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This article is about the term "Islamofascism"; for general discusion of the relationship between fascism and Islam see Neofascism and religion

"Islamofascism" is a controversial term used by some commentators to refer to Islamist movements perceived by some to have neofascist or totalitarian characteristics, particularly groups like the Muslim Brotherhood, the Taliban, Al-Qaeda, Hamas, and Hezbollah.

While several modern political and militant organizations describe themselves as "Islamist", none refer to themselves as "fascist", even if their ideologies fit with those those of facism or neo-fascism.

Application

Some writers have used "Islamofascism" to refer specifically to the Muslim Brotherhood and similar movements in Sunni Islam inspired by the writings of Sayyid Qutb, while others have applied it to all highly politicized strains of Islam, including Shi'a radicalism as practised in Iran.

A more common and less loaded term for these politicized strains of Islam, which seek to place governments in Muslim countries under the guidance of Sharia law, is Islamist. Note, however, that Islamism is a broad political category which also covers political movements such as Turkey's Justice and Development Party which do not seek to replace secular constitutions.

Origins

The origins of the term are unclear, but appear to date back to an article, "Construing Islam as a language", by Malise Ruthven that appeared on September 8, 1990 in The Independent, where he wrote:

Nevertheless there is what might be called a political problem affecting the Muslim world. In contrast to the heirs of some other non-Western traditions, including Hinduism, Shintoism and Buddhism, Islamic societies seem to have found it particularly hard to institutionalise divergences politically: authoritarian government, not to say Islamo-fascism, is the rule rather than the exception from Morocco to Pakistan.

It should be noted that Ruthven is clearly talking about Islamic governments rather than Islamist groups and there can be seen an evolution of the term from a description of authoritarian governments, such as those in Pakistan and Saudi Arabia into an epithet used by mostly right-wing journalists to describe Islamic enemies.

For a discussion on related issues prior to the end of World War Two, see Amin al-Husayni.

The Guardian attributes the term to an article by Muslim scholar Khalid Duran in the Washington Times, where he used it to describe the push by some Islamist clerics to "impose religious orthodoxy on the state and the citizenry" .

British journalist Christopher Hitchens used the term "Islamic fascism" or "theocratic fascism" to describe the fatwa declared on February 14, 1989 by Ayatollah Khomeini against Salman Rushdie over The Satanic Verses, an event that was pivotal in shaping the attitude toward Islamism of Hitchens and several other prominent journalists on the left. Hitchens also used the term "fascism with an Islamic face" in The Nation after the 9/11 attacks, when the phrase spread to the blogosphere, shortened to "Islamofascism." On October 6, 2005 President George W Bush used it in a speech to the National Endowment for Democracy.

Examples of use in public discourse

• "he bombers of Manhattan represent fascism with an Islamic face, and there's no point in any euphemism about it. What they abominate about "the West," to put it in a phrase, is not what Western liberals don't like and can't defend about their own system, but what they do like about it and must defend: its emancipated women, its scientific inquiry, its separation of religion from the state." — Christopher Hitchens in Against Rationalisation, The Nation 2001.

• "What we have to understand is ... this is not really a war against terrorism, this is not really a war against al Qaeda, this is a war against movements and ideologies that are jihadist, that are Islamofascists, that aim to destroy the Western world." Clifford May, president of the Foundation for the Defense of Democracies.

• " attacks serve a clear and focused ideology, a set of beliefs and goals that are evil, but not insane. Some call this evil Islamic radicalism; others, militant Jihadism; still others, Islamo-fascism. Whatever it's called, this ideology is very different from the religion of Islam. This form of radicalism exploits Islam to serve a violent, political vision: the establishment, by terrorism and subversion and insurgency, of a totalitarian empire that denies all political and religious freedom." George W Bush, President of the United States speaking before the National Endowment for Democracy, October 6 2005

• "Far too many people on the Left are inclined to make excuses for Islamic fundamentalism. They accept its misogyny so long as it doesn’t target Western women. They accept its fascism so long as it is anti-American fascism. We now have a Stop the War coalition led by Islamic fascists and Marxist-Leninists, and much of the Left is silent about it. Acknowledging the horrors of Islamic fundamentalism would sully their consciences, which they want to keep clean for the battle against America ... Much of the Stop the War coalition now actually supports a fascist resistance movement and ignores their Iraqi comrades entirely. You have to look back to the Hitler-Stalin pact for a historical parallel. The concept of fascism is being lost. It’s something you hear about on the history channels. But Islamic fascism is still fascism ... Islamofascism has been ripping through the Arab world, often supported by America, and it should be the Left’s worst nightmare. It’s everything the Left has resisted since the French revolution. To equivocate in the face of it would be an absolute abdication of intellectual responsibility ... " — Nick Cohen, The Observer.

Criticism of the use of the term

Some commentators regard the term "Islamofascism" as offensive.

• "It is hard to see the difference between the bigotry of anti-Semitism as an evil and the bigotry that Medved displays toward Islam. It is more offensive than I can say for him to use the word "Islamo-fascist." Islam is a sacred term to 1.3 billion people in the world. It enshrines their highest ideals. To combine it with the word "fascist" in one phrase is a desecration and a form of hate speech. Are there Muslims who are fascists? Sure. But there is no Islamic fascism, since "Islam" has to do with the highest ideals of the religion. In the same way, there have been lots of Christian fascists, but to speak of Christo-Fascism is just offensive." —Juan Cole, professor of modern Middle East and South Asian history at the University of Michigan.

• "The idea that there is some kind of autonomous "Islamofascism" that can be crushed, or that the west may defend itself against the terrorists who threaten it by cultivating that eagerness to kill militant Muslims which Hitchens urges upon us, is a dangerous delusion. The symptoms that have led some to apply the label of "Islamofascism" are not reasons to forget root causes. They are reasons for us to examine even more carefully what those root causes actually are." He adds "'Saddam, Arafat and the Saudis hate the Jews and want to see them destroyed' . . . or so says the right-wing writer Andrew Sullivan. And he has a point. Does the western left really grasp the extent of anti-Semitism in the Middle East? But does the right grasp the role of Europeans in creating such hatred?" —Richard Webster, author of A Brief History of Blasphemy: liberalism, censorship and 'The Satanic Verses' writing in the New Statesman.

Others argue that movements characterized as "Islamofascist" are dissimilar to fascist movements of the past. According to Roxanne Euben, a professor of political science at Wellesley College, "Fascism is nationalistic and Islamicism is hostile to nationalism. Fundamentalism is a transnational movement that is appealing to believers of all nations and races across national boundaries. There is no idea of racial purity as in Nazism. Islamicists have very little idea of the state. It is a religious movement, while Fascism in Europe was a secular movement. So if it's not what we really think of as nationalism, and if it's not really like what we think of as Fascist, why use these terms?"

The use of the term "Islamofascist" by proponents of the War on Terror has prompted some critics to argue that the term is a typical example of wartime propaganda.

• "Islamofascism is nothing but an empty propaganda term. And wartime propaganda is usually, if not always, crafted to produce hysteria, the destruction of any sense of proportion. Such words, undefined and unmeasured, are used by people more interested in making us lose our heads than in keeping their own." —Joseph Sobran, paleoconservative Catholic commentator.

See also

• Islamism
• Neofascism
• Totalitarianism
• Islamophobia

References

• Islam Under the Swastika
• The Swastika and the Crescent
• "Of Sin, the Left & Islamic Fascism" by Christopher Hitchens, The Nation, September 4, 2001
• "1-0 in the propaganda war" by Albert Scardino, The Guardian, February 4, 2005
• "President Discusses War on Terror at National Endowment for Democracy", The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, October 6, 2005
• "In enemy territory? An interview with Christopher Hitchens" by Johann Hari, The Independent, September 23, 2004
• "The Power of Nightmares", BBC, August 3, 2005,

External links

• A polemical review of Islamic fascism
• Christopher Hitchens says al Qaeda is fascism with an Islamic face
• Christopher in Khaki — criticism of Hitchens by Dave Renton
• CATO Institute evaluates Islamic fascism
• Conservative commentary on combating Islamic fascism
• Andrew Sullivan Interview from INDC Journal
• The Islamofascist Agenda by Deroy Murdock in National Review
• How the right played the fascism card against Islam — The Guardian (4 February, 2005)
• How “Islamo-fascism” is the pretext for Islamic discrimination — IranianTruth.com (23 October, 2005)

For serious studies of the theology of Osama bin Laden and its intersections with palingenetic millenarianism, see:

• The 'Religion' of Usamah bin Ladin: Terror As the Hand of God." Jean E. Rosenfeld, Ph.D., UCLA Center for the Study of Religion;
• "Islam and the Theology of Power. Khaled Abou El Fadl, Omar and Azmeralda Alfi Distinguished Fellow in Islamic Law at the UCLA School of Law;
• "Bin Laden and Revolutionary Millennialism." Catherine Wessinger, Professor of Religious Studies, Loyola University New Orleans.

• Islam
• Fascism
• Pejorative political terms