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{{EngvarB|date=May 2014}} {{EngvarB|date=May 2014}}
{{About|the administration of the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu|the current union territory|Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|the history|History of Kashmir}} {{About|the administration of the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu|the history|Kashmir#History}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Short description|Former princely state}} {{Short description|Former princely state}}
{{Infobox country {{Infobox country
| capital = ]<br>] | capital = {{hlist|]|]}}
| conventional_long_name = Jammu and Kashmir | conventional_long_name = Jammu and Kashmir
| common_name = Jammu and Kashmir | common_name = Jammu and Kashmir
| image_flag = Jammu-Kashmir-flag-1936-1953.gif | image_flag = Flag of Jammu and Kashmir (1936-1953).svg
| flag_type = | flag_type =
| image_coat = Kashmir Princely State CoA.png
| status = ]
| religion = ], ], ], ],] | status = ]
| empire = ] <small>(till 1947)</small> ] <small>(upto 1952)</small> | religion = ] (]), ] (majority), ], ], ]
| government_type = ] | government_type = ]
| empire = ] <small>(till 1947)</small> ] <small>(after 1947)</small>
| common_languages = ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ]
| common_languages = ], ], ], ], ], ]
| title_leader = ]
| leader2 = ] ''(last)'' | title_leader = ]
| year_leader2 = 23 September 1925 – 17 November 1952 | leader1 = ] (first)
| leader1 = ] ''(first)'' | year_leader1 = 1846–1857
| year_leader1 = 16 March 1846 – 30 June 1857 | leader2 = ] (last)
| title_deputy = ] | year_leader2 = 1925–1952
| title_deputy = ]
| deputy1 = ] ''(first)'' | deputy1 = ] (first)
| year_deputy1 = 15 October 1947 – 5 March 1948 | year_deputy1 = 1917–1921
| deputy2 = ] ''(last)'' | deputy2 = ] (last)
| year_deputy2 = 5 March 1948 – 17 November 1952 | year_deputy2 = 1948–1952
| status_text = | status_text =
| year_start = 1846 | year_start = 1846
| date_start = | date_start =
| event_start = ] of the ] and later ] | event_start = End of the ] and formation of the state
| event1 = Independence from ] | event1 = End of British Crown Suzerainty
| date_event1 = 15 Aug 1947 | date_event1 = 15 Aug 1947
| event2 = ] (cession of ] and ]) | event2 = Beginning of the ]
| date_event2 = 22 Oct 1947 | date_event2 = 22 Oct 1947
| event3 = Accession to the ] | event3 = Accession to the ]
| date_event3 = 26–27 Oct 1947 | date_event3 = 26–27 Oct 1947
| event4 = Constitutional state of India | event4 = End of ] (cession of ] and ])
| date_event4 = 17 November 1952 | date_event4 = 1 January 1949
| year_end = 1952 | event5 = Constitutional state of India
| p1 = Sikh Empire | date_event5 = 17 November 1952
| p3 = British Raj | year_end = 1952
| flag_p3 = British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg | p1 =
| p4 = Interim Government of India | s1 =
| flag_p4 = British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg | s2 =
| s1 = Jammu and Kashmir, India | s3 =
| s2 = Pakistan Occupied Kashmir | flag_p1 =
| s3 = Gilgit-Baltistan | border_p1 = no
| flag_p1 = Sikh Empire flag.svg | flag_s1 =
| border_p1 = no | flag_s2 =
| flag_s1 = 800px-Flag_of_India.svg | flag_s3 =
| flag_s2 = Flag of Azad Kashmir.svg | symbol =
| flag_s3 = Flag of Gilgit Baltistan.svg | symbol_type =
| image_coat = Kashmir Princely State CoA.png | image_map = Jammu and Kashmir in 1946 map of India by National Geographic.jpg
| symbol = | image_map_caption = Jammu and Kashmir in 1946
| symbol_type = Emblem | stat_area1 =
| image_map = NWFP-Kashmir1909-a.jpg | stat_year1 =
| image_map_caption = Map of Kashmir | stat_pop1 =
| stat_area1 = | today = Disputed; see ]
| stat_year1 = | footnotes =
| stat_pop1 =
| today = ](])<br>] (])<br>]<br>]<br>(])<br>]
<br>]<br>(])
| footnotes =
| p2 = Trakhàn dynasty
| demonym =
| area_km2 =
| area_rank =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| HDI =
| HDI_year =
}} }}


'''Jammu and Kashmir''', also known as '''Kashmir and Jammu''',<ref name=igi-kashmir-jammu>{{citation|title=Kashmir and Jammu|journal=Imperial Gazetteer of India|volume=15|page=71–|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?volume=15&objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_077.gif|publisher=Secretary of State for India in Council: Oxford at the Clarendon Press|year=1908|access-date=27 August 2019|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221030313/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?volume=15&objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_077.gif|url-status=live}}</ref> was a ] in a ] with the ] from 1846 to 1858 and under the '']'' (or tutelage<ref name=sneddon-paramountcy-tutelage>{{citation|last=Sneddon|first=Christopher|title=Independent Kashmir: An incomplete aspiration|year=2021|publisher=Manchester University Press|pages=12&ndash;13|quote=Paramountcy was the ‘vague and undefined’ feudatory system whereby the British, as the suzerain power, dominated and controlled India’s princely rulers. ... These ‘loyal collaborators of the Raj’ were ‘afforded protection in exchange for helpful behavior in a relationship of tutelage, called paramountcy’.}}</ref><ref name=ganguly-hagerty-2005-paramountcy>{{citation|last1=Ganguly|first1=Sumit|last2=Hagerty|first2=Devin T.| title=Fearful Symmetry: India-Pakistan Crises in the Shadow of Nuclear Weapons|isbn=0-295-98525-9|year=2005|location=Seattle and New Delhi|publisher=University of Washington Press, and Oxford University Press|page=22|quote=... the problem of the 'princely states'. These states had accepted the tutelage of the British Crown under the terms of the doctrine of 'paramountcy' under which they acknowledged the Crown as the 'paramount' authority in the subcontinent.}}</ref>) of the ], from 1858 until the ] in 1947, when it became a ], now administered by three countries: ], ], and ].<ref name="britannica-intro">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Kashmir: region, Indian subcontinent|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=16 July 2016|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent|archive-date=13 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813203817/https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent|url-status=live}} Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent. It is bounded by the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang to the northeast and the Tibet Autonomous Region to the east (both parts of China), by the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to the south, by Pakistan to the west, and by Afghanistan to the northwest. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, ... The southern and southeastern portions constitute the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. The Indian- and Pakistani-administered portions are divided by a "line of control" agreed to in 1972, although neither country recognizes it as an international boundary. In addition, China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and since 1962 has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region)."</ref><ref name=americana>{{citation|chapter=Kashmir|title=Encyclopedia Americana|publisher=Scholastic Library Publishing|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_cWAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA328|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7172-0139-6|page=328|access-date=18 December 2021|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117135716/https://books.google.com/books?id=l_cWAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA328|url-status=live}} C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered mostly by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947";</ref><ref name="Osmanczyk2003">{{citation|last1=Osmańczyk|first1=Edmund Jan|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93922-5|pages=1191–|access-date=18 December 2021|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117140437/https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191|url-status=live}} Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."</ref> The princely state was created after the ], when the East India Company, which had annexed the ],{{sfn|Panikkar, Gulab Singh|1930||p=111–125}} from the Sikhs as war indemnity, then sold it to the Raja of Jammu, ], for rupees 75 ]s.
'''Jammu and Kashmir''', also known as '''Kashmir and Jammu''',<ref name=igi-kashmir-jammu>{{citation|title = Kashmir and Jammu|journal=Imperial Gazetteer of India|volume=15|page=71–|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?volume=15&objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_077.gif|publisher=Secretary of State for India in Council: Oxford at the Clarendon Press|year=1908}}</ref> was a ] during the ] as well as the ] in India from 1846 to 1947. The princely state was created after the ], when the East India Company, which had annexed the ],{{sfn|Panikkar, Gulab Singh|1930||p=111–125}} ], ], and ] from the Sikhs as war indemnity, then sold the region to the Raja of Jammu, ], for rupees 75 ].


At the time of the ] and the ], ], the ruler of the state, delayed making a decision about the future of his state. However, an ] of the State followed by an attack by raiders from the neighbouring ], supported by Pakistan, forced his hand. On 26 October 1947, Hari Singh acceded to India in return for the Indian military being airlifted to Kashmir, to engage the Pakistan-supported forces.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10537286|title=Q&A: Kashmir dispute - BBC News|publisher=}}</ref> The western and northern districts presently known as ] and ] passed to the control of Pakistan, while the remaining territory stayed under Indian control, later becoming the Indian state of ].<ref>{{cite book |first=Sumantra |last=Bose |authorlink=Sumantra Bose |title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace |url=https://archive.org/details/00book939526581 |url-access=registration |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2003 |ISBN=0-674-01173-2 |pp=32–37}}</ref> At the time of the ] and the ], ], the ruler of the state, delayed making a decision about the future of his state. However, an ] of the state followed by an attack by raiders from the neighbouring ], supported by Pakistan, forced his hand. On 26 October 1947, Hari Singh acceded<ref>
1st Edition

Cold War in the High Himalayas
==Rulers==
The USA, China and South Asia in the 1950s
{{expand section|date=January 2018}}
By S. Mahmud Ali
{| class="wikitable"
Copyright 1999( When tribal Pathan militias from Pakistan's North-West Frontiers joined Sudhan Pathan rebels fighting for freedom, Hari Singh fled to Jammu and reportedly signed a letter of accession to India.) Page 19
|-
</ref> to India in return for the Indian military being airlifted to Kashmir, to engage the Pakistan-supported forces.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10537286|title=Q&A: Kashmir dispute - BBC News|work=BBC News|date=7 July 2010|publisher=|access-date=21 June 2018|archive-date=24 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224045738/https://www.bbc.com/news/10537286|url-status=live}}</ref> The western and northern districts now known as ] and ] passed to the control of Pakistan after it occupied it,<ref name="VictoriaSchofield">{{cite book | last=Schofield | first=Victoria |date=May 6, 2003 | title=Kashmir in Conflict |publication-place=London |publisher=I. B.Tauris & Co Ltd. |isbn=1-86064-898-3 | page=xii |url=https://archive.org/details/kashmir-in-conflict-india-pakistan-and-the-unending-war-by-victoria-schofield |via=archive.org}}</ref> while the remaining territory stayed under Indian control, later becoming the Indian administered state of ].<ref>{{cite book |first=Sumantra |last=Bose |author-link=Sumantra Bose |title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-674-01173-2 |pages=32–37}}</ref> India and Pakistan defined a cease-fire line—the line of control—dividing the administration of the territory with the intercession of the United Nations which was supposed to be temporary but still persists.<ref>{{cite web | title=History, People, Conflict, Map, & Facts | website=Encyclopedia Britannica | date=1998-07-20 | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent#ref673547 | access-date=2024-03-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Ceasefire violations in Jammu and Kashmir - A line on fire| url=https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/PW131-Ceasefire-Violations-in-Jammu-and-Kashmir-A-Line-on-Fire.pdf | access-date=2024-03-29}}</ref>
! S.no !! Name !! Reign
|-
| 1. || ] || 1846–1857
|-
| 2. || ] || 1857–1885
|-
| 3. || ] || 1885–1925
|-
| 4. || ] || 1925–1948
|-
| 5. || ] {{small|(Prince Regent)}} || 1948–1952
|}


==Administration== ==Administration==
]
{{expand section|date=January 2018}}

According to the census reports of 1911, 1921 and 1931, the administration was organised as follows:<ref name=Karim>{{citation |last=Karim |first=Maj Gen Afsir |title=Kashmir The Troubled Frontiers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lf2jAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT30 |date=2013 |publisher=Lancer Publishers LLC |isbn=978-1-935501-76-3 |pages=29–32 |ref={{sfnref|Karim, Kashmir The Troubled Frontiers|2013}}}}</ref>{{sfn|Behera, Demystifying Kashmir|2007|p=15}} According to the census reports of 1911, 1921 and 1931, the administration was organised as follows:<ref name=Karim>{{citation |last=Karim |first=Maj Gen Afsir |title=Kashmir The Troubled Frontiers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lf2jAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT30 |date=2013 |publisher=Lancer Publishers LLC |isbn=978-1-935501-76-3 |pages=29–32 |ref={{sfnref|Karim, Kashmir The Troubled Frontiers|2013}}}}</ref>{{sfn|Behera, Demystifying Kashmir|2007|p=15}}
* '''Jammu province:''' Districts of ], ] (]), ], ] and ]. * '''Jammu province:''' Districts of ], ] (]), ], ] and ].
Line 103: Line 80:
* '''Ladakh ''wazarat'':''' Tehsils of ], ] and ]. * '''Ladakh ''wazarat'':''' Tehsils of ], ] and ].
* '''Gilgit ''wazarat'':''' Tehsils of ] and ] * '''Gilgit ''wazarat'':''' Tehsils of ] and ]
* '''Frontier ''illaqas'':''' ], ], ], ], ], ], ]. * '''Frontier ''illaqas''''': (under the ]) ], ], ], ], ], ], ].


=== Prime Ministers === === Prime ministers (Jammu & Kashmir) ===
{| class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable"
! # ! #
! Name ! Name
! Took Office ! Took office
! Left Office ! Left office
|- |-
| 1 | 1
| ]
| 1917
| 1921
|-
|-
| 2
| Raja ] | Raja ]
| 1925 | 1925
| 1927 | 1927
|- |-
| 2 | 3
| ] | ]
| January 1927 | January 1927
| March 1929 | March 1929
|- |-
| 3 | 4
| ] | ]
| 1929 | 1929
| 1931 | 1931
|- |-
|4 | 5
| ]<ref name=Copland>{{citation |last=Copland |first=Ian |title=Islam and Political Mobilization in Kashmir, 1931-34 |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=54 |number=2 |date=1981 |pp=228–259 |JSTOR=2757363}}</ref> | ]<ref name=Copland>{{citation |last=Copland |first=Ian |title=Islam and Political Mobilization in Kashmir, 1931–34 |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=54 |number=2 |date=1981 |pages=228–259 |doi=10.2307/2757363 |jstor=2757363}}</ref>
| 1931 | 1931
| 1932 | 1932
|- |-
| 5 | 6
| ]<ref name=Copland/> | ]<ref name=Copland/>
| 1932 | 1932
| 1936 | 1936
|- |-
| 6 | 7
| Sir Barjor J. Dalal | ]
| 1936 | 1936
| 1936 | 1936
|- |-
| 7 | 8
| Sir ] | Sir ]
| 1936 | 1937
| July 1943 | July 1943
|- |-
| 8 | 9
| ] | ]
| July 1943 | July 1943
| February 1944 | February 1944
|- |-
| 9 | 10
| Sir ] | Sir ]
| February 1944 | February 1944
| 28 June 1945 | 28 June 1945
|- |-
| 10 | 11
| ] | ]
| 28 June 1945 | 28 June 1945
| 11 August 1947 | 11 August 1947
|- |-
| 11 | 12
| ] | ]
| 11 August 1947 | 11 August 1947
| 15 October 1947 | 15 October 1947
|- |-
| 12 | 13
| ] | ]
| 15 October 1947 | 15 October 1947
| 5 March 1948 | 5 March 1948
|- |-
| 13 | 14
| ] | ]
| 5 March 1948 | 5 March 1948
| 17 November 1952 | 9 August 1953
|} |}


==Geography== == Demographics ==
=== Population ===
]
{{Historical populations
|align=right
|1901|2905578
|1911|3158126
|1921|3320518
|1931|3646243
|1941|4021616
|footnote= Sources: ]
}}


{| class="wikitable sortable"
The area of the state extended from 32° 17' to 36° 58' N and from 73° 26' to 80° 30' E.<ref name="IGI72"> ''Imperial Gazetteer of India'', v. 15, p. 72.</ref> ] was the southernmost part of the state and was adjacent to the ] districts of ], ], ], and ]. There is a fringe of level land along the Punjab frontier, bordered by a plinth of low hilly country sparsely wooded, broken, and irregular. This is known as the Kandi, the home of the Chibs and the ]s. To travel north, a range of mountains {{convert|8000|ft|m}} high must be climbed.
|+ Population of Jammu & Kashmir Princely State by Province (1901–1941)
! rowspan="2" |]
! colspan="2" |Jammu Province
! colspan="2" |Kashmir Province
! colspan="2" |Frontier Regions
! colspan="2" |Jammu & Kashmir Princely State
|-
!]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
! 1901<ref name="Census1901"/>
| 1,521,307
| {{Percentage | 1521307 | 2905578 | 2 }}
| 1,157,394
| {{Percentage | 1157394 | 2905578 | 2 }}
| 226,877
| {{Percentage | 226877 | 2905578 | 2 }}
! 2,905,578
! {{Percentage | 2905578 | 2905578 | 2 }}
|-
! 1911<ref name="Census1911"/>
| 1,597,865
| {{Percentage | 1597865 | 3158126 | 2 }}
| 1,295,201
| {{Percentage | 1295201 | 3158126 | 2 }}
| 265,060
| {{Percentage | 265060 | 3158126 | 2 }}
! 3,158,126
! {{Percentage | 3158126 | 3158126 | 2 }}
|-
! 1921<ref name="Census1921"/>
| 1,640,259
| {{Percentage | 1640259 | 3320518 | 2 }}
| 1,407,086
| {{Percentage | 1407086 | 3320518 | 2 }}
| 273,173
| {{Percentage | 273173 | 3320518 | 2 }}
! 3,320,518
! {{Percentage | 3320518 | 3320518 | 2 }}
|-
! 1931<ref name="Census1931"/>
| 1,788,441
| {{Percentage | 1788441 | 3646243 | 2 }}
| 1,569,218
| {{Percentage | 1569218 | 3646243 | 2 }}
| 288,584
| {{Percentage | 288584 | 3646243 | 2 }}
! 3,646,243
! {{Percentage | 3646243 | 3646243 | 2 }}
|-
! 1941<ref name="Census1941"/>
| 1,981,433
| {{Percentage | 1981433 | 4021616 | 2 }}
| 1,728,705
| {{Percentage | 1728705 | 4021616 | 2 }}
| 311,478
| {{Percentage | 311478 | 4021616 | 2 }}
! 4,021,616
! {{Percentage | 4021616 | 4021616 | 2 }}
|}


=== Religion ===
This is a temperate country with forests of oak, rhododendron, chestnut, and higher up, of deodar and pine, a country of uplands, such as Bhadarwah and Kishtwar, drained by the deep gorge of the Chenab river. The steps of the Himalayan range, known as the ], lead to the second story, on which rests the valley of Kashmir, drained by the Jhelum river.<ref name="IGI72"/>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religious groups in Jammu & Kashmir Princely State (] era)
! rowspan="2" |]<br>group
! colspan="2" |1901<ref name="Census1901">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25366883 |jstor=saoa.crl.25366883 |access-date=3 November 2024 |title=Census of India 1901. Vol. 23A, Kashmir. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1901 |pages=20}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1911<ref name="Census1911">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25394111 |jstor=saoa.crl.25394111 |access-date=3 November 2024 |title=Census of India 1911. Vol. 20, Kashmir. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1911 |pages=17}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1921<ref name="Census1921">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25430177 |jstor=saoa.crl.25430177 |access-date=3 November 2024 |title=Census of India 1921. Vol. 22, Kashmir. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1921 |pages=15}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1931<ref name="Census1931">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25797120 |jstor=saoa.crl.25797120 |access-date=3 November 2024 |title=Census of India 1931. Vol. 24, Jammu & Kashmir State. Pt. 2, Imperial & state tables. |year=1931 |pages=267}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1941<ref name="Census1941">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215644 |jstor=saoa.crl.28215644 |access-date=3 November 2024 |title=Census of India, 1941. Vol. 22, Jammu & Kashmir |year=1941 |pages=337–352}}</ref>
|-
!]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
! ] ]
| 2,154,695
| {{Percentage | 2154695 | 2905578 | 2 }}
| 2,398,320
| {{Percentage | 2398320 | 3158126 | 2 }}
| 2,548,514
| {{Percentage | 2548514 | 3320518 | 2 }}
| 2,817,636
| {{Percentage | 2817636 | 3646243 | 2 }}
| 3,101,247
| {{Percentage | 3101247 | 4021616 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 689,073
| {{Percentage | 689073 | 2905578 | 2 }}
| 690,390
| {{Percentage | 690390 | 3158126 | 2 }}
| 692,641
| {{Percentage | 692641 | 3320518 | 2 }}
| 736,222
| {{Percentage | 736222 | 3646243 | 2 }}
| 809,165
| {{Percentage | 809165 | 4021616 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 35,047
| {{Percentage | 35047 | 2905578 | 2 }}
| 36,512
| {{Percentage | 36512 | 3158126 | 2 }}
| 37,685
| {{Percentage | 37685 | 3320518 | 2 }}
| 38,724
| {{Percentage | 38724 | 3646243 | 2 }}
| 40,696
| {{Percentage | 40696 | 4021616 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 25,828
| {{Percentage | 25828 | 2905578 | 2 }}
| 31,553
| {{Percentage | 31553 | 3158126 | 2 }}
| 39,507
| {{Percentage | 39507 | 3320518 | 2 }}
| 50,662
| {{Percentage | 50662 | 3646243 | 2 }}
| 65,903
| {{Percentage | 65903 | 4021616 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 442
| {{Percentage | 442 | 2905578 | 2 }}
| 345
| {{Percentage | 345 | 3158126 | 2 }}
| 529
| {{Percentage | 529 | 3320518 | 2 }}
| 597
| {{Percentage | 597 | 3646243 | 2 }}
| 910
| {{Percentage | 910 | 4021616 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 422
| {{Percentage | 422 | 2905578 | 2 }}
| 975
| {{Percentage | 975 | 3158126 | 2 }}
| 1,634
| {{Percentage | 1634 | 3320518 | 2 }}
| 2,263
| {{Percentage | 2263 | 3646243 | 2 }}
| 3,509
| {{Percentage | 3509 | 4021616 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 11
| {{Percentage | 11 | 2905578 | 2 }}
| 31
| {{Percentage | 31 | 3158126 | 2 }}
| 7
| {{Percentage | 7 | 3320518 | 2 }}
| 5
| {{Percentage | 5 | 3646243 | 2 }}
| 29
| {{Percentage | 29 | 4021616 | 2 }}
|-
! ]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 134
| {{Percentage | 134 | 3646243 | 2 }}
| 51
| {{Percentage | 51 | 4021616 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 10
| {{Percentage | 10 | 4021616 | 2 }}
|-
! Others
| 60
| {{Percentage | 60 | 2905578 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 3158126 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 3320518 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 3646243 | 2 }}
| 95
| {{Percentage | 95 | 4021616 | 2 }}
|-
! Total population
! 2,905,578
! {{Percentage | 2905578 | 2905578 | 2 }}
! 3,158,126
! {{Percentage | 3158126 | 3158126 | 2 }}
! 3,320,518
! {{Percentage | 3320518 | 3320518 | 2 }}
! 3,646,243
! {{Percentage | 3646243 | 3646243 | 2 }}
! 4,021,616
! {{Percentage | 4021616 | 4021616 | 2 }}
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="11" | {{small|Note: The Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir includes the contemporary administrative divisions of ], ], ], ], and ].}}
|}


==== Jammu Province ====
Steeper parts of the Himalayas lead to ] and ] on the north and to Ladakh on the east, a tract drained by the river Indus. To the northwest, lies ], west and north of the Indus. The whole area is shadowed by a wall of giant mountains that run east from the Kilik or Mintaka passes of the ], leading to the ] and the ] past ] (25,561&nbsp;ft), along the ] range past ] (], 28,265 feet), ] and ] (28,100 and {{convert|28561|ft|m}} respectively) to the Karakoram range which merges in the ]. Westward of the northern angle above ] and ], the maze of mountains and glaciers trends a little south of east along the Hindu Kush range bordering Chitral and so on into the limits of Kafiristan and Afghan territory.<ref name="IGI72"/>
Including ], ], ], ], ], ] Jagir, and ].


{| class="wikitable sortable"
===Transport===
|+ Religious groups in the Jammu Province of the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir (1901–1941)
There used to be a route from ] to ]; it was possible to travel from ] via Kohala and over the ] into Kashmir. The route from Kohala to Srinagar was a cart-road {{convert|132|mi|km}} in length. From Kohala to ] the road was close to the ]. At ] the ] joins the Jhelum and at this point the road from ] and ] meet the Kashmir route. The road carried heavy traffic and required expensive maintenance by the authorities to repair.<ref> ''Imperial Gazetteer of India'', v. 15, p. 79.</ref>
! rowspan="2" |]<br>group
! colspan="2" |1901<ref name="Census1901"/>
! colspan="2" |1911<ref name="Census1911"/>
! colspan="2" |1921<ref name="Census1921"/>
! colspan="2" |1931<ref name="Census1931"/>
! colspan="2" |1941<ref name="Census1941"/>
|-
!]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
! ] ]
| 876,599
| {{Percentage | 876599 | 1521307 | 2 }}
| 953,293
| {{Percentage | 953293 | 1597865 | 2 }}
| 989,644
| {{Percentage | 989644 | 1640259 | 2 }}
| 1,091,021
| {{Percentage | 1091021 | 1788441 | 2 }}
| 1,215,676
| {{Percentage | 1215676 | 1981433 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 626,177
| {{Percentage | 626177 | 1521307 | 2 }}
| 626,439
| {{Percentage | 626439 | 1597865 | 2 }}
| 626,806
| {{Percentage | 626806 | 1640259 | 2 }}
| 665,246
| {{Percentage | 665246 | 1788441 | 2 }}
| 722,835
| {{Percentage | 722835 | 1981433 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 13,113
| {{Percentage | 13113 | 1521307 | 2 }}
| 16,659
| {{Percentage | 16659 | 1597865 | 2 }}
| 21,627
| {{Percentage | 21627 | 1640259 | 2 }}
| 29,282
| {{Percentage | 29282 | 1788441 | 2 }}
| 38,566
| {{Percentage | 38566 | 1981433 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 4,831
| {{Percentage | 4831 | 1521307 | 2 }}
| 452
| {{Percentage | 452 | 1597865 | 2 }}
| 442
| {{Percentage | 442 | 1640259 | 2 }}
| 507
| {{Percentage | 507 | 1788441 | 2 }}
| 522
| {{Percentage | 522 | 1981433 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 439
| {{Percentage | 439 | 1521307 | 2 }}
| 345
| {{Percentage | 345 | 1597865 | 2 }}
| 528
| {{Percentage | 528 | 1640259 | 2 }}
| 591
| {{Percentage | 591 | 1788441 | 2 }}
| 901
| {{Percentage | 901 | 1981433 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 145
| {{Percentage | 145 | 1521307 | 2 }}
| 672
| {{Percentage | 672 | 1597865 | 2 }}
| 1,207
| {{Percentage | 1207 | 1640259 | 2 }}
| 1,753
| {{Percentage | 1753 | 1788441 | 2 }}
| 2,788
| {{Percentage | 2788 | 1981433 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 1521307 | 2 }}
| 5
| {{Percentage | 5 | 1597865 | 2 }}
| 5
| {{Percentage | 5 | 1640259 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 1788441 | 2 }}
| 23
| {{Percentage | 23 | 1981433 | 2 }}
|-
! ]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 41
| {{Percentage | 41 | 1788441 | 2 }}
| 29
| {{Percentage | 29 | 1981433 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 1981433 | 2 }}
|-
! Others
| 3
| {{Percentage | 3 | 1521307 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 1597865 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 1640259 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 1788441 | 2 }}
| 93
| {{Percentage | 93 | 1981433 | 2 }}
|-
! Total population
! 1,521,307
! {{Percentage | 1521307 | 1521307 | 2 }}
! 1,597,865
! {{Percentage | 1597865 | 1597865 | 2 }}
! 1,640,259
! {{Percentage | 1640259 | 1640259 | 2 }}
! 1,788,441
! {{Percentage | 1788441 | 1788441 | 2 }}
! 1,981,433
! {{Percentage | 1981433 | 1981433 | 2 }}
|}


===Flooding=== ==== Kashmir Province ====
Including ] (''Kashmir North District''), ] (''Kashmir South District''), and ].
In 1893, after 52 hours of continuous rain, very serious flooding took place in the Jhelum valley and much damage was done to Srinagar. The floods of 1903 were much more severe, a great disaster.<ref> ''Imperial Gazetteer of India'', v. 15, p. 89</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religious groups in the Kashmir Province of the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir (1901–1941)
! rowspan="2" |]<br>group
! colspan="2" |1901<ref name="Census1901"/>
! colspan="2" |1911<ref name="Census1911"/>
! colspan="2" |1921<ref name="Census1921"/>
! colspan="2" |1931<ref name="Census1931"/>
! colspan="2" |1941<ref name="Census1941"/>
|-
!]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
! ] ]
| 1,083,766
| {{Percentage | 1083766 | 1157394 | 2 }}
| 1,217,768
| {{Percentage | 1217768 | 1295201 | 2 }}
| 1,324,403
| {{Percentage | 1324403 | 1407086 | 2 }}
| 1,478,287
| {{Percentage | 1478287 | 1569218 | 2 }}
| 1,615,478
| {{Percentage | 1615478 | 1728705 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 60,682
| {{Percentage | 60682 | 1157394 | 2 }}
| 62,414
| {{Percentage | 62414 | 1295201 | 2 }}
| 64,594
| {{Percentage | 64594 | 1407086 | 2 }}
| 69,296
| {{Percentage | 69296 | 1569218 | 2 }}
| 85,580
| {{Percentage | 85580 | 1728705 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 12,637
| {{Percentage | 12637 | 1157394 | 2 }}
| 14,772
| {{Percentage | 14772 | 1295201 | 2 }}
| 17,742
| {{Percentage | 17742 | 1407086 | 2 }}
| 21,190
| {{Percentage | 21190 | 1569218 | 2 }}
| 27,034
| {{Percentage | 27034 | 1728705 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 244
| {{Percentage | 244 | 1157394 | 2 }}
| 218
| {{Percentage | 218 | 1295201 | 2 }}
| 341
| {{Percentage | 341 | 1407086 | 2 }}
| 339
| {{Percentage | 339 | 1569218 | 2 }}
| 555
| {{Percentage | 555 | 1728705 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 11
| {{Percentage | 11 | 1157394 | 2 }}
| 26
| {{Percentage | 26 | 1295201 | 2 }}
| 2
| {{Percentage | 2 | 1407086 | 2 }}
| 5
| {{Percentage | 5 | 1569218 | 2 }}
| 6
| {{Percentage | 6 | 1728705 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 2
| {{Percentage | 2 | 1157394 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 1295201 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 1407086 | 2 }}
| 3
| {{Percentage | 3 | 1569218 | 2 }}
| 9
| {{Percentage | 9 | 1728705 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 1157394 | 2 }}
| 3
| {{Percentage | 3 | 1295201 | 2 }}
| 2
| {{Percentage | 2 | 1407086 | 2 }}
| 5
| {{Percentage | 5 | 1569218 | 2 }}
| 10
| {{Percentage | 10 | 1728705 | 2 }}
|-
! ]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 93
| {{Percentage | 93 | 1569218 | 2 }}
| 20
| {{Percentage | 20 | 1728705 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 10
| {{Percentage | 10 | 1728705 | 2 }}
|-
! Others
| 52
| {{Percentage | 52 | 1157394 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 1295201 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 1407086 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 1569218 | 2 }}
| 2
| {{Percentage | 2 | 1728705 | 2 }}
|-
! Total population
! 1,157,394
! {{Percentage | 1157394 | 1157394 | 2 }}
! 1,295,201
! {{Percentage | 1295201 | 1295201 | 2 }}
! 1,407,086
! {{Percentage | 1407086 | 1407086 | 2 }}
! 1,569,218
! {{Percentage | 1569218 | 1569218 | 2 }}
! 1,728,705
! {{Percentage | 1728705 | 1728705 | 2 }}
|}

==== Frontier Regions ====
Including ], ], ] Leased Area, and ].
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religious groups in the Frontier Regions of the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir (1901–1941)
! rowspan="2" |]<br>group
! colspan="2" |1901<ref name="Census1901"/>
! colspan="2" |1911<ref name="Census1911"/>
! colspan="2" |1921<ref name="Census1921"/>
! colspan="2" |1931<ref name="Census1931"/>
! colspan="2" |1941<ref name="Census1941"/>
|-
!]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
! ] ]
| 194,330
| {{Percentage | 194330 | 226877 | 2 }}
| 227,259
| {{Percentage | 227259 | 265060 | 2 }}
| 234,467
| {{Percentage | 234467 | 273173 | 2 }}
| 248,328
| {{Percentage | 248328 | 288584 | 2 }}
| 270,093
| {{Percentage | 270093 | 311478 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 30,216
| {{Percentage | 30216 | 226877 | 2 }}
| 36,057
| {{Percentage | 36057 | 265060 | 2 }}
| 37,241
| {{Percentage | 37241 | 273173 | 2 }}
| 38,212
| {{Percentage | 38212 | 288584 | 2 }}
| 40,164
| {{Percentage | 40164 | 311478 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 2,214
| {{Percentage | 2214 | 226877 | 2 }}
| 1,537
| {{Percentage | 1537 | 265060 | 2 }}
| 1,241
| {{Percentage | 1241 | 273173 | 2 }}
| 1,680
| {{Percentage | 1680 | 288584 | 2 }}
| 750
| {{Percentage | 750 | 311478 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 78
| {{Percentage | 78 | 226877 | 2 }}
| 122
| {{Percentage | 122 | 265060 | 2 }}
| 138
| {{Percentage | 138 | 273173 | 2 }}
| 190
| {{Percentage | 190 | 288584 | 2 }}
| 303
| {{Percentage | 303 | 311478 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 33
| {{Percentage | 33 | 226877 | 2 }}
| 85
| {{Percentage | 85 | 265060 | 2 }}
| 86
| {{Percentage | 86 | 273173 | 2 }}
| 171
| {{Percentage | 171 | 288584 | 2 }}
| 166
| {{Percentage | 166 | 311478 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 226877 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 265060 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 273173 | 2 }}
| 3
| {{Percentage | 3 | 288584 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 311478 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 226877 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 265060 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 273173 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 288584 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 311478 | 2 }}
|-
! ]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 288584 | 2 }}
| 2
| {{Percentage | 2 | 311478 | 2 }}
|-
! ] ]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 311478 | 2 }}
|-
! Others
| 5
| {{Percentage | 1901pop | 226877 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 1911pop | 265060 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 1921pop | 273173 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 1931pop | 288584 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 1941pop | 311478 | 2 }}
|-
! Total population
! 226,877
! {{Percentage | 226877 | 226877 | 2 }}
! 265,060
! {{Percentage | 265060 | 265060 | 2 }}
! 273,173
! {{Percentage | 273173 | 273173 | 2 }}
! 288,584
! {{Percentage | 288584 | 288584 | 2 }}
! 311,478
! {{Percentage | 311478 | 311478 | 2 }}
|}


==See also== ==See also==
* ] * ]
* ]
* ] * ]
*]


==References== ==References==
Line 201: Line 874:


==Bibliography== ==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|40em}} {{Refbegin|40em}}
* {{citation |first=Navnita Chadha |last=Behera |title=Demystifying Kashmir |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2007 |ISBN=8131708462 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qM6kW9ZRMRkC |ref={{sfnref|Behera, Demystifying Kashmir|2007}}}} * {{citation |first=Navnita Chadha |last=Behera |title=Demystifying Kashmir |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2007 |isbn=978-8131708460 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qM6kW9ZRMRkC |ref={{sfnref|Behera, Demystifying Kashmir|2007}} |access-date=14 September 2016 |archive-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117135717/https://books.google.com/books?id=qM6kW9ZRMRkC |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last=Das Gupta |first=Jyoti Bhusan |title=Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpTpCAAAQBAJ&pg |date=2012 |publisher=Springer |ISBN=978-94-011-9231-6 |ref={{sfnref|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012}}}} * {{citation |last=Das Gupta |first=Jyoti Bhusan |title=Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpTpCAAAQBAJ |date=2012 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-94-011-9231-6 |ref={{sfnref|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012}} }}
* {{citation |last=Birdwood |first=Lord |authorlink=Christopher Birdwood, 2nd Baron Birdwood |title=Two Nations and Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nzs-AAAAMAAJ |year=1956 |publisher=R. Hale |ref={{sfnref|Birdwood, Two Nations and Kashmir|1956}}}} * {{citation |last=Birdwood |first=Lord |author-link=Christopher Birdwood, 2nd Baron Birdwood |title=Two Nations and Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nzs-AAAAMAAJ |year=1956 |publisher=R. Hale |ref={{sfnref|Birdwood, Two Nations and Kashmir|1956}} }}
* {{citation|last=Huttenback |first=Robert A. |title=Gulab Singh and the Creation of the Dogra State of Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=20 |number=4 |year=1961 |pp=477–488 |DOI=10.2307/2049956 |url=http://pahar.in/mountains/Books%20and%20Articles/Indian%20Subcontinent/1961%20Gulab%20Singh%20and%20Creation%20of%20Dogra%20State%20of%20Jammu%20Kashmir%20and%20Ladakh%20by%20Huttenback%20from%20J%20Asian%20Studies%20v20%20s.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Huttenback, Gulab Singh and the Creation of the Dogra State|1961}} |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815210807/http://pahar.in/mountains/Books%20and%20Articles/Indian%20Subcontinent/1961%20Gulab%20Singh%20and%20Creation%20of%20Dogra%20State%20of%20Jammu%20Kashmir%20and%20Ladakh%20by%20Huttenback%20from%20J%20Asian%20Studies%20v20%20s.pdf |archivedate=15 August 2016 }} * {{citation |last=Huttenback |first=Robert A. |title=Gulab Singh and the Creation of the Dogra State of Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=20 |number=4 |year=1961 |pages=477–488 |doi=10.2307/2049956 |jstor=2049956 |s2cid=162144034 |url=http://pahar.in/mountains/Books%20and%20Articles/Indian%20Subcontinent/1961%20Gulab%20Singh%20and%20Creation%20of%20Dogra%20State%20of%20Jammu%20Kashmir%20and%20Ladakh%20by%20Huttenback%20from%20J%20Asian%20Studies%20v20%20s.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Huttenback, Gulab Singh and the Creation of the Dogra State|1961}} |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815210807/http://pahar.in/mountains/Books%20and%20Articles/Indian%20Subcontinent/1961%20Gulab%20Singh%20and%20Creation%20of%20Dogra%20State%20of%20Jammu%20Kashmir%20and%20Ladakh%20by%20Huttenback%20from%20J%20Asian%20Studies%20v20%20s.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2016 }}
* {{citation |last=Mahajan |first=Mehr Chand |authorlink=Mehr Chand Mahajan |title=Looking Back: The Autobiography of Mehr Chand Mahajan, Former Chief Justice of India |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.119631/2015.119631.Looking-Back#page/n1/mode/2up |year=1963 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |ref={{sfnref|Mahajan, Looking Back|1963}}}} * {{citation |last=Mahajan |first=Mehr Chand |author-link=Mehr Chand Mahajan |title=Looking Back: The Autobiography of Mehr Chand Mahajan, Former Chief Justice of India |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.119631/2015.119631.Looking-Back#page/n1/mode/2up |year=1963 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |ref={{sfnref|Mahajan, Looking Back|1963}} }}
* {{citation |last=Major |first=Andrew J. |title=Return to Empire: Punjab under the Sikhs and British in the Mid-nineteenth Century Limited |publisher=Sterling Publishers |location=New Delhi |year=1996 |ISBN=81-207-1806-2}} * {{citation |last=Major |first=Andrew J. |title=Return to Empire: Punjab under the Sikhs and British in the Mid-nineteenth Century Limited |publisher=Sterling Publishers |location=New Delhi |year=1996 |isbn=81-207-1806-2}}
** {{citation |last=Major |first=Andrew J. |title=Return to Empire: Punjab under the Sikhs and British in the Mid-nineteenth Century |publisher=Australian National University |year=1981 |url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/11191 |ref={{sfnref|Major, Return to Empire|1981}}}} ** {{citation |last=Major |first=Andrew J. |title=Return to Empire: Punjab under the Sikhs and British in the Mid-nineteenth Century |publisher=Australian National University |year=1981 |doi=10.25911/5d74e5bedfa9d |url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/11191 |ref={{sfnref|Major, Return to Empire|1981}} |access-date=9 October 2017 |archive-date=19 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219195316/https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/11191 |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last=Noorani |first=A. G. |authorlink=A. G. Noorani |title=Article 370: A Constitutional History of Jammu and Kashmir |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |ISBN=978-0-19-807408-3 |url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198074083.001.0001/acprof-9780198074083 |url-access=subscription }} * {{citation |last=Noorani |first=A. G. |author-link=A. G. Noorani |title=Article 370: A Constitutional History of Jammu and Kashmir |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-807408-3 |url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198074083.001.0001/acprof-9780198074083 |url-access=subscription |access-date=13 April 2018 |archive-date=19 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419171730/https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198074083.001.0001/acprof-9780198074083 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |first=K. M. |last=Panikkar |authorlink=K. M. Panikkar |title=Gulab Singh |publisher=Martin Hopkinson Ltd |year=1930 |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/gulabsingh179218031570mbp |ref={{sfnref|Panikkar, Gulab Singh|1930}}}} * {{cite book |first=K. M. |last=Panikkar |author-link=K. M. Panikkar |title=Gulab Singh |publisher=Martin Hopkinson Ltd |year=1930 |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/gulabsingh179218031570mbp |ref={{sfnref|Panikkar, Gulab Singh|1930}} }}
* {{citation |last=Raghavan |first=Srinath |title=War and Peace in Modern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EbtBJb1bsHUC&pg=PA101 |date=2010 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |ISBN=978-1-137-00737-7 |pages=101– |ref={{sfnref|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010}}}} * {{citation |last=Raghavan |first=Srinath |title=War and Peace in Modern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EbtBJb1bsHUC&pg=PA101 |date=2010 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-00737-7 |pages=101– |ref={{sfnref|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010}} }}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{citation |title=Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir |first=Mridu |last=Rai | publisher=C. Hurst & Co |year=2004 |ISBN=1850656614 |ref={{sfnref|Mridu Rai, Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects|2004}}}} * {{citation |title=Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir |first=Mridu |last=Rai | publisher=C. Hurst & Co |year=2004 |isbn=1850656614 |ref={{sfnref|Mridu Rai, Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects|2004}}}}
* {{citation |first=Victoria |last=Schofield |authorlink=Victoria Schofield |title=Kashmir in Conflict |publisher=I. B. Taurus & Co |location=London and New York |year=2003 |origyear=First published in 2000 |ISBN=1860648983 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkTetMfI6QkC |ref={{sfnref|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003}}}} * {{citation |first=Victoria |last=Schofield |author-link=Victoria Schofield |title=Kashmir in Conflict |publisher=I. B. Taurus & Co |location=London and New York |year=2003 |orig-year=First published in 2000 |isbn=1860648983 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkTetMfI6QkC |ref={{sfnref|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003}} }}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Bawa Satinder |title=Raja Gulab Singh's Role in the First Anglo-Sikh War |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=5 |number=1 |year=1971 |pp=35–59 |JSTOR=311654 |ref={{sfnref|Satinder Singh, Raja Gulab Singh's Role|1971}} |doi=10.1017/s0026749x00002845}} * {{citation |last=Singh |first=Bawa Satinder |title=Raja Gulab Singh's Role in the First Anglo-Sikh War |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=5 |number=1 |year=1971 |pages=35–59 |jstor=311654 |ref={{sfnref|Satinder Singh, Raja Gulab Singh's Role|1971}} |doi=10.1017/s0026749x00002845|s2cid=145500298 }}
{{refend}} {{Refend}}

{{IGI}} {{IGI}}

{{Princely states of India}} {{Princely states of India}}
{{Regions and administrative territories of Kashmir}}
{{Kashmir conflict}} {{Kashmir conflict}}
{{Authority control}}


{{coord missing|Jammu and Kashmir}} {{coord missing|Jammu and Kashmir}}


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Latest revision as of 22:36, 14 December 2024

This article is about the administration of the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu. For the history, see Kashmir § History.

Former princely state
Jammu and Kashmir
1846–1952
Flag of Jammu and Kashmir Flag of Jammu and Kashmir Coat of arms
Jammu and Kashmir in 1946Jammu and Kashmir in 1946
StatusPrincely state
Capital
Common languagesKashmiri, Dogri, Ladakhi, Balti, Shina, Pahari-Pothwari
Religion Hinduism (state), Islam (majority), Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism
GovernmentMonarchy
Maharaja 
• 1846–1857 Gulab Singh (first)
• 1925–1952 Hari Singh (last)
Dewan 
• 1917–1921 Daljit Singh (first)
• 1948–1952 Sheikh Abdullah (last)
History 
• End of the First Anglo-Sikh War and formation of the state 1846
• End of British Crown Suzerainty 15 Aug 1947
• Beginning of the First Kashmir War 22 Oct 1947
• Accession to the Indian Union 26–27 Oct 1947
• End of First Kashmir War (cession of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan) 1 January 1949
• Constitutional state of India 17 November 1952
• Disestablished 1952
Today part ofDisputed; see Kashmir conflict

Jammu and Kashmir, also known as Kashmir and Jammu, was a princely state in a subsidiary alliance with the British East India Company from 1846 to 1858 and under the paramountcy (or tutelage) of the British Crown, from 1858 until the Partition of India in 1947, when it became a disputed territory, now administered by three countries: China, India, and Pakistan. The princely state was created after the First Anglo-Sikh War, when the East India Company, which had annexed the Kashmir Valley, from the Sikhs as war indemnity, then sold it to the Raja of Jammu, Gulab Singh, for rupees 75 lakhs.

At the time of the partition of India and the political integration of India, Hari Singh, the ruler of the state, delayed making a decision about the future of his state. However, an uprising in the western districts of the state followed by an attack by raiders from the neighbouring Northwest Frontier Province, supported by Pakistan, forced his hand. On 26 October 1947, Hari Singh acceded to India in return for the Indian military being airlifted to Kashmir, to engage the Pakistan-supported forces. The western and northern districts now known as Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan passed to the control of Pakistan after it occupied it, while the remaining territory stayed under Indian control, later becoming the Indian administered state of Jammu and Kashmir. India and Pakistan defined a cease-fire line—the line of control—dividing the administration of the territory with the intercession of the United Nations which was supposed to be temporary but still persists.

Administration

Map of Kashmir showing the borders of the princely state in dark red.

According to the census reports of 1911, 1921 and 1931, the administration was organised as follows:

In the 1941 census, further details of the frontier districts were given:

Prime ministers (Jammu & Kashmir)

# Name Took office Left office
1 Raja Sir Daljit Singh 1917 1921
2 Raja Hari Singh 1925 1927
3 Sir Albion Banerjee January 1927 March 1929
4 G. E. C. Wakefield 1929 1931
5 Hari Krishan Kaul 1931 1932
6 Elliot James Dowell Colvin 1932 1936
7 Sir Barjor J. Dalal 1936 1936
8 Sir N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar 1937 July 1943
9 Kailash Narain Haksar July 1943 February 1944
10 Sir B. N. Rau February 1944 28 June 1945
11 Ram Chandra Kak 28 June 1945 11 August 1947
12 Janak Singh 11 August 1947 15 October 1947
13 Mehr Chand Mahajan 15 October 1947 5 March 1948
14 Sheikh Abdullah 5 March 1948 9 August 1953

Demographics

Population

Historical population
YearPop.±%
19012,905,578—    
19113,158,126+8.7%
19213,320,518+5.1%
19313,646,243+9.8%
19414,021,616+10.3%
Sources: Census in British India
Population of Jammu & Kashmir Princely State by Province (1901–1941)
Census Year Jammu Province Kashmir Province Frontier Regions Jammu & Kashmir Princely State
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
1901 1,521,307 52.36% 1,157,394 39.83% 226,877 7.81% 2,905,578 100%
1911 1,597,865 50.6% 1,295,201 41.01% 265,060 8.39% 3,158,126 100%
1921 1,640,259 49.4% 1,407,086 42.38% 273,173 8.23% 3,320,518 100%
1931 1,788,441 49.05% 1,569,218 43.04% 288,584 7.91% 3,646,243 100%
1941 1,981,433 49.27% 1,728,705 42.99% 311,478 7.75% 4,021,616 100%

Religion

Religious groups in Jammu & Kashmir Princely State (British India era)
Religious
group 		1901 1911 1921 1931 1941
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Islam 2,154,695 74.16% 2,398,320 75.94% 2,548,514 76.75% 2,817,636 77.28% 3,101,247 77.11%
Hinduism 689,073 23.72% 690,390 21.86% 692,641 20.86% 736,222 20.19% 809,165 20.12%
Buddhism 35,047 1.21% 36,512 1.16% 37,685 1.13% 38,724 1.06% 40,696 1.01%
Sikhism 25,828 0.89% 31,553 1% 39,507 1.19% 50,662 1.39% 65,903 1.64%
Jainism 442 0.02% 345 0.01% 529 0.02% 597 0.02% 910 0.02%
Christianity 422 0.01% 975 0.03% 1,634 0.05% 2,263 0.06% 3,509 0.09%
Zoroastrianism 11 0% 31 0% 7 0% 5 0% 29 0%
Tribal — — — — — — 134 0% 51 0%
Judaism — — — — — — — — 10 0%
Others 60 0% 0 0% 1 0% 0 0% 95 0%
Total population 2,905,578 100% 3,158,126 100% 3,320,518 100% 3,646,243 100% 4,021,616 100%
Note: The Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir includes the contemporary administrative divisions of Jammu, Kashmir, Ladakh, Azad Kashmir, and Gilgit-Baltistan.

Jammu Province

Including Jammu District, Kathua District, Udhampur District, Reasi District, Mirpur District, Chenani Jagir, and Poonch Jagir.

Religious groups in the Jammu Province of the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir (1901–1941)
Religious
group 		1901 1911 1921 1931 1941
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Islam 876,599 57.62% 953,293 59.66% 989,644 60.33% 1,091,021 61% 1,215,676 61.35%
Hinduism 626,177 41.16% 626,439 39.2% 626,806 38.21% 665,246 37.2% 722,835 36.48%
Sikhism 13,113 0.86% 16,659 1.04% 21,627 1.32% 29,282 1.64% 38,566 1.95%
Buddhism 4,831 0.32% 452 0.03% 442 0.03% 507 0.03% 522 0.03%
Jainism 439 0.03% 345 0.02% 528 0.03% 591 0.03% 901 0.05%
Christianity 145 0.01% 672 0.04% 1,207 0.07% 1,753 0.1% 2,788 0.14%
Zoroastrianism 0 0% 5 0% 5 0% 0 0% 23 0%
Tribal — — — — — — 41 0% 29 0%
Judaism — — — — — — — — 0 0%
Others 3 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 93 0%
Total population 1,521,307 100% 1,597,865 100% 1,640,259 100% 1,788,441 100% 1,981,433 100%

Kashmir Province

Including Baramulla District (Kashmir North District), Anantnag District (Kashmir South District), and Muzaffarabad District.

Religious groups in the Kashmir Province of the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir (1901–1941)
Religious
group 		1901 1911 1921 1931 1941
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Islam 1,083,766 93.64% 1,217,768 94.02% 1,324,403 94.12% 1,478,287 94.21% 1,615,478 93.45%
Hinduism 60,682 5.24% 62,414 4.82% 64,594 4.59% 69,296 4.42% 85,580 4.95%
Sikhism 12,637 1.09% 14,772 1.14% 17,742 1.26% 21,190 1.35% 27,034 1.56%
Christianity 244 0.02% 218 0.02% 341 0.02% 339 0.02% 555 0.03%
Zoroastrianism 11 0% 26 0% 2 0% 5 0% 6 0%
Jainism 2 0% 0 0% 1 0% 3 0% 9 0%
Buddhism 0 0% 3 0% 2 0% 5 0% 10 0%
Tribal — — — — — — 93 0.01% 20 0%
Judaism — — — — — — — — 10 0%
Others 52 0% 0 0% 1 0% 0 0% 2 0%
Total population 1,157,394 100% 1,295,201 100% 1,407,086 100% 1,569,218 100% 1,728,705 100%

Frontier Regions

Including Ladakh District, Astore District, Gilgit Leased Area, and Gilgit Agency.

Religious groups in the Frontier Regions of the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir (1901–1941)
Religious
group 		1901 1911 1921 1931 1941
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Islam 194,330 85.65% 227,259 85.74% 234,467 85.83% 248,328 86.05% 270,093 86.71%
Buddhism 30,216 13.32% 36,057 13.6% 37,241 13.63% 38,212 13.24% 40,164 12.89%
Hinduism 2,214 0.98% 1,537 0.58% 1,241 0.45% 1,680 0.58% 750 0.24%
Sikhism 78 0.03% 122 0.05% 138 0.05% 190 0.07% 303 0.1%
Christianity 33 0.01% 85 0.03% 86 0.03% 171 0.06% 166 0.05%
Jainism 1 0% 0 0% 0 0% 3 0% 0 0%
Zoroastrianism 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%
Tribal — — — — — — 0 0% 2 0%
Judaism — — — — — — — — 0 0%
Others 5 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%
Total population 226,877 100% 265,060 100% 273,173 100% 288,584 100% 311,478 100%

See also

References

  1. "Kashmir and Jammu", Imperial Gazetteer of India, 15, Secretary of State for India in Council: Oxford at the Clarendon Press: 71–, 1908, archived from the original on 21 December 2019, retrieved 27 August 2019
  2. Sneddon, Christopher (2021), Independent Kashmir: An incomplete aspiration, Manchester University Press, pp. 12–13, Paramountcy was the 'vague and undefined' feudatory system whereby the British, as the suzerain power, dominated and controlled India's princely rulers. ... These 'loyal collaborators of the Raj' were 'afforded protection in exchange for helpful behavior in a relationship of tutelage, called paramountcy'.
  3. Ganguly, Sumit; Hagerty, Devin T. (2005), Fearful Symmetry: India-Pakistan Crises in the Shadow of Nuclear Weapons, Seattle and New Delhi: University of Washington Press, and Oxford University Press, p. 22, ISBN 0-295-98525-9, ... the problem of the 'princely states'. These states had accepted the tutelage of the British Crown under the terms of the doctrine of 'paramountcy' under which they acknowledged the Crown as the 'paramount' authority in the subcontinent.
  4. "Kashmir: region, Indian subcontinent". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 13 August 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2016. Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent. It is bounded by the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang to the northeast and the Tibet Autonomous Region to the east (both parts of China), by the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to the south, by Pakistan to the west, and by Afghanistan to the northwest. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, ... The southern and southeastern portions constitute the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. The Indian- and Pakistani-administered portions are divided by a "line of control" agreed to in 1972, although neither country recognizes it as an international boundary. In addition, China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and since 1962 has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region)."
  5. "Kashmir", Encyclopedia Americana, Scholastic Library Publishing, 2006, p. 328, ISBN 978-0-7172-0139-6, archived from the original on 17 January 2023, retrieved 18 December 2021 C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered mostly by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947";
  6. Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan (2003), Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M, Taylor & Francis, pp. 1191–, ISBN 978-0-415-93922-5, archived from the original on 17 January 2023, retrieved 18 December 2021 Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."
  7. Panikkar, Gulab Singh 1930, p. 111–125.
  8. 1st Edition Cold War in the High Himalayas The USA, China and South Asia in the 1950s By S. Mahmud Ali Copyright 1999( When tribal Pathan militias from Pakistan's North-West Frontiers joined Sudhan Pathan rebels fighting for freedom, Hari Singh fled to Jammu and reportedly signed a letter of accession to India.) Page 19
  9. "Q&A: Kashmir dispute - BBC News". BBC News. 7 July 2010. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  10. Schofield, Victoria (6 May 2003). Kashmir in Conflict. London: I. B.Tauris & Co Ltd. p. xii. ISBN 1-86064-898-3 – via archive.org.
  11. Bose, Sumantra (2003). Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace. Harvard University Press. pp. 32–37. ISBN 0-674-01173-2.
  12. "History, People, Conflict, Map, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. 20 July 1998. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  13. "Ceasefire violations in Jammu and Kashmir - A line on fire" (PDF). Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  14. ^ Karim, Maj Gen Afsir (2013), Kashmir The Troubled Frontiers, Lancer Publishers LLC, pp. 29–32, ISBN 978-1-935501-76-3
  15. Behera, Demystifying Kashmir 2007, p. 15.
  16. ^ Copland, Ian (1981), "Islam and Political Mobilization in Kashmir, 1931–34", Pacific Affairs, 54 (2): 228–259, doi:10.2307/2757363, JSTOR 2757363
  17. ^ "Census of India 1901. Vol. 23A, Kashmir. Pt. 2, Tables". 1901. p. 20. JSTOR saoa.crl.25366883. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
  18. ^ "Census of India 1911. Vol. 20, Kashmir. Pt. 2, Tables". 1911. p. 17. JSTOR saoa.crl.25394111. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
  19. ^ "Census of India 1921. Vol. 22, Kashmir. Pt. 2, Tables". 1921. p. 15. JSTOR saoa.crl.25430177. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
  20. ^ "Census of India 1931. Vol. 24, Jammu & Kashmir State. Pt. 2, Imperial & state tables". 1931. p. 267. JSTOR saoa.crl.25797120. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
  21. ^ "Census of India, 1941. Vol. 22, Jammu & Kashmir". 1941. pp. 337–352. JSTOR saoa.crl.28215644. Retrieved 3 November 2024.

Bibliography

This article incorporates text from the Imperial Gazetteer of India, a publication now in the public domain.

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