Rumanian, Hungarian, or German in the case of Ashkenazi immigrants from Europe, and Ladino (or 'Judeo-Spanish') and Arabic in the case of Sephardic and Oriental Jews. Biblical Hebrew served as the sacred language, while modern Hebrew (Ivrit) remained for the time being the language of a politically committed minority that had devoted itself to a revival of 'Hebrew culture'." (Krämer 2011, p. 120)
21. "Transjordan, however, controlled large portions of Judea and Samaria, later known as the West Bank" (Tucker & Roberts 2008, pp. 248–249, 500, 522)
22. The majority of the international community (including the UN General Assembly, the United Nations Security Council, the European Union, the International Criminal Court, and the vast majority of human rights organizations) considers Israel to be continuing to occupying Gaza, the West Bank and East Jerusalem. The government of Israel and some supporters have, at times, disputed this position of the international community. In 2011, Andrew Sanger explained the situation as follows: "Israel claims it no longer occupies the Gaza Strip, maintaining that it is neither a Stale nor a territory occupied or controlled by Israel, but rather it has 'sui generis' status. Pursuant to the Disengagement Plan, Israel dismantled all military institutions and settlements in Gaza and there is no longer a permanent Israeli military or civilian presence in the territory. However the Plan also provided that Israel will guard and monitor the external land perimeter of the Gaza Strip, will continue to maintain exclusive authority in Gaza air space, and will continue to exercise security activity in the sea off the coast of the Gaza Strip as well as maintaining an Israeli military presence on the Egyptian-Gaza border. and reserving the right to reenter Gaza at will. Israel continues to control six of Gaza's seven land crossings, its maritime borders and airspace and the movement of goods and persons in and out of the territory. Egypt controls one of Gaza's land crossings. Troops from the Israeli Defence Force regularly enter pans of the territory and/or deploy missile attacks, drones and sonic bombs into Gaza. Israel has declared a no-go buffer zone that stretches deep into Gaza: if Gazans enter this zone they are shot on sight. Gaza is also dependent on Israel for inter alia electricity, currency, telephone networks, issuing IDs, and permits to enter and leave the territory. Israel also has sole control of the Palestinian Population Registry through which the Israeli Army regulates who is classified as a Palestinian and who is a Gazan or West Banker. Since 2000 aside from a limited number of exceptions Israel has refused to add people to the Palestinian Population Registry. It is this direct external control over Gaza and indirect control over life within Gaza that has led the United Nations, the UN General Assembly, the UN Fact Finding Mission to Gaza, International human rights organisations, US Government websites, the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office and a significant number of legal commentators, to reject the argument that Gaza is no longer occupied.", and in 2012 Iain Scobbie explained: "Even after the accession to power of Hamas, Israel's claim that it no longer occupies Gaza has not been accepted by UN bodies, most States, nor the majority of academic commentators because of its exclusive control of its border with Gaza and crossing points including the effective control it exerted over the Rafah crossing until at least May 2011, its control of Gaza's maritime zones and airspace which constitute what Aronson terms the 'security envelope' around Gaza, as well as its ability to intervene forcibly at will in Gaza" and Michelle Gawerc wrote in the same year: "While Israel withdrew from the immediate territory, Israel still controlled all access to and from Gaza through the border crossings, as well as through the coastline and the airspace. ln addition, Gaza was dependent upon Israel for water electricity sewage communication networks and for its trade (Gisha 2007. Dowty 2008). In other words, while Israel maintained that its occupation of Gaza ended with its unilateral disengagement Palestinians – as well as many human right organizations and international bodies – argued that Gaza was by all intents and purposes still occupied."
    For more details of this terminology dispute, including with respect to the current status of the Gaza Strip, see International views on the Israeli-occupied territories and Status of territories captured by Israel.
23. For an explanation of the differences between an annexed but disputed territory (e.g. Tibet) and a militarily occupied territory, please see the article Military occupation. The "longest military occupation" description has been described in a number of ways, including: "The Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza is the longest military occupation in modern times," "...longest official military occupation of modern history—currently entering its thirty-fifth year," "...longest-lasting military occupation of the modern age, " "This is probably the longest occupation in modern international relations, and it holds a central place in all literature on the law of belligerent occupation since the early 1970s," "These are settlements and a military occupation that is the longest in the twentieth and twenty-first century, the longest formerly being the Japanese occupation of Korea from 1910 to 1945. So this is thirty-three years old , pushing the record," "Israel is the only modern state that has held territories under military occupation for over four decades." In 2014 Sharon Weill provided further context, writing: "Although the basic philosophy behind the law of military occupation is that it is a temporary situation modem occupations have well demonstrated that rien ne dure comme le provisoire A significant number of post-1945 occupations have lasted more than two decades such as the occupations of Namibia by South Africa and of East Timor by Indonesia as well as the ongoing occupations of Northern Cyprus by Turkey and of Western Sahara by Morocco. The Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories, which is the longest in all occupation's history has already entered its fifth decade."
24. See United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19 for further details
25. According to the Jewish Encyclopedia published between 1901 and 1906: "Palestine extends, from 31° to 33° 20' N. latitude. Its southwest point (at Raphia, Tell Rifaḥ, southwest of Gaza) is about 34° 15' E. longitude, and its northwest point (mouth of the Liṭani) is at 35° 15' E. longitude, while the course of the Jordan reaches 35° 35' to the east. The west-Jordan country has, consequently, a length of about 150 English miles from north to south, and a breadth of about 23 miles (37 km) at the north and 80 miles (129 km) at the south. The area of this region, as measured by the surveyors of the English Palestine Exploration Fund, is about 6,040 square miles (15,644 km). The east-Jordan district is now being surveyed by the German Palästina-Verein, and although the work is not yet completed, its area may be estimated at 4,000 square miles (10,360 km). This entire region, as stated above, was not occupied exclusively by the Israelites, for the plain along the coast in the south belonged to the Philistines, and that in the north to the Phoenicians, while in the east-Jordan country, the Israelitic possessions never extended farther than the Arnon (Wadi al-Mujib) in the south, nor did the Israelites ever settle in the most northerly and easterly portions of the plain of Bashan. To-day the number of inhabitants does not exceed 650,000. Palestine, and especially the Israelitic state, covered, therefore, a very small area, approximating that of the state of Vermont." From the Jewish Encyclopedia
26. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1911), Palestine is: " geographical name of rather loose application. Etymological strictness would require it to denote exclusively the narrow strip of coast-land once occupied by the Philistines, from whose name it is derived. It is, however, conventionally used as a name for the territory which, in the Old Testament, is claimed as the inheritance of the pre-exilic Hebrews; thus it may be said generally to denote the southern third of the province of Syria. Except in the west, where the country is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea, the limit of this territory cannot be laid down on the map as a definite line. The modern subdivisions under the jurisdiction of the Ottoman Empire are in no sense conterminous with those of antiquity, and hence do not afford a boundary by which Palestine can be separated exactly from the rest of Syria in the north, or from the Sinaitic and Arabian deserts in the south and east; nor are the records of ancient boundaries sufficiently full and definite to make possible the complete demarcation of the country. Even the convention above referred to is inexact: it includes the Philistine territory, claimed but never settled by the Hebrews, and excludes the outlying parts of the large area claimed in Num. xxxiv. as the Hebrew possession (from the " River of Egypt " to Hamath). However, the Hebrews themselves have preserved, in the proverbial expression " from Dan to Beersheba " (Judg. xx.i, &c.), an indication of the normal north-and-south limits of their land; and in defining the area of the country under discussion it is this indication which is generally followed. Taking as a guide the natural features most nearly corresponding to these outlying points, we may describe Palestine as the strip of land extending along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea from the mouth of the Litany or Kasimiya River (33° 20' N.) southward to the mouth of the Wadi Ghuzza; the latter joins the sea in 31° 28' N., a short distance south of Gaza, and runs thence in a south-easterly direction so as to include on its northern side the site of Beersheba. Eastward there is no such definite border. The River Jordan, it is true, marks a line of delimitation between Western and Eastern Palestine; but it is practically impossible to say where the latter ends and the Arabian desert begins. Perhaps the line of the pilgrim road from Damascus to Mecca is the most convenient possible boundary. The total length of the region is about 140 m (459.32 ft); its breadth west of the Jordan ranges from about 23 m (75.46 ft) in the north to about 80 m (262.47 ft) in the south."
27. "The term Palestine in the textbooks refers to Palestinian National Authority." (Adwan 2006, p. 242)
28. See for example, Palestinian school textbooks
29. "... the population of Palestine in antiquity did not exceed a million persons. It can also be shown, moreover, that this was more or less the size of the population in the peak period—the late Byzantine period, around AD 600" (Broshi 1979, p. 7)
30. "... the population of the country in the Roman-Byzantine period greatly exceeded that in the Iron Age... If we accept Broshi's population estimates, which appear to be confirmed by the results of recent research, it follows that the estimates for the population during the Iron Age must be set at a lower figure." (Shiloh 1980, p. 33)
31. By A.D. 300, Jews made up a mere quarter of the total population of the province of Syria Palaestina (Krämer 2011, p. 15)

Citations

1. Publishing, Britannica Educational (1 October 2010). Historic Palestine, Israel, and the Emerging Palestinian Autonomous Areas. Britannica Educational Publishing. ISBN 978-1-61530-395-3 – via Google Books.
2. Svirsky, Marcelo; Ben-Arie, Ronnen (7 November 2017). From Shared Life to Co-Resistance in Historic Palestine. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-78348-965-7 – via Google Books.
3. Domínguez de Olazábal, Itxaso (3 October 2022). "On Indigenous Refusal against Externally-Imposed Frameworks in Historic Palestine". Millennium: Journal of International Studies. 51 (1): 212–236. doi:10.1177/03058298221131359. ISSN 0305-8298 – via CrossRef.
4. Lehmann 1998.
5. Reuters: recognition 2012.
6. Miskin 2012.
7. AP 2013.
8. Fahlbusch et al. 2005, p. 185.
9. Breasted 2001, p. 24.
10. ^ Sharon 1988, p. 4.
11. ^ Room 2006, p. 285.
12. Herodotus 3:91:1.
13. Jacobson 1999, p. 65.
14. Jacobson 1999, pp. 66–67.
15. ^ Robinson, 1865, p.15: "Palestine, or Palestina, now the most common name for the Holy Land, occurs three times in the English version of the Old Testament; and is there put for the Hebrew name פלשת, elsewhere rendered Philistia. As thus used, it refers strictly and only to the country of the Philistines, in the southwest corner of the land. So, too, in the Greek form, Παλαςτίνη, it is used by Josephus. But both Josephus and Philo apply the name to the whole land of the Hebrews; and Greek and Roman writers employed it in the like extent."
16. Louis H. Feldman, whose view differs from that of Robinson, thinks that Josephus, when referring to Palestine, had in mind only the coastal region, writing: "Writers on geography in the first century clearly differentiate Judaea from Palestine. ... Jewish writers, notably Philo and Josephus, with few exceptions refer to the land as Judaea, reserving the name Palestine for the coastal area occupied by the Philistines." (END QUOTE). See: p. 1 in: (Feldman 1990, pp. 1–23).
17. ^ Feldman 1996, p. 553.
18. Lewis 1954, p. 153.
19. ^ Jacobson 1999, pp. 72–74.
20. Noth 1939.
21. Jacobson 1999, p. : "In the earliest Classical literature references to Palestine generally applied to the Land of Israel in the wider sense. A reappraisal of this question has given rise to the proposition that the name Palestine, in its Greek form Palaistine, was both a transliteration of a word used to describe the land of the Philistines and, at the same time, a literal translation of the name Israel. This dual interpretation reconciles apparent contradictions in early definitions of the name Palaistine and is compatible with the Greeks' penchant for punning, especially on place names."
22. Beloe, W. (1821). Herodotus, Vol.II. London. p. 269. It should be remembered that Syria is always regarded by Herodotus as synonymous with Assyria. What the Greeks called Palestine the Arabs call Falastin, which is the Philistines of Scripture. (tr. from Greek, with notes)
23. "Palestine and Israel", David M. Jacobson, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 313 (February 1999), pp. 65–74; "The Southern and Eastern Borders of Abar-Nahara," Steven S. Tuell, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 284 (November 1991), pp. 51–57; "Herodotus' Description of the East Mediterranean Coast", Anson F. Rainey, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 321 (February 2001), pp. 57–63; Herodotus, Histories
24. Jobling & Rose 1996, p. 404a.
25. Drews 1998, p. 49: "Our names 'Philistia' and 'Philistines' are unfortunate obfuscations, first introduced by the translators of the LXX and made definitive by Jerome's Vg. When turning a Hebrew text into Greek, the translators of the LXX might simply—as Josephus was later to do—have Hellenized the Hebrew פְּלִשְׁתִּים as Παλαιστίνοι, and the toponym פְּלִשְׁתִּ as Παλαιστίνη. Instead, they avoided the toponym altogether, turning it into an ethnonym. As for the ethnonym, they chose sometimes to transliterate it (incorrectly aspirating the initial letter, perhaps to compensate for their inability to aspirate the sigma) as φυλιστιιμ, a word that looked exotic rather than familiar, and more often to translate it as άάλλόφυλοι. Jerome followed the LXX's lead in eradicating the names, 'Palestine' and 'Palestinians', from his Old Testament, a practice adopted in most modern translations of the Bible."
26. Drews 1998, p. 51: "The LXX's regular translation of פְּלִשְׁתִּים into άλλόφυλοι is significant here. Not a proper name at all, allophyloi is a generic term, meaning something like 'people of other stock'. If we assume, as I think we must, that with their word allophyloi the translators of the LXX tried to convey in Greek what p'lištîm had conveyed in Hebrew, we must conclude that for the worshippers of Yahweh p'lištîm and b'nê yiśrā'ēl were mutually exclusive terms, p'lištîm (or allophyloi) being tantamount to 'non-Judaeans of the Promised Land' when used in a context of the third century BCE, and to 'non-Israelites of the Promised Land' when used in a context of Samson, Saul and David. Unlike an ethnonym, the noun פְּלִשְׁתִּים normally appeared without a definite article."
27. ^ Kaegi 1995, p. 41.
28. Marshall Cavendish, 2007, p. 559.
29. Krämer 2011, p. 16.
30. Büssow 2011, p. 5.
31. Abu-Manneh 1999, p. 39.
32. ^ Tamari 2011, pp. 29–30: "Filastin Risalesi, is the salnameh type military handbook issued for Palestine at the beginning of the Great War... The first is a general map of the country in which the boundaries extend far beyond the frontiers of the Mutasarflik of Jerusalem, which was, until then, the standard delineation of Palestine. The northern borders of this map include the city of Tyre (Sur) and the Litani River, thus encompassing all of the Galilee and parts of southern Lebanon, as well as districts of Nablus, Haifa and Akka—all of which were part of the Wilayat of Beirut until the end of the war."
33. ^ Biger 2004, pp. 133, 159.
34. Whitelam 1996, pp. 40–42.
35. Masalha 2007, p. 32.
36. Saldarini 1994, pp. 28–29.
37. Ahlström 1993, pp. 72–111.
38. Ahlström 1993, pp. 282–334.
39. Finkelstein & Silberman 2002, p. 107.
40. Crouch 2014.
41. Ahlström 1993, pp. 655–741, 754–784.
42. British Museum n.d.
43. Chronicle of Nebuchadnezzar II 2006.
44. Ahlström 1993, pp. 804–890.
45. Crotty 2017, p. 25 f.n. 4.
46. Grabbe 2004, p. 355.
47. Ephal 2000, p. 156.
48. ^ Levin 2020, p. 487.
49. Wenning 2007, pp. 26: All that can be said with certainty is that the Nabataeans are known in the sources since the fourth century B.C. Up to that time the Qedarites, the dominant Arab tribe of the Persian period, controlled the south from the Hejaz and all of the Negev.
50. David F. Graf, 'Petra and the Nabataeans in the Early Hellenistic Period: the literary and archaeological evidence,' in Michel Mouton, Stephan G. Schmid (eds.), Men on the Rocks: The Formation of Nabataean Petra, Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH, 2013 pp.35–55 pp.47–48: 'the Idumean texts indicate that a large portion of the community in southern Palestine were Arabs, many of whom have names similar to those in the "Nabataean" onomasticon of later periods.' (p.47).
51. "Founded in the years 22-10 or 9 B.C. by Herod the Great, close to the ruins of a small Phoenician naval station named Strato's Tower (Stratonos Pyrgos, Turns Stratonis), which flourished during the 3d to 1st c. B.C. This small harbor was situated on the N part of the site. Herod dedicated the new town and its port (limen Sebastos) to Caesar Augustus. During the Early Roman period Caesarea was the seat of the Roman procurators of the province of Judea. Vespasian, proclaimed emperor at Caesarea, raised it to the rank of Colonia Prima Flavia Augusta, and later Alexander Severus raised it to the rank of Metropolis Provinciae Syriae Palestinae." A. Negev, "CAESAREA MARITIMA Palestine, Israel" in: Richard Stillwell et al. (eds.), The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites (1976).
52. Smith 1999, p. 210.
53. Ben-Sasson, p.226, "The name Judea no longer referred only to ..."
54. ^ Neusner 1983, p. 911.
55. Vermes 2014, p. 36.
56. Evenari 1982, p. 26.
57. Kårtveit 2014, p. 209.
58. Sivan 2008, p. 2.
59. Temple of Jerusalem.
60. Zissu 2018, p. 19.
61. Lewin 2005, p. 33.
62. Eshel 2008, pp. 125: Although Dio's figure of 985 as the number of villages destroyed during the war seems hyperbolic, all Judaean villages, without exception, excavated thus far were razed following the Bar Kochba Revolt. This evidence supports the impression of total regional destruction following the war..
63. Schäfer 2003, p. 163: The entire spiritual and economic life of the Palestinian Jews moved to Galilee. Meyers & Chancey 2012, p. 173: Galilee became the all-important focus of Jewish life
64. H.H. Ben-Sasson, A History of the Jewish People, Harvard University Press, 1976, ISBN 978-0-674-39731-6, page 334: "In an effort to wipe out all memory of the bond between the Jews and the land, Hadrian changed the name of the province from Iudaea to Syria-Palestina, a name that became common in non-Jewish literature."
65. Ariel Lewin. The archaeology of Ancient Judea and Palestine. Getty Publications, 2005 p. 33. "It seems clear that by choosing a seemingly neutral name – one juxtaposing that of a neighboring province with the revived name of an ancient geographical entity (Palestine), already known from the writings of Herodotus – Hadrian was intending to suppress any connection between the Jewish people and that land." ISBN 978-0-89236-800-6
66. Greatrex-Lieu (2002), II, 196
67. Gil 1997, p. i.
68. Gil 1997, p. 47.
69. Gil 1997, p. 76.
70. Brown, 2011, p. 122: 'the first great Islamic architectural achievement.'
71. Avni 2014, pp. 314, 336.
72. O'Mahony, 2003, p. 14: 'Before the Muslim conquest, the population of Palestine was overwhelmingly Christian, albeit with a sizeable Jewish community.'
73. Avni 2014, pp. 154–155.
74. Gil 1997, pp. 134–136.
75. Walmsley 2000, pp. 265–343, p. 290.
76. Gil 1997, p. 329.
77. Gil 1997, pp. 306ff. and p. 307 n. 71, p. 308 n. 73.
78. Gil 1997, p. 324.
79. Gil 1997, p. 336.
80. Gil 1997, p. 410.
81. Gil 1997, pp. 209, 414.
82. Christopher Tyerman, God's War: A New History of the Crusades (Penguin: 2006), pp. 201–202
83. Gil 1997, p. 826.
84. ^ Krämer 2011, p. 15, .
85. Boas 2001, pp. 19–20.
86. Setton 1969, pp. 615–621 (vol. 1).
87. Setton 1969, pp. 152–185 (vol. 2).
88. Setton 1969, pp. 486–518 (vol. 2).
89. Krämer 2011, pp. 35–39.
90. Krämer 2011, p. 40.
91. Zeevi 1996, p. 45.
92. Phillipp 2013, pp. 42–43.
93. Joudah 1987, pp. 115–117.
94. Burns 2005, p. 246.
95. ^ Krämer 2011, p. 64.
96. Silverburg 2009, pp. 9–36, p. 29 n. 32.
97. Pappe 1999, p. 38.
98. Kimmerling & Migdal 2003, pp. 7–8.
99. Kimmerling & Migdal 2003, p. 11.
100. Krämer 2011, p. 71.
101. Yazbak 1998, p. 3.
102. Gilbar 1986, p. 188.
103. Shapira 2014, p. 15.
104. Krämer 2011, p. 148.
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106. ^ Morris 2001, pp. 67–120.
107. Segev 2001, pp. 270–294.
108. Segev 2001, pp. 1–13.
109. Segev 2001, pp. 468–487.
110. Segev 2001, pp. 487–521.
111. Pappé 1994, p. 119 "His (Abdallah) natural choice was the regions of Judea and Samaria...".
112. Gerson 2012, p. 93 "Trans-Jordan was also in control of all of Judea and Samaria (the West Bank)".
113. Pappé 1994, pp. 102–135.
114. Khalidi 2007, pp. 12–36.
115. Pappé 1994, pp. 87–101 and 203–243.
116. Sanger 2011, p. 429.
117. Scobbie 2012, p. 295.
118. Gawerc 2012, p. 44.
119. Hajjar 2005, p. 96.
120. Anderson 2001.
121. Makdisi 2010, p. 299.
122. Kretzmer 2012, p. 885.
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124. Alexandrowicz 2012.
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130. EB 1911.
131. Aharoni 1979, p. 64.
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• Yazbak, Mahmoud (1998). Haifa in the Late Ottoman Period, A Muslim Town in Transition, 1864–1914. Brill Academic Pub. ISBN 978-90-04-11051-9.
• Zeevi, Dror (1996), An Ottoman century: the district of Jerusalem in the 1600s, SUNY Press, ISBN 978-0-7914-2915-0
• Zissu, Boaz (2018). "Interbellum Judea 70-132 CE: An Archaeological Perspective". Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries: The Interbellum 70‒132 CE. Joshua Schwartz, Peter J. Tomson. Leiden, The Netherlands. p. 19. ISBN 978-90-04-34986-5. OCLC 988856967.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

External links

Palestinian territories travel guide from Wikivoyage

v t e Palestinian nationalism and the Occupied Palestinian Territory

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v t e Palestine region articles
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Abrahamic holy places	Cave of the Patriarchs Joseph's Tomb Rachel's Tomb Lot's Tomb Christianity Church of the Holy Sepulchre Church of the Nativity Basilica of the Annunciation Islam Dome of the Rock Al-Aqsa Mosque Great Mosque of Gaza Judaism Four Holy Cities Western Wall
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v t e People and things in the Quran
Characters Non-humans Allāh ('The God') Names of Allah found in the Quran, such as Karīm (Generous) Animals Related The baqara (cow) of Israelites The dhiʾb (wolf) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph The fīl (elephant) of the Abyssinians Ḥimār (Domesticated donkey) The hud-hud (hoopoe) of Solomon The kalb (dog) of the sleepers of the cave The namlah (female ant) of Solomon The nūn (fish or whale) of Jonah The nāqat (she-camel) of Ṣāliḥ Non-related ʿAnkabūt (Female spider) Dābbat al-Arḍ (Beast of the Earth) Ḥimār (Wild ass) Naḥl (Honey bee) Qaswarah ('Lion', 'beast of prey' or 'hunter') Malāʾikah (Angels) Angels of Hell Mālik Zabāniyah Bearers of the Throne Harut and Marut Kirāman Kātibīn (Honourable Scribes) Raqib Atid Munkar and Nakir Muqarrabun Jibrīl (Gabriel, chief) Ar-Rūḥ ('The Spirit') Ar-Rūḥ al-Amīn ('The Trustworthy Spirit') Ar-Rūḥ al-Qudus ('The Holy Spirit') Angel of the Trumpet (Isrāfīl or Raphael) Malakul-Mawt (Angel of Death, Azrael) Mīkāil (Michael) Jinn (Genies) Jann ʿIfrīt Sakhr (Asmodeus) Qarīn Shayāṭīn (Demons) Iblīs ash-Shayṭān (the (chief) Devil) Mārid ('Rebellious one') Others Ghilmān or Wildān Ḥūr Prophets Mentioned Ādam (Adam) Al-Yasaʿ (Elisha) Ayyūb (Job) Dāwūd (David) Dhūl-Kifl (Ezekiel?) Hārūn (Aaron) Hūd (Eber?) Idrīs (Enoch?) Ilyās (Elijah) ʿImrān (Joachim the father of Maryam) Isḥāq (Isaac) Ismāʿīl (Ishmael) Dhabih Ullah Lūṭ (Lot) Ṣāliḥ Shuʿayb (Jethro, Reuel or Hobab?) Sulaymān ibn Dāwūd (Solomon son of David) ʿUzair (Ezra?) Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyyā (John the Baptist the son of Zechariah) Yaʿqūb (Jacob) Isrāʾīl (Israel) Yūnus (Jonah) Dhūn-Nūn ('He of the Fish (or Whale)' or 'Owner of the Fish (or Whale)') Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt ('Companion of the Whale') Yūsuf ibn Ya‘qūb (Joseph son of Jacob) Zakariyyā (Zechariah) Ulul-ʿAzm ('Those of the Perseverance and Strong Will') Muḥammad Aḥmad Other names and titles of Muhammad ʿĪsā (Jesus) Al-Masīḥ (The Messiah) Ibn Maryam (Son of Mary) Mūsā Kalīmullāh (Moses He who spoke to God) Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh (Abraham Friend of God) Nūḥ (Noah) Debatable ones Dhūl-Qarnain Luqmān Maryam (Mary) Ṭālūt (Saul or Gideon?) Implied Irmiyā (Jeremiah) Ṣamūʾīl (Samuel) Yūshaʿ ibn Nūn (Joshua, companion and successor of Moses) People of Prophets Good ones Adam's immediate relatives Martyred son Wife Believer of Ya-Sin Family of Noah Father Lamech Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos Luqman's son People of Abraham Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo Ishmael's mother Isaac's mother People of Jesus Disciples (including Peter) Mary's mother Zechariah's wife People of Solomon Mother Queen of Sheba Vizier Zayd (Muhammad's adopted son) People of Joseph Brothers (including Binyāmin (Benjamin) and Simeon) Egyptians ʿAzīz (Potiphar, Qatafir or Qittin) Malik (King Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd)) Wife of ʿAzīz (Zulaykhah) Mother People of Aaron and Moses Egyptians Believer (Hizbil or Hizqil ibn Sabura) Imraʾat Firʿawn (Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim the Wife of Pharaoh, who adopted Moses) Magicians of the Pharaoh Wise, pious man Moses' wife Moses' sister-in-law Mother Sister Evil ones Āzar (possibly Terah) Firʿawn (Pharaoh of Moses' time) Hāmān Jālūt (Goliath) Qārūn (Korah, cousin of Moses) As-Sāmirī Abū Lahab Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel (Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr) Implied or not specified Abraha Abu Bakr Bal'am/Balaam Barṣīṣā Caleb or Kaleb the companion of Joshua Luqman's son Nebuchadnezzar II Nimrod Rahmah the wife of Ayyub Shaddad Groups Mentioned Aṣḥāb al-Jannah People of Paradise People of the Burnt Garden Aṣḥāb as-Sabt (Companions of the Sabbath) Jesus' apostles Ḥawāriyyūn (Disciples of Jesus) Companions of Noah's Ark Aṣḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm (Companions of the Cave and Al-Raqaim? Companions of the Elephant People of al-Ukhdūd People of a township in Surah Ya-Sin People of Yathrib or Medina Qawm Lūṭ (People of Sodom and Gomorrah) Nation of Noah Tribes, ethnicities or families ‘Ajam Ar-Rūm (literally 'The Romans') Banī Isrāʾīl (Children of Israel) Muʾtafikāt (Sodom and Gomorrah) People of Ibrahim People of Ilyas People of Nuh People of Shuaib Ahl Madyan People of Madyan) Aṣḥāb al-Aykah ('Companions of the Wood') Qawm Yūnus (People of Jonah) Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog People of Fir'aun Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad) Aṣḥāb Muḥammad (Companions of Muhammad) Anṣār (literally 'Helpers') Muhajirun (Emigrants from Mecca to Medina) People of Mecca Wife of Abu Lahab Children of Ayyub Sons of Adam Wife of Nuh Wife of Lut Yaʾjūj wa Maʾjūj (Gog and Magog) Son of Nuh Aʿrāb (Arabs or Bedouins) ʿĀd (people of Hud) Companions of the Rass Qawm Tubbaʿ (People of Tubba) People of Sabaʾ or Sheba Quraysh Thamūd (people of Ṣāliḥ) Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr ('Companions of the Stoneland') Ahl al-Bayt ('People of the Household') Household of Abraham Brothers of Yūsuf Lot's daughters Progeny of Imran Household of Moses Household of Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim Daughters of Muhammad Muhammad's wives Household of Salih Implicitly mentioned Amalek Ahl as-Suffa (People of the Verandah) Banu Nadir Banu Qaynuqa Banu Qurayza Iranian people Umayyad Dynasty Aus and Khazraj People of Quba Religious groups Ahl al-Dhimmah Kāfirūn disbelievers Majūs Zoroastrians Munāfiqūn (Hypocrites) Muslims Believers Ahl al-Kitāb (People of the Book) Naṣārā (Christian(s) or People of the Injil) Ruhban (Christian monks) Qissis (Christian priest) Yahūd (Jews) Ahbār (Jewish scholars) Rabbani/Rabbi Sabians Polytheists Meccan polytheists at the time of Muhammad Mesopotamian polytheists at the time of Abraham and Lot
Locations Mentioned Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah ('The Holy Land') 'Blessed' Land' Al-Jannah (Paradise, literally 'The Garden') Jahannam (Hell) Door of Hittah Madyan (Midian) Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn Miṣr (Mainland Egypt) Salsabīl (A river in Paradise) In the Arabian Peninsula (excluding Madyan) Al-Aḥqāf ('The Sandy Plains,' or 'the Wind-curved Sand-hills') Iram dhāt al-ʿImād (Iram of the Pillars) Al-Madīnah (formerly Yathrib) ʿArafāt and Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām Al-Ḥijr (Hegra) Badr Ḥunayn Makkah (Mecca) Bakkah Ḥaraman Āminan ('Sanctuary (which is) Secure') Kaʿbah (Kaaba) Maqām Ibrāhīm (Station of Abraham) Safa and Marwa Sabaʾ (Sheba) ʿArim Sabaʾ (Dam of Sheba) Rass Sinai Region or Tīh Desert Al-Wād Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan (The Holy Valley of Tuwa) Al-Wādil-Ayman (The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and Mount Sinai) Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah ('The Blessed Place') Mount Sinai or Mount Tabor In Mesopotamia Al-Jūdiyy Munzalanm-Mubārakan ('Place-of-Landing Blessed') Bābil (Babylon) Qaryat Yūnus ('Township of Jonah,' that is Nineveh) Religious locations Bayʿa (Church) Miḥrāb Monastery Masjid (Mosque, literally 'Place of Prostration') Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām ('The Sacred Grove') Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā (Al-Aqsa, literally 'The Farthest Place-of-Prostration') Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām (The Sacred Mosque of Mecca) Masjid al-Dirar A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly: Masjid Qubāʾ (Quba Mosque) The Prophet's Mosque Salat (Synagogue) Implied Antioch Antakya Arabia Al-Ḥijāz (literally 'The Barrier') Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad (Black Stone) & Al-Hijr of Isma'il Cave of Hira Ghār ath-Thawr (Cave of the Bull) Hudaybiyyah Ta'if Ayla Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn Bayt al-Muqaddas & 'Ariha Bilād ar-Rāfidayn (Mesopotamia) Canaan Cave of Seven Sleepers Dār an-Nadwa Jordan River Nile River Palestine River Paradise of Shaddad
Events, incidents, occasions or times Incident of Ifk Laylat al-Qadr (Night of Decree) Event of Mubahala Sayl al-ʿArim (Flood of the Great Dam of Ma'rib in Sheba) The Farewell Pilgrimage Treaty of Hudaybiyyah Battles or military expeditions Battle of al-Aḥzāb ('the Confederates') Battle of Badr Battle of Hunayn Battle of Khaybar Battle of Uhud Expedition of Tabuk Conquest of Mecca Days Al-Jumuʿah (The Friday) As-Sabt (The Sabbath or Saturday) Days of battles Days of Hajj Doomsday Months of the Islamic calendar 12 months: Four holy months Ash-Shahr Al-Ḥarām (The Sacred or Forbidden Month) Ramaḍān Pilgrimages Al-Ḥajj (literally 'The Pilgrimage', the Greater Pilgrimage) Al-ʿUmrah (The Lesser Pilgrimage) Times for prayer or remembrance Times for Duʿāʾ ('Invocation'), Ṣalāh and Dhikr ('Remembrance', including Taḥmīd ('Praising'), Takbīr and Tasbīḥ): Al-ʿAshiyy (The Afternoon or the Night) Al-Ghuduww ('The Mornings') Al-Bukrah ('The Morning') Aṣ-Ṣabāḥ ('The Morning') Al-Layl ('The Night') Al-ʿIshāʾ ('The Late-Night') Aẓ-Ẓuhr ('The Noon') Dulūk ash-Shams ('Decline of the Sun') Al-Masāʾ ('The Evening') Qabl al-Ghurūb ('Before the Setting (of the Sun)') Al-Aṣīl ('The Afternoon') Al-ʿAṣr ('The Afternoon') Qabl ṭulūʿ ash-Shams ('Before the rising of the Sun') Al-Fajr ('The Dawn') Implied Ghadir Khumm Laylat al-Mabit First Pilgrimage
Other Holy books Al-Injīl (The Gospel of Jesus) Al-Qurʾān (The Book of Muhammad) Ṣuḥuf-i Ibrāhīm (Scroll(s) of Abraham) At-Tawrāt (The Torah) Ṣuḥuf-i-Mūsā (Scroll(s) of Moses) Tablets of Stone Az-Zabūr (The Psalms of David) Umm al-Kitāb ('Mother of the Book(s)') Objects of people or beings Heavenly food of Jesus' apostles Noah's Ark Staff of Musa Tābūt as-Sakīnah (Casket of Shekhinah) Throne of Bilqis Trumpet of Israfil Mentioned idols (cult images) 'Ansāb Jibt and Ṭāghūt (False god) Of Israelites Baʿal The ʿijl (golden calf statue) of Israelites Of Noah's people Nasr Suwāʿ Wadd Yaghūth Yaʿūq Of Quraysh Al-Lāt Al-ʿUzzā Manāt Celestial bodies Maṣābīḥ (literally 'lamps'): Al-Qamar (The Moon) Kawākib (Planets) Al-Arḍ (The Earth) Nujūm (Stars) Ash-Shams (The Sun) Plant matter Baṣal (Onion) Fūm (Garlic or wheat) Shaṭʾ (Shoot) Sūq (Plant stem) Zarʿ (Seed) Fruits ʿAdas (Lentil) Baql (Herb) Qith-thāʾ (Cucumber) Rummān (Pomegranate) Tīn (Fig) Zaytūn (Olive) In Paradise Forbidden fruit of Adam Bushes, trees or plants Plants of Sheba Athl (Tamarisk) Sidr (Lote-tree) Līnah (Tender Palm tree) Nakhl (Date palm) Sidrat al-Muntahā Zaqqūm Liquids Māʾ (Water or fluid) Nahr (River) Yamm (River or sea) Sharāb (Drink)
Note: Names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)

v t e Nakba
Background	Mandatory Palestine Israeli Declaration of Independence Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine New Historians Palestine Plan Dalet 1947 partition plan
Main articles	1947–1949 Palestine war 1947–1948 civil war 1948 Arab–Israeli War 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight causes UNRWA Nakba Day Nakba denial Palestine refugee camps Palestinian refugee Palestinian right of return Present absentee Transfer Committee Resolution 194
Key incidents	The battle of Hatikvah Neighborhood (1947) Battle of Haifa Deir Yassin massacre Expulsion from Lydda and Ramle
Notable writers	Aref al-Aref Yoav Gelber Efraim Karsh Walid Khalidi Nur Masalha Benny Morris Ilan Pappé Tom Segev Avraham Sela Avi Shlaim The Origins and Evolution of the Palestine Problem
Related categories/lists	Villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestinian exodus
Related templates	Palestinians Arab–Israeli conflict Israeli–Palestinian conflict Gaza–Israel conflict
The Holocaust and the Nakba

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