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Antisemitic tropes, also known as antisemitic canards or antisemitic libels, are "sensational reports, misrepresentations or fabrications" about Jews as an ethnicity or Judaism as a religion.

Since the 2nd century, malicious allegations of Jewish guilt have become a recurring motif in antisemitic tropes, which take the form of libels, stereotypes or conspiracy theories. They typically present Jews as cruel, powerful or controlling, some of which also feature the denial or trivialization of historical atrocities against Jews. These tropes have lead to pogroms, genocides, persecutions and systemic racism for Jews throughout history. Antisemitic tropes mainly evolved in monotheistic societies, whose religions were derived from Judaism, many of which were traceable to Christianity's early days. These tropes were mirrored by 7th-century Quranic claims that Jews were "visited with wrath from Allah" due to their supposed practice of usury and disbelief in His revelations. In medieval Europe, antisemitic tropes were expanded in scope to justify mass persecutions and expulsions of Jews. Particularly, Jews were repeatedly massacred over accusations of causing epidemics and "ritually consuming" Christian babies' blood.

In the 19th century, lies about Jews plotting "world domination" by "controlling" mass media and global banking spread, which mutated into modern tropes, especially the libel that Jews "invented and promoted communism". These tropes fatefully formed Adolf Hitler's worldview, caused World War II and the Holocaust, which killed at least 6 million Jews (67% pre-war European Jews). Since the 20th century, antisemitic libels' usage has been documented among groups that self-identify as "anti-Zionists".

Most contemporary tropes feature the denial or trivialization of anti-Jewish atrocities, especially the denial or trivialization of the Holocaust, or of the Jewish exodus from Muslim countries. Holocaust denial and antisemitic tropes are inextricable, typical of which is the libel that the Holocaust was "fabricated" or "exaggerated" to "advance" Jews' or Israel's interests. The most recent example is the denial or trivialization of the 7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel, with the victims overwhelmingly Jewish, including several Holocaust survivors.

Political tropes

World domination

The publication of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion in 1903 is usually considered the beginning of contemporary conspiracy theory literature. The trope embodied by the book is manifested in both writings and imagery, where Jews are accused of plotting world domination nefariously. Typical examples include Nazi-originated cartoons depicting Jews as a giant octopus reaching across the globe. A 2001 Egyptian reprint of Henry Ford's antisemitic text The International Jew, with the same octopus imagery on the front cover.

Among the earliest refutations of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion as a forgery were a series of articles printed in The Times in 1921, which revealed the forgery's content to have been plagiarized from the unrelated satire The Dialogue in Hell Between Machiavelli and Montesquieu. The Russian imperial state popularized the forgery to discredit the Bolsheviks by accusing Jews of organizing the Russian revolution. The forgery scapegoated Jews as the leading subversive force to try to dispel mass revolt and keep the empire united.

Later, the trope spread westward when the Great Depression and Nazism's rise catalyzed its dissemination. A Polish equivalent goes by Judeopolonia, which posited an imaginary Jewish domination of Poland. Contemporarily, the trope often goes by Zionist Occupation Government (ZOG), which accuses the Jews of "controlling Western governments" for selfish ends, like benefitting Israel. The ZOG is widely peddled by antisemites, such as the Neo-Nazis, white nationalists, Islamists and black supremacists.

Malcolm X, a well known Black American activist, believed in The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, which he introduced to the Nation of Islam (NOI) for circulation among their Black American audience. In 2003, the Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohammed drew a standing ovation at an OIC conference after alleging:

Today the Jews rule this world by proxy. They get others to fight and die for them They invented socialism, communism, human rights and democracy so that persecuting them would appear to be wrong they have gained control of the most powerful countries.

The New Black Panther Party (NBPP), a black separatist group, has actively peddled the myth. Prior to a 2006 Democratic primary runoff in the U.S. state of Georgia, the NBPP alleged,

So-called Jews in Israel in what's really Palestine…some player haters, some Zionists, some so-called Jews who the Book of Revelations calls the Synagogue of Satan.

When the NBPP-backed candidate Cynthia McKinney lost to her rival Hank Johnson, NBPP's members alleged "Jewish electoral domination".

In April 2017, the Politico magazine published an article alleging "links" between the then-U.S. President Donald Trump, Russian dictator Vladimir Putin and Jewish religious group Chabad. Jonathan Greenblatt (CEO) of the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) condemned the article as "evok age-old myths about Jews". In December 2023, Australian Green MP Jenny Leong, echoed Mahathir Mohammed's 2003 speech at a Palestine Justice Movement forum:

the Jewish lobby and the Zionist lobby are infiltrating into every single aspect of what is ethnic community groups they rock up to every community event because their tentacles reach into the areas that try and influence power.

Leong apologized after being condemned. Whereas, the "Jewish power" myth is often veiled as the "criticism" of "Jewish plutocrats" allegedly behind political changes. For instance, QAnon conspiracy theorists believe in the existence of a "satanic cabal" of global elites (globalists) "drinking children's blood" to achieve "world domination". Two-time heavyweight world champion Tyson Fury also believes in a "Zionist plot" to "lower" public moral standard via the media and finance. As per Argentine-Israeli educator Gustavo Perednik, antisemites often pass off their aggressive instinct as a "struggle" of "the oppressed" against the "powerful" to maximize its appeal to left-wing audience.

Controlling the media

Another common antisemitic trope is that "the Jews control the media and Hollywood". In Eastern Europe, the Czech politician Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, believed that Jews "controlled the press", despite his previous objection to antisemitism during the Hilsner affair. In Western Europe, Arthur Griffith, the founder of the Sinn Féin party decisive to Ireland's independence, was subscribed to the "Jewish media control" trope. Griffith alleged that Dublin newspapers were

almost all Jew rags Fifty other rags like those which have nothing behind them but the forty or fifty thousand Jewish usurers and pick-pockets in each country and which no decent Christian ever reads except holding his nose as a precaution against nausea.

Griffith's antisemitism is still present in the party. For instance, lower house parliamentarian Réada Cronin alleged in 2020 that Jews were "responsible for European wars" and "Adolf Hitler was a pawn of the Rothschilds not have been too far wrong". In the United States, J.J. Goldberg, The Forward's editorial director, published a study of such trope in 1997. He concluded that Jewish Americans "do not make a high priority of Jewish concerns" despite holding prominent positions in the American media industry. Variants on this theme focus on Hollywood, the press and the music industry.

White genocide conspiracy theory

Since 2015 when the European migrant crisis happened, the White genocide conspiracy theory has gained traction among white nationalists. Jews are often accused of facilitating unrestricted non-white immigration to alter the fabric of White-majority societies. Such libel is often peddled in conjunction with older myths, like the "Jewish power", to raise its plausibility among the targeted audience. Much of such sentiment stems from an extinction anxiety about the majority White population becoming outnumbered by the non-white population, who are often assumed as "foreign" and "incompatible" with the mainstream. Elon Musk, the current owner of X (formerly Twitter), has also been accused of endorsing the theory, when he showed approval of the theory in a tweet.

In the US, there have been several terrorist attacks associated with the belief in the theory, the most recent of which include the 2017 Unite the Right rally, where dozens of casualties occurred in a car ramming attack, and the 2018 Pittsburgh synagogue shooting, where 11 were killed and 7 injured. The SPLC noted,

The "great replacement" theory is inherently white supremacist. It depends on stoking fears that a non-white population, which the theory's proponents characterize as "inferior," will displace a white majority. It is also antisemitic. Some proponents of the "great replacement" do not explicitly attribute the plot to Jews. Instead, they blame powerful Jewish individuals such as financier and philanthropist George Soros or use coded antisemitic language to identify shadowy "elites" or "globalists."

Economic tropes

Controlling the global financial system

The ADL documented several tropes that had associated Jews with banking, including the myth that "global banking is dominated by the Rothschild family" traceable to the medieval prevalence of Jews in moneylending.

Usury and profiteering

In the Middle Ages, Jews were restricted from most professions and pushed into marginalized occupations, such as tax collection and moneylending, due to the Roman Catholic Church's prohibition on Christians charging interest for loans. In 1179, the Third Council of the Lateran threatened excommunication for any Christians lending money at interest, prompting borrowers to turn to Jews for loans. Natural tension between gentile debtors and Jewish creditors reinforced pre-existing anti-Jewish biases. In England, the departing Crusaders were joined by debtors in the massacres of Jews at London and York in 1189–1190. In 1275, Edward I of England punished Jewish creditors by passing the anti-usury Statute of Jewry. Many English Jews were arrested, 300 of whom were hanged. In 1290, all Jews were expelled from England. German-American Jewish historian Walter Laqueur noted,

The issue at stake was not really whether the Jews had entered it out of greed The high tide of Jewish usury was before the fifteenth century; as cities grew in power and affluence, the Jews were squeezed out from money lending with the development of banking.

Propagation of Communism

In the 20th century, newer allegations of Jews masterminding the propagation of Communism emerged, including The Protocols of the Elders of Zion (1903). Judeo-Bolshevism was popularized by Hitler's to conflate Jews with communists and present them as an existential threat to justify the Holocaust. A Polish equivalent of this trope is Żydokomuna, which accused "most Jews" of having "collaborated with the Soviet Union" in "importing communism" to Poland. Candace Owens, an American ultraconservative pundit, endorses such libel. She alleged that "Stalin was a Jew" and his followers were "part of a Jewish cabal".

Kosher tax

The "Kosher tax" trope claims that food producers are "forced" to pay an exorbitant premium to indicate that their products are kosher, which is allegedly passed on to consumers by price increase. It is mainly spread by white supremacists. Refuters contended that food producers would not engage in the certification process if it was not profitable to obtain the "kosher certification", which is actually a voluntary business decision, while the "resultant" increased sales would lower the average cost.

Religious tropes

Guilt for the death of Jesus

Jews have been blamed for the crucifixion of Jesus throughout history:

When Pilate saw that he could prevail nothing, but that rather a tumult was made, he took water, and washed his hands before the multitude, saying, I am innocent of the blood of this just person: see ye to it. Then answered all the people, and said, His blood be on us, and on our children.

– Matthew 27:24–25

Jewish deicide was legitimized in Christian theology by Saint John Chrysostom (c. 4th century), a prominent Church Father. In the Second Vatican Council between 1962 and 1965, Pope Paul VI issued the Nostra aetate to refute the libel,

What happened in His passion cannot be charged against all the Jews, without distinction, then alive, nor against the Jews of today.

Against radical traditionalists' objection, it was distantly followed up by an apology in 2000 for the two millennia of Catholic persecution of Jews, amid claims of the Second Temple menorah still being hidden in the Vatican. Radical Traditionalist Catholics (rad trads) who oppose Christian–Jewish reconciliation have continued peddling the Jewish deicide. Subreddits r/Catholicism and r/AskAChristian on Reddit are reportedly frequented by rad trads for years. As per the SPLC, the rad trads often circulate content from the forgery The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. Notably, the rad trads have peddled:

• Jews are the "perpetual enemy" of Christ
• Adolf Hitler was the end-product of the Kulturkampf of the "Freemason" Otto von Bismarck
• Nazism was the "result" of a 400-year "revolution" against the Divine Plan to effect man's return to Him via His Catholic Church abetted by Talmudists
• Jews have "infiltrated" the Catholic Church to induce changes in church doctrine for selfish gain
• Catholics cannot trust the Jews
• The Vatican II dialogue with the Jews is a pantomime to destroy Catholic militancy against Judaism

The ADL noted,

Traditionalist Catholics continued to incorporate explicit antisemitism into their theology a paranoid belief in Jewish conspiracies to undermine the church and Western civilization preach that contemporary Jews are responsible for deicide, endorsed The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, and claimed that there was a factual basis for the medieval blood libel. One of its bishops, Richard Williamson, is a well known Holocaust denier.

Nevertheless, the Vatican and many Catholics worldwide are still denying the scale or brutality of the Inquisition, with the victims heavily Jewish. Some Catholics exaggerate their role in the WWII rescue of Jews to downplay the Catholic history of brutal systemic antisemitism.

Blood libel

The blood libel accusation's origin dates to the 12th century. The first recorded accusation against Jews was associated with the death of William of Norwich. Torture and human sacrifice in the blood libel run contrary to Judaism. The Ten Commandments forbid murder. The use of blood in cooking is banned by Kashrut as blood is deemed ritually unclean. The Hebrew Bible, or Old Testament, and Halakha portray human sacrifice as one of the evils separating the pagans of Canaan from the Hebrews. Jews were prohibited from performing these rituals. Ritual cleanliness for priests prohibited even being in the same room with a human corpse. Historian Alexis P. Rubin noted,

Church and secular leaders sharply denounced these defamations people refused to abandon this myth Popes, kings and emperors declared that Jews, if for no other reason than their strict dietary laws banning even the smallest drop of blood in meat or poultry, were incapable of the crime. The Christian populace was not impressed.

Among those who refuted the blood libel included the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and Pope Gregory IX, while Pope Clement VI said that the Black Death could not be blamed on Jews. Contemporarily, the blood libel still appears frequently in Muslim countries' state media, publications and online platforms as per their official anti-Zionism. A few Arab writers, who happened not to be antisemitic, condemned the blood libel. The Egyptian newspaper Al-Ahram published articles by Osama Al-Baz, a senior advisor to the late Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak, explaining the origins of the blood libel. Whereas, the blood libel is still peddled by Christian fundamentalists, including the Radical Traditionalist Catholics (rad trads) and American ultraconservative pundit Candace Owens, who alleged that Leo Frank, a Jewish man lynched in 1915 over false allegations of killing a girl.

Host desecration

In medieval Europe, Jews were often accused of stealing hosts and desecrating them to reenact the crucifixion of Jesus by stabbing or burning. The first allegation of Jewish host desecration was made recorded in 1243 in Beelitz, near Berlin, and all Jews in Beelitz were burned alive, subsequently called the Judenberg. In the following centuries, similar libels circulated throughout Europe and caused several pogroms, which did not subside until Sigismund II Augustus repudiated it in 1558. However, massacres resulted from host desecration libels happened until the 19th century. The last recorded accusations were brought up in Barlad, Romania, in 1836 and 1867 respectively.

Accusations of anti-Christian conspiracy

Throughout history, Christians alleged that Jews either dislike or sought to destroy Christianity. A 65,000-word treatise written by Martin Luther, a pioneering 16th-century Christian reformer, also consists of such a libel that is still being promoted. For instance, radio host James Edwards alleged that Jews "hate Christianity" and were "using pornography as a subversive tool against us". The ADL noted,

This is not to say that Jews have historically borne no animus towards Jesus and the Apostles, or towards Christianity as a whole. In the two-thousand year relationship between Judaism and Christianity, many of them marred by anti-Jewish polemic and Christian persecution of Jews, some rabbis have fulminated against the church But contemporary anti-Semitic polemicists are not interested in learning or reporting about the historical development of Jewish-Christian relations. Their goal is to incite hatred against Judaism and Jews by portraying them as bigoted and hateful.

Demonization in Christianity

As early as the 4th century, Church Father Saint John Chrysostom described a synagogue as

worse than a brothel and a drinking shop a den of scoundrels, the repair of wild beasts, a temple of demons, the refuge of brigands and debauchees, and the cavern of devils, a criminal assembly of the assassins of Christ.

His anti-Jewish homily was legitimized in Christian theology as the basis of Christian antisemitism for the following millennia, ultimately subject to Nazi co-optation to garner Christian support for the Holocaust. In such regard, historian Jeremy Cohen wrote,

Yet the very impulse that propelled the Christian imagination from the Jew as a deliberate killer of Christ to the Jew as a perpetrator of the most heinous crimes against humanity also led to the portrayal of the Jew as inhuman, satanic, animal-like, and monstrous the bestiality of the Jew climaxed in the image of the Judensau.

Judensau (German for Jews' sow) is a dehumanizing imagery of Jews that appeared around the 13th century. Its popularity lasted for six centuries until Nazi revival. Sculptures of Jews, typically portrayed as "obscene human contact" with unclean animals like pigs and owls, were often found on cathedral or church ceilings, pillars, utensils, etchings etc. The images always combined multiple antisemitic motifs, which sometimes included derisive prose or poetry. Martin Luther, a 16th-century Reformation's pioneer, was noted for his vicious antisemitism. Luther wrote a 65,000-word thesis demonizing the Jews in which he not only described Jews as

a base, whoring people, that is, no people of God, and their boast of lineage, circumcision, and law must be accounted as filth and the synagogue incorrigible whore and an evil slut,

but also called for extreme violence towards Jews within Europe. Martin Luther was elevated to an unprecedented status in Nazi Germany. Luther's antisemitic thesis is considered by many Western historians to have brought about the Holocaust, despite the 400-year lapse.

Demonization in other religions or movements

Beyond Abrahamic religions, the demonization of Jews is also common among new religious movements, one of which is the Black Hebrew Israelites. Black Hebrew Israelites (BHI) believe that African Americans are descendants of ancient Israelites. However, the BHI are not associated with either Jews or Christians.

Just as the "Messianic Judaism" founded by Conservative Baptist Association's Evangelical priest Moishe Rosen, the BHI do not meet any criteria for being Jewish. The BHI have seen themselves as the only "real Jews". They deny contemporary Jews' Jewish ancestry and historical connection to Israel. BHI have accused contemporary Jews of being "European converts to Judaism" and running the Atlantic slave trade, implying that they are "White oppressors". Several BHI sects have been classified as hate groups by at least three American civil rights groups, the ADL, SPLC and SWC, with the ADL claiming that not all BHI sects were anti-Semitic.

Such BHI-espoused antisemitic tropes have been popularized to discredit Jews by associating them with White supremacy. BHI sects deemed antisemitic include the Israelite School of Universal Practical Knowledge (ISUPK), House of Israel (HOI), Nation of Yahweh (NOY), Israelites Saints of Christ, True Nation Israelite Congregation and The Israelite Church of God in Jesus Christ (ICGJC). The ADL summarized the commonly used BHI slurs:

• Jew-ish: Negative term for depicting Jews as "imposters"
• So-called Jews: Casting doubt on the Jewish identity of mainstream Jews
• Synagogue of Satan: An ancient slur borrowed to express dislike of Jews

BHI groups or members have also been involved in domestic terrorism towards Jewish Americans since the 1970s, the most recent of which include the Jersey City Shooting (7 dead and 3 injured). The BHI, to some extent, managed to desensitize the public to their anti-Jewish terrorism by appropriating Jewish symbols and misusing their historically oppressed status to gain sympathy from anti-racist intellectuals.

The Unification Church (UC), founded by South Korean religious leader Sun Myung Moon in 1954, was criticized for demonizing Jews in its manifesto Divine Principle. A multi-faith panel that included Rabbi A. James Rudin, the assistant director of the American Jewish Committee's department of interreligious affairs, pointed out 125 antisemitic references in their manifesto, including the libel that Jews were "collectively responsible" for the crucifixion of Christ. Rudin argued that UC's manifesto included "pejorative language, stereotyped imagery, accusations of collective sin and guilt", including its claim that "Jews had gone through a course of indemnity" due to John the Baptist's "failure to recognize Jesus as the Messiah". It is also found that the UC's text portrayed the Holocaust as a "divine punishment". The UC denied the AJC's charges as "distortion" and "obscurations".

Male menstruation

The false belief of Jewish male anal menstruation emerged in the 16th century, which formed part of the canard that all Jews were somehow female. The false belief was allegedly based on scripture associating Jews with bleeding, particularly the description of Judas' death in Acts 1:18–19, where his belly was allegedly burst open, which inspired further accounts of heretics having their blood or entrails spilled via the anus at death. It was, in the 12th century, referenced to the blood curse invoked by the Jews at Jesus' trial before Pilate. In the following century, a pseudoscientific explanation based on humoral medicine was added, supplemented by a verse from Psalms 78:66. By 1302, it was claimed that Jewish male descendants of those alleged to have "taken responsibility" for the crucifixion of Jesus would suffer a monthly bleeding. A 1503 account of the 1494 ritual murder trials at Tyrnau consisted of the earliest mention of the alleged monthly male bleeding. In 17th-century Spain, the notion was revived by physicians, including the king's, conflating menstruation with hemorrhoids, which contributed to the "legal concept" of "impure blood" in a family or race.

Well poisoning

During the devastating 14th century Black Death, crowded cities were hard hit, with death tolls as high as 50%. Emotionally distraught survivors scapegoated Jews opportunistically. Soon after the Black Death's entry to Europe in 1346, a massacres of Jews broke out between 1348 and 1351 based on false charges of Jews "spreading" the epidemic. The first massacres happened in Toulon in 1348, where the Jewish quarter was sacked and 40 Jews murdered, then in Barcelona. In 1349, massacres and persecution spread across Europe, including the Erfurt massacre, Basel Massacre and massacres in Aragon and Flanders. 2,000 Jews were also burned alive in the Strasbourg massacre on 14 February 1349 by antisemites who justified the massacre as a "preventive measure". Such accusation later became an antisemitic trope, which evolved into the one fabricated by Joseph Stalin as the doctors' plot in the early 1950s, then the charges of Jews "spreading" intractable diseases like the AIDS and COVID-19.

Other tropes

Causing wars, revolutions and calamities

German politician Heinrich von Treitschke in the 19th century coined the phrase "Die Juden sind unser Unglück!" ("The Jews are our misfortune!"), which became Der Stürmer's motto. Israeli-British historian Efraim Karsh noted,

Jews have traditionally been accused of lacking true patriotism to their countries of citizenship, and instead seeking to embroil their non-Jewish compatriots in endless conflicts and wars on behalf of such cosmopolitan movements and ideals as 'world imperialism', 'international bolshevism', or 'world Zionism'.

Both ends of the political spectrum accused American Jews of "dragging" the country into World War II and the Iraq War, exaggerating the influence of an alleged Israel lobby. It was also promoted by political scientist John Mearsheimer in a 2007 book, which was criticized for legitimizing the "Jewish domination" trope and encouraging antisemitism. The Franklin Prophecy was unknown before its appearance in 1934 in William Dudley Pelley's pro-Nazi magazine Liberation. As per the 2004 U.S. Congress report Anti-Semitism in Europe: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on European Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Relations,

The Franklin "Prophecy" is a classic anti-Semitic canard that falsely claims that American statesman Benjamin Franklin made anti-Jewish statements during the Constitutional Convention of 1787. It has found widening acceptance in Muslim and Arab media, where it has been used to criticize Israel and Jews

Turning people LGBT

In 2016, Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI) highlighted a video in which a Kuwaiti Salafi preacher alleged that SpongeBob SquarePants and other youth cartoons were created by Jews in order to promote homosexuality, atheism, Satanism and the "emo movement". In 2018, Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan accused Jews of "turning men into women and women into men" with a "specially concocted strain of marijuana" invented to make Black men gay and effeminate.

In 2020, conspiracy theorist Rick Wiles endorsed a claim by some "Messianic Jews" that "Zionists" seek to "make all of humanity androgynous" as per the Kabbalistic concept of Adam Kadmon. They alleged that the plot involved "Zionist" support for transgender rights to "make people LGBT" by "putting specific things in food, in drink". Contrarily, some lesbian feminists have accused Jews of being "killers of the Goddess" over their perception of the god of Israel being male to blame Jews for women's mistreatment under the "patriarchy".

Controlling the weather and causing natural disasters

On March 16, 2018, Council of the District of Columbia member Trayon White posted a video on his Facebook page showing snow flurries falling, alluding to the conspiracy theory of the Rothschild family conspiring to manipulate the weather. In his post, he stated, "Y'all better pay attention to this climate control, man, this climate manipulation ... And that's a model based off the Rothschilds controlling the climate to create natural disasters they can pay for to own the cities, man. Be careful." The comment was widely reported in Washington and worldwide media as an endorsement of an antisemitic conspiracy theory. The Washington City Paper reported on March 19 that this was not the first time White alluded to a Jewish conspiracy to control global weather.

The idea that Jews use space lasers to manipulate the weather, or cause natural disasters, also dates back to 2018, when U.S. Representative Marjorie Taylor Greene suggested that the Camp Fire wildfires in Butte County, California were caused by lasers emitted from "space solar generators" in a scheme involving companies such as Rothschild & Co and Solaren. Despite Greene denying antisemitic intent in this theory, supporters of Greene quickly blamed the wildfires on Jews. Greene was condemned by the Republican Jewish Coalition, the Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations, and Christians United for Israel. Journalist and author Mike Rothschild, who is unrelated to the Rothschilds, also condemned these statements.

Provoking or fabricating antisemitism

During a speech at the Reichstag on 30 January 1939, Adolf Hitler accused "international Jewish financiers" of seeking to start a world war, but that this would be turned against them in an "annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe", for which the Jews would be fully to blame.

In 2002, the then-Hamas leader Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi asked, "People always talk about what the Germans did to the Jews, but the true question is, 'What did the Jews do to the Germans?'" Gilad Atzmon stated, "Jewish texts tend to glaze over the fact that Hitler's 28 March 1933, ordering a boycott against Jewish stores and goods, was an escalation in direct response to the declaration of war on Germany by the worldwide Jewish leadership." In January 2005, 19 members of the Russian State Duma demanded that Judaism and Jewish organizations be banned in Russia, alleging that "most antisemitic actions in the whole world are constantly carried out by Jews themselves with a goal of provocation." After sharp protests by Russian Jewish leaders, including Russia's Chief Rabbi Berel Lazar, human rights activists and the Russian Foreign Ministry, the Duma members retracted their appeal.

Dual loyalty

A trope found in The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, but originating long before that document, is that Jews are more loyal to world Jewry than to their own country. Since Israel's reestablishment in 1948, libels of Jews being more loyal to Israel than to their country of residence and citizenship have become widespread in different countries.

Cowardice and lack of patriotism

With the rise of racist theories in the 19th century, "nother old anti-Semitic canard served to underline the putative 'femininity' of the Jewish race. Like women, Jews lacked an 'essence'". In Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations, Kurt Jonassohn and Karin S. Björnson wrote:

Historically, Jews were not allowed to bear arms in most of the countries of the diaspora. Therefore, when they were attacked, they were not able to defend themselves. In some situations, their protector would defend them. If not, they only had a choice between hiding and fleeing. This is the origin of the anti-Semitic canard that Jews are cowards.

Jews were frequently accused of being insufficiently patriotic. In late 19th-century France, a political scandal known as the Dreyfus affair involved the wrongful conviction for treason of a young Jewish French officer. The political and judicial scandal ended with his full rehabilitation. During World War I, the German Military High Command implemented the Judenzählung (German for "Jewish Census"), which was designed to "confirm" allegations of the "lack of patriotism" among German Jews, but the results of the census disproved the accusations and were not made public. After the end of the war, the stab-in-the-back myth alleged that internal enemies, including Jews, were responsible for Germany's defeat.

In Stalin's Soviet Union, the statewide campaign against "rootless cosmopolitans", a Soviet euphemism for Jews, was set out on 28 January 1949 with an article in the party's official newspaper Pravda:

unbridled, evil-minded cosmopolitans, profiteers with no roots and no conscience Grown on rotten yeast of bourgeois cosmopolitanism, decadence and formalism non-indigenous nationals without a motherland, who poison with stench our proletarian culture.

Such propaganda was followed by state campaigns of persecution until Stalin's death in 1953, which involved mass termination of Soviet Jewish doctors and liquidation of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee based on false charges of treason, espionage and association with Zionism. The anniversary of the murders was commemorated by Soviet Jewry Movement's activists from the 1960s until the end of the Soviet Union.

In 1968, the Soviet-dominated Polish communist state exploited pre-existing antisemitism to peddle similar claims, equating Jewish origins with "disloyalty" and "Zionist sympathies", to blame Polish Jews for the anti-communist mass protests. A purge of Polish Jews, most of whom were Holocaust survivors, ensued. The purge caused the exodus of 5,000-10,000 Polish Jews – around 20-33% of those remaining back then. An apology was made by the democratic Polish government in March 2018.

Ethnocentrism

Many antisemitic conspiracy theory websites cherry-picked quotes from Jewish religious writings to justify the libel that Judaism is "racist teaching Jews to hate non-Jews." As per rabbi Joseph Soloveitchik,

Even as the Jew is moved by his private Sinaitic Covenant with God to embody and preserve the teachings of the Torah, he is committed to the belief that all mankind, of whatever color or creed, is "in His image" and is possessed of an inherent human dignity and worthiness. Man's singularity is derived from the breath "He breathed into his nostrils at the moment of creation" (Genesis 2:7). Thus, we do share in the universal historical experience, and God's providential concern does embrace all of humanity.

As per the minutes of a 1984 U.S. Congress hearing concerning the Soviet Jewry, the demonization of Jews based on bogus "ethnocentrism" charges was common:

This vicious anti-Semitic canard, frequently repeated by other Soviet writers and officials, is based upon the malicious notion that the "Chosen People" of the Torah and Talmud preaches "superiority over other peoples", as well as exclusivity. This was, of course, the principal theme of the notorious Tsarist Protocols of the Elders of Zion.

Fabricating or exaggerating the Holocaust

Holocaust denial consists of claims that the genocide of Jews during World War II – usually referred to as the Holocaust – did not occur at all, or it did not happen in the manner or to the extent which is historically recognized. Key elements of these claims are the rejection of the following facts:

• The Nazi regime had a policy of deliberately targeting Jews for extermination as a people
• At least six million Jews were systematically killed by the Nazis and their allies
• Genocide was carried out at extermination camps using tools of mass murder, such as gas chambers.

Most Holocaust denial claims imply, or openly state, that the Holocaust is a "hoax" committed out of a "deliberate Jewish conspiracy" to advance the "Jewish interests". Nowadays, outright denial is no longer socially acceptable. It has, however, morphed into more devious forms involving antisemitic tropes' usage to distort relevant events for fabricating Jewish guilt and legitimizing antisemitism. As such, Holocaust denial is antisemitic. Holocaust deniers are condemned for ignoring all the evidence disproving their falsehood.

Holocaust deniers include the late "anti-Zionist" Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser, former Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmedinejad, late Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah, late French professor Robert Faurisson, French teacher Vincent Reynouard, British author David Irving and Germar Rudolf.

In 2010, a poll found that 56% of citizens in Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco and the UAE believed that the Jews "deserved the Holocaust", most of whom were found to hold the false beliefs that

• A Jewish propaganda machine had promoted the Holocaust myth to extract huge sums of money from Germany and justify the founding of the state of Israel
• The Jewish victims died of natural causes or were sentenced to death for criminal reasons
• The Allied Powers deliberately inflated the number of Jews killed during the war

In 2014, another global survey found that almost half of the world did not know that the Holocaust ever happened, making them more susceptible to the tropes as mentioned.

Holocaust inversion

Whereas, "he main motif in Arab cartoons about Israel features 'the devilish Jew'" and "he core anti-Semitic motif of the Jew as the paradigm of an "absolute evil" has a set of submotifs. These, in turn, recur over the centuries but are differently cloaked according to the predominant narrative of the period." Such demonization by association with Israel is termed the Holocaust inversion. Holocaust inversion is an inversion of reality where Jews, the Holocaust's primary victims, are transposed into being the primary perpetrators to erase their historical victimhood and justify antisemitism. It is deemed a form of Holocaust trivialization. The World Jewish Congress noted that Holocaust inversion could be manifested as:

• Portraying Jews as Nazis
• Comparing Israeli prime ministers to Hitler and portraying the Star of David as equal to the swastika
• Images showing Anne Frank wearing a kaffiyeh
• Comparing the Nakba to the Holocaust
• Comparing the Gaza Strip to Jewish ghettos during the Holocaust

In such regard, the French philosopher Bernard-Henri Lévy remarked,

a mass movement demanding the deaths of Jews will be unlikely to yell "Money Jews" or "They Killed Christ." for such a movement to emerge, for people to feel once again the right to burn all the synagogues they want, to attack boys wearing yarmulkes, to harass large number of rabbis an entirely new discourse way of justifying it must emerge.

Zio, Zio-Nazi and even Zionist are used deceptively by antisemites to promote antisemitism while maintaining plausible deniability. David Duke, the former KKK's Grand Wizard, reportedly invented Zio as an anti-Jewish slur based on Zionism's popularity among contemporary Jews, especially in the United States and United Kingdom. Holocaust historian Yehuda Bauer saw Zio-Nazi as hate speech, while the Meta restricted these terms on Facebook and Instagram.

Yossi Klein Halevi, the author of The New York Times bestseller Letters to My Palestinian Neighbor, considered the trope a transmutation of an archaic dehumanizing motif of Jews:

The deepest source of anti-Israel animus is the symbolization of the Jew as embodiment of evil. The satanic Jew has been replaced by the satanic Jewish state The end of the post-Holocaust era is expressed most starkly in the inversion of the Holocaust The Jew-as-Nazi is the endpoint of political supersessionism: Not only have we forfeited our identity as "Israel," but we've assumed the identity of our worst enemy.

Nevertheless, it is notable that Cold War communist regimes, including the Soviet Union and its puppet state in Poland, had an often neglected history of persecuting their Jewish subjects based on "anti-Zionism".

Controlling the Atlantic slave trade

Exploiting the pre-existing racial tension between Black and Jewish Americans, antisemites have exaggerated Jews' role in the Atlantic slave trade to demonize them in the eyes of Black Americans. It is the central tenet of the American Islamist hate group Nation of Islam (NOI), led by Louis Farrakhan, that Jews "orchestrated" the Atlantic slave trade. A number of historians, including Saul S. Friedman, conducted research into the matter. Friedman published the book Jews and the American Slave Trade to summarise his findings, concluding that Jewish involvement in the Atlantic slave trade was negligible, thereby disproving the rumour. Also, in 1995, the American Historical Association (AHA) explicitly condemned "any statement alleging that Jews played a disproportionate role in the Atlantic slave trade".

Organ harvesting

Palestinians

In August 2009, an article in the Swedish tabloid Aftonbladet accused Israeli troops of harvesting organs from Palestinians who died in their custody. Henrik Bredberg wrote in the rival newspaper Sydsvenskan: "Donald Boström publicized a variant of an anti-Semitic classic, the Jew who abducts children and steals their blood." In a video on their website, Time magazine quoted the 2009 Swedish Aftonbladet's unbacked variant of the classic antisemitic blood libel accusation as fact and retracted the allegations that Israeli soldiers had harvested and sold Palestinian organs in 2009 within hours on 24 August 2014 after a denouncing report from HonestReporting came out.

In December 2009, Israel's Channel 2 published an interview with Yehuda Hiss, the former chief pathologist at L. Greenberg Institute of Forensic Medicine, where he accused workers at the forensic institute of taking skin, corneas, heart valves and bones from deceased Israelis, Palestinians and foreign workers without permission in the 1990s. Hiss was dismissed as head of Abu Kabir in 2004 after discovery of the use of organs. Israeli officials acknowledged that isolated incidents had taken place, but the vast majority of cases involved Israeli citizens and no such incidents had occurred for a protracted period, while Hiss had already been removed from his position. In a state inquiry report, they also found “no evidence that Hiss targeted Palestinians...The families of dead Israeli soldiers were among those who complained about Hiss's conduct.” Despite this, similar accusations are still made by different members of society, including the Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor.

During the 2023-present Israel–Hamas war conspiracy theories were spread that the IDF was harvesting the organ of Palestinians. There has been no evidence presented to substantiate this outside of claims made by the Gaza Ministry of Health. Despite this the claim has been spread and been used to incite anti-Jewish sentiments online.

Haiti

In the immediate aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, Israel sent 120 staff, doctors and troops of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) to Port-au-Prince. The IDF set up a field hospital that performed 316 surgeries and delivered 16 babies. On 18 January, an American "activist" called T. West posted a YouTube video calling on Haitians to be wary of "personalities who are out for money", which he referred to as the Israeli Defense Force (IDF). To explain his allegations, West stated that in the past "the IDF participated in stealing organ transplants of Palestinians and others", thus echoing the Aftonbladet Israel controversy. West, who claimed to speak for a black-empowerment group called AfriSynergy Productions, stopped short of making more explicit accusations against the IDF's behaviour in Haiti but he noted that there was "little monitoring" of it in the quake's aftermath, insinuating that organ theft was at the very least a strong possibility. The Iranian state outlet Press TV promoted the allegations. In a speech on 22 January, Ayatollah Ahmad Khatami said "There have been news reports that the Zionist regime, in the case of the catastrophe of Haiti, and under the pretext of providing relief to the people of Haiti, is stealing the organs of these wretched people", again without citing any evidence. On 27 January, a Syrian TV reporter described T. West's video as "document this heinous crime and show Israelis engaged in stealing organs from the earthquake victims" (despite the fact that the video quite evidently does no such thing).

On 1 February 2010, "The Palestine Telegraph" accused the IDF of harvesting organs in Haiti for sale based on the said YouTube video by T. West whose material was re-used from Hezbollah's Al-Manar TV. In the United Kingdom, Baroness Jenny Tonge was removed from her role as Liberal Democrat health spokeswoman as a result of an interview in which she suggested that an independent inquiry should be established. Israeli media and Jewish groups fought back against the claims immediately. In an interview with the Ynetnews, West re-iterated his accusation of IDF's past organ theft and cited Operation Bid Rig as further "evidence" of Jewish "involvement" in organ trafficking. The Anti-Defamation League responded, labeling West's allegations as an antisemitic "Big Lie", while an author for the Jewish Ledger referred to the rumors as a renewed blood libel.

9/11 conspiracy theories

Some conspiracy theories hold that Jews or Israel played a key role in carrying out the September 11 attacks. As per a paper published by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), "anti-Semitic conspiracy theories have not been accepted in mainstream circles in the U.S.", but "this is not the case in the Arab and Muslim world". A claim that 4,000 Jewish employees skipped work at the WTC on 11 September has been widely reported and widely debunked. The number of Jews who died in the attacks – typically estimated at 400 – tracks closely with the proportion of Jews living in the New York area. Five Israelis died in the attack.

In 2003, the ADL published a report which attacked "hateful conspiracy theories" that the 9/11 attacks were carried out by Israelis and Jews, saying that they had the potential to "rationalize and fuel global anti-Semitism". The ADL's report found that "The Big Lie has united the American far-right, white supremacists and the Arab and Muslim world". It also found that many of those were modern manifestations of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion. The ADL has characterized the Jeff Rense website as carrying antisemitic materials, such as "American Jews staged the 9/11 terrorist attacks for their own financial gain and to induce the American people to endorse wars of aggression and genocide on the nations of the Middle East and the theft of their resources for the benefit of Israel". Accusations of Jews masterminding the 9/11 attacks have also been made by the black supremacist New Black Panther Party (NBPP), which have gained traction among anti-Zionist Black Americans.

Contradictory accusations

Various researchers noted the irrational contradictions in antisemitic tropes. Leon Pinsker noted as early as in 1882:

Friend and foe alike have tried to explain or to justify this hatred of the Jews by bringing all sorts of charges against them. They are alleged to have crucified Jesus, to have drunk the blood of Christians, to have poisoned wells, to have taken usury, to have exploited the peasant, and so on. These and a thousand and one other charges against an entire people have been proved groundless. They showed their own weakness in that they had to be trumped up wholesale in order to quiet the evil conscience of the Jew-baiters, to justify the condemnation of an entire nation, to demonstrate the necessity of burning the Jew, or rather the Jewish ghost, at the stake. He who tries to prove too much proves nothing at all. Though the Jews may justly be charged with many shortcomings, those shortcomings are, at all events, not such great vices, not such capital crimes, as to justify the condemnation of the entire people.

In her 2003 book The Holocaust and Antisemitism: A Short History, Jocelyn Hellig wrote:

Michael Curtis has pointed out the many directly contradictory accusations, claiming that Jews are simultaneously:

• alienated from society but also cosmopolitans
• isolationed but also intermingled among other peoples
• individualist but also communal
• capitalist exploiters and international financiers but also revolutionary Marxists
• materialistic but also people of the Book
• militant aggressors but also cowardly pacifists
• arrogant but also timid
• superstitious but also promoters of secularism
• upholders of rigid law but also morally decadent
• a chosen people but also an inferior race
• crucifiers of Christ but also inventors of Christianity

Curtis stated:

no single group of people could feasibly have such a total monopoly on evil.

Gustavo Perednik wrote in Judeophobia:

The Jews were accused by the nationalists of being the creators of Communism; by the Communists of ruling Capitalism. If they live in non-Jewish countries, they are accused of double-loyalties; if they live in the Jewish country, of being racists. When they spend their money, they are reproached for being ostentatious; when they don't spend their money, of being avaricious. They are called rootless cosmopolitans or hardened chauvinists. If they assimilate, they are accused of being fifth-columnists, if they don't, of shutting themselves away.

Comments about tropes

As per defense attorney Kenneth Stern, "Historically, Jews have not fared well around conspiracy theories. Such ideas fuel anti-Semitism. The myths that all Jews are responsible for the death of Christ, or poisoned wells, or killed Christian children to bake matzos, or 'made up' the Holocaust, or plot to control the world, do not succeed each other; rather, the list of anti-Semitic canards gets longer." Hannah Arendt, in analyzing antisemitism in the first part of The Origins of Totalitarianism, shared a joke:

An antisemite claimed that the Jews had caused the war; the reply was: Yes, the Jews and the bicyclists. Why the bicyclists? asked the one; the other replied: Why the Jews?

See also

• Conspiracy theory
• Expulsions and exoduses of Jews
• False accusation
• Geography of antisemitism
• Jewish history
• Moral panic
• Persecution of Jews
• Scapegoating
• Stereotypes of Jews
• Timeline of antisemitism
• Timeline of Jewish history

• Judaism

Notes

1. • Jews and Judaism are not interchangeable because Jewishness can be defined by ancestry or religious identity.
     • Krausz, Ernest; Tulea, Gitta (1997). Jewish Survival: The Identity Problem at the Close of the Twentieth Century. Transaction Publishers. pp. 90–. ISBN 978-1-4128-2689-1. A person born Jewish who refutes Judaism may continue to assert a Jewish identity, and if he or she does not convert to another religion, even religious Jews will recognize the person as a Jew.
     • "Belonging without believing: British Jewish identity and God". Institute for Jewish Policy Research. 20 March 2024. Only a third of Jews living in the UK have faith in God, as described in the Bible, yet 'non-believers' make up more than half of paid-up synagogue memberships, according to data from the JPR National Jewish Identity Survey.
     • "Jews in U.S. are far less religious than Christians and Americans overall, at least by traditional measures". Pew Research Center. 13 May 2021. 12% of U.S. Jewish adults say they attend religious services weekly or more often, compared with 27% of the general public and 38% of U.S. Christians. And 21% of Jewish adults say religion is very important in their lives, compared with 41% of U.S. adults overall and 57% of Christians There are even bigger gaps when it comes to belief in God. About a quarter of Jews (26%) say they believe in God as described in the Bible, compared with more than half of U.S. adults overall (56%) and eight-in-ten Christians. Jews are more likely than U.S. adults overall (50% vs. 33%) to say they believe in some other spiritual force or higher power, but not in God as described in the Bible. Jewish adults also are twice as likely as the general public to say they do not believe in any kind of higher power or spiritual force in the universe (22% vs. 10%).
2. Blood libel in the modern world:
   • In 1986, Defense Minister of Syria Mustafa Tlass authored book The Matzah of Zion. The book renews anti-Jewish ritual murder accusations of 1840 Damascus affair and alleges that The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is a factual document.
   • "Iranian TV Blood Libel: Jewish Rabbis Killed Hundreds of European Children to use Their Blood for Passover Holiday & Discussion on Holocaust Denial". 22 December 2005. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011.
   • Gerber, Gane S. (1986). History and hate: the dimensions of anti-Semitism. Jewish Publication Society of America. p. 88. ISBN 0827602677.
3. Cohen also noted,
   
   Dozens of Judensaus intersect with the portrayal of the Jew as a Christ killer. Various illustrations of the murder of Simon of Trent blended images of Judensau, the devil and the Crucifixion. In a seventeenth-century engraving from Frankfurt a well-dressed, very contemporary-looking Jew has mounted the sow backward and holds her tail, while a second Jew sucks at her milk and a third eats her feces. The horned devil, himself wearing a Jewish badge, looks on and the butchered Simon, splayed as if on a cross.

References

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2. Feldman, Louis H. (1996). Studies in Hellenistic Judaism. Arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judentums und des Urchristentums. Leiden; New York: E. J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-10418-1.
3. "Analysis: The antisemitic libel is back again". The Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
4. Teter, Magda (2021). "On the Continuities and Discontinuities of Anti-Jewish Libels". Antisemitism Studies. 5 (2): 370–400. ISSN 2474-1817.
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6. ^ Levy 2005, p. 55.
7. Rose, Emily M. (2 June 2022). Crusades, Blood Libels, and Popular Violence. Cambridge University Press. pp. 194–212. ISBN 978-1-108-49440-3. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
8. ^ Goldberg 1982.
9. Brasher, Brenda (2001). Encyclopedia of Fundamentalism. Abingdon, England: Routledge. p. 305. With the racist and anti-Semitic theology of Christian Identity as their justification, they blame the Jewish Antichrist, or the Zionist Occupation Government (ZOG), which rules in Washington, taking its orders from internationalist Jews in Israel, the United Nations, and the Fortune 500. Attracting old-line hate groups like the Ku Klux Klan and inspiring newer ones like the Aryan Nation Alliance the militia and Patriot movements have helped to legitimize racist and anti-Semitic hate groups
10. Zipperstein, Steven J. (2019). Pogrom: Kishinev and the tilt of history (First published as an Liveright paperback ed.). New York London: Liveright Publishing Corporation. ISBN 978-1-63149-599-1.
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12. • Baker, Lee D. (2010). Anthropology and the Racial Politics of Culture. Duke University Press. p. 158. ISBN 978-0822346982.
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15. ^ "The kinds of assertions made in Holocaust-denial material include the following:
    • Several hundred thousand rather than approximately six million Jews died during the war.
    • Scientific evidence proves that gas chambers could not have been used to kill large numbers of people.
    • The Nazi command had a policy of deporting Jews, not exterminating them.
    • Some deliberate killings of Jews did occur, but were carried out by the peoples of Eastern Europe rather than the Nazis.
    • Jews died in camps of various kinds, but did so as the result of hunger and disease. The Holocaust is a myth created by the Allies for propaganda purposes, and subsequently nurtured by the Jews for their own ends.
    • Errors and inconsistencies in survivors' testimonies point to their essential unreliability.
    • Alleged documentary evidence of the Holocaust, from photographs of concentration camp victims to Anne Frank's diary, is fabricated.
    • The confessions of former Nazis to war crimes were extracted through torture." "The nature of Holocaust denial: What is Holocaust denial?" Archived 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, JPR report No. 3, 2000. Retrieved 18 December 2006.
16. Webman, Esther (2022), "New Islamic Antisemitism, Mid-19th to the 21st Century", The Cambridge Companion to Antisemitism, Cambridge University Press, pp. 430–447, doi:10.1017/9781108637725.029, ISBN 978-1-108-49440-3, retrieved 26 February 2024
17. ""Denial": how to deal with a conspiracy theory in the era of 'post-truth'". Cambridge University Press. 16 February 2017.
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19. {{bulleted list| |"Countering the Denial and Distortion of the 10/7 Hamas Attack". American Jewish Committee. 28 December 2023. |"From Right to Left and In Between: Jew-hatred Across the Political Divide". U.S. Department of State. 21 February 2024. |"Hamas killing spree haunts Holocaust survivors in 'March of the Living'". Voice of America. 5 May 2024.
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22. "Nazi Propaganda". Zichronam l'Vracha. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 24 September 2006.
23. Gerstenfeld, Manfred (1 March 2007). "Anti-Israelism and Anti-Semitism: Common Characteristics and Motifs". Jewish Political Studies Review. Jerusalem Center for Security and Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 5 October 2024. Often cartoons embody more than one principal anti-Semitic submotif In addition to the conspiracy motif, it also expresses a second one: that Israel or the Jews are subhuman. Kotek mentions that Jews are often represented as spiders, bloodthirsty vampires, and octopuses, and notes that he has not found any other nation besides the Jews being systematically depicted as vampires.
24. "Examples of antisemitism in both the Arab and Muslim world". intelligence.org.il. Israel: Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center, Center for Special Studies. Archived from the original on 3 July 2007. Retrieved 24 September 2006.
25. Spargo, John (1921). The Jew and American Ideals. New York: Harper. pp. 20–40 – via Marxists Internet Archive.
26. Alderman, G. (1983). The Jewish Community in British Politics. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 102.
27. Mendes, Philip (2010). Debunking the myth of Jewish communism.
28. Frankel, Richard (July 2013). "One Crisis Behind? Rethinking Antisemitic Exceptionalism in the United States and Germany". American Jewish History. 97 (3): 235–258. doi:10.1353/ajh.2013.0020.
29. "Dissemination of racist and antisemitic hate material on television programs". domino.un.org. United Nations Economic and Social Council. Archived from the original on 28 December 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2005.
30. Schwarz, Sidney (2006). Judaism and Justice: The Jewish Passion to Repair the World. Jewish Lights Publishing. p. 96. ISBN 1-58023-312-0. One of the most widely distributed antisemitic tracts in history is The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, a book of canards which was authored in the nineteenth century and portrays Jews as conspiring to seek global dominance. Similarly, American-based racist groups frequently accused Jews of controlling both banks and public officials during the 20th century.
31. Herf, Jeffrey (2005). "The 'Jewish War': Goebbels and the Antisemitic Campaigns of the Nazi Propaganda Ministry". Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 19 (1): 51–80. doi:10.1093/hgs/dci003. S2CID 143944355.
32. • Michlic, Joanna Beata (2006). Poland's Threatening Other: The Image of the Jew from 1880 to the Present. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 48, 55–56. ISBN 0-8032-3240-3.
    • Blobaum, Robert (2005). Anti-Semitism and Its Opponents in Modern Poland. Cornell University Press. p. 61. ISBN 0-8014-4347-4.
    • Halasi, Zoltán (2017). "The ghost of Judeopolonia or the never-existing Eastern European confederation". Understanding Central Europe (1 ed.). Routledge. pp. 229–237. doi:10.4324/9781315157733-28. ISBN 9781315157733. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
    • Bulska, Dominika; Haska, Agnieszka; Winiewski, Mikołaj; Bilewicz, Michał (2020). "From Judeo-Polonia to Act 447: How and why did the Jewish conspiracy myth become a central issue in Polish political discourse?". Conspiracy Theories in Eastern Europe: Tropes and Trends. Routledge. ISBN 9780429326073. Retrieved 16 October 2024. Currently, according to census data, there are approximately 10,000 Jews living in Poland. At the same time, antisemitic attitudes, especially the belief in a Jewish conspiracy, are widespread among Polish society. What are the sources of such attitudes? What are the psychological functions of it?
    • Blobaum, Robert (4 April 2023). "From Judeo-Polonia to Judeo-Communism, 1912–1922". East European Jewish Affairs. 52: 16–29. doi:10.1080/13501674.2023.2168534.
33. Larsson, Stieg (7 January 2014). The Expo Files: Articles by the Crusading Journalist. London, England: Quercus. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-62365-065-0. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
34. • Daniels, Jessie (1997). White Lies: Race, Class, Gender and Sexuality in White Supremacist Discourse. Abingdon, England: Routledge. p. 45. ISBN 0-415-91289-X.
    • Bronner, Stephen Eric (2000). A Rumor About the Jews: Reflections on Antisemitism and The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 136. The National States Rights Party and the California Noontide Press distributed The Protocols during the 1970s and it is still hailed by representatives of right-wing militias: William Luther Pierce, author of the neofascist bestseller The Turner Diaries, for example, identifies the American state as a 'Zionist Occupation Government'.
    • Brasher, Brenda (2001). Encyclopedia of Fundamentalism. Abingdon, England: Routledge. p. 305. With the racist and anti-Semitic theology of Christian Identity as their justification, they blame the Jewish Antichrist, or the Zionist Occupation Government (ZOG), which rules in Washington, taking its orders from internationalist Jews in Israel, the United Nations, and the Fortune 500. Attracting old-line hate groups like the Ku Klux Klan and inspiring newer ones like the Aryan Nation Alliance the militia and Patriot movements have helped to legitimize racist and anti-Semitic hate groups
    • Perry, Barbara (2003). Hate and Bias Crime. Abingdon, England: Routledge. p. 325. vivid philosophy of White supremacy, including the belief that the United States is manipulated by foreign Jewish interests collectively known as the Zionist Occupation Government (ZOG). With this conspiracy theory, the strain is 'explained' (for example, the Jews are behind multicultural curricula), and the solution is presented: hate crimes and race war.
35. • Pilch, Richard F; Zilinskas, Raymond A (2005). Encyclopedia of Bioterrorism Defense. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. p. 114. The importance of Christian Identity (CI) in the context of bioterrorism is that it has been openly embraced by certain U.S. right-wing 'militia' and terrorist cells whose members have expressed interest in acquiring or utilizing pathogens and toxic chemical agents as weapons against their opponents, including representatives of the 'Zionist Occupation Government' (ZOG) that they feel is controlled by 'satanic' Jews.
    • Sauter, Mark; Carafano, James (2005). Homeland Security. New York City: McGraw Hill Education. p. 122. The Order, a faction of the Aryan Nations, seized national attention during the 1980s. The tightly organized racist and anti-Semitic group opposed the federal government, calling it the 'ZOG', or Zionist Occupation Government.
    • Weitz, Eric; Fenner, Angelica, eds. (2004). Fascism and Neofascism: Critical Writings on the Radical Right in Europe. Studies in European Culture and History. London, England: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 208. ISBN 978-1-40396659-9. the neo-Nazis have proclaimed themselves a white/Aryan resistance movement fighting the Zionist Occupation Government (ZOG) and racial traitors.
    • Becker, Amy B. (2020). "Polarization and American Jews: The Partisan Debate Over Attribution of Blame and Responsibility for Rising Anti-Semitism in the United States". Social Science Quarterly. 101 (4): 1572–1583. doi:10.1111/ssqu.12829.
36. • Perimutter, Dawn (2004). Investigating Religious Terror and Ritualistic Crimes. CRC Press. p. 49. ISBN 9781420041040.
    • "Farrakhan compares Jews to termites, says Jews are 'stupid'". The Jerusalem Post. 17 October 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2024. Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan has once again provoked controversy by comparing Jews to termites and calling Jewish people stupid in a speech he gave earlier this week at an event marking the 23rd anniversary of the so-called "Million Man March" in Washington, DC in 1995 I'm not an anti-Semite. I'm anti-Termite "To the members of the Jewish community that don't like me, thank you very much for putting my name all over the planet because of your fear of what we represent," he continued Farrakhan was referring to the strong reaction to antisemitic comments he made in a speech in May this year when he talked of "Satanic Jews who have infected the whole world with poison and deceit."
    • "'You Corrupt the World!' Jewish Man Wearing Kippah Assaulted in Washington, DC". Algemeiner. 11 July 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2024. The suspect said: "They're the cause of all our wars. The children in Gaza in Palestine You have stolen our birthright you have enslaved us a people. You now corrupt the banks and you corrupt the world. They are the ones who brought rap music into our communities tainting the minds of our children they control the music scene. Now you hold the world ransom, because you control all the money We know that you're murdering innocent men, women, and children in Gaza! You collect interest on the poor! How can people live with you who hold them captive!"
37. • Pollack, Eunice G. (2013). Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present (PDF). Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel. p. 4.
    • "Malcolm X founded Harvard University's antisemitism". Jewish News Syndicate. 22 February 2024. Jews and Zionism have been cast as the ultimate oppressors of black Americans.
    • "When Malcolm X Met the Nazis". VICE. 15 April 2015. On Sunday, June 25, 1961, ten members of the American Nazi Party arrived at a Nation of Islam rally in Washington, DC According to historian William Schmaltz, Malcolm X delivered a speech Rockwell contributed $20 Overt anti-Semitism, it turned out, was something the two groups could bond over. While Rockwell pushed his hatred of Jews to frothy extremes, Muhammad backed a range of racist theories, including the hoax that the Jews had financed the slave trade.
    • "Malcolm X and the Jews". The Forward. 1 June 2013.
38. "Mahathir attack on Jews condemned". CNN. 17 October 2003. Archived from the original on 18 February 2007. Retrieved 4 October 2024.
39. "New Black Panther Party". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved 25 June 2019. The New Black Panther Party is a virulently racist and antisemitic organization whose leaders have encouraged violence against whites, Jews and law enforcement officers.
40. "New Black Panthers Exploit Gaza Conflict To Promote Anti-Semitism". Anti-Defamation League. Archived from the original on 28 January 2022.
41. "Panthers Blame Jews for Congresswoman's Defeat". Anti-Defamation League. 25 August 2006. You got what you damn wanted. You got your Uncle Tom You ain't in Israel Gonna get your Jewish You wanna know what led to the loss? Israel. The Zionists. You. Put on your yarmulke and celebrate.
42. "Politico Called Anti-Semitic For Accusing Chabad In Trump's Russia Scandal". The Forward. 9 April 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2024.
43. "Leong's vile antisemitic slur exposed". The Australian Jewish News. 8 February 2024. Retrieved 4 October 2024. The use of the term "tentacles" echoes a Nazi-era cartoon depicting Jewish people as an octopus with tentacles reaching across the globe..."Jenny Leong wants to silence Jewish Australians and to remove any Jewish influence in politics, the arts and philanthropy. She believes Jewish Australians have no place in our national life. This is the Greens."
44. "Why progressive Jews like me can no longer support the Greens". The Jewish Independent. 7 February 2024. Retrieved 4 October 2024. Until the party moves past binary thinking and acknowledges the complexity of the Middle-East, the Greens will continue to lose the Jews who believed in it.
45. • "Australian lawmaker apologizes after remarks on Jewish and Zionist lobby 'tentacles'". The Times of Israel. 8 February 2024. Retrieved 4 October 2024. Local Jewish community leader says Greens party member Jenny Leong 'plumbing new depths'; New South Wales legislator maintains Israel is guilty of apartheid and genocide in Gaza
    • "Green MP Jenny Leong apologises for anti-Semitic slur in leaked video". The Australian. 9 February 2024. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
    • Rose, Tamsin (7 February 2024). "Chris Minns warns against use of antisemitic tropes after Greens MP apologises for Jewish lobby comments". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
46. • Zimmir, Ben (14 March 2018). "The Origins of the 'Globalist' Slur". The Atlantic.
    • "Globalist #TranslateHate". American Jewish Committee. 15 March 2021. Much like dual loyalty, globalist is used to promote the antisemitic conspiracy that Jewish people do not have allegiance to their countries of origin but to some worldwide order that will enhance their control over the world's banks, governments, and media The idea of a Jewish globalist was embedded in the core ideology of Nazism. Hitler often portrayed Jews as "international elements" who "conduct their business everywhere," posing a threat to all people who are "bounded to their soil, to the Fatherland."
    • "QAnon's Antisemitism and What Come's Next". Anti-Defamation League. 17 September 2021.
47. Saul, Heather (13 May 2016). "Tyson Fury breaks into disturbing rant during bizarre interview". The Independent. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
48. Perednik, Gustavo D. (1 August 2013). "Typifying HD to explain Judeophobia". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
49. Palmer, Brian (5 October 2010). "Do Jews Really Control the Media?". Slate. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
50. "FAIR: The Jewish Media: The Lie That Won't Die". Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting.
51. Láníček, Jan (2013). Czechs, Slovaks and the Jews, 1938–48: Beyond Idealisation and Condemnation. New York: Springer. pp. 4, 10. ISBN 978-1-137-31747-6. Later on, Masaryk repeated the same story, only instead of using 'partly managed' he used the phrase 'a great influence on newspapers in all the Allied countries'. The great philosopher and humanist Masaryk was still using the same anti-Semitic trope found at the bottom of all anti-Jewish accusations.
52. Hadel, Ira B. (1989). Joyce and the Jews: Culture and Texts. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 64–66. ISBN 978-0-333-38352-0.
53. Haugh, Ben; Early, Ronan. "Sinn Féin TD Réada Cronin's 'antisemitic' tweets unacceptable, says party". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
54. "Réada Cronin: SF leader to discuss TD's comments with Jewish Council". BBC News. 20 February 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
55. Goldberg 1997, pp. 279–304.
56. Goldberg 1997, pp. 280–281.
57. • Levy 2005, pp. 375–376
    • Medoff, Rafael (2002). Jewish Americans and Political Participation: A Reference Handbook. ABC-CLIO. pp. 61–62. ISBN 1-57607-314-9.
    • Karsh, Efraim (2004). Arafat's War: The Man and His Battle for Israeli Conquest. Grove Press. p. 95. ISBN 0-8021-4158-7.
    • Davies, Alan T. (1992). Antisemitism in Canada: History and Interpretation. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. p. 76. ISBN 0-88920-216-8.
58. • Buhle, Paul (2007). Jews and American Popular Culture: Music, Theater, Popular Art, and Literature. Vol. 2. Praeger Publishers. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-275-98795-4.
    • Marks, Steven Gary (2003). How Russia Shaped the Modern World: From Art to Anti-semitism, Ballet to Bolshevism. Princeton University Press. p. 173. ISBN 0-691-09684-8.
    • Goldstein, Eric L. (2006). The price of whiteness: Jews, race, and American identity. Princeton University Press. p. 122. ISBN 0-691-12105-2.
    • Norman Kelly (2005) "Notes on the political economy of black music", in R&B, Rhythm and Business: The Political Economy of Black Music (ISBN 1888451688), Norman Kelly (Ed.), 2005, Akashic Books, pp 12–13.
    • Singh, Robert (1997). The Farrakhan Phenomenon: Race, Reaction, and the Paranoid Style in American Politics. Georgetown University Press. p. 165. ISBN 0-87840-658-1.
59. • Wilson, Chris (2022). "Nostalgia, entitlement and victimhood: The synergy of white genocide and misogyny". Terrorism and Political Violence. 34 (8): 1810–1825. doi:10.1080/09546553.2020.1839428. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
    • Loefflad, Eric (2024). "International Law for a Time of Monsters: 'White Genocide', The Limits of Liberal Legalism, and the Reclamation of Utopia". Law and Critique. 35: 191–212. doi:10.1007/s10978-022-09337-y.
    • Keulenaar, Emillie De; Tuters, Marc (2024). "The Affordances of Replacement Narratives: How the White Genocide and Great Replacement Theories Converge in Poorly Moderated Online Milieus". The Politics of Replacement (1 ed.). Routledge. pp. 139–161. doi:10.4324/9781003305927-12. ISBN 9781003305927. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
60. • "Great Replacement Theory: Here's What Jews Need to Know About White Supremacy". American Jewish Committee. 17 May 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2024.
    • "White Supremacist Propaganda Incidents Soar to Record High in 2023". Anti-Defamation League. 26 March 2024. Retrieved 11 October 2024.
    • "Kentucky Politician Claimed Jewish People 'Promote White Genocide' in 2017 Private Chat". Southern Poverty Law Center. 3 April 2024. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
61. • Davis, Mark (25 January 2024). "Violence as method: the "white replacement", "white genocide", and "Eurabia" conspiracy theories and the biopolitics of networked violence". Ethnic and Racial Studies: 1–21. doi:10.1080/01419870.2024.2304640.
    • "White Genocide". Institute for Strategic Dialogue. 8 February 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
    • Moses, A Dirk. (29 March 2019). ""White Genocide" and the Ethics of Public Analysis". Journal of Genocide Research. 21 (2): 201–213. doi:10.1080/14623528.2019.1599493. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
62. "White House blasts Musk's 'hideous' antisemitic lie, advertisers pause on X". Reuters. 18 November 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
63. ^ "The Racist 'Great Replacement' Conspiracy Theory Explained". Southern Poverty Law Center. 17 May 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2024.
64. "ADL Report 'Blaming the Jews: The Financial Crisis and Anti-Semitism'". Anti-Defamation League.
65. "Jewish 'Control' of the Federal Reserve: A Classic Anti-Semitic Myth". Anti-Defamation League. Archived from the original on 12 January 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
66. "When Paranoia Meets Prejudice: Debunking the Notion of a Jewish Conspiracy". 19 August 2003. Retrieved 25 January 2014. Anti-racist activist Tim Wise once rebutted the trope,
    'Of course, in keeping with the logic of anti-Jewish bigots, perhaps one should ask the following: If media or financial wrongdoing is Jewish inspired should the depredations of white Christian-dominated industries (like the tobacco or automobile industries) be viewed as examples of white Christian malfeasance? After all, 400,000 people per year die because of smoking-related illnesses, and tobacco companies withheld information on the cancerous properties of their products. Is their race, religion or ethnic culture relevant to their misdeeds? If not, why is it suddenly relevant when the executives in question are Jewish?'
67. Johnson, Paul (1987). A History of the Jews. New York: HarperCollins. p. 174. ISBN 0-06-091533-1. Financial oppression of Jews tended to occur in areas where they were most disliked, and if Jews reacted by concentrating on moneylending to gentiles, the unpopularity – and so, of course, the pressure – would increase Christians condemned interest-taking and from 1179 those who practised it were excommunicated Christians also imposed the harshest financial burdens on Jews. Jews reacted by engaging in the one business where Christian laws actually discriminated in their favour, and so became identified with the hated trade of moneylending.
68. Laqueur, Walter (2006). The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day. Oxford University Press. p. 154. ISBN 0-19-530429-2.
69. Levy 2005, pp. 623–624.
70. "History's greatest conspiracy theories". The Daily Telegraph. 19 November 2008. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.
71. Laqueur, Walter (1965). Russia and Germany. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
72. • Smith, S. A., ed. (2014). The Oxford Handbook of the History of Communism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 206. ISBN 9780191667510. Here anti-communism merged with antisemitism as concepts such as Polish żydokomuna (Judaeo-Communism) suggest.
    • Stone, Dan (2014). Goodbye to All That?: The Story of Europe Since 1945. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 265. ISBN 978-0-19-969771-7.
    • Michnik, Adam; Marczyk, Agnieszka (2018). "Introduction: Poland and Antisemitism". In Michnik, Adam; Marczyk, Agnieszka (eds.). Against Anti-Semitism: An Anthology of Twentieth-century Polish Writings. New York: Oxford University Press. p. xvii (xi–2). ISBN 978-0-1-90624514.
    • Belavusau, Uladzislau (2013). Freedom of Speech: Importing European and US Constitutional Models in Transitional Democracies. Routledge. p. 151. ISBN 978-1-135-07198-1.
73. • Krajewski, Stanisław (2000). "Jews, Communism, and the Jewish Communists" (PDF). In Kovács, András (ed.). Jewish Studies at the CEU: Yearbook 1996–1999. Central European University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2018.
    • Polonksy, Antony; Michlic, Joanna B., eds. (2003). "Explanatory notes". The Neighbors Respond: The Controversy over the Jedwabne Massacre in Poland. Princeton University Press. p. 469. ISBN 978-0-691-11306-7.
    • William W. Hagen (2023). "The Expulsion of Jews From Communist Poland: Memory Wars and Homeland Anxieties". Slavic Review. 82 (2). Cambridge University Press: 519–520. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
    • Joanna Tokarska-Bakir (2023). Cursed: A Social Portrait of the Kielce Pogrom. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9781501771484. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
74. ^
    • Grabowski, Jan; Klein, Shira (9 February 2023). "Misplaced Pages's Intentional Distortion of the History of the Holocaust". The Journal of Holocaust Research. 37 (2): 133–190. doi:10.1080/25785648.2023.2168939. ISSN 2578-5648. a group of committed Misplaced Pages editors have been promoting a skewed version of history Misplaced Pages's articles on the Holocaust in Poland insinuate that most Jews supported Communism and conspired with Communists to betray Poles (Żydokomuna or Judeo–Bolshevism), blame Jews for their own persecution, and inflate Jewish collaboration with the Nazis
    • "The shocking truth about Misplaced Pages's Holocaust disinformation". The Forward. 14 June 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2024. To our dismay, we found dozens of examples of Holocaust distortion advanced a Polish nationalist narrative People who read these pages learned about Jews supporting the communists to betray Poles. A handful of distortions have been corrected since our publication, but many remain.
    • "Exposing the Holocaust Lies on the Dark Side of Misplaced Pages". Chapman University News. 17 November 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
    • "Misplaced Pages and Judaism: How Holocaust Denial Became Embedded in the World's Go-To Source of (Mis)Information". World Religion News. 14 October 2024. Retrieved 15 October 2024. Misplaced Pages's articles on the Holocaust in Poland insinuate that most Jews supported Communism and conspired with Communists to betray Poles (Żydokomuna or Judeo-Bolshevism), blame Jews for their own persecution, and inflate Jewish collaboration with the Nazis."
75. "'Stalin was Jewish, Kabbalists are pedophiles': Candace Owens's antisemitic conspiracies". The Jerusalem Post. 15 August 2024. Retrieved 9 October 2024.
76. ^ Tuchman, Aryeh (2005). "Dietary Laws". In Levy, Richard S. (ed.). Antisemitism: a historical encyclopedia of prejudice and persecution. ABC-CLIO. p. 178. Antisemites have decried this certification as a 'kosher tax' that powerful Jews have enlisted governments to collect on their behalf; others have alleged that greedy rabbis threaten businesses with a Jewish boycott unless they accept their fee-based kosher certification.
77. "Anti-Semitism: Patriot publications taking on anti-Semitic edge". Intelligence Report. Southern Poverty Law Center. Winter 2002. Archived from the original on 14 March 2007. Retrieved 25 April 2007. Media Bypass, for one, offered a story about a 'Kosher Nostra scam', in which 'major food companies throughout America actually pay a Jewish Tax amounting to hundreds of millions of dollars per year in order to receive protection' against Jewish boycotts. These 'elaborate extortion schemes' are coordinated, alleges writer Ernesto Cienfuegos, by 'Rabbinical Councils that are set up, not just in the U.S. but in other western countries as well'.
78. "The 'Kosher Tax' Hoax: Anti-Semitic Recipe for Hate". Anti-Defamation League. January 1991. Archived from the original on 23 October 2006.
79. • Lungen, Paul (20 February 2003). "Jewish, Muslim groups join forces join to protect ritual slaughter". Canadian Jewish News. Retrieved 24 October 2006. Anti-Semites have advanced 'the libel of the kosher tax' to claim consumers are paying an extra tax on products that carry kosher certification.
    • Kaplan, Jeffery; Weinberg, Leonard (February 1999). The Emergence of a Euro-American Radical Right. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. p. 163. ISBN 0-8135-2563-2. LCCN 98023536.
    • Levenson, Barry M. (2001). Habeas Codfish: Reflections on Food and the Law. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 188. ISBN 0-299-17510-3. The dark side of this rather uneventful marketing fact is that some anti-Jewish hate groups have developed a bizarre and baseless theory that there is a 'kosher tax' levied on food, a kind of Jewish conspiracy to extort money from the population at large.
80. Luban, Yaakov. "The 'Kosher Tax' Fraud". Orthodox Union. Archived from the original on 22 October 2006. Retrieved 23 October 2006.
81. James Parkes, Prelude to Dialogue (London: 1969) p. 153; cited in Wilken, p. xv.
82. "Expelled Tory mayor 'said Jews were responsible for Jesus's death'". The Telegraph. 15 February 2024. Retrieved 15 October 2024. Atiqul Hoque, the first Muslim mayor of Salisbury, accused of making offensive comments on social media
83. • Ritter, Adolf M. (1998). "John Chrysostom and the Jews — A Reconsideration". In Mgaloblishvili, Tamila (ed.). Ancient Christianity in the Caucasus. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315026954-11. ISBN 9781315026954.
    • Brustein, Willian I. (2003). Roots of Hate: Anti-Semitism in Europe before the Holocaust. Cambridge University Press. p. 52. ISBN 0-521-77308-3.
    • Levine, Amy-Jill; Brettler, Marc Zvi, eds. (2011). The Jewish Annotated New Testament. Oxford University Press.
84. • "The resurrection of Christian antisemitism". The Jerusalem Post. 18 June 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2024. John the Golden-Throat (a.k.a. Chrysostom), ascended the pulpit in 347 CE where he began the first of eight sermons in a series titled, Adversus Judaeos; in English, Against The Jews...Chrysostom began his diatribe against all Jews by attacking Christians who celebrated Jewish holy days honoring the same God as Christianity, agreeing to disagree about Jesus. "We must first root this ailment out," he said, "and then take thought of matters outside. We must first cure our own." They are sick, he said, "with the Judaizing disease...deserving stronger condemnation than any Jew.
    • Berger, J. M.; Broschowitz, Michael S. (25 April 2024). "John Chrysostom: The Architect of Antisemitism". Center on Terrorism, Extremism and Counterterrorism. Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey. Retrieved 6 October 2024. Modern antisemitism is informed by concepts articulated more than 1,600 years ago by John Chrysostom, an early father of the Christian Church. While a direct causal lineage is hard to establish, Chrysostom's influence on historical and modern antisemitism is well-documented. Chrysostom articulated several key tropes of antisemitic ideology, including the belief that Jewish people are "schemers" and that they engage in human sacrifice. He also introduced dehumanizing language that foreshadowed the genocidal rhetoric of the Nazis who cited John Chrysostom as a historical source legitimizing their bigotry. Chrysostom is still cited by antisemitic extremists online and offline on a daily basis.
    • "Christians can't let history repeat itself when it comes to antisemitism". Premier Christianity. 10 May 2024. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
85. Fumagalli, Pier Francesco. "The Roots of Anti-Judaism in the Christian Environment". The Vatican. Retrieved 12 December 2018. Finally, two points are repudiated which in the past were the roots of persecution: the accusation that the Jewish people were collectively and forever responsible for the death of Christ (the so-called deicide) and anti-Semitism.
86. Stanley, Alessandra (13 March 2000). "Pope Asks Forgiveness for Errors Of the Church Over 2,000 Years". The New York Times.
87. "Pope says sorry for sins of church". The Guardian. 13 March 2000.
88. • "The Search for the Lost Menorah". Aish. 15 September 2024.
    • "2000 years on, search for Temple menorah continues". Israel Hayom. 14 December 2023.
    • "Is there new evidence of Jewish Temple treasures in the Vatican?". The Jerusalem Post. 10 February 2022.
    • "Is the Temple Menorah Hidden in the Vatican?". Chabad.
89. • Weitzman, Mark. "Jews and Judaism in the Political Theology of Radical Catholic Traditionalists" (PDF). Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism (SICSA).
    • "How QAnon and Trumpism Have Revealed a Deep Church Schism Among Catholics". Vanity Fair. 30 October 2020.
    • "The Webs Connecting 'Traditionalist' Catholics and White Nationalists". Sojourners. 29 July 2019.
    • "Pope Francis restricts Latin Mass that calls for the conversion of the Jews". The Times of Israel. 19 July 2021.
90. ^ "Radical Traditional Catholicism". Southern Poverty Law Center. For "radical traditionalist" Catholics, antisemitism is an inextricable part of their theology. They subscribe to an ideology that is rejected by the Vatican and some 70 million mainstream American Catholics.
91. ^ Thomas Droleskey in an article on Christ or Chaos, 19 February 2023.
92. Robert Sungenis in the video Is There Salvation Outside the Catholic Church?, 27 April 2021.
93. Atila Sinke Guimarães in an article on the Tradition in Action website, 31 August 2015.
94. "Traditionalist Catholicism". Anti-Defamation League.
95. Jones, Sam (29 April 2018). "Spain fights to dispel legend of Inquisition and imperial atrocities". The Guardian.
96. "Vatican 'dispels Inquisition myths'". BBC News. 15 June 2004.
97. Kelly, John (2005). The Great Mortality: An Intimate History of the Black Death, the Most Devastating Plague of All Time. HarperCollins. p. 242. ISBN 978-0060006921.
98. "Blood libel | Anti-Semitism & Historical Context | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 22 November 2024. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
99. Rubin 1993, p. 109.
100. Chazan 1980, pp. 142–145.
101. Biblical reference:
     Lev 15
102. Biblical references:
     Deut 12:31
     2 Kings 16:3
103. Biblical references:
     Ex 34:15
     Lev 20:2
     Deut 18:12
     Jer 7:31
104. Biblical reference:
     Lev 21:11
105. Rubin 1993, pp. 106–107.
106. “We pronounce the Jews of the aforementioned place and the rest of the Jews in Germany completely absolved of this imputed crime.”
107. Rubin 1993, pp. 113–115.
108. Chazan 1980, pp. 124–126.
109. Rubin 1993, pp. 115–116.
110. Marcus, Jacob R. (1961) . The Jew in the Medieval World. World Publishing. p. 153. we order that Jews seized upon such a silly pretext be freed from imprisonment and that they shall not be arrested henceforth on such a miserable pretext, unless – which we do not believe – they be caught in the commission of the crime.
111. Rubin 1993, pp. 116–117.
112. Synan, Edward A. (1965). The Popes and the Jews in the Middle Ages. Macmillan. p. 133.
113. Frankel, Jonathan (13 January 1997). The Damascus Affair: 'Ritual Murder', Politics, and the Jews in 1840. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-48396-4.
114. Frankel, Jonathan (1997). The Damascus Affair: "Ritual Murder", Politics, and the Jews in 1840. Cambridge University Press. pp. 418, 421. ISBN 978-0-521-48396-4.
115. Al-Ahram Weekly Online, 2–8 January 2003 (Issue No. 619) Archived 19 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine
116. "Candace Owens has gone so conspiratorial, she's now citing forgotten Jewish heretics". The Forward. 30 July 2024. Retrieved 9 October 2024. believed in pedophilia and incest as the sacramental rites and they would commit these acts, things that would normally be termed blood libel were actually happening.
117. Robert C. Stacey (September 1998). "From Ritual Crucifixion to Host Desecration: Jews and the Body of Christ" (PDF). Jewish History. 12 (1). Retrieved 4 October 2024.
118. Rubin, Miri (2004). Gentile Tales: The Narrative Assault on Late Medieval Jews. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-8122-1880-0.
119. "J'Accuse: The antisemitic lies of 2024". Israel National News. 1 May 2024. Retrieved 4 October 2024. The Jewish people are used to lies being spread about them. Nearly a millennium ago, the first of many blood libels accusing the Jews of murdering gentile children to consume their blood emerged. This was joined by accusations that Jews committed 'host desecration,' the supposed mistreatment of Communion Bread, and the accusation that Jews poisoned wells causing the Black Death.
120. Bynum, Carolyn Walker (2006). Wonderful Blood: Theology and Practice in Late Medieval Northern Germany and Beyond. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-8122-3985-0.
121. Cohen 2007, p. 103.
122. Cohen furthered:
     
     “The story exerted its influence even in the absence of Jews the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries saw the proliferation of the Host-desecration story in England many of them dedicated to the miracles of the Virgin Mary; in the art of illuminated manuscripts used for Christian prayer and meditation; and on stage, as in popular Croxton Play of the Sacrament, which itself evoked memories of an alleged ritual murder committed by Jews in East Anglia in 1191.”
123. Dubnow, Simon (2000). History of the Jews in Russia and Poland. Avotaynu. p. 38. ISBN 1-886223-11-4.
124. Dennis Prager, Joseph Telushkin, Why the Jews? The Reason for Antisemitism, Touchstone (reprint), 1985, p. 103. ISBN 978-0-671-55624-2.
125. "James Edwards: In His Own Words". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on 20 February 2010. Retrieved 21 February 2010.
126. The Talmud in Anti-Semitic Polemics (PDF). Anti-Defamation League. 2003. p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 August 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
127. ^ Cohen 2007, p. 208.
128. Walter Laqueur, The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times To The Present Day (Oxford University Press: 2006) ISBN 0-19-530429-2, p. 47-48
129. Katz, Steven (1999). "Ideology, State Power, and Mass Murder/Genocide". Lessons and Legacies: The Meaning of the Holocaust in a Changing World. Northwestern University Press. ISBN 9780810109568.
130. Cohen 2007, pp. 204–207.
131. ^ Luther, Martin. On the Jews and Their Lies, 154, 167, 229, cited in Michael, Robert. Holy Hatred: Christianity, Antisemitism, and the Holocaust. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006, p. 111.
132. ^ Oberman, Heiko. Luthers Werke. Erlangen 1854, 32:282, 298, in Grisar, Hartmann. Luther. St. Louis 1915, 4:286 and 5:406, cited in Michael, Robert. Holy Hatred: Christianity, Antisemitism, and the Holocaust. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006, p. 113.
133. ^ Michael, Robert (2006). Holy Hatred: Christianity, Antisemitism, and the Holocaust. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 112.
134. • Ellis, Marc H. "Hitler and the Holocaust, Christian Anti-Semitism" Archived 2007-07-10 at the Wayback Machine, Baylor University Center for American and Jewish Studies, Spring 2004, slide 14.
     • Also see "Nuremberg Trial Proceedings" Archived 2006-03-21 at the Wayback Machine, Vol. 12, p. 318, Avalon Project, Yale Law School, April 19, 1946.
     • "Christians and Jews: A Declaration of the Lutheran Church of Bavaria" Archived 2018-10-04 at the Wayback Machine, 24 November 1998, also printed in Freiburger Rundbrief, 6:3 (1999), pp.191–197. For other statements from Lutheran bodies, see:
       • "Q&A: Luther's Anti-Semitism" Archived 2003-12-26 at the Wayback Machine, Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod
       • "Declaration of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America to the Jewish Community" Archived 2012-07-29 at archive.today, Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, 18 April 1994
       • "Statement by the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada to the Jewish Communities in Canada" Archived 2016-03-13 at the Wayback Machine, Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada, 12–16 July 1995
       • "Time to Turn" Archived 2016-03-11 at the Wayback Machine, The Evangelical Churches in Austria and the Jews. Declaration of the General Synod of the Evangelical Church A.B. and H.B., 28 October 1998.
135. "Black Hebrew Israelites". Encyclopaedia Britannica. 22 August 2024.

136. Orthodox

     Simmons, Shraga (6 March 2004). "Why Jews Don't Believe In Jesus". Aish.com. Jews do not accept Jesus as the Messiah because:

     1. Jesus did not fulfill the messianic prophecies.
     2. Jesus did not embody the personal qualifications of the Messiah.
     3. Biblical verses "referring" to Jesus are mistranslations.
     4. Jewish belief is based on national revelation.

     Conservative

     Waxman, Jonathan (2006). "Messianic Jews Are Not Jews". United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016. Hebrew Christian, Jewish Christian, Jew for Jesus, Messianic Jew, Fulfilled Jew. The name may have changed over the course of time, but all of the names reflect the same phenomenon: one who asserts that s/he is straddling the theological fence between Judaism and Christianity, but in truth is firmly on the Christian side ... we must affirm as did the Israeli Supreme Court in the well-known Brother Daniel case that to adopt Christianity is to have crossed the line out of the Jewish community.

     Reform

     "Missionary Impossible". Hebrew Union College. 2 August 1999. Retrieved 13 December 2016. Missionary Impossible, an imaginative video and curriculum guide for teachers, educators, and rabbis to teach Jewish youth how to recognize and respond to "Jews-for-Jesus", "Messianic Jews", and other Christian proselytizers, has been produced by six rabbinic students at Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion's Cincinnati School. The students created the video as a tool for teaching why Jewish college and high school youth and Jews in intermarried couples are primary targets of Christian missionaries.

     Glazier, James Scott (6 September 2012). "What are the main differences between a Jew and a Christian?". ReformJudaism.org. Retrieved 2 April 2019. The essential difference between Jews and Christians is that Christians accept Jesus as messiah and personal savior. Jesus is not part of Jewish theology. Amongst Jews, Jesus is not considered a divine being.

     Renewal

     "FAQ's About Jewish Renewal". aleph.org. 2007. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2007. What is ALEPH's position on so called messianic Judaism? ALEPH has a policy of respect for other spiritual traditions, but objects to deceptive practices and will not collaborate with denominations which actively target Jews for recruitment. Our position on so-called "Messianic Judaism" is that it is Christianity and its proponents would be more honest to call it that.

137. "1998 Audit of Antisemitic Incidents". B'nai Brith Canada. 1998. Archived from the original on 19 July 2006. Retrieved 5 October 2024. One of the more alarming trends in antisemitic activity in Canada in 1998 was the growing number of incidents involving messianic organizations posing as "synagogues". These missionizing organizations are in fact evangelical Christian proselytizing groups, whose purpose is specifically to target members of the Jewish community for conversion. They fraudulently represent themselves as Jews, and these so-called synagogues are elaborately disguised Christian churches.
138. Yonke, David (11 February 2006). "Rabbi says Messianic Jews are Christians in disguise". The Blade. Toledo, Ohio. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
139. • "Are 'Messianic Jews' Jews?". The Jerusalem Post. 13 July 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2024. 'Messianic Jewish' sects, by their belief in Jesus as Messiah, as one of a trinity, as "the son of God," and as the one who leads to salvation, have...become a Christian sect in everything but name...It must be remembered that the very origin of these groups is in the missionary activity of Christianity. The first and most well-known of them, 'Jews for Jesus,' was...created in the 1970's sponsored by Protestant missionaries. Other groups, calling themselves 'Messianic Jews,' followed.
     • "Moishe Rosen: Evangelist who founded the Jews for Jesus movement". The Independent. 24 August 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2024. Born to Jewish parents in the American Midwest during the depression years, Martin "Moishe" Rosen converted to Christianity when he was 21, became a Baptist minister and founded Jews for Jesus seeking to convert Jews to Christianity, however, he and the group have been vociferously criticised by mainstream Jewish organisations, which denounce the organisation as "cultist", consider it a threat to the Jewish faith and have described its aims as "spiritual genocide". Many Christian organisations, too, are highly critical, saying the evangelical zeal of Jews for Jesus has crossed the line by seeking to destroy the Jewish faith rather than working with it.
140. • Miller, Michael T. (1 March 2024). Black Hebrew Israelites. Elements in New Religious Movements. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781009400107. ISBN 978-1-009-40010-7. Retrieved 9 October 2024.
     • "Cultural appropriation and the Jews". Jewish News Syndicate. 1 December 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2024. The Jew hatred of Black Israelites, the Nation of Islam and their supporters is similarly based on the theft of Jewish identity. Both the Nation of Islam and Black Israelites insist that the Jews are the "spawn of Satan." The true Jews, they insist, are American blacks The Black Israelites were marching in support for Brooklyn Nets star Kyrie Irving, who was suspended from the NBA for...recommended an anti-Semitic film that denies the Holocaust...The storm that arose among black anti-Semites in response to Irving's suspension makes clear just how central antisemitism is not only in the narrative of the Black Israelites, but in the lives of those who either identify as Black Israelites or ascribe to their fabrication of black history in America.
     • Miller, Michael T. (2019). "Black Judaism(s) and the Hebrew Israelites". Religion Compass. 13 (11). Wiley. doi:10.1111/rec3.12346.
141. "CAA Launched Four-part "Debunked: Black Hebrew Israelites" Instagram Series". Campaign Against Antisemitism. 14 March 2023.
142. "What are the Myths, Facts, About Hebrew Israelites? Two Experts Discuss Jews of African Descent". UC Davis. 4 January 2023.
143. ^ "Extreme Black Hebrew Israelite Movement" (PDF). Simon Wiesenthal Center. December 2022.
144. Ong, Kyler (September 2020). "Ideological Convergence in the Extreme Right". Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses. 12 (5): 1–7. ISSN 2382-6444. JSTOR 26954256.
145. Jikeli, Gunther (2020). "Is Religion Coming Back as a Source for Antisemitic Views?". Religions. 11 (5): 255. doi:10.3390/rel11050255. ISSN 2077-1444.
146. "Black Hebrew Israelites". Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved 15 December 2019. Some, but not all, are outspoken anti-Semites and racists.
147. "Amar'e Stoudemire defends Black Hebrew Israelites amid Kyrie Irving and Kanye West antisemitism". The Jerusalem Post. 14 July 2024.
148. ^ "Extremist Sects Within the Black Hebrew Israelite Movement". Anti-Defamation League. 7 August 2020.
149. • Kaplan, Jeffrey (1997). Radical Religion in America: Millenarian Movements from the Far Right to the Children of Noah. Syracuse University Press. p. 2. ISBN 0-8156-0396-7. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
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150. • "Antisemitism in the Black Hebrew Israelite and Christian Identity Movements". Program on Extremism, George Washington University. 1 August 2024.
     • "Black Hebrew Isralites Are Not Jewish: Tova the Poet Unpacks the Dangers of the Extremist Fringe Group Posing Harm to Jews". Campaign Against Antisemitism. 10 March 2023.
     • "Center on Extremism Uncovers More Disturbing Details of Jersey City Shooter's Extremist Ideology". Anti-Defamation League. 17 December 2019.
151. Tobin, Jonathan S. (31 January 2024). "How intersectional myths killed the black-Jewish alliance". Jewish News Syndicate.
152. ^ White, David F. (29 December 1976). "Sun Myung Moon Is Criticized by Religious Leaders". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
153. Rudin, A. James, 1978 A View of the Unification Church Archived 15 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine, American Jewish Committee Archives
154. • Response to A. James Rudin's Report Archived 28 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Unification Church Department of Public Affairs, Daniel C. Holdgeiwe, Johnny Sonneborn, March 1977.
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155. ^ Johnson, Willis (1998). "The myth of Jewish male menses". Journal of Medieval History. 24 (3). Elsevier: 273–295. doi:10.1016/S0304-4181(98)00009-8. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
156. Biblical reference:
     Matt 27:25
157. Beusterien, John L. (Fall 1999). "Jewish Male Menstruation in Seventeenth-Century Spain". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 73 (3). Johns Hopkins University Press: 447–456. doi:10.1353/bhm.1999.0097. PMID 10500339. S2CID 31067777. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
158. Anna Foa (2003). The Jews of Europe After the Black Death. p. 13 "This was the context in which the Plague made its appearance in 1348. The Black Death The Plague was not unknown in The first massacres took place in April 1348 in Toulon, where the Jewish quarter was raided and forty Jews were murdered in their homes. Shortly afterward, violence broke out in Barcelona and in other Catalan cities."
159. Máttis Kantor (2005). Codex Judaica: Chronological Index of Jewish History. p. 203. "1349 The Black Death massacres swept across Europe The Jews were savagely attacked and massacred, by sometimes hysterical mobs—normal social order had "
160. John Marshall (2006). John Locke, Toleration and Early Enlightenment Culture. p. 376. "The period of the Black Death saw the massacre of Jews across Germany, and in Aragon, and Flanders"
161. • Etinger, Iakov (1995). "The Doctors' Plot: Stalin's Solution to the Jewish Question". In Yaacov Ro'i, Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union. London: Frank Cass. ISBN 0-7146-4619-9, pp. 103–6.
     • "Six Jewish doctors arrested, jumpstarting 'Doctors Plot'". World Jewish Congress.
     • "Stalin's last purge: the Doctors' Plot". The Article. 23 May 2024.
     • "A viral post demonizing Zionist doctors sounds eerily like a Soviet antisemitic conspiracy theory". The Forward.
     • "American 'anti-racism' activist condemned over 'terrified about Zionist doctors' claim". Jewish News.
162. • "STALIN'S LAST CRIME: The Plot Against the Jewish Doctors 1948–1953 by Jonathan Brent". Publishers Weekly.
     • "State anti-semitism: Doctors' plot as an abandoned holocaust amid the Stalin's Russia". Modern Diplomacy. 19 January 2017.
     • "Memo to Secret Police Chief Reveals Hunt for Chabad's Soviet Underground". Chabad.
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163. Laqueur, Walter (30 June 2008). The Changing Face of Anti-Semitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-19-984057-1. OCLC 875752272.
164. • "COVID-19: Blaming the Jews for the Plague, Again". Fathom Journal. March 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2024. After the establishment of Israel, some hostile Arab officials blamed Israel and the Jews for spreading AIDS Hamas have spread the lie that the Zionists use AIDS-infected women to lure Arab leaders to their doom. Islamists and white supremacists are associating COVID-19 with Jews though, typically, they are using the more acceptable dog-whistle code word 'Zionist' as a stand-in for 'Jew'.
     • Dr. Manfred Gerstenfeld (31 March 2020). "Anti-Jewish Coronavirus Conspiracy Theories in Historical Context". Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, Bar-Ilan University. Retrieved 13 October 2024. Palestinian Media Watch has published a long list of contemporary Palestinian mutations of the ancient poison libel. These include the accusation that Israel spread AIDS within the Palestinian community claims that doctors have been paid to spread disease among Palestinians. This echoes Stalin's Soviet Union, where Jewish doctors were arrested and indicted on the accusation that they planned to poison Stalin and the Soviet leadership.
     • "'Jewish Space Lasers': Rothschild antisemitic canards that refuse to die - review". The Jerusalem Post. 3 November 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2024. Click around some more, and you will learn that a Rothschild had impregnated Hitler's grandmother, that the Rothschilds had manufactured both AIDS and COVID
165. Ben-Sasson, H. H., ed. (1976). A History of the Jewish People. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 875. ISBN 0-674-39730-4.
166. Karsh, Efraim (July 2012). "The war against the Jews". Israel Affairs. 18 (3): 319–343. doi:10.1080/13537121.2012.689514. S2CID 144144725.
167. • "A Review of Mearsheimer and Walt's "The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy"". Anti-Defamation League. 24 March 2006.
     • Cohen, Eliot A. (5 April 2006). "Yes, It's Anti-Semitic". The Washington Post.
     • Wechsler, Galia (3 April 2024). "AIPAC is the target of an antisemitic witch hunt - opinion". The Jerusalem Post.
168. "Unfounded Rumor Claims Benjamin Franklin Once Gave an Antisemitic Speech". Snopes. 13 June 2024.
169. "Antisemitic poster featuring supposed warnings about Jews from Benjamin Franklin". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
170. Anti-Semitism in Europe: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on European Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Relations. United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Subcommittee on European Affairs. 2004. p. 69
171. "Kuwaiti Islamic Cleric Warns Jewish Conspiracy In Cartoons: SpongeBob SquarePants Is A Sissy, Sandy A Butch Lesbian..." Weasel Zippers.
172. Graham, Renee (13 March 2018). "Siding with Louis Farrakhan would be a misstep in black America's march ahead". The Boston Globe.
173. "TruNews: Zionism Is Using the Transgender Rights Movement to Make All of Humanity Androgynous". 14 February 2020.
174. Slisco, Alia (20 February 2020). "YouTube Bans Anti-Semitic Channel Trunews After Founder Calls Trump Impeachment 'Jew Coup'". Newsweek.
175. • Daum, Annette (6 June 1980). "Blaming Jews for the Death of the Goddess". Lilith Magazine. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
     • Zimmerman, Bonnie (2013). Encyclopedia of Lesbian Histories and Cultures. Routledge. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-136-78751-5.
176. "D.C. Councilman blames snow on Jewish family 'controlling the climate,' later apologizes".
177. Jamison, Peter; Strauss, Valerie (18 March 2018). "D.C. lawmaker says recent snowfall caused by 'Rothschilds controlling the climate'". The Washington Post. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
178. "Lawmaker sorry for spreading anti-Semitic weather conspiracy". BBC News. 19 March 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
179. Spiro, Amy (19 March 2018). "DC councilman apologizes for saying Jews control weather". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
180. "Watch: DC councilman promotes anti-Semitic conspiracy theory in Facebook video". WTOP. 18 March 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
181. Giambrone, Andrew (19 March 2018). "Ward 8's Trayon White Apologizes for Conspiratorial Comments". Washington City Paper. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
182. • Hananoki, Eric (28 January 2021). "Marjorie Taylor Greene penned conspiracy theory that a laser beam from space started deadly 2018 California wildfire". Media Matters for America. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
     • Ting, Eric (28 January 2021). "Marjorie Taylor Greene's nonsense theory about the Camp Fire, Jerry Brown and space lasers". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
     • Steinberg, Rachel (29 January 2021). "Congresswoman's comments linking Rothschilds to California wildfires prompt mockery and outrage". The Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
     • Chait, Jonathan (28 January 2021). "GOP Congresswoman Blamed Wildfires on Secret Jewish Space Laser". New York. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
183. ^ "Jewish Space Lasers, Conspiracy Theories, and Antisemitism". American Jewish University. 19 September 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
184. Solender, Andrew (29 January 2021). "Right-Wing Groups Denounce Marjorie Taylor Greene As Democrats Move To Oust Her". Forbes. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
185. Samuels, Ben (29 January 2021). "'Jewish Space Lasers' Conspiracy: U.S. Jewish Groups Call for Republican Lawmaker's Removal". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
186. Marrus, Michael (2000). The Holocaust in History. New York City: Plume. p. 37. ISBN 978-0452009530.
187. Goldberg, Jeffrey (4 August 2014). "What Would Hamas Do If It Could Do Whatever It Wanted?". The Atlantic. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
188. Goldberg, Jeffrey (23 September 2011). "John Mearsheimer Endorses a Hitler Apologist and Holocaust Revisionist". The Atlantic. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
189. ^ Fenyvesi, Charles, ed. (28 January 2005). "Deputies Urge Ban on Jewish Organizations, Then Retract". Bigotry Monitor. Vol. 5, no. 4. UCSJ. Archived from the original on 30 May 2006. Their seven-page letter accused Jews of carrying out ritual killings, controlling Russian and international capital, inciting ethnic strife in Russia, and staging hate crimes against themselves
190. • Rosenberg, Goran, "Israel and Diaspora: from Solution to Problem", in Turning the Kaleidoscope: Perspectives on European Jewry, S. H. Lustig, Ian Leveson, Berghahn Books, 2008, pp. 110–111 (discusses early manifestations, before Protocols)
     • Britain, Israel and Anglo-Jewry: 1949–57, Natan Aridan, pp. 189–190, (in United Kingdom scenario)
     • The Jews of Lebanon: Between Coexistence and Conflict, Kirsten E. Schulze, pp. 83–85 (in Lebanon)
     • The Politics of Anti-Semitism, Alexander Cockburn, Jeffrey St. Clair, AK Press, 2003, pp. 128–129
     • The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy, John J. Mearsheimer, Stephen M. Walt, 2008, pp. 146–148 (in United States; discusses Protocols)
191. • Terms of Survival: The Jewish World Since 1945, Robert S. Wistrich, Psychology Press, 1995, p. 99 (modern United States)
     • Israel, the Diaspora, and Jewish identity, Danny Ben-Moshe, Zohar Segev – 2007, pp. 144–145, 154–155, 221 (Canada and New Zealand)
     • Rein, Raanan, "Argentine Jews and the Accusation of 'Dual Loyalty'", in The Jewish Diaspora in Latin America and the Caribbean: Fragments of Memory, Sussex Academic Press, 2010, pp. 51–71 (Argentina)
     • Israel: The First Decade of Independence, Selwyn Ilan Troen, Noah Lucas, SUNY Press, 1995, pp. 27, 163. (formation of Israel)
192. • Chutzpah, Alan M. Dershowitz, Simon and Schuster, 1992, Page 245
     • American Policy Toward Israel: The Power and Limits of Beliefs, Michael Tracy Thomas, Taylor & Francis, 2007, pp. 2, 23, 102–103, 108, 152, 197
     • An Uneasy Relationship: American Jewish Leadership and Israel, 1948–1957, Zvi Ganin, Syracuse University Press, 2005, pp. 3, 12, 20, 41, 61–62, 68, 84, 102
193. Gregory Moore (2002): Nietzsche, Biology and Metaphor p. 181
194. Kurt Jonassohn, Karin Solveig Björnson (1998): Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations. p. 89
195. Paul Read, Piers (February 2013). The Dreyfus Affair. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 343. ISBN 978-1-4088-3057-4.
196. "Deutsche Jüdische Soldaten" [German Jewish Soldiers]. Bavarian National Exhibition (in German). Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
197. Elon, Amos (2002). The Pity of It All. Metropolitan Books. p. 338. The results were not made public, ostensibly to 'spare Jewish feelings'. The truth was that the census disproved the accusations: 80% served on the front lines.
198. Wheeler-Bennett, John W. (Spring 1938). "Ludendorff: The Soldier and the Politician". Virginia Quarterly Review. 14 (2): 187–202.
199. "About one antipatriotic group of theater critics" Archived 7 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Pravda (transliterated Russian). 28 January 1949
200. "The Night of the Murdered Poets" (PDF). National Conference on Soviet Jewry. 1973. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2015. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
201. "Poland's President Apologizes for 1968 Purge of Jews". Haaretz.
202. "Poland: 50 years since 1968 anti-Semitic purge". DW News.
203. "In new book, Yale scholar explores medieval roots of Western antisemitism". Yale News. 13 September 2024.
204. Man of Faith in the Modern World, p. 74
205. Soviet Jewry: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations, United States Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe. 1984 p. 56
206. ^ Donald L. Niewyk, The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, Columbia University Press, 2000, p. 45: "The Holocaust is commonly defined as the murder of more than 5,000,000 Jews by the Germans in World War II." Estimates by scholars range from 5.1 million to 7.8 million. See the appropriate section of the Holocaust article.
207. Key elements of Holocaust denial:
     • "Before discussing how Holocaust denial constitutes a conspiracy theory, and how the theory is distinctly American, it is important to understand what is meant by the term 'Holocaust denial'. Holocaust deniers, or 'revisionists', as they call themselves, question all three major points of definition of the Nazi Holocaust. First, they contend that, while mass murders of Jews did occur (although they dispute both the intentionality of such murders as well as the supposed deservedness of these killings), there was no official Nazi policy to murder Jews. Second, and perhaps most prominently, they contend that there were no homicidal gas chambers, particularly at Auschwitz-Birkenau, where mainstream historians believe over 1 million Jews were murdered, primarily in gas chambers. And third, Holocaust deniers contend that the death toll of European Jews during World War II was well below 6 million. Deniers float numbers anywhere between 300,000 and 1.5 million, as a general rule." Mathis, Andrew E. "Holocaust Denial, a Definition" Archived 9 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, The Holocaust History Project, 2 July 2004. Retrieved 18 December 2006.
     • "In part III we directly address the three major foundations upon which Holocaust denial rests, including the claim that gas chambers and crematoria were used not for mass extermination but rather for delousing clothing and disposing of people who died of disease and overwork the claim that the six million figure is an exaggeration by an order of magnitude—that about six hundred thousand, not six million, died at the hands of the Nazis the claim that there was no intention on the part of the Nazis to exterminate European Jewry and that the Holocaust was nothing more than the unfortunate by-product of the vicissitudes of war." Michael Shermer and Alex Grobman. Denying History: Who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and Why Do They Say It?, University of California Press, 2000, ISBN 0-520-23469-3, p. 3.
     • "Holocaust Denial: Claims that the mass extermination of the Jews by the Nazis never happened; that the number of Jewish losses has been greatly exaggerated; that the Holocaust was not systematic nor a result of an official policy; or simply that the Holocaust never took place." "What is Holocaust Denial", Yad Vashem website, 2004. Retrieved 18 December 2006.
     • "Among the untruths routinely promoted are the claims that no gas chambers existed at Auschwitz, that only 600,000 Jews were killed rather than six million, and that Hitler had no murderous intentions toward Jews or other groups persecuted by his government." "Holocaust Denial" Archived 4 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved 28 June 2007.
208. A hoax designed to advance the interests of Jews:
     • "The title of App's major work on the Holocaust, The Six Million Swindle, is informative because it implies on its very own the existence of a conspiracy of Jews to perpetrate a hoax against non-Jews for monetary gain." Mathis, Andrew E. "Holocaust Denial, a Definition" Archived 9 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, The Holocaust History Project, 2 July 2004. Retrieved 16 May 2007.
     • "Jews are thus depicted as manipulative and powerful conspirators who have fabricated myths of their own suffering for their own ends. According to the Holocaust deniers, by forging evidence and mounting a massive propaganda effort, the Jews have established their lies as 'truth' and reaped enormous rewards from doing so: for example, in making financial claims on Germany and acquiring international support for Israel." "The nature of Holocaust denial: What is Holocaust denial?" Archived 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, JPR report No. 3, 2000. Retrieved 16 May 2007.
     • "Why, we might ask the deniers, if the Holocaust did not happen would any group concoct such a horrific story? Because, some deniers claim, there was a conspiracy by Zionists to exaggerate the plight of Jews during the war in order to finance the state of Israel through war reparations." Michael Shermer & Alex Grobman. Denying History: Who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and Why Do They Say It?, University of California Press, 2000, ISBN 0-520-23469-3, p. 106.
     • "Since its inception the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), a California-based Holocaust denial organization founded by Willis Carto of Liberty Lobby, has promoted the antisemitic conspiracy theory that Jews fabricated tales of their own genocide to manipulate the sympathies of the non-Jewish world." "Antisemitism and Racism Country Reports: United States" Archived 28 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Stephen Roth Institute, 2000. Retrieved 17 May 2007.
     • "The central assertion for the deniers is that Jews are not victims but victimizers. They 'stole' billions in reparations, destroyed Germany's good name by spreading the 'myth' of the Holocaust, and won international sympathy because of what they claimed had been done to them. In the paramount miscarriage of injustice, they used the world's sympathy to 'displace' another people so that the state of Israel could be established. This contention relating to the establishment of Israel is a linchpin of their argument." Deborah Lipstadt. Denying the Holocaust – The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory, Penguin, 1993, ISBN 0-452-27274-2, p. 27.
     • "They picture a vast shadowy conspiracy that controls and manipulates the institutions of education, culture, the media and government in order to disseminate a pernicious mythology. The purpose of this Holocaust mythology, they assert, is the inculcation of a sense of guilt in the white, Western Christian world. Those who can make others feel guilty have power over them and can make them do their bidding. This power is used to advance an international Jewish agenda centered in the Zionist enterprise of the State of Israel." "Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism" Archived 4 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, "Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda", Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved 12 June 2007.
     • "Deniers argue that the manufactured guilt and shame over a mythological Holocaust led to Western, specifically United States, support for the establishment and sustenance of the Israeli state – a sustenance that costs the American taxpayer over three billion dollars per year. They assert that American taxpayers have been and continue to be swindled " "Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism", Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda, Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved 12 June 2007.
     • "The stress on Holocaust revisionism underscored the new anti-Semitic agenda gaining ground within the Klan movement. Holocaust denial refurbished conspiratorial anti-Semitism. Who else but the Jews had the media power to hoodwink unsuspecting masses with one of the greatest hoaxes in history? And for what motive? To promote the claims of the illegitimate state of Israel by making non-Jews feel guilty, of course." Lawrence N. Powell, Troubled Memory: Anne Levy, the Holocaust, and David Duke's Louisiana, University of North Carolina Press, 2000, ISBN 0-8078-5374-7, p. 445.
209. "Working Definition of Holocaust Denial and Distortion". International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA). Retrieved 17 October 2024. Distortion of the Holocaust refers, inter alia, to:
     
     
     • Intentional efforts to excuse or minimize the impact of the Holocaust or its principal elements, including collaborators and allies of Nazi Germany
     • Gross minimization of the number of the victims of the Holocaust in contradiction to reliable sources
     • Attempts to blame the Jews for causing their own genocide
     • Statements that cast the Holocaust as a positive historical event. Those statements are not Holocaust denial but are closely connected to it as a radical form of antisemitism. They may suggest that the Holocaust did not go far enough in accomplishing its goal of "the Final Solution of the Jewish Question"
     • Attempts to blur the responsibility for the establishment of concentration and death camps devised and operated by Nazi Germany by putting blame on other nations or ethnic groups
210. • "How Croatian Misplaced Pages Made a Concentration Camp Disappear". Balkan Insight. 26 March 2018. Retrieved 17 October 2024. Unlike Misplaced Pages in other languages, the Croatian version refers to the WWII Jasenovac concentration camp as a "collection camp" - as well as playing down fascist crimes and ignoring right-wingers' controversies.
     • "These Far-right Nationalists Didn't Like What They Read Online About World War II – So They Rewrote History". Haaretz. 4 August 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2024. A recent probe by the online encyclopedia Misplaced Pages reveals major historical revisionism by far-right forces in its Croatian and Serbian versions. But it also exposes the dangerous overlap between nationalism and disinformation online
     • "The Hunt for Misplaced Pages's Disinformation Moles". Wired. 17 October 2022. Retrieved 17 October 2024. Misplaced Pages has been battling inaccuracies and false information for 21 years. One of the most long-running disinformation attempts went on for more than a decade after a group of ultra-nationalists gamed Misplaced Pages's administrator rules to take over the Croatian-language community, rewriting history to rehabilitate World War II fascist leaders of the country.
     • Tabarovsky, Izabella (14 August 2024). "Essay: Misplaced Pages's Jewish Problem". Australia/Israel & Jewish Affairs Council. Retrieved 17 October 2024. Last year two historians published a bombshell paper demonstrating how a group systematically distorting Polish Jewish history across multiple Misplaced Pages articles to align it with far-right Polish nationalist preferences. Working in concert, the group falsified evidence, promoted marginal self-published sources, created fake references, and advanced antisemitic stereotypes Another case involved Croatian-language Misplaced Pages. There, a right-wing group whitewash the history of World War II-era Croatian fascist organisation Ustaše, its Nazi puppet Independent State of Croatia (NDH), and the Jasenovac extermination camp.
211. Antisemitic:
     • "Contemporary examples of antisemitism in public life, the media, schools, the workplace, and in the religious sphere could, taking into account the overall context, include denying the fact, scope, mechanisms (e.g. gas chambers) or intentionality of the genocide of the Jewish people at the hands of National Socialist Germany and its supporters and accomplices during World War II (the Holocaust)." "Working Definition of Antisemitism" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 June 2011. (33.8 KB), Fundamental Rights Agency
     • "It would elevate their antisemitic ideology – which is what Holocaust denial is – to the level of responsible historiography – which it is not." Deborah Lipstadt, Denying the Holocaust, ISBN 0-14-024157-4, p. 11.
     • "The denial of the Holocaust is among the most insidious forms of anti-Semitism "Roth, Stephen J. "Denial of the Holocaust as an Issue of Law" in the Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, Volume 23, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1993, ISBN 0-7923-2581-8, p. 215.
     • "Contemporary Holocaust deniers are not revisionists – not even neo-revisionists. They are Deniers. Their motivations stem from their neo-nazi political goals and their rampant antisemitism." Austin, Ben S. "Deniers in Revisionists' Clothing" Archived 21 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine, The Holocaust/Shoah Page, Middle Tennessee State University. Retrieved 29 March 2007.
     • "Holocaust denial can be a particularly insidious form of antisemitism precisely because it often tries to disguise itself as something quite different: as genuine scholarly debate (in the pages, for example, of the innocuous-sounding Journal for Historical Review)." "The nature of Holocaust denial: What is Holocaust denial?" Archived 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, JPR report No. 3, 2000. Retrieved 16 May 2007.
     • "This books treats several of the myths that have made antisemitism so lethal In addition to these historic myths, we also treat the new, maliciously manufactured myth of Holocaust denial, another groundless belief that is used to stir up Jew-hatred." Schweitzer, Frederick M. & Perry, Marvin. Anti-Semitism: Myth and Hate from Antiquity to the Present, Palgrave Macmillan, 2002, ISBN 0-312-16561-7, p. 3.
     • "One predictable strand of Arab Islamic antisemitism is Holocaust denial " Schweitzer, Frederick M. & Perry, Marvin. Anti-Semitism: Myth and Hate from Antiquity to the Present, Palgrave Macmillan, 2002, ISBN 0-312-16561-7, p. 10.
     • "Anti-Semitism, in the form of Holocaust denial, had been experienced by just one teacher when working in a Catholic school with large numbers of Polish and Croatian students." Geoffrey Short, Carole Ann Reed. Issues in Holocaust Education, Ashgate Publishing, 2004, ISBN 0-7546-4211-9, p. 71.
     • "Indeed, the task of organized antisemitism in the last decade of the century has been the establishment of Holocaust Revisionism – the denial that the Holocaust occurred." Stephen Trombley, "antisemitism", The Norton Dictionary of Modern Thought, W. W. Norton & Company, 1999, ISBN 0-393-04696-6, p. 40.
     • "After the Yom Kippur War an apparent reappearance of antisemitism in France troubled the tranquility of the community; there were several notorious terrorist attacks on synagogues, Holocaust revisionism appeared, and a new antisemitic political right tried to achieve respectability." Howard K. Wettstein, Diasporas and Exiles: Varieties of Jewish Identity, University of California Press, 2002, ISBN 0-520-22864-2, p. 169.
     • "Holocaust denial is a convenient polemical substitute for anti-semitism." Valérie Igounet. "Holocaust denial is part of a strategy" Archived 13 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Le Monde diplomatique, May 1998.
     • "Holocaust denial is a contemporary form of the classic anti-Semitic doctrine of the evil, manipulative and threatening world Jewish conspiracy." "Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism" Archived 4 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda, Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved 12 June 2007.
     • "In a number of countries, in Europe as well as in the United States, the negation or gross minimization of the Nazi genocide of Jews has been the subject of books, essay and articles. Should their authors be protected by freedom of speech? The European answer has been in the negative: such writings are not only a perverse form of anti-semitism but also an aggression against the dead, their families, the survivors and society at large." Roger Errera, "Freedom of speech in Europe", in Georg Nolte, European and US Constitutionalism, Cambridge University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-521-85401-6, pp. 39–40.
     • "Particularly popular in Syria is Holocaust denial, another staple of Arab anti-Semitism that is sometimes coupled with overt sympathy for Nazi Germany." Efraim Karsh, Rethinking the Middle East, Routledge, 2003, ISBN 0-7146-5418-3, p. 104.
     • "Holocaust denial is a new form of anti-Semitism, but one that hinges on age-old motifs." Dinah Shelton, Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity, Macmillan Reference, 2005, p. 45.
     • "The stress on Holocaust revisionism underscored the new anti-Semitic agenda gaining ground within the Klan movement. Holocaust denial refurbished conspiratorial anti-Semitism. Who else but the Jews had the media power to hoodwink unsuspecting masses with one of the greatest hoaxes in history? And for what motive? To promote the claims of the illegitimate state of Israel by making non-Jews feel guilty, of course." Lawrence N. Powell, Troubled Memory: Anne Levy, the Holocaust, and David Duke's Louisiana, University of North Carolina Press, 2000, ISBN 0-8078-5374-7, p. 445.
     • "Since its inception the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), a California-based Holocaust denial organization founded by Willis Carto of Liberty Lobby, has promoted the antisemitic conspiracy theory that Jews fabricated tales of their own genocide to manipulate the sympathies of the non-Jewish world." "Antisemitism and Racism Country Reports: United States" Archived 28 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Stephen Roth Institute, 2000. Retrieved 17 May 2007.
     • "The primary motivation for most deniers is anti-Semitism, and for them the Holocaust is an infuriatingly inconvenient fact of history. After all, the Holocaust has generally been recognized as one of the most terrible crimes that ever took place, and surely the very emblem of evil in the modern age. If that crime was a direct result of anti-Semitism taken to its logical end, then anti-Semitism itself, even when expressed in private conversation, is inevitably discredited among most people. What better way to rehabilitate anti-Semitism, make anti-Semitic arguments seem once again respectable in civilized discourse and even make it acceptable for governments to pursue anti-Semitic policies than by convincing the world that the great crime for which anti-Semitism was blamed simply never happened – indeed, that it was nothing more than a frame-up invented by the Jews, and propagated by them through their control of the media? What better way, in short, to make the world safe again for anti-Semitism than by denying the Holocaust?" Reich, Walter. "Erasing the Holocaust", The New York Times, 11 July 1993.
     • "There is now a creeping, nasty wave of anti-Semitism insinuating itself into our political thought and rhetoric The history of the Arab world is disfigured by a whole series of outmoded and discredited ideas, of which the notion that the Jews never suffered and that the Holocaust is an obfuscatory confection created by the elders of Zion is one that is acquiring too much, far too much, currency." Edward Said, "A Desolation, and They Called it Peace" in Those Who Forget the Past, Ron Rosenbaum (ed), Random House 2004, p. 518.
212. Conspiracy theory:
     • "While appearing on the surface as a rather arcane pseudo-scholarly challenge to the well-established record of Nazi genocide during the Second World War, Holocaust denial serves as a powerful conspiracy theory uniting otherwise disparate fringe groups " "Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism" Archived 4 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, "Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda", Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved 12 June 2007.
     • "Before discussing how Holocaust denial constitutes a conspiracy theory, and how the theory is distinctly American, it is important to understand what is meant by the term 'Holocaust denial'." Mathis, Andrew E. "Holocaust Denial, a Definition" Archived 9 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, The Holocaust History Project, 2 July 2004. Retrieved 18 December 2006.
     • "Since its inception the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), a California-based Holocaust denial organization founded by Willis Carto of Liberty Lobby, has promoted the antisemitic conspiracy theory that Jews fabricated tales of their own genocide to manipulate the sympathies of the non-Jewish world." "Antisemitism and Racism Country Reports: United States" Archived 28 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Stephen Roth Institute, 2000. Retrieved 17 May 2007.
213. Predetermined conclusion:
     • "'Revisionism' is obliged to deviate from the standard methodology of historical pursuit because it seeks to mold facts to fit a preconceived result, it denies events that have been objectively and empirically proved to have occurred, and because it works backward from the conclusion to the facts, thus necessitating the distortion and manipulation of those facts where they differ from the preordained conclusion (which they almost always do). In short, 'revisionism' denies something that demonstrably happened, through methodological dishonesty." McFee, Gordon. "Why 'Revisionism' Isn't" Archived 28 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine, The Holocaust History Project, 15 May 1999. Retrieved 22 December 2006.
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     • Jewish neoconservatives were behind the attacks.
     • The Jewish-controlled media and government manipulated narratives about the attacks and worked to prevent the truth from emerging.
     • Jews or Israelis had foreknowledge of the attacks and chose not to inform the U.S. government.
     • Zionists exploited the 9/11 attacks to expand surveillance of American citizens.
     • The technical details of the attacks do not add up; therefore, the entire historical narrative must be fraudulent.
     • "Jewish Ownership" of the World Trade Center. Conspiracists focused on what the "Jewish owners" of the World Trade Center stood to gain from its destruction.

     Black nationalists—united in their belief that Jews and Israel are to blame for the 9/11 terrorist attacks The NOI, led by longtime leader Louis Farrakhan, peddles numerous antisemitic stereotypes and conspiracy theories, including blaming Jews and Zionists for the 9/11 terrorist attacks by claiming that 9/11 was a false flag operation designed to help Israel and provoke a "war on Islam."

286. Leon Pinsker (1882): Autoemancipation
287. Michael Curtis (1986). Antisemitism in the Contemporary World. Westview Press. p. 4. Cited in: Jocelyn Hellig (2003). The Holocaust and Antisemitism: A Short History Oneworld Publications. ISBN 1-85168-313-5. pp. 75–76
288. Michael Curtis (1986): Antisemitism in the Contemporary World. Westview Press. p. 4
289. Perednik, Gustavo (2001). La Judeofobia: Cómo y Cuándo Nace, Dónde y Por Qué Pervive (in Spanish). Flor del Viento. p. 26. ISBN 978-8489644588.
290. Perednik, Gustavo Daniel (2004). España descarrilada: terror islamista en Madrid y el despertar de Occidente (in Spanish). Inédita Editores. ISBN 978-8496364042.
291. Stern, Kenneth S. (1997). A Force upon the Plain: The American Militia Movement and the Politics of Hate. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 247. ISBN 9780684819167.

Works cited

• Chazan, Robert (1980). Church, State and Jew in the Middle Ages. Behrman House.
• Cohen, Jeremy (22 March 2007). Christ Killers: The Jews and the Passion from the Bible to the Big Screen. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195178418.
• Goldberg, Gerald Y. (1982). ""Ireland Is the Only Country...": Joyce and the Jewish Dimension". The Crane Bag. 6 (1): 5–12. ISSN 0332-060X. JSTOR 30059524.
• Goldberg, J. J. (1997). Jewish Power: Inside the American Jewish Establishment. Basic Books. ISBN 0-201-32798-8.
• Levy, Richard, ed. (2005). Antisemitism: a historical encyclopedia of prejudice and persecution. Vol. 1: A–K. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-85109-439-3.
• Rubin, Alexis P. Rubin, ed. (1993). Scattered Among the Nations: Documents Affecting Jewish History. 49 to 1975. Wall & Emerson. ISBN 1-895131-10-3.

Further reading

• Ostow, Mortimer (1996). Myth and Madness: The Psychodynamics of Anti-Semitism (1st ed.). Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781351293167. ISBN 9781351293167.

External links

• Antisemitism Uncovered: A Guide to Old Myths in a New Era. Anti-Defamation League.

• Tropes
• Antisemitic tropes
• Conspiracy theories involving Jews