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	One of the most controversial aspects of Putin's second term was the continuation of the criminal prosecution of Russia's richest man, Mikhail Khodorkovsky, President of ] oil company, for fraud and tax evasion. While much of the international press saw this as a reaction against Khodorkovsky's funding for political opponents of the Kremlin, both liberal and communist, the Russian government has argued that Khodorkovsky was engaged in corrupting a large segment of the Duma to prevent changes in the tax code aimed at taxing windfall profits and closing offshore tax evasion vehicles. Khodorkovsky's arrest was met positively by the Russian public, who see the oligarchs as thieves who were unjustly enriched and robbed the country of its natural wealth.<ref name=times>{{cite web\|last=Page\|first=Jeremy\|title=Analysis: punished for his political ambitions\|publisher=The Times\|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article523129.ece\|accessdate=2007-12-27}}</ref> Many of the initial privatizations, including that of Yukos, are widely believed to have been fraudulent (Yukos, valued at some $30bn in 2004, had been privatized for $110 million), and like other oligarchic groups, the Yukos-Menatep name has been frequently tarred with accusations of links to criminal organizations. The subsequent fate of Yukos was seen by some western media as a sign of a broader shift toward a system normally described as ],<ref> by ] www.nationalreview.com November 05, 2003.</ref><ref> by ]		One of the most controversial aspects of Putin's second term was the continuation of the criminal prosecution of Russia's richest man, Mikhail Khodorkovsky, President of ] oil company, for fraud and tax evasion. While much of the international press saw this as a reaction against Khodorkovsky's funding for political opponents of the Kremlin, both liberal and communist, the Russian government has argued that Khodorkovsky was engaged in corrupting a large segment of the Duma to prevent changes in the tax code aimed at taxing windfall profits and closing offshore tax evasion vehicles. Khodorkovsky's arrest was met positively by the Russian public, who see the oligarchs as thieves who were unjustly enriched and robbed the country of its natural wealth.<ref name=times>{{cite web\|last=Page\|first=Jeremy\|title=Analysis: punished for his political ambitions\|publisher=The Times\|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article523129.ece\|accessdate=2007-12-27}}</ref> Many of the initial privatizations, including that of Yukos, are widely believed to have been fraudulent (Yukos, valued at some $30bn in 2004, had been privatized for $110 million), and like other oligarchic groups, the Yukos-Menatep name has been frequently tarred with accusations of links to criminal organizations. The subsequent fate of Yukos was seen by some western media as a sign of a broader shift toward a system normally described as ],<ref> by ] www.nationalreview.com November 05, 2003.</ref><ref> by ]
	] July 9, ].</ref><ref> by Neil Buckley and ] ] June 19 2006.</ref> where "the entirety of state-owned and controlled enterprises are run by and for the benefit of the cabal around Putin — a collection of former KGB colleagues, St. Petersburg lawyers, and other political cronies." <ref> by Reuben F. Johnson ] April 23, 2007, Volume 012, Issue 30 </ref> Against the ~~backdop~~ of the Yukos saga, questions were raised about the actual destination of $13.1 billion<ref> by ] ] October 12, 2005.</ref> remitted in October ] by the state-run ] as payment for 75,7% stake in ] to ]-controlled ] accounts,<ref> ''Нефтегазовая Вертикаль'' journal.</ref> after a series of generous dividend payouts and another $3 billion received from Yukos in a failed merger in ].<ref> By Valeria Korchagina ] September 30, 2005.</ref> In ] ] and ] had acquired the controlling interest in Sibneft for $100 million within the controversial ].<ref> By ] ] September 29, 2005.</ref> Some prominent Yeltsin-era billionaires are reported to continue to enjoy close relationship with Putin's Kremlin.<ref> by ] ] ], ].</ref>		] July 9, ].</ref><ref> by Neil Buckley and ] ] June 19 2006.</ref> where "the entirety of state-owned and controlled enterprises are run by and for the benefit of the cabal around Putin — a collection of former KGB colleagues, St. Petersburg lawyers, and other political cronies." <ref> by Reuben F. Johnson ] April 23, 2007, Volume 012, Issue 30 </ref> Against the backdrop of the Yukos saga, questions were raised about the actual destination of $13.1 billion<ref> by ] ] October 12, 2005.</ref> remitted in October ] by the state-run ] as payment for 75,7% stake in ] to ]-controlled ] accounts,<ref> ''Нефтегазовая Вертикаль'' journal.</ref> after a series of generous dividend payouts and another $3 billion received from Yukos in a failed merger in ].<ref> By Valeria Korchagina ] September 30, 2005.</ref> In ] ] and ] had acquired the controlling interest in Sibneft for $100 million within the controversial ].<ref> By ] ] September 29, 2005.</ref> Some prominent Yeltsin-era billionaires are reported to continue to enjoy close relationship with Putin's Kremlin.<ref> by ] ] ], ].</ref>

	Since February ], the political philosophy of Putin's administration has often been described as ], the term being used both with positive and pejorative ]s. First proposed by ] in February 2006, the term quickly gained currency within Russia and arguably unified various political elites around it. According to its proponents' interpretation, the government's actions and policies ought above all to enjoy popular support within Russia itself and not be determined from outside the country.<ref> ], public appear, 7 February 2006</ref><ref> ], briefing, 28 June 2006.</ref> However, as implied by expert of the ] ], "''Sovereign democracy'' is a Kremlin coinage that conveys two messages: first, that Russia's regime is democratic and, second, that this claim must be accepted, period. Any attempt at verification will be regarded as unfriendly and as meddling in Russia's domestic affairs." <ref></ref> Observers outside Russia derided the term as a subterfuge to mask what is otherwise known as ].<ref> By Jim Maceda ] ], 2007.</ref>		Since February ], the political philosophy of Putin's administration has often been described as ], the term being used both with positive and pejorative ]s. First proposed by ] in February 2006, the term quickly gained currency within Russia and arguably unified various political elites around it. According to its proponents' interpretation, the government's actions and policies ought above all to enjoy popular support within Russia itself and not be determined from outside the country.<ref> ], public appear, 7 February 2006</ref><ref> ], briefing, 28 June 2006.</ref> However, as implied by expert of the ] ], "''Sovereign democracy'' is a Kremlin coinage that conveys two messages: first, that Russia's regime is democratic and, second, that this claim must be accepted, period. Any attempt at verification will be regarded as unfriendly and as meddling in Russia's domestic affairs." <ref></ref> Observers outside Russia derided the term as a subterfuge to mask what is otherwise known as ].<ref> By Jim Maceda ] ], 2007.</ref>

Revision as of 19:47, 16 January 2008

Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin Владимир Владимирович Путин
File:President Putin04.jpg

2nd President of the Russian Federation
Incumbent
Assumed office May 7, 2000 (acting president from December 31, 1999)
Prime Minister	Mikhail Kasyanov Viktor Khristenko Mikhail Fradkov Viktor Zubkov
Preceded by	Boris Yeltsin
Prime Minister of the Russian Federation
In office August 8, 1999 – May 7, 2000
President	Boris Yeltsin
Preceded by	Sergei Stepashin
Succeeded by	Mikhail Kasyanov

Personal details
Born	(1952-10-07) October 7, 1952 (age 72) Leningrad, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
Political party	formally independent, but supports United Russia
Spouse	Lyudmila Putina
Children	Mariya (1985), Katerina (1986)
Signature

Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (Template:Audio-ru) (born October 7, 1952) is the current President of the Russian Federation. He became acting President on December 31, 1999, succeeding Boris Yeltsin, and then won the 2000 presidential election. In 2004, he was re-elected for a second term, which expires on May 7, 2008.

Early years and KGB career

Putin was born in Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg) on October 7, 1952. A quasi-autobiographical book, От Первого Лица (Romanization: Ot Pervovo Litsa; the English-language title: First Person, the meaning of the Russian phrase being more polysemantic), based on his interviews, translated into English in 2000 and paid for by his election campaign, speaks of humble beginnings, including early years in a communal apartment. According to him, in his youth he was eager to emulate the intelligence officer characters played on the Soviet screen by actors such as Vyacheslav Tikhonov and Georgiy Zhzhonov.

His mother, Maria Ivanovna Putina, was a factory worker and his father, Vladimir Spiridonovich Putin, was conscripted into the Soviet Navy, where he served in the submarine fleet in the early 1930s. His father subsequently served with the NKVD in a sabotage group during the Second World War. Two elder brothers were born in the mid-1930s; one died within a few months of birth; the second succumbed to diphtheria during the siege of Leningrad. His paternal grandfather, Spiridon Putin, had been Vladimir Lenin's and Joseph Stalin's personal cook.

Putin graduated from the International Branch of the Law Department of the Leningrad State University in 1975. His final thesis was Принцип наиболее благоприятствующей нации в международном праве Then he was recruited into the KGB. At the University he also became a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and has never formally resigned from it.

He worked in the Leningrad and Leningrad region Directorate of the KGB, where he became acquainted with Sergei Ivanov.

In 1976 he completed KGB retraining courses. In 1978 he entered other foreign intelligence in Moscow. After completing the training he served in the First Department of the Leningrad Directorate (foreign intelligence) until 1983. In 1983-1984 he studied at the KGB High School in Moscow. In 1984 Putin was promoted to Major.

From 1985 to 1990 the KGB stationed Putin in Dresden, East Germany, in what he regards as a minor position. Following the collapse of the East German regime, Putin was recalled to the Soviet Union and returned to Leningrad, where in June 1991 he assumed a position with the International Affairs section of Leningrad State University, reporting to Vice-Rector Yuriy Molchanov. In his new position, Putin grew reacquainted with Anatoly Sobchak, then mayor of Leningrad. Sobchak served as an Assistant Professor during Putin's university years and was one of Putin's lecturers. Putin formally resigned from the state security services on August 20, 1991, during the KGB-supported abortive putsch against Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev.

Early political and business career

In May 1990 Putin was appointed Mayor Sobchak's adviser on international affairs. On June 28, 1991, he was appointed head of the Committee for External Relations of the St. Petersburg Mayor's Office, with responsibility for promoting international relations and foreign investments. The Committee was also used to register business ventures in St. Petersburg. During the time Putin led this Committee, Alexei Miller, the current CEO of Gazprom, also served on it from (December 15, 1991–1996), as well as a number of other prominent politicians and businesspeople, and was a deputy head of the Committee from 1992-1996. Less than one year after taking control of the committee, Putin was investigated by a commission of the city legislative council. Commission deputies Marina Salye and Yury Gladkov concluded that Putin understated prices and issued licenses permitting the export of non-ferrous metals valued at a total of $93 million in exchange for food aid from abroad that never came to the city. The commission recommended Putin be fired, but there were no immediate consequences. Putin remained head of the Committee for External Relations until 1996. While heading the Committee for External Relations, from 1992 to March 2000 Putin was also on the advisory board of the German real estate holding St. Petersburg Immobilien und Beteiligungs AG (SPAG) which has been investigated by German prosecutors for money laundering.

From 1994 to 1997, Putin was appointed to additional positions in the St. Petersburg political arena. In March 1994 he became first deputy head of the administration of the city of Saint Petersburg. In 1995 (through June 1997) Putin led the St. Petersburg branch of the pro-government Our Home Is Russia political party. During this same period from 1995 through June 1997 he was also the head of the Advisory Board of the JSC Newspaper Sankt-Peterburgskie Vedomosti.

In 1996 Anatoly Sobchak lost the St. Petersburg mayoral election to Vladimir Yakovlev. Putin was called to Moscow and in June 1996 assumed position of a Deputy Chief of the Presidential Property Management Department headed by Pavel Borodin. He occupied this position until March 1997. On March 26, 1997 President Boris Yeltsin appointed Putin deputy chief of Presidential Staff, which he remained until May 1998, and chief of the Main Control Directorate of the Presidential Property Management Department (until June 1998).

On June 27, 1997, at the Saint Petersburg Mining Institute Putin defended his Candidate of Science dissertation in economics titled "The Strategic Planning of Regional Resources Under the Formation of Market Relations". According to Clifford G Gaddy, a senior fellow at The Brookings Institute, 16 of the 20 pages that open a key section of Putin’s work were copied either word for word or with minute alterations from a management study, Strategic Planning and Policy, written by US professors William King and David Cleland and translated into Russian by a KGB-related institute in the early 1990s.

On May 25 1998 Vladimir Putin was appointed First Deputy Chief of Presidential Staff for regions, (replacing Viktoriya Mitina), and on July 15 of the same year - the Head of the Commission for the preparation of agreements on the delimitation of power of regions and the federal center attached to the President (replacing Sergey Shakhray). After Putin's appointment, the commission completed no such agreements, although during Shakhray's term as the Head of the Commission there were 46 agreements signed.

On July 25 1998 Yeltsin appointed Vladimir Putin head of the FSB (one of the successor agencies to the KGB), the position Putin occupied until August 1999. He became a permanent member of the Security Council of the Russian Federation on October 1 1998 and its Secretary on March 29 1999. In April 1999, FSB Chief Vladimir Putin and Interior Minister Sergei Stepashin held a televised press conference in which they discussed a video that had aired nationwide March 17 on the state-controlled Russia TV channel which showed a naked man very similar to the Prosecutor General of Russia, Yury Skuratov, in bed with two young women. Putin claimed that expert FSB analysis proved the man on the tape to be Skuratov and that the orgy had been paid for by persons investigated for criminal offences. Skuratov had been adversarial toward President Yeltsin and had been aggressively investigating government corruption.

On June 15, 2000, The Times reported that Spanish police discovered that Putin had secretly visited a villa in Spain belonging to the oligarch Boris Berezovsky on up to five different occasions in 1999.

Prime Minister

President

Under the Putin administration the Russian economy saw increases in GDP (2000 - 10%, 2001 - 5.7%, 2002 - 4.9%, 2003 - 7.3%, 2004 - 7.1%, 2005 - 6,5%, 2006 - 6.7%, 2007- 7.6%), industrial and agricultural production, construction, real incomes, the volume of consumer credit (between 2000-2006 increased 45 times), and other economic measures. The number of people living below the poverty line decreased from 29% in 2000 to 18% in 2004. . A number of large-scale reforms in retirement (2002), banking (2001 - 2004), tax (2000 - 2003), the monetization of benefits (2005) and others have taken place.

First term

His rise to Russia's highest office ended up being even more rapid: on December 31, 1999, Yeltsin unexpectedly resigned and, according to the constitution, Putin became (acting) President of the Russian Federation.

The first Decree that Putin signed December 31, 1999, was the one "On guarantees for former president of the Russian Federation and members of his family". This ensured that "corruption charges against the outgoing President and his relatives" would not be pursued, although this claim is not strictly verifiable. Later on February 12, 2001 Putin signed a federal law on guarantees for former presidents and their families (See Vladimir Putin legislation and program), which replaced the similar decree. In 1999, Yeltsin and his family were under scrutiny for charges related to money-laundering by the Russian and Swiss authorities.

While his opponents had been preparing for an election in June 2000, Yeltsin's resignation resulted in the elections being held within three months, in March. This put all of his opponents at a disadvantage, giving him the element of surprise and an eventual victory. Presidential elections were held on March 26, 2000; Putin won in the first round.

Vladimir Putin was inaugurated president on May 7 2000. Having announced his intention to consolidate power in the country into a strict vertical, in May 2000 he issued a decree dividing 89 federal subjects of Russia between 7 federal districts overseen by representatives of him in order to facilitate federal administration. In July 2000, according to a law proposed by him and approved by the Russian parliament, Putin also gained the right to dismiss heads of the federal subjects.

In December 2000, Putin sanctioned the law to change the National Anthem of Russia. At the time the Anthem had music by Glinka and no words. The change was to restore (with a minor modification) the music of the post-1944 Soviet anthem by Alexandrov, while the new text was composed by Mikhalkov.

The arrest in early July 2003 of Platon Lebedev, a Mikhail Khodorkovsky partner and second largest shareholder in Yukos, on suspicion of illegally acquiring a stake in a state-owned fertiliser firm, Apatit, in 1994, foreshadowed what by the end of the year became a full-fledged prosecution of Yukos and its management for fraud, embezzlement and tax evasion.

Second term

Foreign policy

Main article: Foreign relations of Russia

In international affairs, Putin has been publicly increasingly critical of the foreign policies of the US and other Western countries. In February 2007, at the annual Munich Conference on Security Policy, he criticised what he calls the United States' monopolistic dominance in global relations, and pointed out that the United States displayed an "almost uncontained hyper use of force in international relations". He said the result of it is that "no one feels safe! Because no one can feel that international law is like a stone wall that will protect them. Of course such a policy stimulates an arms race."

He called for a "fair and democratic world order that would ensure security and prosperity not only for a select few, but for all". He proposed certain initiatives such as establishing international centres for the enrichment of uranium and prevention of deploying weapons in outer space. In his January 2007 interview Putin said Russia is in favour of a democratic multipolar world and of strengthening the system of international law.

While Putin is often characterised as an autocrat by the Western media and some politicians, his relationship with US President George W. Bush, former British Prime Minister Tony Blair, former German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder, former French President Jacques Chirac, and former Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi are reported to be personally friendly. Putin's relationship with Germany's new Chancellor, Angela Merkel, is reported to be "cooler" and "more business-like" than his partnership with Gerhard Schröder.

In the wake of the September 11 attacks on the United States, he agreed to the establishment of coalition military bases in Central Asia before and during the US-led invasion of Afghanistan. Russian nationalists objected to the establishment of any US military presence on the territory of the former Soviet Union, and had expected Putin to keep the US out of the Central Asian republics, or at the very least extract a commitment from Washington to withdraw from these bases as soon as the immediate military necessity had passed.

During the Iraq crisis of 2003, Putin opposed Washington's move to invade Iraq without the benefit of a United Nations Security Council resolution explicitly authorizing the use of military force. After the official end of the war was announced, American president George W. Bush asked the United Nations to lift sanctions on Iraq. Putin supported lifting of the sanctions in due course, arguing that the UN commission first be given a chance to complete its work on the search for weapons of mass destruction in Iraq.

In 2005, Putin and former German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder negotiated the construction of a major gas pipeline over the Baltic exclusively between Russia and Germany. Schröder also attended Putin's 53rd birthday in Saint Petersburg the same year.

The CIS, seen in Moscow as its traditional sphere of influence, became one of the foreign policy priorities under Putin, as the EU and NATO have grown to encompass much of Central Europe and, more recently, the Baltic states.

During the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election, Putin twice visited Ukraine before the election to show his support for Ukrainian Prime Minister Viktor Yanukovych, who was widely seen as a pro-Kremlin candidate, and he congratulated him on his anticipated victory before the official election returns had been in. Putin's personal support for Yanukovych was criticized as unwarranted interference in the affairs of a sovereign state (See also The Orange revolution). Crises also developed in Russia's relations with Georgia and Moldova, both former Soviet republics accusing Moscow of supporting separatist entities in their territories. Moscow's policies under Putin towards these states are viewed by politicians in the West as "efforts to bully democratic neighbors".

Russia's relations with the Baltic states also remain tense. In 2007, Russo-Estonian relations deteriorated further as a result of the Bronze Soldier controversy.

Putin took an active personal part in promoting the Act of Canonical Communion with the Moscow Patriarchate signed 17 May 2007 that restored relations between the Moscow-based Russian Orthodox Church and Russian Orthodox Church outside Russia after the the 80-year schism . However, critics claimed the unification of Churches was in effect a successful intelligence operation that allows Russian FSB to dispatch hundreds of priests who will create "new spy nests all over the world, absolutely untouchable, working under the cover of the church."

In his annual address to the Federal Assembly on April 26, 2007, Putin announced plans to declare a moratorium on the observance of the CFE Treaty by Russia until all NATO members ratified it and started observing its provisions, as Russia had been doing on a unilateral basis. Putin argues that as new NATO members have not even signed the treaty so far, an imbalance in the presence of NATO and Russian armed forces in Europe creates a real threat and an unpredictable situation for Russia. NATO members said they would refuse to ratify the treaty until Russia complied with its 1999 commitments made in Istanbul whereby Russia should remove troops and military equipment from Moldova and Georgia. Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov was quoted as saying in response that "Russia has long since fulfilled all its Istanbul obligations relevant to CFE". Russia has suspended its participation in the CFE as of midnight Moscow time on December 11, 2007. On December 12, 2007, the United States officially said it "deeply regretted the Russian Federation's decision to 'suspend' implementation of its obligations under the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)." State Department spokesman Sean McCormack, in a written statement, added that "Russia's conventional forces are the largest on the European continent, and its unilateral action damages this successful arms control regime." NATO's primary concern arising from Russia's suspension is that Moscow could now accelerate its military presence in the Northern Caucasus.

The months following Putin's Munich speech were marked by tension and a surge in rhetorics on both sides of the Atlantic. So, Vladimir Putin said at the anniversary of the Victory Day, "these threats are not becoming fewer but are only transforming and changing their appearance. These new threats, just as under the Third Reich, show the same contempt for human life and the same aspiration to establish an exclusive dictate over the world." This was interpreted by some Russian and Western commentators as comparing the U.S. to Nazi Germany. On the eve of the 33rd Summit of the G8 in Heiligendamm, American journalist Anne Applebaum, who is married to a Polish politician, wrote that "Whether by waging cyberwarfare on Estonia, threatening the gas supplies of Lithuania, or boycotting Georgian wine and Polish meat, he has, over the past few years, made it clear that he intends to reassert Russian influence in the former communist states of Europe, whether those states want Russian influence or not. At the same time, he has also made it clear that he no longer sees Western nations as mere benign trading partners, but rather as Cold War-style threats."

British historian Max Hastings described Putin as "Stalin's spiritual heir" in his article "Will we have to fight Russia in this Century?". British academic Norman Stone in his article "No wonder they like Putin" compared Putin to General Charles de Gaulle. Adi Ignatius argues that "Putin... is not a Stalin. There are no mass purges in Russia today, no broad climate of terror. But Putin is reconstituting a strong state, and anyone who stands in his way will pay for it." In the same article, Hastings continues that although "a return to the direct military confrontation of the Cold War is unlikely", "the notion of Western friendship with Russia is a dead letter" Both Russian and American officials always denied the idea of a new Cold War. So, the US defence secretary Robert Gates said yet on the Munich Conference: "We all face many common problems and challenges that must be addressed in partnership with other countries, including Russia. ... One Cold War was quite enough." Vladimir Putin said prior to 33rd G8 Summit, on June 4: "we do not want confrontation; we want to engage in dialogue. However, we want a dialogue that acknowledges the equality of both parties’ interests."

Putin publicly opposed to a U.S. missile shield in Europe, presented President George W. Bush with a counterproposal on June 7 2007 of sharing the use of the Soviet-era radar system in Azerbaijan rather than building a new system in the Czech Republic. Putin expressed readiness to modernize the Gabala radar station, which has been in operation since 1986. Putin proposed it would not be necessary to place interceptor missiles in Poland then, but interceptors could be placed in NATO member Turkey or Iraq. Putin suggested also equal involvement of interested European countries in the project.

Portraits of President Putin on display in a Moscow store.

In a June 4, 2007, interview to journalists of G8 countries, when answering the question of whether Russian nuclear forces may be focused on European targets in case "the United States continues building a strategic shield in Poland and the Czech Republic", Putin admitted that "if part of the United States’ nuclear capability is situated in Europe and that our military experts consider that they represent a potential threat then we will have to take appropriate retaliatory steps. What steps? Of course we must have new targets in Europe."

The end of 2006 brought strained relations between Russia and Britain in the wake of the death of a former FSB officer in London by poisoning. On July 20, 2007 UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown expelled "four Russian envoys over Putin's refusal to extradite ex-KGB agent Andrei Lugovoi, wanted in the UK for the murder of fellow former spy Alexander Litvinenko in London." The Russian constitution prohibits the extradition of Russian nationals to third countries. British Foreign Secretary David Miliband said that "this situation is not unique, and other countries have amended their constitutions, for example to give effect to the European Arrest Warrant".

Miliband's statement was widely publicized by Russian media as a British proposal to change the Russian constitution. According to VCIOM, 62% of Russians are against changing the Constitution in this respect. The British Ambassador in Moscow Tony Brenton said that the UK is not asking Russia to break its Constitution, but rather interpret it in such a way that would make Lugovoi's extradition possible. Putin, in response, advised British officials to "fix their heads" rather than propose changing the Russian constitution and said that the British proposals were "a relic of a colonial-era mindset".

When Litvinenko was dying from radiation poisoning, he allegedly accused Putin of directing the assassination in a statement which was released shortly after his death by his friend Alex Goldfarb. Critics have doubted that Litvinenko is the true author of the released statement. When asked about the Litvinenko accusations, Putin said that a statement released after death of its author "naturally deserves no comment".

The expulsions were seen as "the biggest rift since the countries expelled each other's diplomats in 1996 after a spying dispute." In response to the situation, Putin stated "I think we will overcome this mini-crisis. Russian-British relations will develop normally. On both the Russian side and the British side, we are interested in the development of those relations." Despite this, British Ambassador Tony Brenton was told by the Russian Foreign Ministry that UK diplomats would be given 10 days before they were expelled in response. The Russian government also announced that it would suspend issuing visas to UK officials and froze cooperation on counterterrorism in response to Britain suspending contacts with their Federal Security Service.

Alexander Shokhin, president of the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs warned that British investors in Russia will "face greater scrutiny from tax and regulatory authorities. They could also lose out in government tenders". Some see the crisis as originating with Britain's decision to grant Putin's former patron, Russian billionaire Boris Berezovsky, political asylum in 2003. Earlier in 2007, Berezovsky had called for the overthrow of Putin.

Leaders of the 33rd G8 summit in Heiligendamm, Germany

Presidents Bush and Putin at the 33rd G8 summit, June 2007.

On 10 December, 2007, Russia ordered the British Council to halt work at its regional offices in what was seen as the latest round of a dispute over the murder of Alexander Litvinenko; Britain said Russia's move was illegal.

Following the Peace Mission 2007 military exercises jointly conducted by the SCO member states, Putin announced on August 17, 2007 the resumption on a permanent basis of long-distance patrol flights of Russia's strategic bombers that were suspended in 1992. US State Department spokesman Sean McCormack was quoted as saying in response that "if Russia feels as though they want to take some of these old aircraft out of mothballs and get them flying again, that's their decision." The announcement made during the SCO summit in the light of joint Russian-Chinese military exercises, first-ever in history to be held on Russian territory, makes some believe that Putin is inclined to set up an anti-NATO bloc or the Asian version of OPEC. When presented with the suggestion that "Western observers are already likening the SCO to a military organisation that would stand in opposition to NATO", Putin answered that "this kind of comparison is inappropriate in both form and substance". Russian Chief of the General Staff Yury Baluyevsky was quoted as saying that "there should be no talk of creating a military or political alliance or union of any kind, because this would contradict the founding principles of SCO".

The resumption of long-distance flights of Russia's strategic bombers was followed by the announcement by Russian Defense Minister Anatoliy Serdyukov during his meeting with Putin on Decemer 5, 2007, that 11 ships, including the aircraft carrier Kuznetsov, would take part in the first major navy sortie into the Mediterranean since Soviet times. The sortie was to be backed up by 47 aircraft, including strategic bombers. According to Serdyukov, this is an effort to resume regular Russian naval patrols on the world's oceans, the view that is also supported by Russian media. The military analyst from Novaya Gazeta Pavel Felgenhauer believes that the accident-prone Kuznetsov is scarcely seaworthy and is more of a menace to her crew than any putative enemy.

In September 2007, Putin visited Indonesia and in doing so became the first Russian leader to visit the country in more than 50 years. In the same month, Putin also attended the APEC meeting held in Sydney, Australia where he met with Australian Prime Minister John Howard and signed an uranium trade deal. This was the first visit of a Russian president to Australia.

On October 16, 2007 Putin visited Tehran, Iran to participate in the Second Caspian Summit, where he met with Iranian leader Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. Other participants were leaders of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan. This is the first visit of a Russian leader to Iran since Joseph Stalin's participation in the Tehran Conference in 1943. At a press conference after the summit Putin said that "all our (Caspian) states have the right to develop their peaceful nuclear programmes without any restrictions". During the summit it was also agreed that its participants, under no circumstances, would let any third-party state use their territory as a base for aggression or military action against any other participant.

On October 26, 2007, at a press conference following the 20th Russia-EU Summit in Portugal, Putin proposed to create a Russian-European Institute for Freedom and Democracy headquartered either in Brussels or in one of the European capitals, and added that "we are ready to supply funds for financing it, just as Europe covers the costs of projects in Russia". This newly proposed institution is expected to monitor human rights violations in Europe and contribute to development of European democracy.

Public opinion, criticism, and support

According to public opinion surveys conducted by Levada Center, Putin's approval rating was 81% in June 2007, and the highest of any leader in the world. His popularity rose from 31% in August 1999 to 80% in November 1999 and since then it has never fallen below 65%. Observers see Putin's high approval ratings as a consequence of higher living standards that improved during his rule and Russia's reassertion of itself on the world scene, and some western sources say it is also because of alleged uniformly positive and extensive coverage that Putin receives from the state-controlled media. Most Russians are also deeply disillusioned with the West after all the hardships of 90s, and they no longer trust pro-western politicians associated with Yeltsin that were removed from the political scene under Putin's leadership. Critics of Putin are seldom seen on two major national TV channels, Channel One and RTR. They do get some exposure through independent media, which include the national Ren-TV channel , the Echo of Moscow radio station and a few newspapers such as Novaya Gazeta and Nezavisimaya Gazeta.

Despite widespread public support in Russia, Putin has also been the target of much criticism. Several reforms made under Putin’s presidency have been criticized by some privately owned Russian media outlets and many Western commentators as anti-democratic. At the same time, a joint poll by World Public Opinion in the U. S. and NGO Levada Center in Russia around June-July 2006 stated that "neither the Russian nor the American publics are convinced Russia is headed in an anti-democratic direction" and "Russians generally support Putin’s concentration of political power and strongly support the re-nationalization of Russia’s oil and gas industry" Russians generally support political course of Putin and his team.

In 2006 and 2007 "Dissenters' Marches" were organized by the opposition group Other Russia, led by former chess champion Garry Kasparov and national-bolshevist leader Eduard Limonov. Demonstrations in several Russian cities were met by police action, which included interfering with the travel of the protesters and the arrests of as many as 150 people. The Dissenters' Marches have received little support among the Russian general public, according to popular polls. The Dissenters' March in Samara held in May 2007 during the Russia-EU summit attracted more journalists providing coverage of the event than actual participants. When asked in what way the Dissenters' Marches bother him, Putin answered that such marches "shall not prevent other citizens from living a normal life". During the Dissenters' March in St. Petersburg on March 3, 2007, the protesters blocked automobile traffic on Nevsky Prospect, the central street of the city, much to the disturbance of local drivers. The Governor of St. Petersburg, Valentina Matvienko, commented on the event that "it is important to give everyone the opportunity to criticize the authorities, but this should be done in a civilized fashion". When asked about Kasparov's arrest, Putin replied that during his arrest Kasparov was speaking English rather than Russian, and suggested that he was targeting a Western audience rather than his own people. Putin has said that some domestic critics are being funded and supported by foreign enemies who would prefer to see a weak Russia. In his speech at the United Russia meeting in Luzhniki: "Those who oppose us don't want us to realize out plan.... They need a weak, sick state. They need a disorganized and disoriented society, a divided society, so that they can do their deeds behind its back and eat cake on our tab." .

In early 2005, a youth organization called Nashi (meaning 'Ours' or 'Our Own People') was created in Russia, which positions itself as a democratic anti-fascist organization. Its creation was encouraged by some of the most senior figures in the Administration of the President, and by 2007 it grew to some 120,000 members (between the ages of 17 and 25). One of Nashi's major stated aims was to prevent a repeat of the 2004 Orange Revolution during the Russian elections: as its leader Vasily Yakemenko said, "the enemies must not perform unconstitutional takeovers". Kremlin adviser, Sergei Markov said about the activists of Nashi: "They want Russia to be a modern, strong and free country... Their ideology is clear — it is modernization of the country and preservation of its sovereignty with that."

Nashi has been referred to as "Putin Youth" and the "loyal youth brigade" in the Western media. A Nashi advertisement was described in a Time magazine article as "reminiscent of Soviet-era propaganda with its non sequitur acceleration of hysteria"; the poster reads: "Tomorrow there will be war in Iran. The day after tomorrow Russia will be governed externally!" Some Russian liberals refer to Nashi as "Putinjugend". The Boston Globe said that "movement's brownshirt tactics certain evoke shades of Hitler Youth, as does the emphasis on physical fitness, clean living, and procreation for the Motherland". Some view the emergence of this and, more recently, other similar organisations, such as Young Guard and Locals, as one of the signs of Russia under Putin "sliding into fascism, with state control of the economy, media, politics and society becoming increasingly heavy-handed".

Putin is Time Magazine's Person of the Year for 2007, given the title for his "extraordinary feat of leadership in taking a country that was in chaos and bringing it stability". The choice provoked sarcasm from one of Russia's opposition leaders, Garry Kasparov, who recalled that Adolf Hitler had been Time's Man of the Year in 1938 and an overwhelmingly negative reaction from the magazine's readership.

Political future

The Constitution imposes consecutive term limits that prevent Putin from running for re-election again in 2008, although he would be allowed to run for President in the following presidential election, scheduled for 2012. On November 26 2007, Federation Council Speaker Sergei Mironov was quoted by Interfax news agency, saying that the fact that the election day had been set to March 2 2008, would allow Putin, who is required by term limits to leave office when his second term ends in May 2008, the option of resigning early and then running again.

There are speculations in some media that Putin might be planning to have an influential role in the government preceding the elections , however on February 1, 2007 Putin publicly rebuked such speculations: "there will be no successors. There will be candidates for the post of the President of the Russian Federation." .

On 1 October 2007, Putin announced he would run as first on the list for United Russia and might consider becoming Prime Minister of Russia.

On December 10, 2007, Putin backed First deputy prime-minister and chairman of Gazprom Dmitry Medvedev's candidature for presidential election, nominated by Putin's United Russia party, as well as Agrarian Party, liberal Civilian Power and pro-Kremlin socialistic Fair Russia. It has been long believed by political analysts that Putin's choice of a successor will coast to an easy election-day victory as pre-election opinion polls have indicated that a substantial majority of potential voters will back Putin's chosen candidate for president. Medvedev announced in his first speech since his own nomination that as President, he will nominate Vladimir Putin to the post of prime minister to head the Russian government, if the latter was willing to accept it. Although constitutionally barred from a third consecutive presidential term, such a role would arguably allow Putin to continue as a national leader, and to take up again the presidency later if he so chose. Some analysts have been quick to point out that such a statement shows that Medvedev recognizes that he would only be a figurehead president. Anders Åslund warns that the transfer-of-power operation is still far from being a foregone conclusion. Notwithstanding such views, Putin has pledged that he would accept the position of prime minister should Medvedev be elected president. Although Putin has pledged not to change the distribution of authority between president and prime minister, many analysts are expecting a shift in the center of power from the presidency to the prime minister post should Putin assumes the latter under a Medvedev presidency.

On December 11, 2007, a Kremlin official confirmed that Putin and Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko had discussed plans to consolidate their two countries into a new merger-state, just days before their scheduled two-day meeting. Were such a union to come into existence, it would necessitate a freshly drafted constitution for the new union-state, essentially giving Putin the avenue which he needs to legally circumvent the current term-limit constitutionally imposed upon him. Such speculations were rebutted by Belarusian President Lukashenko on December 14, 2007.

At the United Russia party congress on 2007-12-17, Medvedev was officially nominated and Putin agreed to become PM if Medvedev won the election.

At the time that Medvedev formally registered his candidacy with the Central Election Commission on December 20, 2007, he announced that if elected, he would be stepping down as chairman of the Board of Directors of Gazprom, since under the current laws, the president is not permitted to hold another post. Sources close to Gazprom and Medvedev have told the Vedomosti newspaper that Medvedev may be replaced by Putin at Gazprom.

Family and personal life

On July 28, 1983 Putin married Lyudmila Shkrebneva, at that time an undergraduate student of the Spanish branch of the Philology Department of the Leningrad State University and a former airline stewardess, who had been born in Kaliningrad on January 6 1958. They have two daughters, Maria Putina (born 1985) and Yekaterina "Katya" Putina (born 1986 in Dresden). The daughters attended the German School in Moscow (Deutsche Schule Moskau) until his appointment as prime minister.

Since 1992, Putin had owned a dacha of about 7 thousand square meters in Solovyovka, Priozersky district of the Leningrad region, which is located on the eastern shore of the Komsomol'skoye lake on the Karelian Isthmus near St. Petersburg. His neighbours there are Vladimir Yakunin, Andrei Fursenko, Sergey Fursenko, Yuriy Kovalchuk, Viktor Myachin, Vladimir Smirnov and Nikolay Shamalov. On November 10, 1996, together they instituted the co-operative society Ozero (the Lake) which united their properties. This was confirmed by Putin's income and property declaration as a nominee for the presidency in 2000. However, this real estate was not listed in his income and property declaration for 1998 - 2002 submitted before the 2004 elections. (Full text of the declaration in Russian: .doc)

Putin's father was "a model communist, genuinely believing in its ideals while trying to put them into practice in his own life.". With this dedication he became secretary of the Party cell in his workshop and then after taking night classes joined the factory’s Party bureau. Though his father was a "militant atheist", Putin's mother "was a devoted Orthodox believer". Though she kept no icons at home, she attended church regularly (despite the government's persecution of the Russian Orthodox Church at that time). She ensured that Putin was secretly christened as a baby, and she regularly took him to services. His father knew of this but turned a blind eye. Putin himself is a practicing member of the Russian Orthodox Church. His religious awakening followed the serious car crash of his wife in 1993, and was deepened by a life-threatening fire that burned down their dacha in August 1996. Right before an official visit to Israel his mother gave him his baptismal cross telling him to get it blessed “I did as she said and then put the cross around my neck. I have never taken it off since.”

Putin speaks German with near-native fluency. His family used to speak German at home as well. After becoming President he was reported to be taking English lessons and could be seen conversing directly with Bush and other native speakers of English in informal situations, but he continues to use interpreters for formal talks. Putin spoke English in public for the first time during the state dinner in Buckingham Palace in 2003 saying but a few phrases while delivering his condolences to the Queen. He made a full English speech while addressing delegates at the 119th International Olympic Committee Session in Guatemala City on behalf of the successful bid of Sochi for the 2014 Winter Olympics.

Personal wealth

According to the official data submitted during the Russian legislative election, 2007 Putin's wealth is quite trivial. His wealth is limited to approximately 3.7 million roubles (approximately $150 thousand) in bank accounts, a private 77.4 square meters apartment in Saint Petersburg, 260 shares of Bank Saint Petersburg (with the December 2007 market price $5.36 per share) and two Volga M21 cars of 1960's that he inherited from his father and does not register for on-road use. Putin's total 2006 income totaled to 2 million rubles (approximately $80 thousand). According to the official data Putin certainly did not make into the top 100 most wealthy Duma candidates of his own United Russia party.

On the other hand, there have been allegations that Putin secretly owns a very large fortune. According to former Chairman of the Russian State Duma Ivan Rybkin , and Russian political scientist Stanislav Belkovsky , Putin controls a 4.5% stake in Gazprom, 37% in Surgutneftegaz and 50% in the oil-trading company Gunvor run by a close friend of Putin — Gennady Timchenko. The aggregate estimated value of these holdings would easily make Putin Russia's richest person. "Putin's total personal fortune would amount to no less than $41 billion, placing him among the 10 richest in the world," says the Swedish economist Anders Aslund. In December, 2007, Belkovsky elaborated on his claims: "Putin's name doesn't appear on any shareholders' register, of course. There is a non-transparent scheme of successive ownership of offshore companies and funds. The final point is in Zug and Liechtenstein. Vladimir Putin should be the beneficiary owner."

Putin is not included into the world list of billionaires compiled by Forbes or the list of Russian billionaires compiled by the Finance magazine.

Martial arts

One of Putin's favorite sports is the martial art of judo. Putin began training in sambo (martial art originated in the Soviet Union) at the age of 14, before switching to judo, which he continues to practice today. Putin won competitions in his hometown of Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg), including the senior championship of Leningrad. He is the President of the Yawara Dojo, the same St. Petersburg dojo he practiced at when young. Putin co-authored a book on his favorite sport, published in Russian as Judo with Vladimir Putin and in English under the title Judo: History, Theory, Practice.

Though he is not the first world leader to practice judo, Putin is the first leader to move forward into the advanced levels. Currently, Putin is a black belt (6th dan) and is best known for his Harai Goshi (sweeping hip throw). Vladimir Putin earned Master of Sports (Soviet and Russian sport title) in Judo in 1975 and in Sambo in 1973. After a state visit to Japan, Putin was invited to the Kodokan Institute where he showed the students and Japanese officials different judo techniques.

Putin is also a fan of Mixed Martial Arts, and of famous Russian MMA fighter Fedor Emelianenko. He attended the BODOG Fight event in St. Petersburg.

Honours

In 2001 Germany awarded Vladimir Putin a special class of the Grand Cross Bundesverdienstkreuz.
In September 2006, France's president Jacques Chirac awarded Vladimir Putin the insignia of an honorary Knight (Chevalier) of the Legion d'Honneur, the highest French decoration, to celebrate his contribution to the friendship between the two countries. This decoration is usually awarded to the heads of state considered as very close to France.
On February 12, 2007 Saudi King Abdullah awarded Putin the King Abdul Aziz Award, Saudi Arabia's top civilian decoration.
On September 10, 2007 UAE President Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan awarded Putin the Order of Zayed, UAE's top civilian decoration.
In December 2007 Putin was named Person of the Year (Expert magazine) by Expert magazine, influential and respected Russian business weekly.

Anecdotes

See also: Putinisms

In a transcript published on July 12, 2006, Putin is reported to have responded to U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney's political criticism by saying, "I think the statements of your Vice-President of this sort are the same as an unsuccessful hunting shot." U.S. President George W. Bush later remarked that the comment was "pretty clever, actually, quite humorous."
In response to Bush's accusations during the press conference at the 32nd G8 summit held in July of 2006, concerning the decline of democracy in modern Russia, when Bush said that Iraq is a good example to follow, Putin stated, "We certainly would not want to have the same kind of democracy as they have in Iraq, I will tell you quite honestly."
At a press conference on February 1, 2007 Putin was asked for his opinion on homosexuality in the midst of a row over the decision by Moscow Mayor Yury Luzhkov to ban a gay rights parade in Moscow. Putin said: "My approach toward gay parades and sexual minorities is very simple. It is directly linked to my responsibilities. One of the key problems of our country is the demographic problem." After the audience burst out in laughter, Putin added, "I respect the freedom of people in all respects."

Key speeches

During his terms in office Putin has made 8 annual addresses to the Federal Assembly of Russia, speaking on the situation in Russia and on guidelines of the internal and foreign policy of the State (as prescribed in Article 84.f of the Constitution). The 2007 election campaign of the United Russia party went under the slogan "Putin's Plan: Russia's Victory". When asked on the "Putin's plan", Vladimir Putin said the last five Addresses contained some key parts "devoted to the state’s medium-term development", and "if all these key ideas were put together to build a coherent system, it can become the country's development plan in the medium-term".

References and notes

Putin Refused to Become a Member of "United Russia", October 1, 2007, Gzt.ru
Putin Refused to Become a Member of "United Russia", October 1, 2007, Prime-tass.ru
Fig.: Vladimir Putin and his wife Lyudmila during the celebration of Pascha, the Russian Orthodox Easter service, at the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow, April 2001. (source of picture: http://vladimirputin.4u.ru/ -- Access to 09.12.2005.) Retrieved on 2007-06-27
Some biographers speculate that he was born somewhere in Southern Russia in 1950 and later lived at Metekhi, Georgian SSR, USSR, from 1953 to 1960, see Who is Mr. Putin (in Russian) by Vladimir Pribylovsky and Yury Felshtinsky, Subbota, No 10, March 4, 2004; Georgian relatives of the President (in Russian) by I. Bobrova, Moskovskiy Komsomolets, June 13 2006.
"Book Intro" (in Russian). {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |month=, |accessyear=, |accessmonthday=, and |coauthors= (help)
First Person (Paperback) by Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (Author), Nataliia Gevorkian (Author), Natalia Timakova (Author), A.V. Kolesnikov (Author), Catherine A. Fitzpatrick (Author) at Amazon.com
Peter Baker and Susan Glasser. Kremlin Rising: Vladimir Putin and the End of Revolution,p. 40. New York, Scribner, 2005. ISBN 0-7432-6431-2
^ "ПУТИН Владимир Владимирович" (in Russian). Антикомпромат (anticompromat.ru). {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |month=, |accessyear=, |accessmonthday=, and |coauthors= (help)
Владимир Путин. От Первого Лица. Chapter 6
"ИВАНОВ Сергей Борисович" (in Russian). Антикомпромат (anticompromat.ru). {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |month=, |accessyear=, |accessmonthday=, and |coauthors= (help)
Seven Moments of the Successor's Life (in Russian), Moskovskiy Komsomolets, 18.08.1999.
^ V. Pribylovsky. "Происхождение путинской олигархии (The Origin of Putin's Oligarchy)" (in Russian). Антикомпромат (anticompromat.ru). {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |month=, |accessyear=, |accessmonthday=, and |coauthors= (help)
"МИЛЛЕР Алексей Борисович" (in Russian). Антикомпромат (anticompromat.ru). {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |month=, |accessyear=, |accessmonthday=, and |coauthors= (help)
Kovalev, Vladimir (2004-07-23). "Uproar At Honor For Putin". The St. Petersburg Time. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |month=, |accessyear=, |accessmonthday=, and |coauthors= (help)
Hoffman, David (2000-01-30). "Putin's Career Rooted in Russia's KGB". The Washington Post. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |month=, |accessyear=, |accessmonthday=, and |coauthors= (help)
J. Michael Waller (2000-03-17). "Russia Reform Monitor No. 755: U.S. Seen Helping Putin's Presidential Campaign; Documents, Ex-Investigators, Link Putin to St. Petersburg Corruption". American Foreign Policy Council, Washington, D.C. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |month=, |accessyear=, |accessmonthday=, and |coauthors= (help)
B. Berezovsky (2004-02-24). "New Repartition //What is to be done?". Kommersant. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |month=, |accessyear=, |accessmonthday=, and |coauthors= (help)
Kovalev, Vladimir (2005-07-29). "Putin Should Settle Doubts About His Past Conduct". The St. Petersburg Time. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |month=, |accessyear=, |accessmonthday=, and |coauthors= (help)
Roth, Jürgen. Die Gangster aus dem Osten. Hamburg: Europa Verlag, 2003. ISBN 3203815265
Duparc, Agathe et Vladimir Ivanidze. Le nom de M. Poutine apparaît en marge des affaires de blanchiment au Liechtenstein. Le Monde, 26.05.2000.
A Stain on Mr. Clean by Mark Hosenball and Christian Karyl, Newsweek, 3.09.2001
Le Monde Says Putin Linked To Crime Moscow Times, 30.05.2000.
Putin’s Name Surfaces in German Probe by Catherine Belton
The Man Who Wasn't There by Nick Paton Walsh. The Observer, 29.02.2004.
^ "Владимир Путин: от ассистента Собчака до и.о. премьера" (in Russian). GAZETA.RU. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |month=, |accessyear=, |accessmonthday=, and |coauthors= (help)
"ПУТИН — КАНДИДАТ НАУК" (in Russian). zavtra.ru. 2000-05-24. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |month=, |accessyear=, |accessmonthday=, and |coauthors= (help)
Tony Allen-Mills Putin accused of plagiarising his PhD thesis The Sunday Times March 26 2006
The Half-Decay Products (in Russian) by Oleg Odnokolenko. Itogi, #47(545), 2.01.2007.
The Security Organs of the Russian Federation. A Brief History 1991-2004 by Jonathan Littell.
The Operation "Successor" by Vladimir Pribylovsky and Yuriy Felshtinsky (in Russian).
Interview with David Satter on Radio Liberty August 8 2003 Template:Ru icon
Tremlett, Giles (June 15 2000). "Leader's secret holidays to Spain". The Times. Retrieved 2007-04-29. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
"Text of Yeltsin's speech in English". BBC NEWS. 1999-08-09. Retrieved 2007-05-31. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |month=, |accessyear=, |accessmonthday=, and |coauthors= (help)
Yeltsin redraws political map BBC, August 10, 1999
Yeltsin's man wins approval BBC, August 16, 1999.
Analysis of Chechen Crisis from ChechnyaFree.Ru
Can Grozny be groovy? by The Independent, March 13, 2007.
Human Rights Watch Reports, on human rights abuses in Chechnya. Retrieved November 22, 2006
Views of today Chechnya, published in November 29, 2006.
Views of Grozny, 2007, Views of Chechen schools, 2007.
Political groups and parties: Unity Norsk Utenrikspolitisk Institutt
РОЗНИЧНЫЙ ПОДХОД. Российские банки борются за частников
Ежегодно объем потребительского кредитования в России удваивается
ОСНОВНЫЕ СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ ИНДИКАТОРЫ УРОВНЯ ЖИЗНИ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ
Профиль российской бедности
УКАЗ от 31 декабря 1999 г. № 1763 О ГАРАНТИЯХ ПРЕЗИДЕНТУ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ, ПРЕКРАТИВШЕМУ ИСПОЛНЕНИЕ СВОИХ ПОЛНОМОЧИЙ, И ЧЛЕНАМ ЕГО СЕМЬИ. Rossiyskaya Gazeta
«Развращение» первого лица. Госдума не решилась покуситься на неприкосновенность экс-президента. www.newizv.ru March 18, 2004.
Person of the Year 2007: A Tsar Is Born by Adi Ignatius, Retrieved on December 19, 2007, Time.com
Yeltsin linked to bribe scandal BBC, September 8, 1999.
Duma approves old Soviet anthem CNN, December 8, 2000.
National anthem of Russian Federation, StateSymbol.Ru
Lynch, Dov (2005). "The enemy is at the gate": Russia after Beslan. International Affairs 81 (1), 141–161.
Putin tightens grip on security, BBC News, September 13 2004.
Page, Jeremy. "Analysis: punished for his political ambitions". The Times. Retrieved 2007-12-27.
Putin’s Gamble. Where Russia is headed. by Nikolas Gvosdev www.nationalreview.com November 05, 2003.
Putin's Kremlin Asserting More Control of Economy. Yukos Case Reflects Shift on Owning Assets, Notably in Energy. by Peter Baker Washington Post July 9, 2004.
Back in business - how Putin's allies are turning Russia into a corporate state. by Neil Buckley and Arkady Ostrovsky Financial Times June 19 2006.
What Putin Stands For. Planes, uranium, tanks, infrastructure, and nuclear power for sale. by Reuben F. Johnson Weekly Standard April 23, 2007, Volume 012, Issue 30
Abramovich Beyond Sibneft. by Heidi Brown Forbes October 12, 2005.
Газнефтепром Нефтегазовая Вертикаль journal.
Sibneft Deal May Just Be the Start. By Valeria Korchagina The Moscow Times September 30, 2005.
$13 billion Sibneft deal fulfills Gazprom quest. By Andrew Kramer International Herald Tribune September 29, 2005.
David Linley wooed by ‘Kremlin’s cashier’. Billionaire friend of Putin set to buy stake in viscount’s furniture business. by Nick Fielding The Sunday Times January 13, 2008.
Sovereignty is a Political Synonym of Competitiveness Vladislav Surkov, public appear, 7 February 2006
Our Russian Model of Democracy is Titled «Sovereign Democracy» Vladislav Surkov, briefing, 28 June 2006.
Putin’s ‘sovereign democracy’ looks familiar. Putin’s near-autocratic power resembles the old Soviet Union to opponents. By Jim Maceda NBC News March 30, 2007.
CPJ calls on Putin to take responsibility for Politkovskaya murder probe - Committee to Protect Journalists
Putin's Russia failed to protect this brave woman, Joan Smith.
Anna Politkovskaya, Prominent Russian Journalist, Putin Critic and Human Rights Activist, Murdered in Moscow, Democracy Now
Paying for a Play on Putin's Name. by Francesca Mereu The Moscow Times January 15, 2008. Issue 3820. Page 1.
Source: 82% of Russians Approve TV Censorship, Russian Development Portal, 24 June 2005
^ Interview with Newspaper Journalists from G8 Member Countries, June 4, 2007, full official transcript.
Putin: I Am the World's Only 'Pure Democrat' by Jim Heintz (Associated Press). The Guardian, June 4 2007.
Constitution of Russia, Section One, Chapter Four.
Election Preliminary Results for United Russia, December 4, 2007, Rbc.ru
Preliminary results of voting, Retrieved on December 4, 2007, Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation
Russians Voted In Favour of Putin, December 4, 2007, Izvestia.ru
Assenters' March, December 3, 2007, Izvestia.ru
Owen Matthews (2007-12-01). "Under A Quiet Surface. Forget democracy. The real Russian politics rages in the Kremlin". Newsweek. Retrieved 2007-12-12. In the last eight years we have created a very solid Soviet-style bureaucratic elite, with their own codes and speaking the same language. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |month=, |accessyear=, and |accessmonthday= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
"The secret policeman's election". The Economist. Dec 6th 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-13. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
Neil Buckley (2007-12-12). "An apparatchik president? Why Russia expects Putin to stay on at Medvedev's side". Financial Times. Retrieved 2007-12-13. One former insider says the tussles looked as if the siloviki were paving the way for a takeover of power. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |month=, |accessyear=, and |accessmonthday= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
The man who wants to buy back Russia. by Catherine Belton Financial Times December 20, 2007.
Виктор Ядуха. Сеанс с разоблачением. Борьба кремлевских группировок переходит в новую стадию. РБК Daily Dec 3, 2007
Сергей Баймухаметов. Шварцман выдал тайну Маркетинг и консалтинг News Agency 07 декабря 2007.
Роман Шлейнов. Явление Шварцмана народу Novaya Gazeta № 93 Dec 6, 2007.
В поисках нарушений: Генпрокуратура проверит Следственный комитет. NEWSru.com Dec 14, 2007.
Популяры вместо оптиматов. Оппозиция в России может быть только новой и левой. Vremya Novostei № 230 December 14, 2007.
Putin’s pyramid. by Arkady Ostrovsky The Ecjnjmist From The World in 2008 print edition.
Purge or Coup? by Anders Åslund The Moscow Times January 9, 2008.
^ 43rd Munich Conference on Security Policy. Putin's speech in English, February 10, 2007.
Interview for Indian Television Channel Doordarshan and Press Trust of India News Agency, January 18, 2007.
Stand Up to Putin. by Robert Kagan The Washington Post September 15, 2004
The myth of Putin's success. By Michael McFaul and Kathryn Stoner-Weiss IHT December 13, 2007
Merkel cools Berlin Moscow ties BBC News 16 January 2006
"An Enduring Peace Built on Freedom // Revitalizing the Transatlantic Partnership". Council on Foreign Relations. November/December 2007, Vol 86, Number 6. Retrieved 2007-12-13. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
In this connection it is worth of mention that Putin's father, an NKVD officer, was nearly killed in Estonia, while on a sabotage mission during World War Two. The fact may have had some influence on Vladimir Putin's attitudes, as suggested by Lynn Berry in the article “Behind Putin's Estonia Complex” (in Moscow Times, May 25, 2007). Text available at FreeRepublic.com
David Holley (May 17, 2007). "Russian Orthodox Church ends 80-year split". Los Angeles Times.
Cold War Lingers At Russian Church In New Jersey By SUZANNE SATALINE, Wall Street Journal, July 18, 2007
Putin's Espionage Church, an excerpt from a forthcoming book of Konstantin Preobrazhenskiy "Russian Americans: A New KGB Asset"
^ Annual Address to the Federal Assembly, April 26, 2007, Kremlin, Moscow
Lavrov Announced Conditions of Resuming CFE Observance, December 3, 2007, Izvestia.ru
"Russia walks away from CFE arms treaty". AFP via Yahoo! News. Dec 12, 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-13.
"Russia Suspends Participation In CFE Treaty". Radio Liberty. December 12, 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-13.
"US 'deeply regrets' Russia's 'wrong' decision on CFE". AFP. Dec 12, 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-13.
"Putin poised to freeze arms pact as assertiveness grows". Financial Times. December 12, 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-13.
Speech at the Military Parade Celebrating the 62nd Anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War, Red Square, Moscow, May 9, 2007
Putin is playing a dangerous game By Anne Applebaum, 05/06/2007
^ A blundering Bush, Tsar Putin, and the question: will we, in this century, have to fight Russia? by Max Hastings, June 5, 2007, Daily Mail
^ No wonder they like Putin by Norman Stone, December 4, 2007, The Times
Person of the Year 2007: A Tsar Is Born by Adi Ignatius, Retrieved on December 19, 2007, Time.com
Press Conference following the end of the G8 Summit, June 8, 2007
Doug Sanders, "Putin threatens to target Europe with missiles", The Globe and Mail, June 2, 2007
Asymmetrical Iskander missile systems, RIA Novosti, November 15, 2007
^ Gonzalo Vina and Sebastian Alison (July 20, 2007). "Brown Defends Russian Expulsions, Decries Killings". Bloomberg News.
David Miliband's oral statement to the Commons on the Litvinenko case, July 16, 2007
Lugovoi Has Disclosed Next Martyr, August 29, 2007
London Proposes to Moscow Changing Constitution, July 17, 2007
^ John Lennon on Russian Constitution, August 17, 2007
VCIOM: Russians Oppose Lugovoi Extradition to Brits, Rbc.ru, August 21, 2007
British Ambassador Suggests Russia Interprets Its Constitution In New Ways, Gorod.lv, July 23, 2007
Excerpts from Transcript of Meeting with Members of Russian Youth Organisations, July 24, 2007, In Russian
Excerpts from Transcript of Meeting with Members of Russian Youth Organisations, July 24, 2007, In English
In full: Litvinenko statement, BBC News, November 24, 2006
Soviet Moonwalker is Guilty for Litvinenko Death? Strange Litvinenko Last Will, Izvestia, November 27, 2006
Is Putin being set up?, Townhall.com, November 27, 2006
Joint Press Conference after Russia-EU Summit, Helsinki, Finland, November 24, 2006
"Russia suspends British Council regional offices". Reuters. December 10, 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Press Statement following the Peace Mission 2007 Counterterrorism Exercises and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Summit, August 17, 2007, Chelyabinsk Region
^ Russia restores Soviet-era strategic bomber patrols, August 17, 2007, RIA Novosti, Russia
^ SCO Scares NATO, August 8, 2007, KM.ru
Russia Over Three Oceans, August 20, 2007, "Chas", Latvia
Beginning of Meeting with Defense Minister Anatoliy Serdyukov, December 5, 2007, Kremlin.ru
Guy Faulconbridge. Russian navy to start sorties in Mediterranean Reuters Dec 5, 2007.
Mike Eckel. Russian navy group goes to Mediterranean Associated Press Dec 5, 2007.
Russia's Navy Has Resumed Presence in World Ocean Vzglyad.ru (Russian) Dec 5, 2007.
Павел Фельгенгауэр. Семь честных слов под килем Novaya Gazeta № 95 Dec 13, 2007.
^ Putin: Iran Has Right to Develop Peaceful Nuclear Programme, October 16, 2007, Rbc.ru
Putin Positive on Second Caspian Summit Results, Meets With Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, October 16, 2007, Kremlin.ru
Visit to Iran. Second Caspian Summit, October 15-16, 2007, Kremlin.ru
Vladimir Putin defies assassination threats to make historic visit to Tehran, October 16, 2007, The Times (In Russian)
Vladimir Putin defies assassination threats to make historic visit to Tehran, October 16, 2007, The Times (In English)
Answer to a Question at the Joint Press Conference Following the Second Caspian Summit, October 16, 2007, Tehran, Kremlin.ru
Press Statement and Answers to Questions following the 20th Russia-European Union Summit, October 26, 2007, Mafra, Portugal, Kremlin.ru
Russia Will Finance European Democracy, October 29, 2007, Izvestia.ru
www.russiavotes.org
Putin Cements His Grip, October 6, 2007, The Washington Post
Quarter of Russians Think Living Standards Improved During Putin's Rule, Oprosy.info, March 27, 2007
Living Standards of Russians Improved, October 10, 2007, RBC Daily
^ Putin the Terrible, we love you, May 27, 2007, The Sunday Times
Major Russian TV Station is Accused of Censorship
Dissent and satire still alive in Russia
Russia: 'Nezavisimaya Gazeta' is Worth Watching Again
^ Russians Support Putin’s Re-Nationalization of Oil, Control of Media, But See Democratic Future - World Public Opinion.org
VCIOM: Dissenters' Marches Do Not Interest Russians, Regnum.ru, July 3, 2007
There Were Fewer Dissenters' March Participants Than Journalists, RIA News Agency, May 18, 2007
Joint press conference after Russia-EU summit, Samara, May 18, 2007
100 People Arrested During Dissenters' March in St. Petersburg, Izvestia, March 5, 2007
^ Guests from Moscow, RG.ru, March 5, 2007
^ Interview with Time Magazine, published on December 19, 2007, Kremlin.ru (in English)
^ Interview with Time Magazine, published on December 19, 2007, Kremlin.ru (in Russian)
Michael Hammerschlag (July 5, 2007). "Putin's children". International Herald Tribune.
Interview with Vasily Yakemenko, Gzt. Ru, January 26, 2006
Discussion of speech freedom at Russian Radio Freedom, April 19, 2005
'Putin Youth' opens new campaign against British interests, December 6, 2007, The Times
Thousands march in latest youth rally for Putin, December 6, 2007, San Diego Union Tribune
Putin’s fanatical youth brigade targets Britain, September 2, 2007, The Sunday Times
Pro-Putin Youth Group Looks To Preempt Postelection Rallies, November 30, 2007, Radio Free Europe
Pro-Putin youth out to take Duma by storm, November 25, 2007, Telegraph
Putin's young 'brownshirts'. By Cathy Young The Boston Globe August 10, 2007.
Sex for the motherland: Russian youths encouraged to procreate at camp. By Edward Lucas The Daily Mail 29th July 2007.
Is Putin the bully leading Russia into fascism? by Michael Binyon The Times June 5, 2007.
The alarming spread of fascism in Putin’s Russia. by Gavin Knight New Statesman 24 July 2007.
Person of the Year 2007. by Adi Ignatius Time
Choosing Order Before Freedom by Richard Stengel Time Dec. 31, 2007.
Putin Named Time "Person of the Year" Google News
Man of the Year? by Garry Kasparov The Wall Street Journal December 22, 2007.
И это 'Человек года'? Russian translation of Kasparov's article in The Wall Street Journal.
Did we get it right? Time's talkback.
Presidential Vote Set for March 2, The Moscow Times, November 27, 2007.
BBC News: Putin eyes prime minister's job
"Putin sees Medvedev as successor". BBC World. 10 December 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
Putin sees Medvedev as successor
, Washington Post, December 10, 2007.
, Washington Post, December 11, 2007.
Medvedev: Putin should be Russia's prime minister USA Today, December 11, 2007.
Putin's Three-Ring Circus. By Anders Åslund The Moscow Times December 14, 2007. Issue 3807. Page 8.
Putin seeks prime minister's post Associated Press, December 17, 2007.
Russia's Putin discusses union plan with Belarus Reuters Dec 11, 2007
Putin eyes full merger with Belarus. The union, to be agreed on this week, could enable Russia's popular president to retain power by creating a new Constitution. By Fred Weir Christian Science Monitor December 10, 2007
Putin in Belarus to discuss issues on union state with Russia. Kyiv Post Dec 14, 2007.
Medvedev Registers for Russian Presidency, Will Leave Gazprom,Bloomberg, December 20, 2007.
Putin may become Gazprom chairman, Reuters, December 21, 2007.
^ Richard Sakwa (2004). Putin: Russia's Choice. London: Routledge.
^ Timothy J. Colton, Michael MacFaul (2003). Popular Choice and Managed Democracy: the Russian elections of 1999 and 2000. Washington DC: The Brookings Institution.
Russian President Vladimir Putin Discusses Domestic and Foreign Affairs Larry King Live, September 8 2000.
Wagner, Hans (June 30, 2006). "Das Konfliktpotential mit den USA wächst (German)". Retrieved 2007-03-29.
Putin treated royally on historic London visit
ЦИК зарегистрировал список "ЕР" Rossiyskaya Gazeta N 4504 27 October 2007 Template:Ru icon
ЦИК раскрыл доходы Путина Vzglyad 26 October 2007
Corwin, Julie A. (13 February 2004). "Do not attempt to adjust your set". RFE/RL Reports. Radio Free Europe. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
Ирина Романчева (2004-02-03). "Рыбкин собрал компромат на президента. Экс-глава Совбеза России «рассекречивает» бизнесменов из кремлевского окружения." (in Russian). Nezavisimaya Gazeta newspaper. Retrieved 2007-12-10. Now it is Putin who is Russia's biggest business oligarch. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |month=, |accessyear=, |accessmonthday=, and |coauthors= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
Quiring, Von Manfred (12 November 2007). "Warum Putin gar nicht Präsident bleiben will". Die Welt. Retrieved 2007-12-04.
Jonas Bernstein (2007-11-19). "Staniskav Belkovsky: PUTIN WILL LEAVE POWER COMPLETELY". The Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 2007-12-06. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |month=, |accessyear=, |accessmonthday=, and |coauthors= (help)
Gennadi Timchenko: Russia's most low-profile billionaire Sobesednik № 10, March 7, 2007
Миллиардер Тимченко, "друг Путина", стал одним из крупнейших в мире продавцов нефти. NEWSru.com 1 ноября 2007 г.
Unmasking President Putin's Grandiose Myth, by Anders Aslund, The Moscow Times, November 28, 2007.
Russia's New Oligarchy. For Putin and Friends, a Gusher of Questionable Deals. by Anders Åslund, The Washington Post, December 12, 2007.
Putin, the Kremlin power struggle and the $40bn fortune. by Luke Harding The Guardian December 21, 2007.
"The World's Billionaires". Retrieved 2007-11-01. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
Finance magazine 2007 (2007). "Rating of Russian Billionaires" (in Russian). FinansMag.ru. Retrieved 2007-06-03. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Vladimir Putin: the NPR interview U.S. radio station National Public Radio New York (November 15, 2001)
Putin, Vladimir V. (2004). Judo: History, Theory, Practice. North Atlantic Books. ISBN 1-55643-445-6. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
^ Tom Ross. "Presidential Judo". FightingArts.com.
Putin goes calling on the Saudis - The Hindu
Putin Receives Top UAE's Decoration, Order of Zayed, Rbc.ru, September 10, 2007
^ "Interview with NBC Television Channel (USA)". July 12, 2006.
"Putin has fun with Cheney hunting accident".
"Press Conference Following Talks with U.S. President George W. Bush". July 15, 2006.
Transcript of Press Conference with the Russian and Foreign Media, February 1, 2007
"Moscow Pride Banned Again".
Meeting with Members of the Valdai International Discussion Club, September 2007, Kremlin. Ru

External links

The official site of the President of the Russian Federation
Speeches by the President at the official website.
Artiom Malgin, Jaroslav Skvortsov, Alexandr Tchechevishnikov (Moscow State Institute of International Relations, MGIMO); published by the Foundation Institute for Eastern Studies, Warsaw: Aims, Priorities and Tasks: Attempt at a Systematic Analysis of the Presidential Speeches In Russia (2000 – 2005), XV Economic Forum Krynica 7-10 September, 2005
The Accidental Autocrat, in The Atlantic Monthly, March 2005 (may require subscription)
Russia as friend, not foe, in Asia Times by Nicolai N. Petro, February 2007
Russia's Foreign Policy in a resurgent mode: An Analysis
Transcript of the Interactive Webcast with the President, July 6, 2006 (BBC version).
RussianSpy: Vladimir Putin
BBC – Vladimir Putin: Spy turned politician
CBNnews.com – Putin: Russia’s Next Czar?
Putin and his judo activities
Transcript of an interview with Larry King, September 2000
Guardian — How I learned to love Vlad, by Nick P. Walsh
Russia - To Be Feared... For Now
Putin's Russia
Anatol Lieven (May 11, 2006). "Putin versus Cheney". International Herald Tribune.
Putin's Duality by Ion Mihai Pacepa, FrontPageMagazine, August 5, 2005
Putin has been vilified by the West - but he is still a great leader, by John Laughland, Daily Mail, September 22, 2007
Putin Positions Himself for Influence, by Jason Bush, Business Week, September 12, 2007
An apparatchik president? Why Russia expects Putin to stay on at Medvedev’s side by Neil Buckley and Catherine Belton, Financial Times, December 11, 2007

Template:Incumbent succession box Template:S-awards

Political offices
Preceded byN/A	Head of the Committee for External Relations of the St. Petersburg City Administration June 28 1991-1996	Succeeded byGennadiy Tkachyov
Preceded byAlexei Kudrin	Chief of the Control Directorate of the Russian presidential administration March 26 1997-May 1998	Succeeded byNikolay Patrushev
Preceded byNikolay Kovalyov	Director of FSB July 25 1998 - August 9 1999	Succeeded byNikolay Patrushev
Preceded byNikolai Bordyuzha	Secretary of the Security Council of the Russian Federation March 29 1999-November 15 1999	Succeeded bySergei Ivanov
Preceded bySergei Stepashin	Prime Minister of Russia August 9, 1999–May 7, 2000	Succeeded byMikhail Kasyanov
Preceded byTony Blair United Kingdom	Chair of the G8 2006	Succeeded byAngela Merkel Germany
Preceded byYou	Time Person of the Year 2007	Succeeded byIncumbent

Template:RussianPresidents Template:RussianPMs

v t e Leaders of the Group of Seven
Trudeau Macron Scholz Meloni Ishiba Starmer Biden Costa/Von der Leyen

Chechen–Russian conflict

First Chechen War (1994–1996)
War in Dagestan (1999)
Second Chechen War (1999–2009)
Insurgency in Ingushetia (2007–2015)
Insurgency in the North Caucasus (2009–2017)

First Chechen War

Second Chechen War

Major attacks