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Messier 99
Galaxy Messier 99, Schulman Telescope
Observation data (J2000 epoch)
Constellation	Coma Berenices
Right ascension	12 18 49.625
Declination	+14° 24′ 59.36″
Redshift	0.008029
Heliocentric radial velocity	2,404 km/s
Distance	45.2 Mly (13.87 Mpc)
Group or cluster	Virgo Cluster
Apparent magnitude (V)	9.9
Characteristics
Type	SA(s)c
Apparent size (V)	5.4′ × 4.7′
Other designations
Coma Pinwheel Galaxy, Virgo Cluster Pinwheel, M99, NGC 4254, PGC 39578, UGC 7345

Messier 99 or M99, also known as NGC 4254, is a grand design spiral galaxy in the northern constellation Coma Berenices approximately 15,000,000 parsecs (49,000,000 light-years) from the Milky Way. It was discovered by Pierre Méchain on 17 March 1781. The discovery was then reported to Charles Messier, who included the object in the Messier Catalogue of comet-like objects. It was one of the first galaxies in which a spiral pattern was seen. This pattern was first identified by Lord Rosse in the spring of 1846.

This galaxy has a morphological classification of SA(s)c, indicating a pure spiral shape with loosely wound arms. It has a peculiar shape with one normal looking arm and an extended arm that is less tightly wound. The galaxy is inclined by 42° to the line-of-sight with a major axis position angle of 68°. Four supernovae have been observed in this galaxy: SN 1967H (type II, mag. 14.6), SN 1972Q (type unknown, mag. 15.8), SN 1986I (type II, mag. 14), and SN 2014L (type Ic, mag. 15.4).

A bridge of neutral hydrogen gas links NGC 4254 with VIRGOHI21, an HI region and a possible dark galaxy. The gravity from the latter may have distorted M99 and drawn out the gas bridge, as the two galaxy-sized objects may have had a close encounter before parting greatly. However, VIRGOHI21 may instead be tidal debris from an interaction with the lenticular galaxy NGC 4262 some 280 million years ago. It is expected that the drawn out arm will relax to match the normal arm once the encounter is over.

While not classified as a starburst galaxy, M99 has a star formation activity three times larger than other galaxies of similar Hubble type that may have been triggered by the encounter. M99 is likely entering the Virgo Cluster for the first time bound to the periphery of the cluster at a projected separation of 3.7°, or around one megaparsec, from the cluster center at Messier 87. The galaxy is undergoing ram-pressure stripping of much of its interstellar medium as it moves through the intracluster medium.

See also

• List of Messier objects
• Messier 83 - a similar face-on spiral galaxy
• Pinwheel Galaxy - a similar face-on spiral galaxy

References

1. "The Schulman Telescope". www.as.arizona.edu. Retrieved 2022-02-20.
2. Dreyer, J. L. E. (1988). Sinnott, R. W. (ed.). The Complete New General Catalogue and Index Catalogue of Nebulae and Star Clusters. Sky Publishing Corporation/Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-933346-51-2.
3. ^ Skrutskie, Michael F.; Cutri, Roc M.; Stiening, Rae; Weinberg, Martin D.; Schneider, Stephen E.; Carpenter, John M.; Beichman, Charles A.; Capps, Richard W.; Chester, Thomas; Elias, Jonathan H.; Huchra, John P.; Liebert, James W.; Lonsdale, Carol J.; Monet, David G.; Price, Stephan; Seitzer, Patrick; Jarrett, Thomas H.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Gizis, John E.; Howard, Elizabeth V.; Evans, Tracey E.; Fowler, John W.; Fullmer, Linda; Hurt, Robert L.; Light, Robert M.; Kopan, Eugene L.; Marsh, Kenneth A.; McCallon, Howard L.; Tam, Robert; Van Dyk, Schuyler D.; Wheelock, Sherry L. (1 February 2006). "The Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS)". The Astronomical Journal. 131 (2): 1163–1183. Bibcode:2006AJ....131.1163S. doi:10.1086/498708. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 18913331.
4. ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 4254. Retrieved 2006-11-25.
5. ^ Tully, R. Brent; et al. (August 2016), "Cosmicflows-3", The Astronomical Journal, 152 (2): 21, arXiv:1605.01765, Bibcode:2016AJ....152...50T, doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/2/50, S2CID 250737862, 50.
6. ^ Vollmer, B.; Huchtmeier, W.; van Driel, W. (September 2005). "NGC 4254: a spiral galaxy entering the Virgo cluster". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 439 (3): 921–933. arXiv:astro-ph/0505021. Bibcode:2005A&A...439..921V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041350. S2CID 17414818.
7. "Messier 99". SEDS Messier Catalog. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
8. ^ de Vaucouleurs, G.; et al. (1991), Third reference catalogue of bright galaxies, 9, New York: Springer-Verlag.
9. "M 99". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2009-12-18.
10. Jones, K. G. (1991). Messier's Nebulae and Star Clusters (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-37079-0.
11. Fairall, A. P. (August 1975), "The spectrum of the type II supernova 1967h in NGC 4254", Monthly Notes of the Astronomical Society of South Africa, 34 (7–8): 94–98
12. Penhallow, W. S.; et al. (June 1986), Marsden, B. G. (ed.), "Supernova 1986I in NGC 4254", IAU Circular, 4225 (2): 2, Bibcode:1986IAUC.4225....2P
13. "List of Supernovae", Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams, IAU, retrieved 2018-12-19
14. Chyży, K. T.; Ehle, M.; Beck, R. (September 2007). "Magnetic fields and gas in the cluster-influenced spiral galaxy NGC 4254. I. Radio and X-rays observations". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 474 (2): 415–429. arXiv:0708.1533. Bibcode:2007A&A...474..415C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077497. S2CID 16273521.

External links

• SEDS: Spiral Galaxy M99
• UniverseToday: Dark Matter Galaxy?
• PPARC: New evidence for a Dark Matter Galaxy
• Kasliwal, Mansi M.; et al. (2011). "PTF 10fqs: A LUMINOUS RED NOVA IN THE SPIRAL GALAXY MESSIER 99". The Astrophysical Journal. 730 (2): 134. arXiv:1005.1455. Bibcode:2011ApJ...730..134K. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/730/2/134. S2CID 18454146.
• Messier 99 on WikiSky: DSS2, SDSS, GALEX, IRAS, Hydrogen α, X-Ray, Astrophoto, Sky Map, Articles and images

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v t e Messier objects
List	M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12 M13 M14 M15 M16 M17 M18 M19 M20 M21 M22 M23 M24 M25 M26 M27 M28 M29 M30 M31 M32 M33 M34 M35 M36 M37 M38 M39 M40 M41 M42 M43 M44 M45 M46 M47 M48 M49 M50 M51 M52 M53 M54 M55 M56 M57 M58 M59 M60 M61 M62 M63 M64 M65 M66 M67 M68 M69 M70 M71 M72 M73 M74 M75 M76 M77 M78 M79 M80 M81 M82 M83 M84 M85 M86 M87 M88 M89 M90 M91 M92 M93 M94 M95 M96 M97 M98 M99 M100 M101 M102 M103 Added M104 M105 M106 M107 M108 M109 M110
See also	Caldwell catalogue Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars Herschel 400 Catalogue Index Catalogue New General Catalogue Revised New General Catalogue
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v t e Constellation of Coma Berenices
List of stars in Coma Berenices Coma Berenices in Chinese astronomy
Stars	Bayer α (Diadem) β γ Flamsteed 7 11 12 13 14 16 17 21 23 24 31 35 36 37 41 Variable FK GP LW HR 4668 HD 107146 108863 108874 110067 114762 b 115404 Other 2MASS J12195156+3128497 KELT-6 WASP-56 WISE 1217+1626
Exoplanets HD 108874 b c KELT-6b
Star clusters Coma Star Cluster Messier 53 NGC 4147 NGC 5053
Nebulae IN
Galaxies	Messier 64 (Black Eye Galaxy) 85 88 91 98 99 100 NGC 4014 4015 4017 4053 4055 4056 4060 4061 4065 4066 4070 4072 4074 4076 4084 4086 4089 4090 4091 4092 4093 4095 4098 4150 4203 4208 4212 4222 4237 4262 4274 4278 4293 4298 4302 4308 4312 4314 4323 4340 4359 4383 4393 4394 4414 4448 4450 4455 4459 4468 4473 4474 4477 4479 4489 4494 4498 4506 4515 4516 4523 4540 4555 4559 4561 4565 4571 4595 4614 4633 4634 4651 4659 4670 4676 (Mice Galaxies) 4689 4710 4712 4725 4747 4839 4860 4869 4871 4872 4873 4874 4875 4876 4881 4882 4883 4886 4889 4892 4895 4896 4907 4911 4919 4921 5000 5004 5032 Other Coma Berenices Dragonfly 44 IC 755 (NGC 4019) IC 831 IC 860 IC 3505 IC 3528 IC 3622 IC 4026 IC 4040 IC 4141 IOK-1 LEDA 83677 Malin 1 PGC 44691
Galaxy clusters Abell 1413 Coma I Coma Cluster M94 Group NGC 4631 Group
Astronomical events GRB 050509B iPTF14atg SN 1940B SN 1979C SN 2005ap SN 2006X SN 2020oi VIRGOHI21
Category

• Unbarred spiral galaxies
• Virgo Cluster
• Coma Berenices
• Messier objects
• NGC objects
• UGC objects
• Principal Galaxies Catalogue objects
• Astronomical objects discovered in 1781
• Discoveries by Pierre Méchain